美国国务院 / United States Department of State – 中英文词条融合

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图0-1和0-2（发布于知乎想法）

目录

0. 概述

辽观注：此标题是我们在搬运、整合过程中添加的。

0.1 概况表格

辽观注：此标题是我们在搬运、整合过程中添加的。

Agency overview | 机构概要
Formed | 成立时间July 27, 1789 | 1789年7月27日
Preceding agency | 前身机构Department of Foreign Affairs | 美国外交部
Type | 机构类型Executive department | 美国联邦行政部门、外交部
Jurisdiction | 上级部门U.S. federal government | 美国联邦政府
Headquarters | 机构驻地Harry S Truman Building,
Northwest, Washington, D.C., U.S.
|  美国华盛顿特区西北区C街2201号哈里·S·杜鲁门大楼

38°53′39″N 77°2′54″W
Employees | 雇员数目77,880 (total); 【总数为77800人】
13,637 Foreign Service employees【外交服务人员13637人】
11,799 Civil Service employees【文职服务人员11799人】
49,923 local employees[1]【当地员工49923人】
Annual budget | 年度预算额USD 53.068 billion (FY 2023)[2]【530.68亿美元（2023财年）】
Agency executives | 机构首长Antony Blinken, Secretary【安东尼·布林肯，国务卿】
Kurt M. Campbell, Deputy Secretary【库尔特·M·坎贝尔，副国务卿】
Richard Verma, Deputy Secretary for Management and Resources【理查德·维尔马，管理和资源副国务卿】
Website | 网站state.gov
图0-3（发布于知乎想法）

0.2 文字说明

美国国务院[2]，直译为美国国务部（英语：United States Department of State，有时亦称State Department），是美国联邦政府负责外交事务的行政部门，前身为美国外交部，目前亦相当于世界各国的外交部[3]。

美国国务院是美国最庞大的政府机构之一；其行政首长为国务卿（Secretary of State，意即国务部长），现任的国务卿是安东尼·布林肯。美国国务院总部设在美国首都华盛顿雾谷地区C街2201号的杜鲁门大楼，离白宫只有几个街区距离。因此“雾谷”（Foggy Bottom）有时也作为国务院的代称。

美国国务卿是美国内阁中仅次于副总统后的阁员。如果总统无法有效行使总统权力能力或者意外死亡，按照美国总统继任顺序，国务卿排在第四位，即排在副总统、众议院议长和参议院临时议长之后。不过国务卿相当于外交部长，不应被视为总理，因为美国是总统制国家，总统身兼国家元首、政府首脑和三军统帅。

United States Department of State(DOS),[3]or simply the State Department,[4] is an executive department of the U.S. federal government responsible for the country’s foreign policy and relations. Equivalent to the ministry of foreign affairs of other nations, its primary duties are advising the U.S. president on international relations, administering diplomatic missions, negotiating international treaties and agreements, and representing the U.S. at the United Nations.[5] The department is headquartered in the Harry S Truman Building, a few blocks from the White House, in the Foggy Bottom neighborhood of Washington, D.C.; “Foggy Bottom” is thus sometimes used as a metonym.
参考译文：美国国务院（The United States Department of State，简称DOS）[3]，或简称为国务院（State Department）[4]，是美国联邦政府的一个行政部门，负责处理国家的外交政策和外交关系。类似于其他国家的外交部，其主要职责包括向美国总统提供关于国际关系事务的建议、管理外交使团、谈判国际条约和协议，并代表美国在联合国发言[5]。国务院总部设在华盛顿特区的雾谷（Foggy Bottom）区，距离白宫几个街区的哈里·S·杜鲁门大楼（Harry S Truman Building），因此“Foggy Bottom”有时也作为代称使用。

Established in 1789 as the first administrative arm of the U.S. executive branch, the State Department is considered among the most powerful and prestigious executive agencies.[6] It is headed by the U.S. secretary of state, who reports directly to the U.S. president and is a member of the Cabinet. Analogous to a foreign minister, the secretary of state serves as the federal government’s chief diplomat and representative abroad, and is the first Cabinet official in the order of precedence and in the presidential line of succession. The position is currently held by Antony Blinken, who was appointed by President Joe Biden and confirmed by the U.S. Senate on January 26, 2021, by a vote of 78–22.[7]
参考译文：美国国务院成立于1789年，是美国行政部门的第一个机构，被认为是最强大和威望的行政机构之一[6]。它由美国国务卿领导——国务卿直接向美国总统报告，并且是内阁的成员。类似于外交部长，国务卿是联邦政府的首席外交官和海外代表，并且在内阁官员的优先顺序和总统继任顺序中排名第一。目前由安东尼·布林肯担任该职位，他于2021年1月26日获得美国参议院以78票对22票的表决结果被总统乔·拜登任命并确认[7]。

As of 2019, the State Department maintains 273 diplomatic posts worldwide, second only to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China.[8] It also manages the U.S. Foreign Service, provides diplomatic training to U.S. officials and military personnel, exercises partial jurisdiction over immigration, and provides various services to Americans, such as issuing passports and visas, posting foreign travel advisories, and advancing commercial ties abroad. The department administers the oldest U.S. civilian intelligence agency, the Bureau of Intelligence and Research, and maintains a law enforcement arm, the Diplomatic Security Service.
参考译文：截至2019年，美国国务院在全球范围内设有273个外交岗位，这一数量仅次于中华人民共和国外交部[8]。它还管理着美国外交服务部，为美国官员和军事人员提供外交培训，部分管理移民事务，并为美国人提供各种服务，比如签发护照和签证、发布外国旅行警示并促进对外商业联系。该部门管理着美国最古老的民用情报机构，即情报和研究局，并维护着一个执法部门，即外交安全局。

1. 历史 ｜ History

图1-1（发布于知乎想法）

根据1787年在宾州费城起草并在1788年获得各州批准的美国宪法，美国总统负责外交事务。1789年7月21日，美国众参两院批准立法，成立第一个联邦外交机构——外交部（Department of Foreign Affairs），7月27日由华盛顿总统签字批准生效。1789年9月，美国又通过立法将该机构的名称改为国务院，让该机构也处理联邦各个政治实体之间的工作，并赋予其各种各样的国内事务。这些责职包括管理美国铸币局，掌管美国国玺，负责人口普查。后来，国务院的大多数国内事务最终转交19世纪建立起来的联邦各部和机构，但名称保留至今。

1.1 18世纪 ｜ Eighteenth century

The Articles of Confederation did not designate a separate executive branch of the government. Foreign affairs were delegated to the Committee of Secret Correspondence by the Congress of the Confederation in 1775, based on the Committee of Correspondence that was used by the colony of Massachusetts to communicate with the other colonies. The Committee of Secret Correspondence was renamed the Committee of Foreign Affairs in 1777.[9] In 1781, the Department of Foreign Affairs was established as a permanent body to replace the Committee of Foreign Affairs, and the office of secretary of foreign affairs was established to lead the department.[10]
参考译文：《邦联条例》没有规定政府的独立行政部门。1775年，根据马萨诸塞殖民地用以与其他殖民地沟通的“通信委员会”模式，邦联大会将外交事务委托给了秘密通信委员会。1777年，秘密通信委员会改名为外交事务委员会[9]。1781年，为取代外交事务委员会，成立了外交部作为一个永久机构，并设立了外交部长一职来领导该部门[10]。

The U.S. Constitution, drafted September 1787 and ratified the following year, gave the presidentresponsibility for conducting the federal government’s affairs with foreign states. To that end, on July 21, 1789, the First Congress approved legislation to reestablish the Department of Foreign Affairs under the new government, which President George Washington signed into law on July 27, making the department the first federal agency to be created under the new Constitution.[11] This legislation remains the basic law of the Department of State.[12]
参考译文：《美国宪法》于1787年9月起草，并在次年获得批准，赋予总统负责与外国进行联邦政府事务的责任。为此，在1789年7月21日，第一届国会批准了重新建立外交部的立法，乔治·华盛顿总统于7月27日签署了该法案，使该部门成为新宪法下创建的第一个联邦机构[11]。这项立法仍然是国务院的基本法律[12]。

