情绪障碍症 / Mood disorder – 中英文维基百科词条融合

By cathayvista疾病

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封面图片：A depressive man standing by a country pond in the pouring rain – not helping his state of mind. Wood engraving, 1869. Original text reads “It’s very well to go down for Six Weeks into the Country by yourself, to give up Tobacco and Stimulants, and to live the Whole Day, so to speak, in the Open Air; but all this will do you no Good, unless you Cultivate a Cheerful Frame of Mind, and take a Lively View of Things.” Iconographic Collections
参考译文：一个沮丧的男人站在乡村池塘中，雨下得很大 – 这无助于他的心情。木刻版画，1869年。原文写道：“独自一人去乡下待上六个星期，放弃烟草和兴奋剂，整天在户外生活，这样说来是很好的；但是，除非你培养一种愉快的心态，对事物保持活泼的看法，否则这一切都对你没有好处。”图标收藏
此图片属于公共领域

1. 正文

1.1 主体部分（发布于知乎专栏）

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1.2 不便外发的部分

正文1.3 由物质诱发 | Substance-induced

A mood disorder can be classified as substance-induced if its etiology can be traced to the direct physiologic effects of a psychoactive drug or other chemical substance, or if the development of the mood disorder occurred contemporaneously with substance intoxication or withdrawal. Also, an individual may have a mood disorder coexisting with a substance abuse disorder. Substance-induced mood disorders can have features of a manic, hypomanic, mixed, or depressive episode. Most substances can induce a variety of mood disorders. For example, stimulants such as amphetamine, methamphetamine, and cocaine can cause manic, hypomanic, mixed, and depressive episodes.[33][unreliable source?]
参考译文：如果其病因可以追溯到精神活性药物或其他化学物质的直接生理作用，或者如果情绪障碍的发展与物质中毒或戒断同时发生，则可将其归类为物质诱发的情绪障碍。此外，一个人可能同时患有情绪障碍和药物滥用障碍。物质诱发的情绪障碍可具有躁狂、轻躁、混合型或抑郁发作的特征。大多数物质都能诱发各种情绪障碍。例如，兴奋剂如安非他明、甲基苯丙胺和可卡因可引起躁狂、轻度躁狂、混合型和抑郁发作。[33][不可靠的来源?]

（1）饮酒引起的影响 | Alcohol-induced

High rates of major depressive disorder occur in heavy drinkers and those with alcoholism. Controversy has previously surrounded whether those who abused alcohol and developed depression were self-medicating their pre-existing depression. Recent research has concluded that, while this may be true in some cases, alcohol misuse directly causes the development of depression in a significant number of heavy drinkers. Participants studied were also assessed during stressful events in their lives and measured on a Feeling Bad Scale. Likewise, they were also assessed on their affiliation with deviant peers, unemployment, and their partner’s substance use and criminal offending.[34][35][36] High rates of suicide also occur in those who have alcohol-related problems.[37] It is usually possible to differentiate between alcohol-related depression and depression that is not related to alcohol intake by taking a careful history of the patient.[36][38][39] Depression and other mental health problems associated with alcohol misuse may be due to distortion of brain chemistry, as they tend to improve on their own after a period of abstinence.[40]
参考译文：重度抑郁症在酗酒者和酒精依赖者中的发生率较高。此前，关于滥用酒精并发展出抑郁症的人是否在用酒精自我治疗他们先前存在的抑郁症的问题一直存在争议。最近的研究表明，虽然在某些情况下这可能是真的，但在大量酗酒者中，酒精滥用直接导致抑郁症的发展。参与研究的人员还评估了他们生活中的压力事件，并在“感觉糟糕”量表上进行了测量。同样，他们还评估了与不良同伴的关系、失业以及伴侣的药物使用和犯罪行为。[34][35][36]在那些有酒精相关问题的人群中，自杀率也很高。[37]通常可以通过仔细了解患者的病史来区分与酒精相关的抑郁症和与酒精摄入无关的抑郁症。[36][38][39]与酒精滥用相关的抑郁症和其他心理健康问题可能是由于大脑化学结构扭曲引起的，因为它们往往会在戒酒一段时间后自行改善。[40]

