爱尔兰共和国 / Republic of Ireland – （全文）中英文维基百科词条融合

中文词条原文链接（无法从中国内地访问）：请点击这里访问
英文词条原文链接（无法从中国内地访问）：请点击这里访问
本文基于英文词条的线索，并补充部分来自中文词条的内容（在二者冲突时，以更晚更新者为准）。辽观搬运时进行了必要的合规化处理，以使其能够在中国内地上传。

维基百科（Wikipedia）是美国维基媒体基金会的互联网百科项目，其内容可能受到立场、信息来源等因素影响，请客观看待。正文内容不代表译者观点。

辽观提供的翻译仅供参考。文中可能包含无法从中国内地访问的链接。

辽观所搬运的词条文本与维基百科一道同样遵循CC BY-SA 4.0协议（辽观搬运的中英文对照版本），在符合协议要求的情况下您可以免费使用其内容（包括商用）。图片和视频可能遵循不同的共享协议。请点击这里访问

0. 概述

辽观注：此标题是我们在搬运、整合过程中添加的。

0.1 文字说明

辽观注：此标题是我们在搬运、整合过程中添加的。

爱尔兰（英语：Ireland；爱尔兰语：Éire）^{[注 1]}，常称呼为爱尔兰共和国（英语：Republic of Ireland；爱尔兰语：Poblacht na hÉireann），是位于西欧的岛屿国家，由爱尔兰岛32个县中的26个县组成，面积约7万平方公里，也是唯一与英国的北爱尔兰共享陆地边界的主权国家。是单一制的议会制共和国。国土全境被大西洋环抱，南滨凯尔特海，东南面隔圣乔治海峡与威尔士隔海相望，东邻爱尔兰海。首都及最大城市为都柏林，位于爱尔兰岛的东侧，该国的500万人口中约有40%居住在都柏林地区。

注1：爱尔兰宪法第四条规定，该国国名为爱尔兰。
原文：
英文版宪法：The name of the State is Éire, or, in the English language, Ireland.
爱尔兰文版宪法：Éire is ainm don Stát nó, sa Sacs-Bhéarla, Ireland.

The sovereign state shares its only land border with Northern Ireland, which is part of the United Kingdom. It is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the Celtic Sea to the south, St George’s Channel to the south-east, and the Irish Sea to the east. It is a unitary, parliamentary republic.^[10] The legislature, the Oireachtas, consists of a lower house, Dáil Éireann; an upper house, Seanad Éireann; and an elected president (Uachtarán) who serves as the largely ceremonial head of state, but with some important powers and duties. The head of government is the Taoiseach (Prime Minister, literally “Chief”), who is elected by the Dáil and appointed by the President, who appoints other government ministers.
【参考译文】该主权国家与北爱尔兰共享其唯一的陆地边界，而北爱尔兰是英国的一部分。除此之外，爱尔兰四周被大西洋环绕，南部为凯尔特海，东南部为圣乔治海峡，东部则为爱尔兰海。爱尔兰是一个单一制、议会共和制国家。[10] 其立法机构奥赖赫塔斯（Oireachtas）包括下议院达埃莱恩（Dáil Éireann）、上议院肖内德·埃里安（Seanad Éireann）以及一位经选举产生的总统（Uachtarán），总统作为国家元首主要履行礼仪性职责，但也拥有一定的权力和责任。政府首脑是塔oiseach（总理，字面意思为“首席”），由达埃莱恩选出并由总统任命，总统还负责任命其他政府部长。

The Irish Free State was created with Dominion status in 1922, following the Anglo-Irish Treaty. In 1937, a new constitution was adopted, in which the state was named “Ireland” and effectively became a republic, with an elected non-executive president. It was officially declared a republic in 1949, following the Republic of Ireland Act 1948. Ireland became a member of the United Nations in 1955. It joined the European Communities (EC), the predecessor of the European Union (EU), in 1973. The state had no formal relations with Northern Ireland for most of the 20th century, but the 1980s and 1990s saw the British and Irish governments working with Northern Irish parties to resolve the conflict that had become known as the Troubles. Since the signing of the Good Friday Agreement in 1998, the Irish government and Northern Irish government have co-operated on a number of policy areas under the North/South Ministerial Council created by the Agreement.
【参考译文】1922年，根据英爱条约，爱尔兰自由邦成立并获得自治领地位。1937年，爱尔兰采纳了一部新宪法，国家名称定为“爱尔兰”，实质上成为了一个共和国，并设立了一位民选的非执行总统。1949年，随着《1948年爱尔兰共和国法案》的通过，爱尔兰正式宣布为共和国。1955年，爱尔兰成为联合国成员国。1973年，它加入欧洲共同体（EC），即后来的欧洲联盟（EU）。在20世纪的大部分时间里，爱尔兰与北爱尔兰之间没有正式关系，但到了1980年代和1990年代，英国和爱尔兰政府开始与北爱尔兰各政党合作，以解决被称为“麻烦”的冲突。自1998年签署《耶稣受难日协议》以来，爱尔兰政府与北爱尔兰政府在协议创建的南北部长理事会框架下，在多个政策领域进行了合作。

Ireland is a developed country with a quality of life that ranks amongst the highest in the world; after adjustments for inequality, the 2021 Human Development Index listing ranked it the sixth-highest in the world.^[11] It also ranks highly in healthcare, economic freedom, and freedom of the press.^[12][13] It is a member of the EU and a founding member of the Council of Europe and the OECD. The Irish government has followed a policy of military neutrality through non-alignment since before World War II, and the country is consequently not a member of NATO,^[14] although it is a member of Partnership for Peace and certain aspects of PESCO. Ireland’s economy is advanced,^[15] with one of Europe’s major financial hubs being centred around Dublin. It ranks among the top ten wealthiest countries in the world in terms of both GDP and GNI per capita.^{[16][17][18][19]} After joining the EC, the country’s government enacted a series of liberal economic policies that helped to boost economic growth between 1995 and 2007, a time now often referred to as the Celtic Tiger period. A recession and reversal in growth then followed during the Great Recession, which was exacerbated by the bursting of the Irish property bubble.^[20]
【参考译文】爱尔兰是一个发达国家，生活质量位居世界前列；在考虑了不平等因素调整后，2021年人类发展指数排名中将其列为全球第六高。[11] 它在医疗保健、经济自由度和新闻自由方面也排名很高。[12][13] 爱尔兰是欧盟成员，也是欧洲委员会和经济合作与发展组织的创始成员。自二战前起，爱尔兰政府一直遵循军事中立的政策，未加入北约，[14] 但它是和平伙伴关系计划的成员，并参与了PESCO的某些方面。爱尔兰经济发达，[15] 都柏林为中心的金融区是欧洲主要的金融中心之一。按人均GDP和人均国民总收入计算，它位列全球最富裕国家之列。[16][17][18][19] 加入欧共体后，爱尔兰政府实施了一系列自由经济政策，推动了1995年至2007年间经济的快速增长，这一时期常被称为“凯尔特虎”时期。随后，在全球经济危机期间，特别是在爱尔兰房地产泡沫破裂后，经历了一段衰退和增长逆转的时期。[20]