In September 1789, additional legislation changed the name of the agency to the Department of State and assigned it a variety of domestic duties, including managing the United States Mint, keeping the Great Seal of the United States, and administering the census. President Washington signed the new legislation on September 15.[13] Most of these domestic duties gradually were transferred to various federal departments and agencies established in the 19th century. However, the secretary of state still retains a few domestic responsibilities, such as serving as keeper of the Great Seal and being the officer to whom a president or vice president wishing to resign must deliver an instrument in writing declaring the decision.
参考译文：1789年9月，另一项立法将该机构更名为国务院，并分配了各种国内职责，包括管理美国造币厂，保管美国国徽，以及进行人口普查。华盛顿总统于9月15日签署了这项新立法[13]。大部分这些国内职责逐渐被19世纪建立的各个联邦部门和机构转移。然而，国务卿仍保留了一些国内职责，例如担任国徽保管人，并且作为总统或副总统希望辞职的人必须交付书面决定的官员。

Reflecting the fledgling status of the US at the time, the Department of State under Secretary Jefferson comprised only six personnel, two diplomatic posts (in London and Paris), and 10 consular posts.[14] When Jefferson took charge of the department, one clerk oversaw The Foreign Office and another oversaw the Home Office. Congress authorized the department hire a chief clerk for each office in June 1790, but the offices were consolidated under a single clerk the following month.[15] In 1793, responsibility over patents was transferred from the cabinet to the Department of State. The office of superintendent of patents was created to carry out this responsibility, but the office was not recognized by Congress until 1830.[16]
参考译文：反映当时美国的初生状态的是，杰斐逊担任国务卿时的国务院只有六名工作人员，两个外交岗位（伦敦和巴黎）和十个领事岗位[14]。当杰斐逊接管该部门时，一个职员负责外交事务办公室，另一个负责国内事务办公室。国会于1790年6月授权该部门聘请每个办公室的首席职员，但在次月，这些办公室合并为一个职员[15]。1793年，专利的责任从内阁转移到国务院。成立了专利监管办公室来承担这一责任，但该办公室直到1830年才被国会认可[16]。

1.2 19世纪 ｜ Nineteenth century

For much of its history, the Department of State was composed of two primary administrative units: the diplomatic service, which staffed US legations and embassies, and the consular service, which was primarily responsible for promoting American commerce abroad and assisting distressed American sailors.[17] Each service developed separately, but both lacked sufficient funding to provide for a career; consequently, appointments to either service fell on those with the financial means to sustain their work abroad. Combined with the common practice of appointing individuals based on politics or patronage, rather than merit, this led the department to largely favor those with political networks and wealth, rather than skill and knowledge.[18]
参考译文：在大部分历史时期，国务院由两个主要的行政单位组成：外交事务部门，负责美国的使馆和大使馆的人员，以及领事事务部门，主要负责促进美国在国外的商业和协助困扰的美国水手[17]。这两个部门分别独立发展，但都缺乏足够的资金来提供一种职业生涯；因此，任命到这两个部门的人往往是那些有经济能力在国外工作的人。加上根据政治或任命权而非能力来任命个人的普遍做法，导致国务院在很大程度上偏向那些有政治关系和财富的人，而不是技能和知识[18]。

In 1833, Secretary of State Louis McLane oversaw a major restructure of the Department of State into a formal collection of seven bureaus: the Diplomatic Bureau; the Consular Bureau; the Home Bureau; the Bureau of Archives, Laws, and Commissions; the Bureau of Pardons and Remissions, Copyrights, and the Care of the Library; the Disbursing and Superintending Bureau; and the Translating and Miscellaneous Bureau. His successor John Forsyth reduced this number to just four the following year, overseen by a chief clerk: the Diplomatic Bureau; the Consular Bureau; the Home Bureau; and the Keeper of the Archives, Translator, and Disbursing Agent.[19]
参考译文：1833年，国务卿路易斯·麦克莱恩(Louis McLane)对国务院进行了重大重组，将其正式合并为七个局:外交局;领事局;民政事务局;档案、法律和委员会局;赦免、版权和图书馆管理局;支出和监管局;翻译及杂项局。他的继任者约翰·福赛斯(John Forsyth)在第二年将这一数字减少到只有四个，分别由一名首席职员监督:外交局;领事局;民政事务局;以及档案保管员、翻译和支付代理人。[19]

The office of Commissioner of Patents was created in 1836.[20] In 1842, the Department of State was required to report to Congress on foreign commercial systems, and a clerk within the department was assigned the responsibility of arranging this information. This position was established as the Superintendent of Statistics in 1854 and the Statistical Office was created within the department.[20] In 1853, the office of Assistant Secretary of State was created to oversee the heads of each bureau.[20]
参考译文：专利专员办公室成立于1836年。[20]1842年，国务院被要求向国会报告外国商业系统的情况，该部门的一名职员被指派负责整理这些信息。这个职位于1854年设立为统计总监，并在部门内成立了统计办公室。[20]1853年，设立了助理国务卿办公室来监督每个局的负责人。[20]

A Commissioner of Immigration existed between 1864 and 1868. An Examiner of Claims was established in 1868 to address claims by American citizens against foreign nations, but it was abolished in 1868 and then reestablished in 1870 under the newly established Law Bureau.[21] In 1870, Secretary of State Hamilton Fish reorganized the department into twelve bureaus: the Chief Clerk’s Bureau, two Diplomatic Bureaus, two Consular Bureaus, the Law Bureau, the Bureau of Accounts, the Statistical Bureau, the Bureau of Translations, the Bureau of Pardons and Commissions, the Bureau of Domestic Records, and the Passport Bureau. The bureaus of law, translations, and domestic records each consisted of a single person responsible for that duty.[22] A mail division was established in 1872 and the office of Keeper of Rolls was made independent of the Chief Clerk’s Bureau in 1873.[21]
参考译文：1864年至1868年期间设有移民专员。1868年设立了索赔审查员，以处理美国公民对外国的索赔，但在1868年被废除，然后在1870年新成立的法律局下重新建立。[21]1870年，国务卿汉密尔顿·费什将国务院改组为12个局:总文员局、两个外交局、两个领事局、法律局、审计局、统计局、翻译局、赦免和委员会局、国内记录局和护照局。法律局、翻译局和国内档案局各由一人负责这项职责。[22]1872年，邮政部门成立，1873年，簿记员办公室从总文员局独立出来。[21]

Congress legally recognized the bureau system and provided official salaries for some bureau positions in 1873.[21] Following Congressional recognition, several acts of Congress modified the structure of the bureaus between 1874 and 1882.[23] At the end of the nineteenth century, the department consisted of the Chief Clerk’s Bureau, the Diplomatic Bureau, the Consular Bureau, the Bureau of Accounts, the Bureau of Foreign Commerce, the Bureau of Appointments, and the Bureau of Archives. Other offices, such as that of translator, also operated separately from the bureau system.[24]
参考译文：1873年，国会在法律上承认了这一分局制度，并为一些分局职位提供了官方工资。[21]在国会认可之后，国会的几项法案在1874年至1882年间修改了局的结构。[23]在19世纪末，该部门由总书记局、外交局、领事局、审计局、外商局、任命局和档案局组成。其他办公室，如翻译办公室，也与局级系统分开运作。[24]

1.3 20世纪 ｜ Twentieth century

In 1903, the Bureau of Foreign Commerce was transferred to the newly created Department of Commerce and Labor, and the bureau was replaced by an office to facilitate the transfer of information between consular offices and the new department. The Passport Bureau was restored the same year, and its name was changed to the Bureau of Citizenship in 1907.[25] The department underwent a major reform in 1909 when Congress expanded its funding. Separate divisions were established within the department for Latin American Affairs, Far Eastern Affairs, Near Eastern Affairs, Western European Affairs, and Information.[26] An additional Division of Mexican Affairs was established in 1915.[27] The Bureau of Trade Relations was abolished in 1912 and replaced by an Office of Foreign Trade Advisers, and the Office of the Adviser on Commercial Treaties was split from this office in 1916.[27]
参考译文：1903年，外商局被转移到新成立的商业和劳动部，该局被一个办公室取代，以方便领事馆和新部门之间的信息传递。同年恢复了护照局，并于1907年更名为公民局。[25]该部门在1909年经历了一次重大改革，当时国会扩大了其资金。在该部内分别设立了拉丁美洲事务、远东事务、近东事务、西欧事务和信息部。[26]1915年又成立了一个墨西哥事务部。[27]贸易关系局于1912年被废除，取而代之的是对外贸易顾问办公室，商业条约顾问办公室于1916年从该办公室中分离出来。[27]