（2）苯二氮卓类药物引起的影响 | Benzodiazepine-induced

Benzodiazepines, such as alprazolam, clonazepam, lorazepam and diazepam, can cause both depression and mania.[41]
参考译文：苯二氮䓬类药物，如阿普唑仑、氯硝西泮、劳拉唑仑和安定，都可能会引起抑郁和躁狂。

Benzodiazepines are a class of medication commonly used to treat anxiety, panic attacks and insomnia, and are also commonly misused and abused. Those with anxiety, panic and sleep problems commonly have negative emotions and thoughts, depression, suicidal ideations, and often have comorbid depressive disorders. While the anxiolytic and hypnotic effects of benzodiazepines may disappear as tolerance develops, depression and impulsivity with high suicidal risk commonly persist.[42] These symptoms are “often interpreted as an exacerbation or as a natural evolution of previous disorders and the chronic use of sedatives is overlooked”.[42] Benzodiazepines do not prevent the development of depression, can exacerbate preexisting depression, can cause depression in those with no history of it, and can lead to suicide attempts.[42][43][44][45][46] Risk factors for suicide and suicide attempts while using benzodiazepines include high dose prescriptions (even in those not misusing the medications), benzodiazepine intoxication, and underlying depression.[41][47][48]
参考译文：苯二氮䓬类药物是一类常用于治疗焦虑、恐慌发作和失眠的药物，也常被滥用和虐待。那些患有焦虑、恐慌和睡眠问题的人常常会有负面情绪和想法、抑郁、自杀意念，并且通常伴有共病性抑郁症。尽管苯二氮䓬类药物的抗焦虑和催眠效果可能会随着耐受性的发展而消失，但抑郁和冲动性高的自杀风险通常仍然存在。这些症状通常被“解释为原有疾病的加重或自然发展，而慢性镇静剂的使用被忽视”。苯二氮䓬类药物无法预防抑郁症的发展，可能会加重既有的抑郁症，在没有抑郁史的人群中引发抑郁，并可能导致自杀企图。在使用苯二氮䓬类药物时自杀和自杀企图的风险因素包括高剂量处方（即使在未滥用药物的人群中也是如此）、苯二氮䓬类药物中毒以及潜在的抑郁症。

The long-term use of benzodiazepines may have a similar effect on the brain as alcohol, and are also implicated in depression.[49] As with alcohol, the effects of benzodiazepine on neurochemistry, such as decreased levels of serotonin and norepinephrine, are believed to be responsible for the increased depression.[50][51][52][53][54][55] Additionally, benzodiazepines can indirectly worsen mood by worsening sleep (i.e., benzodiazepine-induced sleep disorder). Like alcohol, benzodiazepines can put people to sleep but, while asleep, they disrupt sleep architecture: decreasing sleep time, delaying time to REM sleep, and decreasing deep sleep (the most restorative part of sleep for both energy and mood).[56][57][58] Just as some antidepressants can cause or worsen anxiety in some patients due to being activating, benzodiazepines can cause or worsen depression due to being a central nervous system depressant—worsening thinking, concentration and problem solving (i.e., benzodiazepine-induced neurocognitive disorder).[41] However, unlike antidepressants, in which the activating effects usually improve with continued treatment, benzodiazepine-induced depression is unlikely to improve until after stopping the medication.[57][58]
参考译文：长期使用苯二氮䓬类药物可能会对大脑产生与酒精类似的影响，并且与抑郁有关。与酒精一样，苯二氮䓬类药物对神经化学的影响，如血清素和去甲肾上腺素水平的降低，被认为是导致抑郁加重的原因。此外，苯二氮䓬类药物也可能通过恶化睡眠（即苯二氮䓬类诱发的睡眠障碍）间接恶化情绪。与酒精类似，苯二氮䓬类药物可以让人入睡，但在睡眠时破坏了睡眠结构：减少了睡眠时间，延迟了进入快速眼动睡眠阶段的时间，并减少了深度睡眠（对于精力和情绪来说都是最具恢复作用的部分）。就像一些抗抑郁药物可能会因为兴奋作用而导致某些患者的焦虑加重一样，苯二氮䓬类药物可能会因为是一种中枢神经系统抑制剂而导致或加重抑郁症——恶化思维、注意力和问题解决能力（即苯二氮䓬类诱发的神经认知障碍）。然而，与抗抑郁药物不同的是，抗抑郁药物的兴奋作用通常会随着持续治疗而改善，苯二氮䓬类药物诱发的抑郁症可能直到停药后才会有所改善。