Ireland[a]Éire(Irish)
Anthem: 【国歌】 Amhrán na bhFiann “The Soldiers’ Song”【战士之歌】
Capital and largest city【首都及最大城市】	Dublin【都柏林】 53°20.65′N 6°16.05′W
Official languages 【官方语言】	Irish[b]【爱尔兰语】English[1]【英语】 注b：Article 8 of the Constitution states that Irish is “the national language” and “the first official language”, and that English is “a second official language”.【宪法第8条规定，爱尔兰语是“国家语言”及“第一官方语言”，而英语是“第二官方语言”。】
Ethnic groups (2022[2]) 【族群】	76.6% White Irish【白人爱尔兰裔】 10.8% other White【其他白人】 3.3% Asian【亚裔】 1.5% Black【黑人】 1.7% other【其他】 6.2% not stated【未说明】
Religion (2022[3])【宗教】	75.7% Christianity【基督宗教】 69.1% Catholicism【天主教】 2.5% Anglicanism【英国国教】 4.1% other Christian【其他基督教派】 14.5% no religion【无宗教信仰】 3.1% other【其他宗教】 6.7% not stated【未表明】
Demonym(s)【对当地人的称呼】	Irish【爱尔兰人】
Government【政府】	Unitary parliamentary republic【单一制议会共和制】
• President【总统】	Michael D. Higgins
• Taoiseach【总理】	Simon Harris
• Tánaiste【副总理】	Micheál Martin
• Chief Justice【大法官】	Donal O’Donnell
Legislature【立法机构】	Oireachtas
• Upper house【上议院】	Seanad
• Lower house【下议院】	Dáil
Independence from the United Kingdom【从英国独立】
• Proclamation 【宣言发布】	24 April 1916
• Declaration 【宣布独立】	21 January 1919
• Anglo-Irish Treaty 【英爱条约】	6 December 1921
• 1922 constitution 【1922年宪法】	6 December 1922
• 1937 constitution 1937年宪法	29 December 1937
• Republic Act 【共和法案】	18 April 1949
Area【面积】
• Total【总面积】	70,273 km2 (27,133 sq mi) (118th)【全球第118位】
• Water (%)【水域占比】	2.0%
Population【人口】
• 2022 estimate 【2022年估计值】	5,281,600[4] (122nd)
• 2022 census 【2022年普查值】	5,149,139[5]
• Density【人口密度】	71.3/km2 (184.7/sq mi) (113th)
GDP (PPP) 【国内生产总值（购买力平价）】	2024 estimate【2024年估计值】
• Total【总计】	$712.056 billion[6] (40th)【7120.56亿美元[6] （世界第40位）】
• Per capita【人均】	$133,895[6] (3rd)【人均$133,895[6] （世界第3位）】
GDP (nominal) 【国内生产总值（按汇率计算）】	2024 estimate【2024年估计值】
• Total【总计】	$564.020 billion[6] (30th)【$5640.20亿美元[6] （世界第30位）】
• Per capita【人均】	$106,059[6] (2nd)【人均$106,059[6] （世界第2位）】
Gini (2022) 【基尼系数（2022年）】	27.9[7] low【低】
HDI (2022) 【人类发展指数（2022年）】	0.950[8] very high (7th)【极高（世界第7位）】
Currency【通用货币】	Euro (€)[c] (EUR)【欧元】
Time zone【时区】	UTC (GMT)【协调世界时】
• Summer (DST)【夏令时】	UTC+1 (IST)【东一区】
Date format【时间格式】	dd/mm/yyyy【日/月/年】
Driving side【驾驶通行侧】	left【左侧通行】
Calling code【电话区号】	+353
ISO 3166 code 【国际标准国家代码】	IE
Internet TLD 【互联网顶级域名】	.ie[d]

1. 历史 | History

Main article: History of the Republic of Ireland【主条目：爱尔兰共和国历史】

For the history of the entire island, see History of Ireland.【关于爱尔兰全岛的历史，参见“爱尔兰历史”词条】

主条目：爱尔兰历史和爱尔兰共和国历史

参见：都柏林战役和爱尔兰内战

1.1 自治运动 | Home-rule movement

Main article: Home Rule movement【主条目：自治运动】

From the Act of Union on 1 January 1801, until 6 December 1922, the island of Ireland was part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. During the Great Famine, from 1845 to 1849, the island’s population of over 8 million fell by 30%. One million Irish died of starvation and disease and another 1.5 million emigrated, mostly to the United States.^[31] This set the pattern of emigration for the century to come, resulting in constant population decline up to the 1960s.^[32][33][34]
【参考译文】从 1801 年 1 月 1 日《联合法案》颁布到 1922 年 12 月 6 日，爱尔兰岛一直是大不列颠及爱尔兰联合王国的一部分。在 1845 年至 1849 年的大饥荒期间，该岛 800 多万人口减少了 30%。100 万爱尔兰人死于饥饿和疾病，另有 150 万人移民，其中大部分去了美国。[31] 这为接下来的一个世纪的移民模式奠定了基础，导致人口持续下降，直到 1960 年代。[32][33][34]

From 1874, and particularly under Charles Stewart Parnell from 1880, the Irish Parliamentary Party gained prominence. This was firstly through widespread agrarian agitation via the Irish Land League, which won land reforms for tenants in the form of the Irish Land Acts, and secondly through its attempts to achieve Home Rule, via two unsuccessful bills which would have granted Ireland limited national autonomy. These led to “grass-roots” control of national affairs, under the Local Government Act 1898, that had been in the hands of landlord-dominated grand juries of the Protestant Ascendancy.
【参考译文】自1874年起，尤其是从1880年在查尔斯·斯图尔特·帕内尔领导下，爱尔兰议会党开始崭露头角。该党首先通过爱尔兰土地联盟发起的大规模农业抗议活动赢得影响力，这些活动最终促成了有利于租户的土地改革——即《爱尔兰土地法》的出台；其次，该党试图通过两次未能成功的法案来实现爱尔兰自治，这两个法案本将为爱尔兰提供有限的国家自主权。这些努力最终促成了地方事务的“草根”控制，根据1898年的《地方政府法》，这些事务的控制权之前掌握在由新教上层阶级主导的地主大陪审团手中。

Home Rule seemed certain when the Parliament Act 1911 abolished the veto of the House of Lords, and John Redmond secured the Third Home Rule Act in 1914. However, the Unionist movement had been growing since 1886 among Irish Protestants after the introduction of the first home rule bill, fearing discrimination and loss of economic and social privileges if Irish Catholics achieved real political power. In the late 19th and early 20th-century unionism was particularly strong in parts of Ulster, where industrialisation was more common in contrast to the more agrarian rest of the island, and where the Protestant population was more prominent, with a majority in four counties.^[35]
【参考译文】当1911年《议会法》废除上议院否决权时，爱尔兰自治看起来几乎成为定局，而约翰·雷蒙德也在1914年成功争取到第三次爱尔兰自治法案的通过。然而，自从1886年首次提出自治法案后，联合主义运动在爱尔兰新教徒中逐渐壮大，他们担心如果爱尔兰天主教徒获得真正的政治权力，将会遭受歧视以及失去经济和社会特权。在19世纪末至20世纪初，联合主义在阿尔斯特部分地区尤为强烈，那里相较于爱尔兰岛其他更依赖农业的区域，工业化更为普遍，且新教徒人口比例更高，有四个郡新教徒占多数。[35]

Under the leadership of the Dublin-born Sir Edward Carson of the Irish Unionist Party and the Ulsterman Sir James Craig of the Ulster Unionist Party, unionists became strongly militant, forming Ulster Volunteers in order to oppose “the Coercion of Ulster”.^[36] After the Home Rule Bill passed parliament in May 1914, to avoid rebellion with Ulster, the British Prime Minister H. H. Asquith introduced an Amending Bill reluctantly conceded to by the Irish Party leadership. This provided for the temporary exclusion of Ulster from the workings of the bill for a trial period of six years, with an as yet undecided new set of measures to be introduced for the area to be temporarily excluded.
【参考译文】在爱尔兰联合党领导人、出生于都柏林的爱德华·卡森爵士和阿尔斯特联合党领导人、阿尔斯特人詹姆斯·克雷格爵士的领导下，联合主义者变得极为好战，成立了阿尔斯特志愿军，以反对“对阿尔斯特的强制”。[36] 1914年5月，自治法案通过议会后，为避免与阿尔斯特发生叛乱，英国首相H.H. 阿斯奎斯不情愿地接受了爱尔兰党领导层的让步，引入了一项修正法案。该法案规定阿尔斯特暂时不受该法案条款约束，为期六年试验期，并将为暂时排除在外的地区制定一套新的、尚未确定的措施。

1.2 革命和走向独立的步伐 | Revolution and steps to independence

Though it received the Royal Assent and was placed on the statute books in 1914, the implementation of the Third Home Rule Act was suspended until after the First World War which defused the threat of civil war in Ireland. With the hope of ensuring the implementation of the Act at the end of the war through Ireland’s engagement in the war, Redmond and the Irish National Volunteers supported the UK and its Allies. 175,000 men joined Irish regiments of the 10th (Irish) and 16th (Irish) divisions of the New British Army, while Unionists joined the 36th (Ulster) divisions.^[37]
【参考译文】尽管第三部自治法案在1914年获得了御准并被列入法规，但其实行被暂停，直至第一次世界大战结束后，此举缓和了爱尔兰内战的威胁。雷蒙德和爱尔兰国民军希望通过爱尔兰参与战争，确保战后法案能够得以实施，因此支持了英国及其盟友。17.5万名男子加入了新英国陆军的第十（爱尔兰）师和第十六（爱尔兰）师，而联合主义者则加入了第三十六（阿尔斯特）师。[37]

The remainder of the Irish Volunteers, who refused Redmond and opposed any support of the UK, launched an armed insurrection against British rule in the 1916 Easter Rising, together with the Irish Citizen Army. This commenced on 24 April 1916 with the declaration of independence. After a week of heavy fighting, primarily in Dublin, the surviving rebels were forced to surrender their positions. The majority were imprisoned, with fifteen of the prisoners (including most of the leaders) were executed as traitors to the UK. This included Patrick Pearse, the spokesman for the rising and who provided the signal to the volunteers to start the rising, as well as James Connolly, socialist and founder of the Industrial Workers of the World union and both the Irish and Scottish Labour movements. These events, together with the Conscription Crisis of 1918, had a profound effect on changing public opinion in Ireland against the British Government.^[38]
【参考译文】另一方面，拒绝雷蒙德并反对任何支持英国行动的爱尔兰志愿军余部，与爱尔兰公民军一起，在1916年的复活节起义中发起了对英国统治的武装反抗。起义始于4月24日，当天宣布了独立。经过一周的激烈战斗，主要集中在都柏林，幸存的起义者被迫投降。大多数人被囚禁，其中15名囚犯（包括大多数领导人）被当作英国的叛国者处决。这其中包括起义发言人、起义启动信号的发出者帕特里克·皮尔斯，以及社会主义者、世界产业工人联盟及爱尔兰和苏格兰劳工运动创始人詹姆斯·康诺利。这些事件，加上1918年的征兵危机，深刻改变了爱尔兰公众对英国政府的态度。[38]