During World War I, the Bureau of Citizenship was tasked with vetting every person that entered or departed from the United States to ensure public safety. New branches for the Bureau of Citizenship were opened in New York and San Francisco. In the final months of World War I, the Bureau of Citizenship was split into the Division of Passport Control and the Visa Office. Other changes made during World War I include the conversion of the Division of Information into the Division of Foreign Intelligence in 1917 and the establishment of the Correspondence Bureau in 1918.[28] The Division of Russian Affairs was established in 1919, and the Division of Political Information were established in 1920.The Department of State underwent its first major overhaul with the Rogers Act of 1924, which merged the diplomatic and consular services into the Foreign Service, a professionalized personnel system under which the secretary of state is authorized to assign diplomats abroad. An extremely difficult Foreign Service examination was also implemented to ensure highly qualified recruits, along with a merit-based system of promotions. The Rogers Act also created the Board of the Foreign Service, which advises the secretary of state on managing the Foreign Service, and the Board of Examiners of the Foreign Service, which administers the examination process.
参考译文：第一次世界大战期间，公民身份局的任务是审查每一个进出美国的人，以确保公共安全。公民身份局在纽约和旧金山开设了新的分支机构。在第一次世界大战的最后几个月，公民局被分成护照管理处和签证办公室。第一次世界大战期间的其他变化包括1917年情报处改为对外情报处，1918年成立函电局。[28]1919年成立了俄罗斯事务部，1920年成立了政治信息部。1924年的《罗杰斯法案》(Rogers Act)出台后，国务院进行了首次重大改革。该法案将外交和领事服务部门合并为外交服务部门(Foreign Service)，这是一个专业化的人事系统，国务卿有权向海外派遣外交官。还实施了一项极其困难的外交事务考试，以确保征聘的人员具有很高的资格，同时实行以成绩为基础的晋升制度。《罗杰斯法案》还设立了外交事务委员会(Board of The Foreign Service)和外交事务审查委员会(Board of Examiners of The Foreign Service)，前者负责向国务卿提供管理外交事务的建议，后者负责管理审查程序。

The post-Second World War period saw an unprecedented increase in funding and staff commensurate with the US’s emergence as a superpower and its competition with the Soviet Union in the subsequent Cold War.[14] Consequently, the number of domestic and overseas employees grew from roughly 2,000 in 1940 to over 13,000 in 1960.[14]
参考译文：二战后，随着美国作为超级大国的崛起以及在随后的冷战中与苏联的竞争，美国在资金和人员方面的增加前所未有。[14]因此，国内和海外雇员的数量从1940年的大约2000人增加到1960年的13000多人。[14]

In 1997, Madeleine Albright became the first woman appointed secretary of state and the first foreign-born woman to serve in the Cabinet.
参考译文：1997年，马德琳·奥尔布赖特成为第一位被任命为国务卿的女性，也是第一位在内阁任职的外国出生的女性。

1.4 现在 ｜ Present

The 3rd millennium saw the department reinvent itself in response to the rapid digitization of society and the global economy. In 2007, it launched an official blog, Dipnote, as well as a Twitter account of the same name, to engage with a global audience. Internally, it launched a wiki, Diplopedia; a suggestion forum called the Sounding Board;[29] and a professional networking software, “Corridor”.[30][31] In May 2009, the Virtual Student Federal Service (VSFS) was created to provide remote internships to students.[32] The same year, the Department of State was the fourth most desired employer for undergraduates according to BusinessWeek.[33]
参考译文：（公元后的）第三个千年见证了该部门重塑自身，以应对社会和全球经济的快速数字化。2007年，它推出了一个官方博客，Dipnote，以及一个同名的Twitter账户，以吸引全球的观众。在内部，它推出了维基百科，维基百科;一个名为“声音板”的建议论坛，[29]以及一个专业的网络软件“走廊”。[30][31] 2009年5月，虚拟学生联邦服务(VSFS)成立，为学生提供远程实习。[32]同年，根据《商业周刊》的报道，国务院是大学生第四大理想雇主。[33]

From 2009 to 2017, the State Department launched 21st Century Statecraft, with the official goal of “complementing traditional foreign policy tools with newly innovated and adapted instruments of statecraft that fully leverage the technologies of our interconnected world.”[34] The initiative was designed to utilize digital technology and the Internet to promote foreign policy goals; examples include promoting an SMScampaign to provide disaster relief to Pakistan,[35] and sending DOS personnel to Libya to assist in developing Internet infrastructure and e-government.[36]
参考译文：从2009年到2017年，国务院启动了21世纪治国方略，其官方目标是“利用充分利用我们这个相互联系的世界的技术的新创新和适应的治国方略来补充传统的外交政策工具”。[34]该倡议旨在利用数字技术和互联网促进外交政策目标;例如，推动SMScampaign向巴基斯坦提供救灾[35]，派遣DOS人员到利比亚协助发展互联网基础设施和电子政务[36]。

Colin Powell, who led the department from 2001 to 2005, became the first African-American to hold the post; his immediate successor, Condoleezza Rice, was the second female secretary of state and the second African-American. Hillary Clinton became the third female secretary of state when she was appointed in 2009.
参考译文：2001年至2005年担任国务院部长的科林·鲍威尔(Colin Powell)成为首位担任此职的非洲裔美国人;他的继任者康多莉扎·赖斯是第二位女国务卿，也是第二位非裔美国人。希拉里·克林顿于2009年被任命为美国历史上第三位女国务卿。

In 2014, the State Department began expanding into the Navy Hill Complex across 23rd Street NW from the Truman Building.[37] A joint venture consisting of the architectural firms of Goody, Clancy and the Louis Berger Group won a $2.5 million contract in January 2014 to begin planning the renovation of the buildings on the 11.8 acres (4.8 ha) Navy Hill campus, which housed the World War II headquarters of the Office of Strategic Services and was the first headquarters of the Central Intelligence Agency.[38]
参考译文：2014年，美国国务院开始扩建到海军山综合大楼，从杜鲁门大厦穿过23街西北。[37]由古迪、克兰西和路易斯·伯杰集团建筑公司组成的合资企业于2014年1月赢得了一份价值250万美元的合同，开始计划对海军山校园11.8英亩(4.8公顷)的建筑进行翻新，该校园曾是第二次世界大战战略服务办公室的总部，也是中央情报局的第一个总部。[38]

In June 2022 the State Department launched a new transnational association, the Minerals Security Partnership.
参考译文：2022年6月，美国国务院启动了一个新的跨国协会——矿产安全伙伴关系。

2. 职能和责任 ｜ Duties and responsibilities

辽观注（以下内容由ChatGPT生成）：”Duties”和”responsibilities”都是指职责和责任，但在国务院的背景下，它们有一些微妙的区别。 “Duties”通常指具体的任务、工作或行动，是指一个人在特定职位或角色中必须履行的具体职责。在国务院的情况下，这可能包括处理外交事务、参与国际会议、制定外交政策等具体的工作任务。 “Responsibilities”则更侧重于指责任和义务，指的是一个人或机构对某个领域、职位或行动负有的责任。在国务院的情况下，这可能包括保护国家利益、维护国际和平与安全、促进外交关系等更广泛的责任。