In a long-term follow-up study of patients dependent on benzodiazepines, it was found that 10 people (20%) had taken drug overdoses while on chronic benzodiazepine medication despite only two people ever having had any pre-existing depressive disorder. A year after a gradual withdrawal program, no patients had taken any further overdoses.[45]
参考译文：在一项对长期依赖苯二氮䓬类药物的患者进行的后续研究中发现，有10人（20%）在长期使用苯二氮䓬类药物期间曾有药物过量服用的情况，尽管只有两个人曾患有任何先前存在的抑郁症。在进行了逐渐停药计划后的一年时间里，没有患者再次发生药物过量服用的情况。

Just as with intoxication and chronic use, benzodiazepine withdrawal can also cause depression.[59][60][61] While benzodiazepine-induced depressive disorder may be exacerbated immediately after discontinuation of benzodiazepines, evidence suggests that mood significantly improves after the acute withdrawal period to levels better than during use.[42] Depression resulting from withdrawal from benzodiazepines usually subsides after a few months but in some cases may persist for 6–12 months.[62][63]
参考译文：就像酒精中毒和长期使用一样，苯二氮䓬类药物戒断也可能导致抑郁症。虽然苯二氮䓬类药物诱发的抑郁症在停药后可能会立即加重，但有证据表明，在急性戒断期后情绪显著改善，达到甚至比用药期间更好的水平。由于苯二氮䓬类药物戒断而导致的抑郁症通常会在几个月后减轻，但在某些情况下可能会持续6-12个月。

正文2. 成因 | Causes 中的部分段落：性别区别 | Sex Differences

Mood disorders, specifically stress-related mood disorders such as anxiety and depression, have been shown to have differing rates of diagnosis based on sex. In the United States, women are two times more likely than men to be diagnosed with a stress-related mood disorder.[79][80] Underlying these sex differences, studies have shown a dysregulation of stress-responsive neuroendocrine function causing an increase in the likelihood of developing these affective disorders.[81] Overactivation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis could provide potential insight into how these sex differences arise. Neuropeptide corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is released from the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus, stimulating adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) release into the blood stream. From here ACTH triggers the release of glucocorticoids such as cortisol from the adrenal cortex. Cortisol, known as the main stress hormone, creates a negative feedback loop back to the hypothalamus to deactivate the stress response.[82] When a constant stressor is present, the HPA axis remains overactivated and cortisol is constantly produced. This chronic stress is associated with sustained CRF release, resulting in the increased production of anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors and serving as a potential mechanism for differences in prevalence between men and women.[79]
参考译文：情绪障碍，特别是与压力相关的情绪障碍，如焦虑和抑郁，已经显示出在性别基础上有不同的诊断率。在美国，女性被诊断为与压力相关的情绪障碍的概率是男性的两倍。在这些性别差异的基础上，研究表明应激反应神经内分泌功能的失调导致了患上这些情感障碍的可能性增加。下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺（HPA）轴的过度活化可能提供了这些性别差异产生的潜在见解。下丘脑旁VENTRICULAR核（PVN）释放神经肽促肾上腺皮质激素释放因子（CRF），刺激促肾上腺皮质激素（ACTH）释放到血液中。从这里，ACTH触发肾上腺皮质释放皮质类固醇如皮质醇。皮质醇，被称为主要的应激激素，会创造一个负反馈回路到下丘脑，以停止压力反应。当持续的压力因素存在时，HPA轴保持过度活化，皮质醇不断产生。这种慢性压力与持续的CRF释放相关，导致焦虑和抑郁样行为的增加，可能是男女患病率差异的潜在机制。