In January 1919, after the December 1918 general election, 73 of Ireland’s 105 Members of Parliament (MPs) elected were Sinn Féin members who were elected on a platform of abstentionism from the British House of Commons. In January 1919, they set up an Irish parliament called Dáil Éireann. This first Dáil issued a declaration of independence and proclaimed an Irish Republic. The declaration was mainly a restatement of the 1916 Proclamation with the additional provision that Ireland was no longer a part of the United Kingdom. The Irish Republic’s Ministry of Dáil Éireann sent a delegation under Ceann Comhairle (Head of Council, or Speaker, of the Daíl) Seán T. O’Kelly to the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, but it was not admitted.
【参考译文】1919年1月，经过1918年12月的普遍选举，爱尔兰105名议员中有73名当选为新芬党成员，他们是在抵制英国下议院的平台上当选的。1919年1月，他们建立了一个名为“达埃莱恩”（Dáil Éireann）的爱尔兰议会。这个第一届达埃莱恩发布了独立宣言，宣告了爱尔兰共和国的成立。该宣言主要是对1916年宣言的重申，新增内容是爱尔兰不再是英国的一部分。爱尔兰共和国的达埃莱恩内阁派遣了一个由众议长（Ceann Comhairle）西恩·T·奥凯利率领的代表团前往1919年的巴黎和会，但未被接纳。

After the War of Independence and truce called in July 1921, representatives of the British government and the five Irish treaty delegates, led by Arthur Griffith, Robert Barton and Michael Collins, negotiated the Anglo-Irish Treaty in London from 11 October to 6 December 1921. The Irish delegates set up headquarters at Hans Place in Knightsbridge, and it was here in private discussions that the decision was taken on 5 December to recommend the treaty to Dáil Éireann. On 7 January 1922, the Second Dáil ratified the Treaty by 64 votes to 57.^[39]
【参考译文】独立战争之后，随着1922年7月停战的呼吁，英国政府代表与五名爱尔兰条约代表展开了谈判，这些代表由阿瑟·格里菲斯、罗伯特·巴顿和迈克尔·柯林斯领导，他们在1921年10月11日至12月6日期间在伦敦协商了英爱条约。爱尔兰代表们在骑士桥的汉斯广场设立了总部，正是在这里的私下讨论中，12月5日决定向达埃莱恩推荐接受该条约。1922年1月7日，第二届达埃莱恩以64票对57票批准了该条约。[39]

In accordance with the treaty, on 6 December 1922 the entire island of Ireland became a self-governing Dominion called the Irish Free State (Saorstát Éireann). Under the Constitution of the Irish Free State, the Parliament of Northern Ireland had the option to leave the Irish Free State one month later and return to the United Kingdom. During the intervening period, the powers of the Parliament of the Irish Free State and Executive Council of the Irish Free State did not extend to Northern Ireland. Northern Ireland exercised its right under the treaty to leave the new Dominion and rejoined the United Kingdom on 8 December 1922. It did so by making an address to the King requesting, “that the powers of the Parliament and Government of the Irish Free State shall no longer extend to Northern Ireland.”^[40] The Irish Free State was a constitutional monarchy sharing a monarch with the United Kingdom and other Dominions of the British Commonwealth. The country had a governor-general (representing the monarch), a bicameral parliament, a cabinet called the “Executive Council”, and a prime minister called the President of the Executive Council.
【参考译文】根据条约，1922年12月6日，整个爱尔兰岛成为一个名为爱尔兰自由邦（Saorstát Éireann）的自治领。根据《爱尔兰自由邦宪法》，北爱尔兰议会可以选择在一个月后脱离爱尔兰自由邦并重新加入英国。在此过渡期间，爱尔兰自由邦议会和行政委员会的权力不适用于北爱尔兰。北爱尔兰行使条约赋予的权利，于1922年12月8日脱离新自治领，重新加入英国。这是通过向国王提交申请实现的，申请中请求：“爱尔兰自由邦的议会和政府的权力不再延伸至北爱尔兰。”[40]爱尔兰自由邦是一个君主立宪制国家，与英国及其他英联邦自治领共戴一君。国家设有总督（代表君主）、两院制议会、名为“行政委员会”的内阁，以及被称为行政委员会主席的总理。

1.3 爱尔兰内战 | Irish Civil War

Main article: Irish Civil War【主条目：爱尔兰内战】

The Irish Civil War (June 1922 – May 1923) was the consequence of the ratification of the Anglo-Irish Treaty and the creation of the Irish Free State.^[41] Anti-treaty forces, led by Éamon de Valera, objected to the fact that acceptance of the treaty abolished the Irish Republic of 1919 to which they had sworn loyalty, arguing in the face of public support for the settlement that the “people have no right to do wrong”.^[42] They objected most to the fact that the state would remain part of the British Empire and that members of the Free State Parliament would have to swear what the anti-treaty side saw as an oath of fidelity to the British king. Pro-treaty forces, led by Michael Collins, argued that the treaty gave “not the ultimate freedom that all nations aspire to and develop, but the freedom to achieve it”.^[43]
【参考译文】爱尔兰内战（1922年6月至1923年5月）是英爱条约批准及爱尔兰自由邦建立的直接后果。[41] 由艾蒙·德瓦勒拉领导的反条约力量反对接受该条约，因为这实际上废除了1919年他们宣誓效忠的爱尔兰共和国，并且面对民众对和平协议的支持，他们坚称“人民无权做错事”。[42] 他们最不能接受的是，该国仍将属于大英帝国的一部分，而且自由邦议会的成员必须宣誓效忠英国国王，反条约一方视此为对英国君主的忠诚誓言。以迈克尔·柯林斯为首的亲条约力量则认为，条约给予的是“不是所有民族都渴望并努力发展的终极自由，而是实现它的自由”。[43]

At the start of the war, the Irish Republican Army (IRA) split into two opposing camps: a pro-treaty IRA and an anti-treaty IRA. The pro-treaty IRA disbanded and joined the new National Army. However, because the anti-treaty IRA lacked an effective command structure and because of the pro-treaty forces’ defensive tactics throughout the war, Michael Collins and his pro-treaty forces were able to build up an army with many tens of thousands of World War I veterans from the 1922 disbanded Irish regiments of the British Army, capable of overwhelming the anti-treatyists. British supplies of artillery, aircraft, machine-guns and ammunition boosted pro-treaty forces, and the threat of a return of Crown forces to the Free State removed any doubts about the necessity of enforcing the treaty. Lack of public support for the anti-treaty forces (often called the Irregulars) and the determination of the government to overcome the Irregulars contributed significantly to their defeat.^{[citation needed]}
【参考译文】战争爆发之初，爱尔兰共和军（IRA）分裂为两个对立阵营：亲条约的IRA和反条约的IRA。亲条约的IRA解散并加入了新建的国民军。然而，由于反条约的IRA缺乏有效的指挥体系，加之亲条约力量在整个战争中的防御策略，迈克尔·柯林斯及其亲条约力量得以建立起一支拥有数万第一次世界大战退伍军人的军队，这些退伍军人来自1922年解散的英国陆军爱尔兰团，其力量足以压倒反条约力量。英国提供的火炮、飞机、机枪和弹药增强了亲条约力量的实力，而英国军队可能重返自由邦的威胁消除了对执行条约必要性的任何疑虑。反条约力量（通常被称为不正规军）缺乏民众支持，以及政府克服不正规军的决心，是导致其失败的重要因素。[需要引证]