图2-1（发布于知乎想法）

美国国务卿是美国总统外交政策的主要顾问，负责策定美国政府的所有外交政策。美国国务院同时也对于海外所有对美的所有权益进行策略评估，并研拟美国未来外交上的行动。另外，美国国务院会向美国总统提出各邦交国的关系，承认新国家政府等相关事宜提出建言，在国际场合上代表美国缔结邦交、签署协议条约。美国国务院为美国其他部门的商业活动提供支持，如商务部和美国国际开发署。同时，美国国务院也为美国公民和外国人来美参观和移民提供各种重要服务。根据规定，国务院负责所有外交活动，诸如：美国国外代表，对外援助项目，打击国际犯罪以及对外军事培训项目等。

The Executive Branch and the Congress have constitutional responsibilities for US foreign policy. Within the Executive Branch, the Department of State is the lead US foreign affairs agency, and its head, the secretary of state, is the president’s principal foreign policy advisor. The department advances US objectives and interests in the world through its primary role in developing and implementing the president’s foreign policy. It also provides an array of important services to US citizens and to foreigners seeking to visit or immigrate to the United States.
参考译文：行政部门和国会在美国的外交政策中具有宪法责任。在行政部门内，美国国务院是美国的主要外交事务机构，其负责人即国务卿是总统的首席外交政策顾问。美国国务院通过在制定和执行总统外交政策方面的主要角色，推进美国在世界上的目标和利益。它还为美国公民和寻求访问或移民美国的外国人提供一系列重要服务。

All foreign affairs activities—US representation abroad, foreign assistance programs, countering international crime, foreign military training programs, the services the department provides, and more—are paid for out of the foreign affairs budget, which represents little more than 1% of the total federal budget.[39]
参考译文：所有与外交事务相关的活动，包括美国在国外的代表机构、对外援助计划、打击国际犯罪、对外军事培训计划以及国务院提供的各种服务等，都是由外交事务预算支付的。这个预算只占到总联邦预算的1%多一点。

The department’s core activities and purpose include:
参考译文：本部门的主要工作及宗旨包括:

  • Protecting and assisting US citizens living or traveling abroad;
    参考译文：保护和协助居住或旅行在国外的美国公民；
  • Assisting American businesses in the international marketplace;
    参考译文：支持美国企业在国际市场上的发展；
  • Coordinating and providing support for international activities of other US agencies (local, state, or federal government), official visits overseas and at home, and other diplomatic efforts.
    参考译文：协调和提供支持给其他美国机构（地方、州或联邦政府）的国际活动，包括官方访问海外和国内，以及其他外交努力；
  • Keeping the public informed about US foreign policy and relations with other countries and providing feedback from the public to administration officials.
    参考译文：向公众通报美国的外交政策和与其他国家的关系，并向政府官员提供来自公众的反馈意见；
  • Providing automobile registration for non-diplomatic staff vehicles and the vehicles of diplomats of foreign countries having diplomatic immunity in the United States.[40]
    参考译文：为非外交人员的车辆和在美国享有外交豁免权的外国外交人员的车辆提供汽车注册服务。
图2-2（发布于知乎想法）

The Department of State conducts these activities with a civilian workforce, and normally uses the Foreign Service personnel system for positions that require service abroad. Employees may be assigned to diplomatic missions abroad to represent the United States, analyze and report on political, economic, and social trends; adjudicate visas; and respond to the needs of US citizens abroad.
参考译文：美国国务院通过民用人员进行这些活动，并通常使用外交服务人员体系来招聘需要在国外工作的职位。员工可能被派驻到国外外交使团，代表美国，分析和报告政治、经济和社会趋势；审理签证申请；并回应在国外的美国公民的需求。

The US maintains diplomatic relations with about 180 countries and maintains relations with many international organizations, adding up to 273 posts around the world. In the United States, about 5,000 professional, technical, and administrative employees work compiling and analyzing reports from overseas, providing logistical support to posts, communicating with the American public, formulating and overseeing the budget, issuing passports and travel warnings, and more. In carrying out these responsibilities, the Department of State works in close coordination with other federal agencies, including the departments of Defense, Treasury, and Commerce. The department also consults with Congress about foreign policy initiatives and policies.[41]
参考译文：美国与大约180个国家保持着外交关系，并与许多国际组织保持联系，总共在世界各地设立了273个岗位。在美国，约有5,000名专业、技术和行政人员从事编制和分析海外报告、为岗位提供后勤支持、与美国公众进行沟通、制定和监督预算、发行护照和旅行警示等工作。在履行这些职责时，国务院与包括国防部、财政部和商务部在内的其他联邦机构密切合作。该部门还与国会就外交政策倡议和政策进行磋商。

3. 组织 ｜ Organization

3.1 国务卿 ｜ Secretary of State

图3-1（发布于知乎想法）

The secretary of state is the chief executive officer of the Department of State and a member of the Cabinet who answers directly to, and advises, the president of the United States. The secretary organizes and supervises the entire department and its staff.[42]
参考译文：国务卿是国务院的首席执行官，也是内阁的成员，直接向美国总统负责并提供建议。国务卿组织和监督整个部门及其工作人员。

国务卿是美国国务院的最高行政长官，直接对美国总统负责。

美国国务院官衔一般分为：美国国务卿（Secretary，部长级）、美国常务副国务卿（Deputy Secretary，副部长级）、美国副国务卿（Under Secretary，副部长级）、美国助理国务卿（助卿／Assistant Secretary，司局级）、美国首席助理国务卿帮办（首席助卿帮办／Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary，副司局级）、美国助理国务卿帮办（助卿帮办／Deputy Assistant Secretary，副司局级）。

美国常务副国务卿为次于国务卿之官员，下辖各有专职的六位副国务卿。美国国务院政务副国务卿是第三重量级官员，是国务卿与常务副国务卿缺席或有事时之代理人。军控与国际安全事务副国务卿扮演国务院在美国军事体系中的协调角色。国务顾问（Counselor）是副国务卿级官员，是国务卿和副国务卿的特别顾问，对重大问题的外交政策提供建议。

3.2 工作人员 ｜ Staff

See also: United States Under Secretary of State
参见:美国副国务卿

See also: United States Under Secretary of State

Under the Obama administration, the website of the Department of State had indicated that the State Department’s 75,547 employees included 13,855 foreign service officers; 49,734 locally employed staff, whose duties are primarily serving overseas; and 10,171 predominantly domestic civil service employees.[43]
参考译文：在奥巴马政府时期，美国国务院网站显示，国务院的75,547名雇员中，有13,855名是外交人员;49,734名本地雇员，其主要职责是在海外服务;10171名主要是国内公务员。[43]

其他机构 ｜ Other agencies

Since the 1996 reorganization, the Administrator of the US Agency for International Development (USAID), while leading an independent agency, also reports to the secretary of state, as does the US ambassador to the United Nations.
参考译文：自1996年重组以来，美国国际开发署（USAID）署长作为一个独立机构的领导者，也向国务卿汇报工作，同样的情况也适用于美国驻联合国大使。

4. 总部 ｜ Headquarters

图4-1和4-2（发布于知乎想法）

From 1790 to 1800, the State Department was headquartered in Philadelphia, the national capital at the time.[45] It occupied a building at Church and Fifth Street.[46][3] In 1800, it moved from Philadelphia to Washington, D.C., where it briefly occupied the Treasury Building[46] and then the Seven Buildings at 19th Street and Pennsylvania Avenue.[47]
参考译文：从1790年到1800年，美国国务院总部设在当时的国家首都费城。它占据了位于教堂街和第五街的一座建筑。在1800年，它从费城搬到了华盛顿特区，最初位于财政部大楼，然后搬到了宾夕法尼亚大道19街的七座建筑物。

The State Department moved several times throughout the capital in the ensuing decades, including six buildings in September 1800;[48] the War Office Building west of the White House the following May;[49]the Treasury Building once more from September 1819 to November 1866;[50][4][49] the Washington City Orphan Home from November 1866 to July 1875;[51] and the State, War, and Navy Building in 1875.[52]
参考译文：在接下来的几十年里，美国国务院在首都内多次搬迁，包括1800年9月搬迁了六次建筑物；随后在白宫西侧的战争部大楼搬迁到下一个五月；从1819年9月到1866年11月再次搬迁到财政部大楼；从1866年11月到1875年7月搬迁到华盛顿市孤儿院；并在1875年搬迁到国务、战争和海军大楼。