2. 相关条目 See also

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3.2 英文词条来源文献 Cited texts

3.3 中文词条引用列表

  1. ·  卫生福利部中央健康保险署. 國際疾病分類第十版 ICD-9-CM2001年版與ICD-10-CM對應資料檔. 卫生福利部. 2020-05-01 [2022-04-02]. （原始内容存档于2022-03-01） （中文）. 
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  6. ·  James, Spencer L; Abate, Degu; Abate, Kalkidan Hassen; Abay, Solomon M; Abbafati, Cristiana; Abbasi, Nooshin; Abbastabar, Hedayat; Abd-Allah, Foad; Abdela, Jemal. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet. 2018-11, 392 (10159): 1789–1858 [2021-01-31]. PMC 6227754 . PMID 30496104. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32279-7. （原始内容存档于2021-03-08） （英语）. 
  7. ·  石其昌，章健民，徐方忠，费立鹏，许毅，傅永利，顾卫，周夏江，王淑敏，张滢，俞敏. 浙江省15岁及以上人群精神疾病流行病学调查. 中华预防医学杂志. 2005, 39 (4) [2009-10-09]. （原始内容存档于2015-06-18）. 
  8. ·  Kitamura, T. Psychiatric epidemiology in Japan: towards psychological understanding of the etiology of minor psychiatric disorders. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 1998-12,. 52 Suppl: S275–277 [2021-01-31]. ISSN 1323-1316. PMID 9895168. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.1998.tb03243.x. （原始内容存档于2021-02-12）. 
  9. ·  Racine, Nicole; McArthur, Brae Anne; Cooke, Jessica E.; Eirich, Rachel; Zhu, Jenney; Madigan, Sheri. Global Prevalence of Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms in Children and Adolescents During COVID-19. JAMA Pediatrics. 2021-08-09 [2021-09-01]. ISSN 2168-6203. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.2482. （原始内容存档于2021-10-02） （英语）. 
  10. ·  Eaton, William W.; Shao, Huibo; Nestadt, Gerald; Lee, Ben Hochang; Bienvenu, O. Joseph; Zandi, Peter. Population-Based Study of First Onset and Chronicity in Major Depressive Disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2008-05-01, 65 (5): 513. ISSN 0003-990X. PMC 2761826 . PMID 18458203. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.65.5.513 （英语）. 
  11. ·  Holma, K. Mikael; Holma, Irina A. K.; Melartin, Tarja K.; Rytsälä, Heikki J.; Isometsä, Erkki T. Long-term outcome of major depressive disorder in psychiatric patients is variable. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2008-02, 69 (2): 196–205 [2021-01-31]. ISSN 1555-2101. PMID 18251627. doi:10.4088/jcp.v69n0205. （原始内容存档于2021-03-18）. 
  12. ·  Kanai, T.; Takeuchi, H.; Furukawa, T. A.; Yoshimura, R.; Imaizumi, T.; Kitamura, T.; Takahashi, K. Time to recurrence after recovery from major depressive episodes and its predictors. Psychological Medicine. 2003-07, 33 (5): 839–845 [2021-01-31]. ISSN 0033-2917. PMID 12877398. doi:10.1017/s0033291703007827. （原始内容存档于2021-03-18）. 
  13. ·  David H. Barlow, V. Mark Durand 著 杨霞 等译 王爱民 审校. 异常心理学. 中国轻工业出版社. : 227–231. ISBN 7-5019-5368-6. 
  14. ·  Blair-West, G. W.; Mellsop, G. W. Major depression: does a gender-based down-rating of suicide risk challenge its diagnostic validity?. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2001-06, 35 (3): 322–328 [2021-01-31]. ISSN 0004-8674. PMID 11437805. doi:10.1046/j.1440-1614.2001.00895.x. （原始内容存档于2021-03-18）. 
  15. ·  Dale, Jenny; Sorour, Eman; Milner, Gabrielle. Do psychiatrists perform appropriate physical investigations for their patients? A review of current practices in a general psychiatric inpatient and outpatient setting. Journal of Mental Health. 2008-01, 17 (3): 293–298 [2021-01-31]. ISSN 0963-8237. doi:10.1080/09638230701498325. （原始内容存档于2019-05-26） （英语）. 