1.4 1937年爱尔兰宪法 | Constitution of Ireland 1937

Following a national plebiscite in July 1937, the new Constitution of Ireland (Bunreacht na hÉireann) came into force on 29 December 1937.^[44] This replaced the Constitution of the Irish Free State and declared that the name of the state is Éire, or “Ireland” in the English language.^[45] While Articles 2 and 3 of the Constitution defined the national territory to be the whole island, they also confined the state’s jurisdiction to the area that had been the Irish Free State. The former Irish Free State government had abolished the Office of Governor-General in December 1936. Although the constitution established the office of President of Ireland, the question over whether Ireland was a republic remained open. Diplomats were accredited to the king, but the president exercised all internal functions of a head of state.^[46] For instance, the President gave assent to new laws with his own authority, without reference to King George VI who was only an “organ”, that was provided for by statute law.
【参考译文】1937年7月全民公投后，新《爱尔兰宪法》（Bunreacht na hÉireann）于同年12月29日生效。[44] 这取代了《爱尔兰自由邦宪法》，并宣布国家名称为Éire，英文为“Ireland”。[45] 尽管宪法的第二和第三条定义国家领土为全岛，但它们也将国家的管辖范围限制在原爱尔兰自由邦的区域。前爱尔兰自由邦政府已于1936年12月废除了总督职位。尽管宪法设立了爱尔兰总统职位，关于爱尔兰是否为共和国的问题仍然悬而未决。外交官名义上向国王致意，但实际上总统行使着国家元首的所有内部职能。[46] 例如，总统以自己的权威批准新法律，无需提及仅作为法律规定的“机关”的乔治六世国王。

Ireland remained neutral during World War II, a period it described as The Emergency.^[47] Ireland’s Dominion status was terminated with the passage of The Republic of Ireland Act 1948, which came into force on 18 April 1949 and declared that the state was a republic.^[48][49] At the time, a declaration of a republic terminated Commonwealth membership. This rule was changed 10 days after Ireland declared itself a republic, with the London Declaration of 28 April 1949. Ireland did not reapply when the rules were altered to permit republics to join. Later, the Crown of Ireland Act 1542 was repealed in Ireland by the Statute Law Revision (Pre-Union Irish Statutes) Act 1962.^[50]
【参考译文】二战期间，爱尔兰保持中立，这一时期被其称为“紧急状态”。[47] 1948年通过的《爱尔兰共和国法》终止了爱尔兰的自治领地位，该法于1949年4月18日生效，宣布国家为共和国。[48][49] 当时，宣布成立共和国意味着自动脱离英联邦。这一规则在爱尔兰宣布为共和国后的10天发生了改变，即1949年4月28日的伦敦宣言。当规则修改允许共和国加入英联邦时，爱尔兰并未重新申请加入。后来，1962年《（修正前联盟爱尔兰法规）法令法》废止了1542年的《爱尔兰王冠法》。[50]

1.5 近年历史 | Recent history

Ireland became a member of the United Nations in December 1955, after having been denied membership because of its neutral stance during the Second World War and not supporting the Allied cause.^[51] At the time, joining the UN involved a commitment to using force to deter aggression by one state against another if the UN thought it was necessary.^[52]
【参考译文】爱尔兰于 1955 年 12 月成为联合国成员国。此前，它曾因在第二次世界大战期间保持中立、不支持同盟国事业而被拒绝加入联合国。[51] 当时，加入联合国意味着承诺在联合国认为必要时使用武力阻止一国对另一国的侵略。[52]

Interest towards membership of the European Communities (EC) developed in Ireland during the 1950s, with consideration also given to membership of the European Free Trade Area. As the United Kingdom intended on EC membership, Ireland applied for membership in July 1961 due to the substantial economic linkages with the United Kingdom. The founding EC members remained sceptical regarding Ireland’s economic capacity, neutrality, and unattractive protectionist policy.^[53] Many Irish economists and politicians realised that economic policy reform was necessary. The prospect of EC membership became doubtful in 1963 when French President General Charles de Gaulle stated that France opposed Britain’s accession, which ceased negotiations with all other candidate countries. In 1969 his successor, Georges Pompidou, was not opposed to British and Irish membership. Negotiations began and in 1972 the Treaty of Accession was signed. A referendum was held later that year which confirmed Ireland’s entry into the bloc, and it finally joined the EC as a member state on 1 January 1973.^[54]
【参考译文】20 世纪 50 年代，爱尔兰开始对加入欧洲共同体 (EC) 产生兴趣，并考虑加入欧洲自由贸易区。由于英国有意加入欧共体，爱尔兰于 1961 年 7 月申请加入，原因是爱尔兰与英国有着密切的经济联系。欧共体创始成员国对爱尔兰的经济能力、中立性和不具吸引力的保护主义政策持怀疑态度。[53] 许多爱尔兰经济学家和政治家意识到经济政策改革是必要的。1963 年，法国总统戴高乐将军表示反对英国加入，从而终止了与所有其他候选国的谈判，加入欧共体的前景变得令人怀疑。1969 年，他的继任者乔治·蓬皮杜并不反对英国和爱尔兰加入。谈判开始了，并于 1972 年签署了入盟条约。同年晚些时候举行的全民公投确认了爱尔兰加入欧盟，并最终于 1973 年 1 月 1 日以成员国身份加入欧共体。[54]

The economic crisis of the late 1970s was fuelled by the Fianna Fáil government’s budget, the abolition of the car tax, excessive borrowing, and global economic instability including the 1979 oil crisis.^[55] There were significant policy changes from 1989 onwards, with economic reform, tax cuts, welfare reform, an increase in competition, and a ban on borrowing to fund current spending. This policy began in 1989–1992 by the Fianna Fáil/Progressive Democrats government, and continued by the subsequent Fianna Fáil/Labour government and Fine Gael/Labour/Democratic Left government. Ireland became one of the world’s fastest growing economies by the late 1990s in what was known as the Celtic Tiger period, which lasted until the Great Recession. Since 2014, Ireland has experienced increased economic activity.^[56]
【参考译文】20 世纪 70 年代末的经济危机是由共和党政府的预算、汽车税的废除、过度借贷以及包括 1979 年石油危机在内的全球经济不稳定所引发的。[55] 自 1989 年以来，政策发生了重大变化，包括经济改革、减税、福利改革、竞争加剧以及禁止借贷来资助当前支出。这项政策始于 1989 年至 1992 年的共和党/进步民主党政府，并由随后的共和党/工党政府和爱尔兰统一党/工党/民主左翼政府延续。到 20 世纪 90 年代末，爱尔兰成为世界上增长最快的经济体之一，这一时期被称为凯尔特之虎时期，一直持续到大衰退。自 2014 年以来，爱尔兰的经济活动有所增加。[56]

In the Northern Ireland question, the British and Irish governments started to seek a peaceful resolution to the violent conflict involving many paramilitaries and the British Army in Northern Ireland known as “The Troubles“. A peace settlement for Northern Ireland, known as the Good Friday Agreement, was approved in 1998 in referendums north and south of the border. As part of the peace settlement, the territorial claim to Northern Ireland in Articles 2 and 3 of the Constitution of Ireland was removed by referendum. In its white paper on Brexit the United Kingdom government reiterated its commitment to the Good Friday Agreement. With regard to Northern Ireland’s status, it said that the UK Government’s “clearly-stated preference is to retain Northern Ireland’s current constitutional position: as part of the UK, but with strong links to Ireland”.^[57]
【参考译文】在北爱尔兰问题上，英国和爱尔兰政府开始寻求和平解决涉及许多准军事组织和英国军队在北爱尔兰的暴力冲突，即所谓的“北爱尔兰问题”。1998 年，在边界以北和以南的全民公投中，北爱尔兰的和平解决方案，即《耶稣受难日协议》获得批准。作为和平解决方案的一部分，《爱尔兰宪法》第 2 条和第 3 条中对北爱尔兰的领土要求通过全民公投被取消。英国政府在其脱欧白皮书中重申了对《耶稣受难日协议》的承诺。关于北爱尔兰的地位，它表示英国政府“明确表示倾向于保留北爱尔兰目前的宪法地位：作为英国的一部分，但与爱尔兰保持紧密联系”。[57]

2. 地理 | Geography

Main article: Geography of Ireland【主条目：爱尔兰的地理】/ 主条目：爱尔兰地理

The state extends over an area of about five-sixths (70,273 km² or 27,133 sq mi) of the island of Ireland (84,421 km² or 32,595 sq mi), with Northern Ireland constituting the remainder. The island is bounded to the north and west by the Atlantic Ocean and to the northeast by the North Channel. To the east, the Irish Sea connects to the Atlantic Ocean via St George’s Channel and the Celtic Sea to the southwest.
【参考译文】该国的疆域覆盖了爱尔兰岛大约五分之六的面积（70,273平方公里或27,133平方英里），而北爱尔兰构成了剩余部分。该岛屿北临大西洋，西濒大西洋，东北则与北通道相邻。向东，爱尔兰海通过圣乔治海峡与大西洋相连，而凯尔特海则位于西南方向，同样连接着大西洋。