Since May 1947, the State Department has been based in the Harry S. Truman Building, which originally was intended to house the Department of Defense; it has since undergone several expansions and renovations, most recently in 2016.[53] Previously known as the “Main State Building”, in September 2000 it was renamed in honor of President Harry S. Truman, who was a major proponent of internationalism and diplomacy.[54]
参考译文：自1947年5月起，国务院总部设在哈里·S·杜鲁门大楼，最初该建筑原本是为国防部设立的。此后，该大楼经历了多次扩建和翻修，最近一次是在2016年进行的。该建筑以前被称为“主国务大楼”，在2000年9月被更名为哈里·S·杜鲁门大楼，以纪念哈里·S·杜鲁门总统，他是国际主义和外交的重要倡导者。

As the DOS is located in the Foggy Bottom neighborhood of Washington, it is sometimes metonymically referred to as “Foggy Bottom”.[55][56][57]
参考译文：由于国务院位于华盛顿的迷雾底区，因此有时被以“雾谷”作为代称提及。

5. 项目 ｜ Programs

5.1 专业学者交流｜ Professional Fellows

The US Department of State has in the recent years rolled out Professional Exchange Fellows who have risen to professional ranks in their lives and are chosen by the US Embassies worldwide to be a professional fellows of the State Department spending time in the United States and interacting with their American colleagues, leadership and counterparts. [58]
参考译文：近年来，美国国务院推出了专业学者交流项目，这些学者在其职业生涯中已经取得了专业地位，并由全球范围内的美国大使馆选中成为国务院的专业交流学者，他们会在美国度过一段时间，并与美国同事、领导和合作伙伴进行互动。[58]

图5-1（发布于知乎想法）

5.2 富布赖特项目 ｜ Fulbright Program

The Fulbright Program, including the Fulbright–Hays Program, is a program of competitive, merit-based grants for international educational exchange for students, scholars, teachers, professionals, scientists and artists, founded by United States Senator J. William Fulbright in 1946. Under the Fulbright Program, competitively selected US citizens may become eligible for scholarships to study, conduct research, or exercise their talents abroad; and citizens of other countries may qualify to do the same in the United States. The program was established to increase mutual understanding between the people of the United States and other countries through the exchange of persons, knowledge, and skills.
参考译文：富布莱特计划（包括富布莱特-海斯计划）是一个由美国参议员威廉·富布莱特于1946年创办的，基于竞争和优秀表现的国际教育交流项目，面向学生、学者、教师、专业人士、科学家和艺术家提供资助。在富布莱特计划下，经过竞争选拔的美国公民有机会获得奖学金，用于在国外学习、开展研究或展示才艺；其他国家的公民也有资格在美国进行相同的活动。该计划旨在通过人员、知识和技能的交流，增加美国人民与其他国家人民之间的相互理解。

The Fulbright Program provides 8,000 grants annually to undertake graduate study, advanced research, university lecturing, and classroom teaching. In the 2015–16 cycle, 17% and 24% of American applicants were successful in securing research and English Teaching Assistance grants, respectively. However, selectivity and application numbers vary substantially by country and by type of grant. For example, grants were awarded to 30% of Americans applying to teach English in Laos and 50% of applicants to do research in Laos. In contrast, 6% of applicants applying to teach English in Belgium were successful compared to 16% of applicants to do research in Belgium.[59][60]
参考译文：富布莱特计划每年提供8000个奖学金，用于攻读研究生学位、进行高级研究、大学讲课和课堂教学。在2015-2016年的申请周期中，美国申请人中有17%成功获得研究奖学金，24%获得英语教学助理奖学金。然而，各国和各种奖学金的选择性和申请人数存在较大的差异。例如，申请到老挝教英语的美国人的比例为30%，申请进行老挝研究的申请人的比例为50%。相比之下，申请到比利时教英语的申请人成功比例为6%，申请进行比利时研究的申请人的成功比例为16%。[59][60]

图5-2（发布于知乎想法）

The US Department of State’s Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs sponsors the Fulbright Program from an annual appropriation from the U.S. Congress. Additional direct and in-kind support comes from partner governments, foundations, corporations, and host institutions both in and outside the US[61] The Fulbright Program is administered by cooperating organizations like the Institute of International Education. It operates in over 160 countries around the world.[62] In each of 49 countries, a bi-national Fulbright Commission administers and oversees the Fulbright Program. In countries without a Fulbright Commission but that have an active program, the Public Affairs Section of the US Embassy oversees the Fulbright Program. More than 360,000 persons have participated in the program since it began. Fifty-four Fulbright alumni have won Nobel Prizes;[63] eighty-two have won Pulitzer Prizes.[64]
参考译文：美国国务院教育和文化事务局从美国国会的年度拨款中资助富布莱特计划。该计划还获得来自合作伙伴政府、基金会、公司和国内外承办机构的直接和非直接支持。富布莱特计划由国际教育协会等合作组织管理。它在全球160多个国家开展工作。在49个国家，双边富布莱特委员会负责管理和监督富布莱特计划。对于没有富布莱特委员会但仍有活跃计划的国家，美国大使馆的公共事务部门负责监督富布莱特计划。自计划开始以来，已有超过36万人参与其中。54位富布莱特校友获得了诺贝尔奖，82位获得了普利策奖。[63][64]

5.3 杰斐逊科学研究员计划 ｜ Jefferson Science Fellows Program

The Jefferson Science Fellows Program was established in 2003 by the DoS to establish a new model for engaging the American academic science, technology, engineering and medical communities in the formulation and implementation of US foreign policy.[65][66]
参考译文：杰斐逊科学学者计划于2003年由美国国务院成立，旨在为美国学术界的科学、技术、工程和医学领域的人员在制定和实施美国外交政策方面建立一种新模式。[65][66]

The Fellows (as they are called, if chosen for the program) are paid around $50,000 during the program and can earn special bonuses of up to $10,000. The program’s intent is to equip Fellows with awareness of procedural intricacies of the Department of State/USAID, to help with its daily operations.[67] The program is applied for, follows a process starting in August, and takes about a year to learn a candidate’s ranking results. Awards are not solely achievement based, but intelligence and writing skills should support one’s suitability for the position as the committee determines. A candidate applies for the program online, which entails submitting a curriculum vitae, a statement of interest and a written essay. Opportunity is provided to upload letters of recommendations and nominations to support one’s application.
参考译文：入选该计划的学者（被称为Fellows）在项目期间每年获得约5万美元的薪水，并可获得高达1万美元的特别奖金。该计划的目的是使学者们了解国务院/美国国际开发署的手续复杂性，为其日常运作提供帮助。[67]该计划需要申请，从八月开始，大约需要一年时间才能了解候选人的排名结果。奖项并非仅基于成就，而是需要智力和写作技巧来支持申请人在委员会认定的职位上的适应性。候选人在线申请该计划，需要提交个人简历、兴趣陈述和一篇书面论文。申请者有机会上传推荐信和提名来支持申请。

5.4 富兰克林研究员计划 ｜ Franklin Fellows Program

The Franklin Fellows Program was established in 2006 by the DoS to bring in mid-level executives from the private sector and non-profit organizations to advise the department and to work on projects.[68]
参考译文：富兰克林研究员计划由国务院于2006年设立，旨在从私营部门和非营利组织引进中层管理人员，为国务院提供建议并参与项目。[68]

Fellows may also work with other government entities, including the Congress, White House, and executive branch agencies, including the Department of Defense, Department of Commerce, and Department of Homeland Security. The program is named in honor of Benjamin Franklin, and aims to attract mid-career professionals to enrich and expand the department’s capabilities. Unlike the Jefferson Science Fellows Program, a Franklin Fellowship is a year-long volunteer position for which one may obtain sponsor support or participate out of personal resources. Participation areas assigned to Franklin Fellows are determined by several factors, including issues of priority to the country as well as a candidate’s degree of career seniority and personal interests.[69]
参考译文：学者们还可以与其他政府机构合作，包括国会、白宫以及国防部、商务部和国土安全部等行政部门。该计划以本杰明·富兰克林命名，旨在吸引中期职业人士，丰富和拓展部门的能力。与杰斐逊科学学者计划不同，富兰克林学者计划是为期一年的志愿者职位，可以通过赞助支持或个人资源参与。分配给富兰克林学者的参与领域由多种因素确定，包括对国家优先事项的关注以及候选人的职业资历和个人兴趣程度。[69]