  16. ·  National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence（NICE）. NICE guidelines: Depression in children and adolescents. London: NICE. 2005: 5 [2008-08-16]. ISBN 1-84629-074-0. （原始内容存档于2008-09-24）. 
  17. ·  Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with major depressive disorder (revision). American Psychiatric Association. The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2000-04, 157 (4 Suppl): 1–45 [2021-01-31]. ISSN 0002-953X. PMID 10767867. （原始内容存档于2021-03-16）. 
  18. ·  Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients With Major Depressive Disorder Second Edition. APA Practice Guidelines for the Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders: Comprehensive Guidelines and Guideline Watches 1 1. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association. 2006 [2021-01-31]. ISBN 978-0-89042-336-3. doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890423363.48690. （原始内容存档于2011-10-01） （英语）. 
  19. ·  Posternak, M. A.; Miller, I. Untreated short-term course of major depression: a meta-analysis of outcomes from studies using wait-list control groups. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2001-10, 66 (2-3): 139–146 [2021-01-31]. ISSN 0165-0327. PMID 11578666. doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(00)00304-9. （原始内容存档于2021-02-25）. 
  20. ·  Eaton, William W.; Shao, Huibo; Nestadt, Gerald; Lee, Hochang Benjamin; Lee, Ben Hochang; Bienvenu, O. Joseph; Zandi, Peter. Population-based study of first onset and chronicity in major depressive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2008-05, 65 (5): 513–520 [2021-01-31]. ISSN 1538-3636. PMC 2761826 . PMID 18458203. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.65.5.513. （原始内容存档于2021-03-18）. 
  21. ·  Cuijpers, Pim; van Straten, Annemieke; Smit, Filip. Psychological treatment of late-life depression: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2006-12, 21 (12): 1139–1149 [2021-01-31]. ISSN 0885-6230. PMID 16955421. doi:10.1002/gps.1620. （原始内容存档于2021-03-18）. 
  22. ·  刚获国际大奖的浙大女教授胡海岚入围中科院院士增选候选名单. 凤凰网. 2019-08-01 [2021-01-31]. （原始内容存档于2021-02-12）. 
  23. ·  Lurie, Stephen J.; Gawinski, Barbara; Pierce, Deborah; Rousseau, Sally J. Seasonal affective disorder. American Family Physician. 2006-11-01, 74 (9): 1521–1524 [2021-01-31]. ISSN 0002-838X. PMID 17111890. （原始内容存档于2021-02-12）. 
  24. ·  科学家绘制抑郁症世界地图 日本成最快乐国度. 腾讯网. 2013-11-14 [2021-01-31]. （原始内容存档于2021-02-12）. 
  25. ·  American Psychiatric Association. Depressive Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (NOS). DSM-IV. 1994 [2009-10-09]. （原始内容存档于2009-08-06）. 
  26. ·  van der Kooy, Koen G. Differences in heart rate variability between depressed and non-depressed elderly. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2006-02, 21 (2): 147-50 [2023-04-18]. doi:10.1002/gps.1439. （原始内容存档于2023-04-23）.

4. 延伸阅读 Further Reading

  • ·  American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision: DSM-IV-TR, Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.: 943, 2000, ISBN 0890420254
  • ·  Parker, Gordon; Hadzi-Pavlovic, Dusan; Eyers, Kerrie, Melancholia: A disorder of movement and mood: a phenomenological and neurobiological review, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1996, ISBN 052147275X
  • ·  Sadock, Benjamin J.; Sadock, Virginia A., Kaplan and Sadock’s Synopsis of Psychiatry: Behavioral Sciences/Clinical Psychiatry 9th, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2002, ISBN 0781731836

5. 外部链接 External links

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