The western landscape mostly consists of rugged cliffs, hills and mountains. The central lowlands are extensively covered with glacial deposits of clay and sand, as well as significant areas of bogland and several lakes. The highest point is Carrauntoohil (1,038.6 m or 3,407 ft), located in the MacGillycuddy’s Reeks mountain range in the southwest. River Shannon, which traverses the central lowlands, is the longest river in Ireland at 386 kilometres or 240 miles in length. The west coast is more rugged than the east, with numerous islands, peninsulas, headlands and bays.
【参考译文】爱尔兰西部的地形主要由崎岖的悬崖、山丘和山脉构成。中央低地广泛覆盖着冰川沉积的粘土和沙子，以及大面积的泥炭地和多个湖泊。最高峰是位于西南部麦克吉尔库迪山脉中的卡朗图希尔（Carrauntoohil），海拔1,038.6米（3,407英尺）。贯穿中央低地的香农河是爱尔兰最长的河流，全长386公里或240英里。西海岸比东海岸更加崎岖，拥有众多岛屿、半岛、岬角和海湾。

Ireland is one of the least forested countries in Europe.^[58] Until the end of the Middle Ages, the land was heavily forested. Native species include deciduous trees such as oak, ash, hazel, birch, alder, willow, aspen, elm, rowan and hawthorn, as well as evergreen trees such Scots pine, yew, holly and strawberry trees.^[59] The growth of blanket bog and the extensive clearing of woodland for farming are believed to be the main causes of deforestation.^[60] Today, only about 10% of Ireland is woodland,^[61] most of which is non-native conifer plantations, and only 2% of which is native woodland.^[62][63] The average woodland cover in European countries is over 33%.^[61] According to Coillte, a state-owned forestry business, the country’s climate gives Ireland one of the fastest growth rates for forests in Europe.^[64] Hedgerows, which are traditionally used to define land boundaries, are an important substitute for woodland habitat, providing refuge for native wild flora and a wide range of insect, bird and mammal species.^[65] It is home to two terrestrial ecoregions: Celtic broadleaf forests and North Atlantic moist mixed forests.^[66]
【参考译文】爱尔兰是欧洲森林覆盖率最低的国家之一。[58] 直到中世纪末期，这片土地还被茂密的森林所覆盖。本土树种包括橡树、梣树、榛树、桦树、赤杨、柳树、白杨、榆树、行道树和山楂等落叶树，以及苏格兰松、紫衫、冬青和草莓树等常绿树种。[59] 据信，泥炭藓的扩散生长和为农业大规模砍伐林木是导致森林覆盖率下降的主要原因。[60] 如今，爱尔兰只有约10%的土地是林地，[61] 其中大部分是非本土的针叶树种植园，而仅有2%是本土林地。[62][63] 欧洲国家的平均林地覆盖率超过33%。[61] 根据国有林业企业Coillte的说法，爱尔兰的气候使得该国拥有欧洲最快的森林生长速度。[64] 传统的用作界定土地边界的树篱是对林地生境的重要替代，为本土野生植物及广泛的昆虫、鸟类和哺乳动物物种提供了栖息地。[65] 爱尔兰拥有两个陆地生态区：凯尔特阔叶林和北大西洋湿润混交林。[66]

Agriculture accounts for about 64% of the total land area.^[67] This has resulted in limited land to preserve natural habitats, in particular for larger wild mammals with greater territorial requirements.^[68] The long history of agricultural production coupled with modern agricultural methods, such as pesticide and fertiliser use, has placed pressure on biodiversity.^[69]
【参考译文】农业占地约占总面积的64%。[67] 这导致用于保护自然栖息地的土地有限，特别是对于领地需求较大的大型野生动物而言。[68] 农业生产的悠久历史加上现代农业方法，如农药和化肥的使用，对生物多样性造成了压力。[69]

2.1 气候 | Climate

Main article: Climate of Ireland【主条目：爱尔兰的气候】

The Atlantic Ocean and the warming influence of the Gulf Stream affect weather patterns in Ireland.^[70] Temperatures differ regionally, with central and eastern areas tending to be more extreme. However, due to a temperate oceanic climate, temperatures are seldom lower than −5 °C (23 °F) in winter or higher than 26 °C (79 °F) in summer.^[71] The highest temperature recorded in Ireland was 33.3 °C (91.9 °F) on 26 June 1887 at Kilkenny Castle in Kilkenny, while the lowest temperature recorded was −19.1 °C (−2.4 °F) at Markree Castle in Sligo.^[72] Rainfall is more prevalent during winter months and less so during the early months of summer. Southwestern areas experience the most rainfall as a result of south westerly winds, while Dublin receives the least. Sunshine duration is highest in the southeast of the country.^[70] The far north and west are two of the windiest regions in Europe, with great potential for wind energy generation.^[73]
【参考译文】大西洋以及湾流的暖流效应影响着爱尔兰的天气模式。[70] 各地区的温度有所不同，中部和东部地区往往温差更大。然而，由于温和的海洋性气候，冬季气温很少低于-5°C（23°F），夏季气温也很少高于26°C（79°F）。[71] 爱尔兰有记录以来的最高温度为33.3°C（91.9°F），出现在1887年6月26日的基尔肯尼城堡（Kilkenny Castle），而最低温度记录为-19.1°C（-2.4°F），发生在斯莱戈郡（Sligo）的马克里城堡（Markree Castle）。[72] 降雨在冬季较为频繁，而在夏季初期较少。由于西南风的影响，西南部地区经历最多的降雨，而都柏林的降水量最少。阳光照射时长在该国东南部最为充足。[70] 远北部和西部是欧洲风力最强的两个区域之一，具有巨大的风能发电潜力。[73]

Ireland normally gets between 1100 and 1600 hours of sunshine each year, most areas averaging between 3.25 and 3.75 hours a day. The sunniest months are May and June, which average between 5 and 6.5 hours per day over most of the country. The extreme southeast gets most sunshine, averaging over 7 hours a day in early summer. December is the dullest month, with an average daily sunshine ranging from about 1 hour in the north to almost 2 hours in the extreme southeast. The sunniest summer in the 100 years from 1881 to 1980 was 1887, according to measurements made at the Phoenix Park in Dublin; 1980 was the dullest.^[74]
【参考译文】爱尔兰每年通常能获得1100至1600小时的日照，大部分地区平均每天日照时间为3.25到3.75小时。最阳光灿烂的月份是五月和六月，这段时间全国大部分地区平均每天日照时间为5到6.5小时。极端东南部地区日照最多，初夏时节平均每天超过7小时。十二月是最阴沉的月份，平均每天日照时间从北部的约1小时到极端东南部的近2小时不等。根据都柏林凤凰公园的测量数据，在1881年至1980年的百年间，1887年是夏季阳光最充足的，而1980年则是最阴暗的。[74]

2.2 世界遗产

参见：丹漠洞和卡舍尔岩

直至2011年为止，爱尔兰共有两处世界遗产，博因宫与斯凯利格·迈克尔岛。

位于爱尔兰东北部的米斯郡的考古集合体（博因宫），其中的纽格莱奇墓是爱尔兰最为著名的史前坟墓之一，纽格莱奇墓大约建造于新石器时代的公元前3,200年左右，至凯尔特人到来后，纽格莱奇墓被认为是他们的神的居所。博因宫在凯尔特神话中经常出现。纽格莱奇的墓室通道大约有60英尺长，通向一个有三个凹室(recess)的房间。墓室以完整的密封的拱顶支撑。覆盖墓室的石冢大约有20万吨重，由97块巨石组成的地基支撑。纽格莱奇墓结合了天文学上的研究，从这个现象可以得知纽格莱奇墓的建造比埃及金字塔早约500年，比巨石阵早约1,000年。这可能反映了建造者要表达新的一年的开端，或是生对死的胜利。

3. 政治 | Politics

Main article: Politics of the Republic of Ireland【主条目：爱尔兰共和国政治】

参见：爱尔兰国务委员会和爱尔兰国会选区

Ireland is a constitutional republic with a parliamentary system of government. The Oireachtas is the bicameral national parliament composed of the President of Ireland and the two Houses of the Oireachtas: Dáil Éireann (House of Representatives) and Seanad Éireann (Senate).^[75] Áras an Uachtaráin is the official residence of the President of Ireland, while the houses of the Oireachtas meet at Leinster House in Dublin.
【参考译文】爱尔兰是一个宪法共和国，采用议会制政府体系。Oireachtas是双院制的国家议会，由爱尔兰总统和Oireachtas的两院组成：Dáil Éireann（众议院）和Seanad Éireann（参议院）。[75]Áras an Uachtaráin是爱尔兰总统的官邸，而Oireachtas的会议则在都柏林的Leinster House举行。

The President serves as head of state, is elected for a seven-year term, and may be re-elected once. The President is primarily a figurehead, but is entrusted with certain constitutional powers with the advice of the Council of State. The office has absolute discretion in some areas, such as referring a bill to the Supreme Court for a judgment on its constitutionality.^[76] Michael D. Higgins became the ninth President of Ireland on 11 November 2011.^[77]
【参考译文】总统是国家元首，任期为七年，可连任一次。总统主要是名义上的元首，但根据国务委员会的建议，被赋予某些宪法权力。总统在某些领域拥有绝对的自由裁量权，例如将法案提交最高法院裁决其是否符合宪法。[76] 迈克尔·希金斯于 2011 年 11 月 11 日成为爱尔兰第九任总统。[77]