5.5 东南亚青年领袖倡议(YSEALI) ｜ Young Southeast Asian Leaders Initiative (YSEALI)

See also: Young Southeast Asian Leaders Initiative
另见：东南亚青年领袖倡议

图5-3（发布于知乎想法）

The Young Southeast Asian Leaders Initiative (YSEALI) (pronounced /waɪsiːˈliː/) is a program of the DoS for emerging leaders from Southeast Asia. The program was launched by President Barack Obama in Manila in December 2013[70] as a way to strengthen leadership development, networking, and cultural exchange among emerging leaders within the age range of 18 to 35 years old[71] from the 10 member-states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and Timor Leste.
参考译文：东南亚年轻领袖计划（YSEALI）是美国国务院为东南亚新兴领导人设立的一个项目。该计划由巴拉克·奥巴马总统于2013年12月在马尼拉发起[70]，旨在加强东南亚国家和东帝汶年龄在18至35岁之间的新兴领导人的领导力发展、网络建设和文化交流[71]。该计划适用于东南亚国家联盟（ASEAN）的10个成员国和东帝汶。

YSEALI’s programs include competitive exchange fellowship programs to the United States, virtual and on-ground workshops within Southeast Asia,[72] and seed grant funding opportunities. The programs fall under the key core themes of civic engagement, sustainable development, economic development, governance, and the environment.[73]
参考译文：YSEALI的计划包括赴美交流奖学金计划、东南亚地区的虚拟和实地研讨会[72]，以及种子资助机会。这些计划涵盖了公民参与、可持续发展、经济发展、治理和环境等核心主题。[73]

Notable alumni of YSEALI include Vico Sotto,[74] Syed Saddiq, Carrie Tan, and Lee Chean Chung.
参考译文：著名的YSEALI校友包括Vico Sotto，[74] Syed Saddiq, Carrie Tan和Lee chan Chung。

5.6 非洲青年领袖倡议(YALI) ｜ Young African Leaders Initiative (YALI)

See also Young African Leaders Initiative
参见：青年非洲领袖倡议

The Young African Leaders Initiative (YALI) is a program of the DoS for emerging young leaders in Africa. It was begun in 2010 by President Barack Obama to promote education and networking among emerging African leaders through the Mandela Washington Fellowship which brings them to study in the United States for six weeks, with follow-up resources, and student exchange programs.[75] In 2014, the program was expanded to include four regional “leadership centers” in Ghana, Kenya, Senegal and South Africa.[76][77]
参考译文：年轻非洲领袖倡议（YALI）是美国国务院为非洲新兴年轻领袖设立的一个计划。它由巴拉克·奥巴马总统于2010年发起，旨在通过曼德拉·华盛顿奖学金促进非洲新兴领导人之间的教育和网络建设，该奖学金使他们有机会在美国学习六周，并提供后续资源和学生交流项目[75]。2014年，该计划扩展到四个地区性的“领导力中心”，分别位于加纳、肯尼亚、塞内加尔和南非[76][77]。

5.7 肯尼迪-卢加尔青年交换和研学项目 ｜ KL-YES program

Main article: Youth Exchange and Study Programs
主条目：青年交换和研学项目

The Kennedy-Lugar Youth Exchange and Study (KL-YES) program was established in 2002 to promote educational and cultural exchange between the United States and countries with significant Muslim populations. It offers high school students to study in the United States for an academic year, fostering cultural understanding and leadership skills. KL-YES includes a selective process, pre-departure orientations, academic coursework, cultural activities, and community service. The YES Abroad program is a reciprocal initiative that allows American students to study abroad in participating countries. Both programs aim to build global connections and mutual understanding.[78]
参考译文：肯尼迪-卢加尔青年交流与研究（KL-YES）计划于2002年成立，旨在促进美国与有重要穆斯林人口的国家之间的教育和文化交流。该计划为高中学生提供在美国学习一个学年的机会，培养跨文化理解和领导能力。KL-YES计划包括一个精选过程、出国前的培训、学术课程、文化活动和社区服务。YES Abroad计划是一个互惠的倡议，允许美国学生在参与国家留学。这两个计划旨在建立全球联系和相互理解。[78]

5.8 驻地外交官项目 ｜ Diplomats in Residence

Diplomats in Residence are career Foreign Service Officers and Specialists located throughout the US who provide guidance and advice on careers, internships, and fellowships to students and professionals in communities they serve. Diplomats in Residence are located in 16 population-based regions throughout the United States.[79]
参考译文：“驻地外交官”是驻扎在美国各地的职业外交官和专家，他们向所服务社区的学生和专业人士提供关于职业、实习和奖学金的指导和建议。“驻地外交官”在美国的16个人口基础地区设有办事处。[79]

6. 下属军事部门 ｜ Military components

6.1 美国国务院空军联队 ｜ Department of State Department Air Wing

Main article: State Department Air Wing
主条目：美国国务院空军联队

图6-1（发布于知乎想法）

In 1978, the Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs (INL) formed an office to use excess military and government aircraft to support counter-narcotics operations of foreign states. The first aircraft used was a crop duster used to eradicate illicit crops in Mexico in cooperation with local authorities. The separate Air Wing was established in 1986 as use of aviation assets grew in the war on drugs.[80]
参考译文：在1978年，国际麻醉品和执法事务局（INL）成立了一个办公室，利用多余的军用和政府飞机来支持外国国家的禁毒行动。首架使用的飞机是一架喷洒农药的飞机，用于与墨西哥当地当局合作消灭非法作物。随着在禁毒战争中使用航空资产的增多，独立的空中部队于1986年成立。

After the September 11 attacks and the subsequent War on Terror, the Air Wing went on to expand its operations from mainly anti-narcotics operations to providing security support for United States nationals and interests, primarily in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Safe transports for various diplomatic missions were undertaken, requiring acquisition of larger aircraft, such as Sikorsky S-61, Boeing Vertol CH-46, Beechcraft King Air and de Havilland DHC-8-300. In 2011, the Air Wing was operating over 230 aircraft around the world, the main missions still being counter narcotics and transportation of state officials.[80]
参考译文：在9/11袭击和随后的反恐战争之后，空中部队从主要的禁毒行动扩展到为美国国民和利益提供安全支持，主要在阿富汗和巴基斯坦。进行了各种外交任务的安全运输，需要获得更大的飞机，如Sikorsky S-61、Boeing Vertol CH-46、Beechcraft King Air和de Havilland DHC-8-300。2011年，空中部队在全球范围内运营超过230架飞机，主要任务仍然是禁毒和运输国家官员。

6.2 美国国务院海军支援部队 ｜ Naval Support Unit: Department of State

图6-2（发布于知乎想法）

In 1964, at the height of the Cold War, Seabees were assigned to the State Department after listening devices were found in the Embassy of the United States in Moscow;[82] this initial unit was called the “Naval Mobile Construction Battalion FOUR, Detachment November”.[83] The U.S. had just constructed a new embassy in Warsaw, and the Seabees were dispatched to locate “bugs“. This led to the creation of the Naval Support Unit in 1966, which was made permanent two years later.[84][85] That year William Darrah, a Seabee of the support unit, is credited with saving the U.S. Embassy in Prague, Czechoslovakia from a potentially disastrous fire.[86] In 1986, “as a result of reciprocal expulsions ordered by Washington and Moscow” Seabees were sent to “Moscow and Leningrad to help keep the embassy and the consulate functioning”.[87]
参考译文：1964年，在冷战的高峰期，海军工程兵被派往美国国务院，原因是在美国驻莫斯科大使馆发现了窃听设备；[82]这个最初的单位被称为“海军移动建筑营四连，十一月分队”。[83]美国刚刚在华沙建造了一座新大使馆，海军工程兵被派遣去寻找“窃听器”。这导致了1966年海军支援部队的创建，并在两年后正式成立。[84][85]同年，支援部队的一名海军工程兵威廉·达拉（William Darrah）成功挽救了捷克斯洛伐克布拉格的美国大使馆遭受灾难性火灾的可能性。[86]1986年，“由于华盛顿和莫斯科的互相驱逐”，海军工程兵被派往“莫斯科和列宁格勒以帮助使馆和领事馆继续运作”。[87]