The Taoiseach (Prime Minister) serves as the head of government and is appointed by the President upon the nomination of the Dáil. Most Taoisigh have served as the leader of the political party that gains the most seats in national elections. It has become customary for coalitions to form a government, as there has not been a single-party government since 1989.^[78]
【参考译文】总理是政府首脑，由总统根据众议院的提名任命。大多数总理都曾担任在全国选举中获得最多席位的政党的领导人。联盟组成政府已成为惯例，因为自 1989 年以来从未有过单一政党政府。[78]

The Dáil has 160 members (Teachtaí Dála) elected to represent multi-seat constituencies under the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote. The Seanad is composed of sixty members, with eleven nominated by the Taoiseach, six elected by two university constituencies, and 43 elected by public representatives from panels of candidates established on a vocational basis.
【参考译文】众议院有 160 名议员 (Teachtaí Dála)，他们通过单一可转移投票，按照比例代表制选举产生，代表多议席选区。参议院由 60 名议员组成，其中 11 名由总理提名，6 名由两个大学选区选举产生，43 名由公众代表从按职业设立的候选人小组中选举产生。

上议院实权很小，由60名议员组成，其中11名由总理提名，3名由爱尔兰国立大学毕业生选出，3名由都柏林大学毕业生选出，43名从五个特殊职业领域（文化、农渔、劳工、工商、社会）选出。

众议院实权较大，由166名议员组成，每个选区选出三到五名代表，代表爱尔兰共和国境内42个选区，选举按比例代表制用可转移单票制系统进行。按照爱尔兰宪法，议会选举至少为5年一次，但总理可以向总统要求提前解散众议院。2016年大选议席将减少8席。

选举按比例代表制用可转移单票制产生，包括众议院选举（1921年以来）、欧洲议会选举、地方政府选举。

The government is constitutionally limited to fifteen members. No more than two members can be selected from the Seanad, and the Taoiseach, Tánaiste (deputy prime minister) and Minister for Finance must be members of the Dáil. The Dáil must be dissolved within five years of its first meeting following the previous election,^[79] and a general election for members of the Dáil must take place no later than thirty days after the dissolution. In accordance with the Constitution of Ireland, parliamentary elections must be held at least every seven years, though a lower limit may be set by statute law. The current government is a coalition of Fianna Fáil, Fine Gael, and the Green Party with Simon Harris of Fine Gael as Taoiseach and Micheál Martin of Fianna Fáil as Tánaiste. Opposition parties in the current Dáil are Sinn Féin, the Labour Party, People Before Profit–Solidarity, Social Democrats, Aontú, as well as a number of independents.
【参考译文】政府在宪法上限制为最多十五名成员。来自参议院的成员不得超过两名，同时，总理（Taoiseach）、副总理（Tánaiste）和财政部长必须是众议院（Dáil）的成员。众议院必须在其首次会议后五年内解散，[79] 且众议院解散后的三十天内必须举行下届大选。根据《爱尔兰宪法》，议会选举至少每七年举行一次，尽管法律可以通过法规设定更短的期限。现任政府是由Fianna Fáil、Fine Gael和绿党组成的联合政府，其中Fine Gael的Simon Harris担任总理，Fianna Fáil的Micheál Martin担任副总理。当前众议院中的反对党包括Sinn Féin、工党、人民利益优先-团结党、社会民主党、Aontú，以及若干无党籍独立议员。

Ireland has been a member state of the European Union since 1973. Citizens of the United Kingdom can freely enter the country without a passport due to the Common Travel Area, which is a passport-free zone comprising the islands of Ireland, Great Britain, the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands. However, some identification is required at airports and seaports.
【参考译文】爱尔兰自1973年起成为欧洲联盟的成员国。由于存在共同旅游区（Common Travel Area），英国公民可以无需护照自由进入爱尔兰。共同旅游区是一个免护照通行区，涵盖爱尔兰岛、大不列颠岛、马恩岛和海峡群岛。然而，在机场和海港仍需要一些身份证明。

3.1 地方政府 | Local government

Main article: Local government in the Republic of Ireland【主条目：爱尔兰共和国地方政府】

主条目：爱尔兰行政区划

The Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898 was the founding statute of the present system of local government, while the Twentieth Amendment to the constitution of 1999 provided for its constitutional recognition. The twenty-six traditional counties of Ireland are the basis of the local government areas, with the traditional counties of Cork, Dublin and Galway containing two or more local government areas. The Local Government Act 2001, as amended by the Local Government Reform Act 2014,^[80] provides for a system of thirty-one local authorities – twenty-six county councils, two city and county councils, and three city councils.^[80] Counties (with the exception of the three counties in Dublin) are divided into municipal districts. A second local government tier of town councils was abolished in 2014.
【参考译文】《1898年地方自治（爱尔兰）法》是现行地方自治体系的基础法规，而1999年宪法第二十次修正案则为其确立了宪法地位。爱尔兰的二十六个传统郡县构成了地方行政区划的基础，其中科克郡、都柏林郡和高威郡包含两个或更多的地方自治区域。经过《2014年地方自治改革法》修正的《2001年地方自治法》[80] 规定了一个由三十一级地方当局组成的体系——包括二十六个郡议会、两个市郡议会以及三个市议会。[80] 郡（除都柏林郡的三个郡外）进一步划分为市镇区。作为地方自治第二层级的镇议会于2014年被废止。

Local authorities are responsible for matters such as planning, local roads, sanitation, and libraries. The breaching of county boundaries should be avoided as far as practicable in drawing Dáil constituencies. Counties with greater populations have multiple constituencies, some of more than one county, but generally do not cross county boundaries. The counties are grouped into three regions, each with a Regional Assembly composed of members delegated by the various county and city councils in the region. The regions do not have any direct administrative role as such, but they serve for planning, coordination and statistical purposes.
【参考译文】地方当局负责规划、地方道路、卫生和图书馆等事务。在划分众议院选区时，应尽可能避免越过县界。人口较多的县有多个选区，有些选区不止一个县，但一般不跨越县界。各县分为三个地区，每个地区都有一个地区议会，由该地区各县和市议会委派的成员组成。这些地区本身不具有任何直接的行政职能，但它们负责规划、协调和统计目的。

3.2 法律 | Law

Main articles: Law of the Republic of Ireland, Courts of the Republic of Ireland, and Law enforcement in the Republic of Ireland【主条目：爱尔兰共和国法律、爱尔兰共和国法院和爱尔兰共和国执法】

主条目：爱尔兰宪法和爱尔兰民事结合

Ireland has a common law legal system with a written constitution that provides for a parliamentary democracy. The court system consists of the Supreme Court, the Court of Appeal, the High Court, the Circuit Court and the District Court, all of which apply the Irish law and hear both civil and criminal matters. Trials for serious offences must usually be held before a jury. The High Court, Court of Appeal and the Supreme Court have authority, by means of judicial review, to determine the compatibility of laws and activities of other institutions of the state with the constitution and the law. Except in exceptional circumstances, court hearings must occur in public.^[81][82]
【参考译文】爱尔兰实行普通法系，拥有一部成文宪法，宪法规定了议会民主制度。法院系统包括最高法院、上诉法院、高等法院、巡回法院和地区法院，所有这些法院均适用爱尔兰法律，处理民事和刑事案件。严重犯罪的审判通常必须在陪审团面前进行。高等法院、上诉法院和最高法院有权通过司法审查，判定法律及国家其他机构的行为是否符合宪法和法律规定。除特殊情况外，法庭审理必须公开进行。[81][82]

The Garda Síochána (lit. Guardians of the Peace), more commonly referred to as the Gardaí, is the state’s civilian police force. The force is responsible for all aspects of civil policing, both in terms of territory and infrastructure. It is headed by the Garda Commissioner, who is appointed by the Government. Most uniformed members do not routinely carry firearms. Standard policing is traditionally carried out by uniformed officers equipped only with a baton and pepper spray.^[83]
【参考译文】Garda Síochána（直译为“和平守护者”），通常简称为Gardaí，是国家的民用警察部队。该部队负责所有方面的民事警务工作，无论是在地域还是基础设施方面。它由政府任命的警察总监领导。大多数穿制服的警员通常不携带枪支。传统的警务工作由仅配备警棍和胡椒喷雾的制服警员执行。[83]