The Support Unit has a limited number of special billets for select NCOs, E-5 and above. These Seabees are assigned to the Department of State and attached to Diplomatic Security.[88][82] Those chosen can be assigned to the Regional Security Officer of a specific embassy or be part of a team traveling from one embassy to the next. Duties include the installation of alarm systems, CCTV cameras, electromagnetic locks, safes, vehicle barriers, and securing compounds. They can also assist with the security engineering in sweeping embassies (electronic counter-intelligence). They are tasked with new construction or renovations in security sensitive areas and supervise private contractors in non-sensitive areas.[89] Due to diplomatic protocol the Support Unit is required to wear civilian clothes most of the time they are on duty and receive a supplemental clothing allowance for this. The information regarding this assignment is very scant, but State Department records in 1985 indicate department security had 800 employees, plus 1,200 U.S. Marines and 115 Seabees.[90] That Seabee number is roughly the same today.[91]
参考译文：支援部队为选定的E-5和以上的少数非委任军官提供有限数量的特殊职位。这些海军建设人员被派往国务院，并隶属于外交安全局。[88][82]被选中的人员可以被指派到特定大使馆的区域安全官，或者是作为一个小组从一个大使馆到另一个大使馆。任务包括安装报警系统、闭路电视摄像头、电磁锁、保险柜、车辆屏障和保护区域。他们还可以协助进行大使馆的安全工程（电子反情报）。他们负责在安全敏感区域进行新建或翻修，并在非敏感区域监督私人承包商。[89]由于外交礼仪的需要，支援部队在大部分执勤时间内需要穿着便服，并获得额外的服装补贴。关于这项任务的信息非常有限，但1985年的国务院记录显示，该部门的安全人员有800名，此外还有1,200名美国海军陆战队员和115名海军工程兵。[90]目前，海军工程兵的人数大致相同。[91]

6.3 陆军预备役反恐部队 ｜Army Reserve Counter Terrorism Unit

Main article: Army Reserve Counter Terrorism Unit
主条目：陆军预备役反恐部队

Headquartered on Navy Hill, across the street from the Harry S. Truman building, ARCTU is a component of the Army Reserve funded and staffed by Military Intelligence Readiness Command‘s National Intelligence Support Group but under operational control of the Bureau of Counterterrorism.[92] It is also a senior member of Diplomatic Security’s Foreign Emergency Support Team, which responds to global crises on short notice. Little information is available on the unit, though they often wear civilian clothes like other military enablers of the State Department mission.
参考译文：位于海军山（Navy Hill）的ARCTU是陆军预备役的一个组成部分，由军事情报准备指挥部的国家情报支援小组提供资金和人员支持，但在行动控制上受到反恐局的指挥。[92]它还是外交安全局的外国紧急支援小组的高级成员，可以迅速应对全球危机。关于该部队的信息非常有限，尽管他们通常和其他美国国务院任务的军事支持人员一样穿着便服。

7. 支出 ｜ Expenditures

In FY 2010 the Department of State, together with “Other International Programs” (such as USAID), had a combined projected discretionary budget of $51.7 billion.[93] The United States Federal Budget for Fiscal Year 2010, entitled ‘A New Era of Responsibility’, specifically ‘Imposes Transparency on the Budget’ for the Department of State.[93]
参考译文：2010财年，美国国务院连同“其他国际项目”(如美国国际开发署)的可自由支配预算共计517亿美元。[93]美国2010财政年度联邦预算，题为“责任的新时代”，特别要求美国国务院“提高预算透明度”。[93]

The end-of-year FY 2010 DoS Agency Financial Report, approved by Secretary Clinton on November 15, 2010, showed actual total costs for the year of $27.4 billion.[94] Revenues of $6.0 billion, $2.8 billion of which were earned through the provision of consular and management services, reduced total net cost to $21.4 billion.[94]
参考译文：2010年11月15日，克林顿国务卿批准的2010财年年终财务报告显示，该年度的实际总成本为274亿美元。[94]收入为60亿美元，其中28亿美元来自提供领事和管理服务，总净成本减少到214亿美元。[94]

Total program costs for ‘Achieving Peace and Security’ were $7.0 billion; ‘Governing Justly and Democratically’, $0.9 billion; ‘Investing in People’, $4.6 billion; ‘Promoting Economic Growth and Prosperity’, $1.5 billion; ‘Providing Humanitarian Assistance’, $1.8 billion; ‘Promoting International Understanding’, $2.7 billion; ‘Strengthening Consular and Management Capabilities’, $4.0 billion; ‘Executive Direction and Other Costs Not Assigned’, $4.2 billion.[94]
参考译文：“实现和平与安全”项目的总成本为70亿美元;“公正民主治理”，9亿美元;“投资于人”，46亿美元;“促进经济增长和繁荣”，15亿元;“提供人道主义援助”，18亿美元;“促进国际了解”，27亿元;“加强领事和管理能力”，40亿美元;“行政指示和其他未分配的费用”，42亿美元。[94]

7.1 审计开支 ｜ Audit of expenditures

The Department of State’s independent auditors are Kearney & Company.[95] Since in FY 2009 Kearney & Company qualified its audit opinion, noting material financial reporting weaknesses, the DoS restated its 2009 financial statements in 2010.[95] In its FY 2010 audit report, Kearney & Company provided an unqualified audit opinion while noting significant deficiencies, of controls in relation to financial reporting and budgetary accounting, and of compliance with a number of laws and provisions relating to financial management and accounting requirements.[95] In response the DoS Chief Financial Officer observed that “The Department the equal of any large multi-national corporation.”[96]
参考译文：国务院的独立审计师是Kearney & Company。自从2009财年以来，Kearney & Company在其审计意见中指出了重大的财务报告问题，因此国务院在2010年重新陈述了其2009年的财务报表。在其2010财年的审计报告中，Kearney & Company提供了一个没有保留意见的审计意见，同时指出了与财务报告和预算会计有关的控制方面的重大缺陷，以及与财务管理和会计要求相关的许多法律和条款的遵守问题。作为回应，国务院首席财务官观察到，“国务院是与任何大型跨国公司相当的”。

8. 中央外交政策 ｜ Central Foreign Policy File

Since 1973 the primary record keeping system of the Department of State is the Central Foreign Policy File. It consists of copies of official telegrams, airgrams, reports, memorandums, correspondence, diplomatic notes, and other documents related to foreign relations.[97] Over 1,000,000 records spanning the time period from 1973 to 1979 can be accessed online from the National Archives and Records Administration.[98]
参考译文：自1973年起，国务院的主要档案保管系统是中央外交政策文件（Central Foreign Policy File）。它包括了官方报、航空电报、报告、备忘录、信函、外交照会以及其他与外交关系相关的文件的副本。从1973年到1979年的超过1,000,000份记录可以从国家档案和记录管理局的网站上在线访问。

9. 信息自由法案处理表现 ｜ Freedom of Information Act processing performance

In the 2015 Center for Effective Government analysis of 15 federal agencies which receive the most Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) (using 2012 and 2013 data), the State Department was the lowest performer, earning an “F” by scoring only 37 out of a possible 100 points, unchanged from 2013. The State Department’s score was dismal due to its extremely low processing score of 23 percent, which was completely out of line with any other agency’s performance.[99]
参考译文：2015 年，有效政府中心对 15 个获得《信息zi4 you2法》(FOIA) 最多的联邦机构进行了分析（使用 2012 年和 2013 年的数据），国务院是表现最差的机构，在总分中仅获得 37 分，获得“F”分。 可能是 100 分，与 2013 年持平。国务院的得分很低，因为其处理得分极低，只有 23%，这与任何其他机构的表现完全不符。 [99]

A. 参见 See also

A.1 中文百科相关词条

A.2 英文百科相关词条

B. 参考文献

B.1 中文词条

  1.  What We Do: Mission.  [2014-07-23]. （原始内容存档于2014-09-22）.
  2. ^Acronym Finder: DoS.  [2015-05-06]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-18）.
  3. ^ xiao. 漫谈美国国务院、国务部及其他. ShareAmerica.  [2018-04-26]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-18）.