The Military Police is the corps of the Irish Army responsible for the provision of policing service personnel and providing a military police presence to forces while on exercise and deployment. In wartime, additional tasks include the provision of a traffic control organisation to allow rapid movement of military formations to their mission areas. Other wartime roles include control of prisoners of war and refugees.^[84]
【参考译文】军事警察是爱尔兰军队中负责为军事人员提供警务服务并在我军演习和部署期间提供军事警察存在的部队。战时，其额外任务包括建立交通管制组织，以允许军事编队迅速移动至其任务区域。其他战时角色包括战俘和难民的管理。[84]

Ireland’s citizenship laws relate to “the island of Ireland”, including islands and seas, thereby extending them to Northern Ireland, which is part of the United Kingdom. Therefore, anyone born in Northern Ireland who meets the requirements for being an Irish citizen, such as birth on the island of Ireland to an Irish or British citizen parent or a parent who is entitled to live in Northern Ireland or the Republic without restriction on their residency,^[85] may exercise an entitlement to Irish citizenship, such as an Irish passport.^[86]
【参考译文】军事警察是爱尔兰军队中负责为军事人员提供警务服务并在我军演习和部署期间提供军事警察存在的部队。战时，其额外任务包括建立交通管制组织，以允许军事编队迅速移动至其任务区域。其他战时角色包括战俘和难民的管理。[84]

3.3 外交

主条目：爱尔兰外交和爱英关系

Main article: Foreign relations of Ireland【主条目：爱尔兰的对外关系】

See also: Ireland–NATO relations【参见：爱尔兰-北约关系】

图片题注：Taoiseach Leo Varadkar and US President Joe Biden, at the White House, Washington, D.C., on 17 March 2023

图片来源：The White House

爱尔兰由1973年开始成为欧盟会员国。爱尔兰的外交政策大部分参考欧盟的外交政策，并和英国及美国保持密切和友好关系。爱尔兰保持传统的不结盟立场，以增加和世界主要国家的政治、经贸及文化关系为宗旨，并对落后和战乱地区提供各种经济及人道援助，因爱尔兰维持已久的中立外交模式，所以它不是北大西洋公约组织的成员国，但与其有和平伙伴关系。^[16]

Foreign relations are substantially influenced by membership of the European Union, although bilateral relations with the United Kingdom and United States are also important.^[87] It held the Presidency of the Council of the European Union on six occasions, most recently from January to June 2013.^[88]
【参考译文】爱尔兰的外交关系在很大程度上受到欧盟成员国身份的影响，但与英国和美国的双边关系也同样重要。[87] 它曾六次担任欧盟理事会轮值主席国，最近一次是在2013年1月至6月。[88]

Ireland tends towards independence in foreign policy; thus the country is not a member of NATO and has a longstanding policy of military neutrality. This policy has led to the Irish Defence Forces contributing to peace-keeping missions with the United Nations since 1960, including during the Congo Crisis and subsequently in Cyprus, Lebanon and Bosnia and Herzegovina.^[89]
【参考译文】爱尔兰在外交政策上倾向于独立；因此，该国不是北约成员，并且长期以来奉行军事中立政策。这一政策导致爱尔兰国防军自1960年以来参与联合国维和任务，包括刚果危机期间以及随后在塞浦路斯、黎巴嫩和波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那的行动。[89]

Despite Irish neutrality during World War II, Ireland had more than 50,000 participants in the war through enlistment in the British armed forces. During the Cold War, Irish military policy, while ostensibly neutral, was biased towards NATO.^[90] During the Cuban Missile Crisis, Seán Lemass authorised the search of Cuban and Czechoslovak aircraft passing through Shannon and passed the information to the CIA.^[91] Ireland’s air facilities were used by the United States military for the delivery of military personnel involved in the 2003 invasion of Iraq through Shannon Airport. The airport had previously been used for the United States invasion of Afghanistan in 2001, as well as the First Gulf War.^[92]
【参考译文】尽管在二战期间保持中立，爱尔兰仍有超过5万人通过加入英国武装力量参与了战争。在冷战期间，爱尔兰的军事政策虽然名义上中立，但实际上偏向北约。[90] 在古巴导弹危机期间，Seán Lemass授权搜查途径香农的古巴和捷克斯洛伐克飞机，并将信息传递给了中央情报局（CIA）。[91] 爱尔兰的航空设施被美国军方用于2003年伊拉克入侵期间运送军事人员，途经香农机场。该机场此前也曾被用于2001年美国入侵阿富汗以及第一次海湾战争。[92]

Since 1999, Ireland has been a member of NATO’s Partnership for Peace (PfP) program and NATO’s Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC), which is aimed at creating trust between NATO and other states in Europe and the former Soviet Union.^[93][94]
【参考译文】自1999年以来，爱尔兰一直是北约“和平伙伴关系计划”（PfP）和北约“欧洲-大西洋伙伴关系委员会”（EAPC）的成员，这两个机构旨在增强北约与其他欧洲国家及前苏联国家之间的信任。[93][94]

3.4 军事 | Military

Main article: Defence Forces (Ireland)【主条目：国防军（爱尔兰）】

See also: Irish neutrality【参见：爱尔兰的中立】

主条目：爱尔兰军事

Ireland is a neutral country,^[95] and has “triple-lock” rules governing the participation of Irish troops in conflict zones, whereby approval must be given by the UN, the Dáil and Government.^[96] Accordingly, its military role is limited to national self-defence and participation in United Nations peacekeeping.
【参考译文】爱尔兰是一个中立国家，[95] 并实行“三重锁”规则来管理爱尔兰军队参与冲突区域的行动，即必须得到联合国、众议院和政府的批准。[96] 因此，其军事角色局限于国家安全防卫及参与联合国维和行动。

The Irish Defence Forces (Óglaigh na hÉireann) are made up of the Army, Naval Service, Air Corps and Reserve Defence Force. It is small but well equipped, with almost 10,000 full-time military personnel and over 2,000 in reserve.^[97][98] Daily deployments of the Defence Forces cover aid to civil power operations, protection and patrol of Irish territorial waters and EEZ by the Irish Naval Service, and UN, EU and PfP peace-keeping missions. By 1996, over 40,000 Irish service personnel had served in international UN peacekeeping missions.^[99]
【参考译文】爱尔兰国防军（Óglaigh na hÉireann）由陆军、海军服务、空军和预备役国防军组成。规模虽小但装备精良，拥有近10,000名全职军事人员和超过2,000名预备役人员。[97][98] 国防军的日常部署涵盖了对民事权力的援助行动、爱尔兰领海和专属经济区（EEZ）的保护与巡逻，以及联合国、欧盟和和平伙伴计划的维和任务。到1996年，已有超过40,000名爱尔兰军人服务于国际联合国维和任务。[99]

The Irish Air Corps is the air component of the Defence Forces and operates sixteen fixed wing aircraft and eight helicopters. The Irish Naval Service is Ireland’s navy, and operates six patrol ships, and smaller numbers of inflatable boats and training vessels, and has armed boarding parties capable of seizing a ship and a special unit of frogmen. The military includes the Reserve Defence Forces (Army Reserve and Naval Service Reserve) for part-time reservists. Ireland’s special forces include the Army Ranger Wing, which trains and operates with international special operations units. The President is the formal Supreme Commander of the Defence Forces, but in practice these Forces answer to the Government via the Minister for Defence.^[100]
【参考译文】爱尔兰空军是国防军的空中组成部分，操作着十六架固定翼飞机和八架直升机。爱尔兰海军服务是爱尔兰的海军力量，运营六艘巡逻舰，以及少量充气艇和训练舰艇，并拥有一支能够夺取船只的武装登船小组和一支蛙人特种部队。军队中还包括预备役国防军（陆军预备役和海军预备役）供兼职预备役人员加入。爱尔兰的特种部队包括陆军游骑兵翼，他们与国际特种作战单位一起训练和行动。总统是国防军形式上的最高统帅，但实际上国防军通过国防部长向政府负责。[100]

In 2017, Ireland signed the United Nations Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons.^[101]
【参考译文】2017年，爱尔兰签署了《联合国禁止核武器条约》。[101]