B.2 英文词条

B.2.1 引用 ｜ References

  1.  “GTM Fact Sheet” (PDF). U.S. Department of State. May 30, 2023. Retrieved August 8, 2022.
  2. ^ Department of State. “Congressional Budget Justification: Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs” (PDF). state.gov. US government. Retrieved April 29, 2023.
  3. ^ Department Of State. The Office of Electronic Information, Bureau of Public Affairs (June 18, 2004). “Glossary of Acronyms”. 2001-2009.state.gov.
  4. ^ “U.S. Department of State”. United States Department of State. Retrieved November 26, 2020.
  5. ^ “A New Framework for Foreign Affairs”. A Short History of the Department of State. U.S. Department of State. March 14, 2015. Retrieved March 14, 2015.
  6. ^ “Cabinets and Counselors: The President and the Executive Branch” (1997). Congressional Quarterly. p. 87.
  7. ^ Toosi, Nahal (January 26, 2021). “Blinken confirmed as secretary of State”. Politico. Retrieved April 3, 2021.
  8. ^ Meredith, Sam (November 27, 2019). “China has overtaken the US to have the world’s largest diplomatic network, think tank says”. CNBC. Retrieved November 26, 2020.
  9. ^ Short 1923, pp. 46–47.
  10. ^ Short 1923, pp. 55–56.
  11. ^ “A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774 – 1875”. rs6.loc.gov. Retrieved July 21, 2022.
  12. ^ “22 U.S. Code § 2651 – Establishment of Department”. LII / Legal Information Institute. Retrieved November 26, 2020.
  13. ^ “United States Statutes at Large, First Congress, Session 1, Chapter 14”. Archived from the original on June 23, 2012.
  14. ^ Jump up to: a b c “Department History – Office of the Historian”. history.state.gov. Retrieved November 26, 2020.
  15. ^ Short 1923, pp. 114–115.
  16. ^ Short 1923, p. 115.
  17. ^ Department Of State. The Office of Electronic Information, Bureau of Public Affairs (February 4, 2005). “Frequently Asked Historical Questions”. 2001-2009.state.gov. Retrieved November 26, 2020.
  18. ^ “Rogers Act”. u-s-history.com. Retrieved November 26, 2020.
  19. ^ Short 1923, p. 116.
  20. ^ Jump up to: a b c Short 1923, p. 117.
  21. ^ Jump up to: a b c Short 1923, p. 227.
  22. ^ Short 1923, p. 226.
  23. ^ Short 1923, p. 228.
  24. ^ Short 1923, pp. 228–229.
  25. ^ Short 1923, pp. 229–230.
  26. ^ Short 1923, p. 231.
  27. ^ Jump up to: a b Short 1923, p. 232.
  28. ^ Short 1923, pp. 232–233.
  29. ^ “Hillary Clinton Launches E-Suggestion Box..’The Secretary is Listening’ – ABC News”. Blogs.abcnews.com. February 10, 2009. Archived from the original on April 29, 2011. Retrieved June 16,2012.
  30. ^ Lipowicz, Alice (April 22, 2011). “State Department to launch “Corridor” internal social network – Federal Computer Week”. Fcw.com. Archived from the original on September 27, 2012. Retrieved June 16, 2012.
  31. ^ “Peering down the Corridor: The New Social Network’s Features and Their Uses | IBM Center for the Business of Government”. Businessofgovernment.org. May 5, 2011. Retrieved June 16, 2012.
  32. ^ “Remarks at the New York University Commencement Ceremony, Hillary Rodham Clinton”. Office of Website Management, Bureau of Public Affairs. U.S. State Department. May 13, 2009. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
  33. ^ “The Most Desirable Employers”. BusinessWeek. Archived from the original on November 27, 2010. Retrieved January 24, 2011.
  34. ^ “21st Century Statecraft”. The Office of Electronic Information, Bureau of Public Affairs. Retrieved July 23, 2014.
  35. ^ “Talking 21st Century Statecraft”. thediplomat.com. Retrieved November 26, 2020.
  36. ^ DuPre, Carrie; Williams, Kate (May 1, 2011). “Undergraduates’ Perceptions of Employer Expectations”. Journal of Career and Technical Education. 26 (1). doi:10.21061/jcte.v26i1.490. ISSN 1533-1830.
  37. ^ This complex is also known as the “Potomac Annex”.
  38. ^ Sernovitz, Daniel J. “Boston Firm Picked for State Department Consolidation”. Washington Business Journal. January 14, 2014.Accessed January 14, 2014.
  39. ^ Kori N. Schake, State of disrepair: Fixing the culture and practices of the State Department. (Hoover Press, 2013).
  40. ^ United States Department of State, Bureau of Diplomatic Security (July 2011). “Diplomatic and Consular Immunity: Guidance for Law Enforcement and Judicial Authorities” (PDF). United States Department of State. p. 15. Retrieved May 11, 2012.
  41. ^ William J. Burns, “The Lost Art of American Diplomacy: Can the State Department Be Saved.” Foreign Affairs 98 (2019): 98+.
  42. ^ Gill, Cory R. (May 18, 2018). U.S. Department of State Personnel: Background and Selected Issues for Congress (PDF). Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service. Retrieved June 23, 2018.
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B.2.2 参阅文献 ｜ Bibliography

Short, Lloyd Milton (1923). The Development of National Administrative Organization in the United States, Issue 10. United States: Johns Hopkins Press. ISBN 0598686584.

C. 一手文献 ｜ Primary Sources

D. 延伸阅读 ｜ Further Reading

  • Allen, Debra J. Historical Dictionary of US Diplomacy from the Revolution to Secession (Scarecrow Press, 2012), 1775–1861.
  • Bacchus, William I. Foreign Policy and the Bureaucratic Process: The State Department’s Country Director System (1974
  • Campbell, John Franklin. The Foreign Affairs Fudge Factory (1971)
  • Colman, Jonathan. “The ‘Bowl of Jelly’: The us Department of State during the Kennedy and Johnson Years, 1961–1968.” Hague Journal of Diplomacy 10.2 (2015): 172-196. =online
  • Dougall, Richardson, “The US Department of State from hull to Acheson.” in The Diplomats, 1939-1979 (Princeton University Press, 2019). 38-64. online
  • Farrow, Ronan (2018). War on Peace: The End of Diplomacy and the Decline of American Influence. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0393652109.
  • Keegan, Nicholas M. US Consular Representation in Britain Since 1790 (Anthem Press, 2018).
  • Kopp, Harry W. Career diplomacy: Life and work in the US Foreign Service (Georgetown University Press, 2011).
  • Krenn, Michael. Black Diplomacy: African Americans and the State Department, 1945-69 (2015).* Leacacos, John P. Fires in the In-Basket: The ABC’s of the State Department (1968)
  • McAllister, William B., et al. Toward “Thorough, Accurate, and Reliable”: A History of the Foreign Relations of the United States Series (US Government Printing Office, 2015), a history of the publication of US diplomatic documents online
  • Plischke, Elmer. U.S. Department of State: A Reference History (Greenwood Press, 1999)
  • Schake, Kori N. State of disrepair: Fixing the culture and practices of the State Department. (Hoover Press, 2013).
  • Simpson, Smith. Anatomy of the State Department (1967)
  • Warwick, Donald P. A Theory of Public Bureaucracy: Politics, Personality and Organization in the State Department (1975).

E. 外部链接 External Links

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