4. 经济 | Economy

Main article: Economy of the Republic of Ireland【主条目：爱尔兰共和国的经济】/ 主条目：爱尔兰经济

参见：爱尔兰证券交易所上市公司列表、爱尔兰共和国经济史和爱尔兰证券交易所

Ireland is an open economy and ranks first for “high-value” foreign direct investment (FDI) flows.^[102] Ireland ranks 5th of 187 (IMF) and 6th of 175 (World Bank) in GDP per capita as well as ranking in the top ten for GNI per capita. An alternative metric, known as modified Gross National Income (GNI), was created by the Central Statistics Office and is used by the Irish government to give a view of activity in the domestic economy after stripping out large multinational export movements which can often relate to intangible assets.^[103] This is particularly relevant in Ireland’s economy, as GDP disproportionately includes income from non-Irish owned companies, which often flows out of Ireland.^[104] Foreign multinationals are the main driver of Ireland’s economy, employing a quarter of the private sector workforce,^[105] and paying 80% of Irish corporate taxes.^{[106][107][108]} 14 of Ireland’s top 20 firms (by 2017 turnover) are US-based multinationals^[109] and 80% of foreign multinationals in Ireland are from the US.^{[110][111][109]}
【参考译文】爱尔兰是一个开放型经济国家，并在“高价值”外国直接投资（FDI）流入方面排名第一。[102] 在人均GDP方面，爱尔兰在国际货币基金组织（IMF）排名中位列第5（共187个国家）以及在世界银行排名中位列第6（共175个国家），同时也在人均国民总收入（GNI）前十名之列。中央统计局创建了一个名为修正后的国民总收入（GNI）的替代指标，爱尔兰政府使用这一指标来反映在剥离与跨国出口流动相关的大量无形资产后国内经济活动的情况。[103] 这一点在爱尔兰经济中尤为重要，因为GDP在很大程度上包含了非爱尔兰所有公司的收入，而这些收入经常流出爱尔兰。[104] 外国跨国公司是爱尔兰经济的主要驱动力，雇佣了私营部门四分之一的劳动力，[105] 并缴纳了爱尔兰企业税的80%。[106][107][108] 截至2017年营业额排名，爱尔兰前20大企业中有14家是美国跨国公司，[109] 而在爱尔兰的外国跨国公司中，80%来自美国。[110][111][109]

Ireland adopted the euro currency in 2002 along with eleven other EU member states.^[69] As of January 2023 there are 20 EU member states using the euro currency with Croatia the most recent member to join on 1 January 2023.^[112]
【参考译文】爱尔兰于2002年与另外十一个欧盟成员国一同采用了欧元货币。[69] 截至2023年1月，共有20个欧盟成员国使用欧元，其中克罗地亚是最新加入的成员国，自2023年1月1日起采用欧元。[112]

Following the Great Recession and the bursting of the Irish property bubble, the country officially exited recession in 2010, driven by a growth in exports from US multinationals in Ireland.^[113] However, due to a rise in the cost of public borrowing due to government guarantees of private banking debt, the Irish government accepted an €85 billion programme of assistance from the EU, International Monetary Fund (IMF) and bilateral loans from the United Kingdom, Sweden and Denmark.^[114] Following three years of contraction, the economy grew by 0.7% in 2011 and 0.9% in 2012.^[115] The unemployment rate was 14.7% in 2012, including 18.5% among recent immigrants.^[116] In March 2016 the unemployment rate was reported by the CSO to be 8.6%, down from a peak unemployment rate of 15.1% in February 2012.^[117] In addition to unemployment, net emigration from Ireland between 2008 and 2013 totalled 120,100,^[118] or some 2.6% of the total population according to the Census of Ireland 2011. One-third of the emigrants were aged between 15 and 24.^[118] As of November 2022, unemployment had fallen back to 4.4%.^{[119][needs update]}
【参考译文】在经历了大衰退和爱尔兰房地产泡沫破裂之后，爱尔兰在2010年正式脱离衰退，这主要得益于美国跨国公司在爱尔兰的出口增长。[113] 然而，由于政府对私人银行债务提供担保导致公共借贷成本上升，爱尔兰政府接受了来自欧盟、国际货币基金组织（IMF）以及英国、瑞典和丹麦双边贷款的总额为850亿欧元的援助计划。[114] 经历了三年的收缩后，经济在2011年增长了0.7%，2012年增长了0.9%。[115] 2012年失业率为14.7%，其中新移民的失业率达到了18.5%。[116] 到2016年3月，中央统计局（CSO）报告的失业率降至8.6%，较2012年2月的峰值15.1%有所下降。[117] 除了失业之外，2008年至2013年间，爱尔兰的净移民总数达到了120,100人，根据2011年爱尔兰人口普查，占总人口的2.6%。其中三分之一的移民年龄在15至24岁之间。[118] 截至2022年11月，失业率已回落至4.4%。[119][需要更新]

Ireland exited its EU-IMF bailout programme on 15 December 2013.^[120] Having implemented budget cuts, reforms and sold assets, Ireland was again able to access debt markets. Since then, Ireland has been able to sell long term bonds at record rates.^[121] However, the stabilisation of the Irish credit bubble required a large transfer of debt from the private sector balance sheet (highest OECD leverage), to the public sector balance sheet (almost unleveraged, pre-crisis), via Irish bank bailouts and public deficit spending.^[122][123] The transfer of this debt means that Ireland, in 2017, still has one of the highest levels of both public sector indebtedness, and private sector indebtedness, in the EU-28/OECD.^{[124][125][126][127][128][129]}
【参考译文】爱尔兰于2013年12月15日退出了欧盟-国际货币基金组织的救助计划。[120] 通过实施预算削减、改革和出售资产，爱尔兰再次能够进入债务市场。此后，爱尔兰能够以创纪录的低利率出售长期债券。[121] 然而，稳定爱尔兰信贷泡沫的过程涉及到将大量债务从私有部门资产负债表（最高的经合组织杠杆率）转移到公有部门资产负债表（危机前几乎未杠杆化），这一过程涉及爱尔兰银行救助和公共赤字支出。[122][123] 这种债务转移意味着爱尔兰在2017年仍然拥有欧盟-28/经合组织中最高的公共部门和私有部门负债水平之一。[124][125][126][127][128][129]

Ireland became one of the main destinations for US pharmaceutical corporate tax inversions from 2009 to 2016.^[130][131] The country has also became the largest foreign location for large US technology multinationals (i.e. Apple, Google, Microsoft, Facebook), which delivered a GDP growth rate of 26.3% (and GNP growth rate of 18.7%) in 2015. This growth was subsequently shown to be due to Apple restructuring its “double Irish” subsidiary (Apple Sales International, currently under threat of a €13bn EU “illegal state aid” fine for preferential tax treatment).
【参考译文】从2009年到2016年，爱尔兰成为了美国制药公司税收倒置的主要目的地之一。[130][131] 该国同时也成为了大型美国科技跨国公司（如苹果、谷歌、微软、脸书）的最大海外所在地，这些公司在2015年实现了26.3%的GDP增长率（以及18.7%的GNP增长率）。后来显示，这种增长很大程度上是因为苹果重组其“双重爱尔兰”子公司（苹果销售国际，目前因享受优惠税收待遇面临欧盟130亿欧元的“非法国家援助”罚款威胁）。

4.1 税收政策 | Taxation policy

The transformation of Ireland’s tax policy started with the creation of a 10% low-tax “special economic zone“, called the International Financial Services Centre (or “IFSC”), in 1987.^[132] In 1999, the entire country was effectively “turned into an IFSC” with the reduction of Irish corporation tax from 32% to 12.5%.^[133][134] This accelerated the later stages of Ireland’s transition from a predominantly agricultural economy into a knowledge and service economy initially focused on property and construction and later focused on attracting mainly US multinationals from high-tech, life sciences, and financial services industries seeking to avail of Ireland’s low corporation tax rates and favourable corporate tax system.
【参考译文】爱尔兰税收政策的转型始于1987年创建了一个名为“国际金融服务中心”（简称“IFSC”）的10%低税率“特别经济区”。[132] 1999年，随着爱尔兰企业税从32%降低至12.5%，整个国家实质上“变成了一个IFSC”。[133][134] 这一举措加速了爱尔兰经济从以农业为主向以知识和服务为主转型的后期阶段，起初侧重于房地产和建筑业，随后专注于吸引主要来自高科技、生命科学和金融服务行业的美国跨国公司，这些公司寻求利用爱尔兰较低的企业税率和有利的公司税制。

The multinational tax schemes foreign firms use in Ireland materially distort Irish economic statistics. This reached a climax with the “leprechaun economics” GDP/GNP growth rates of 2015 (as Apple restructured its Irish subsidiaries in 2015). The Central Bank of Ireland introduced a new statistic, Modified gross national income, to remove these distortions. GNI* is 30% below GDP (or, GDP is 143% of GNI).^{[135][136][137][138][139]}
【参考译文】跨国公司在爱尔兰使用的税务安排显著扭曲了爱尔兰的经济统计数据。这一点在2015年达到高潮，即所谓的“小妖精经济学”GDP/GNP增长率（当时苹果对其爱尔兰子公司进行了重组）。为了消除这些扭曲，爱尔兰中央银行引入了一项新的统计指标——修正后的国民总收入（GNI）。GNI比GDP低30%（或者，GDP是GNI的143%）。[135][136][137][138][139]

From the creation of the IFSC, the country experienced strong and sustained economic growth which fuelled a dramatic rise in Irish consumer borrowing and spending, and Irish construction and investment, which became known as the Celtic Tiger period.^[140][141] By 2007, Ireland had the highest private sector debt in the OECD with a household debt-to-disposable income ratio of 190%. Global capital markets, who had financed Ireland’s build-up of debt in the Celtic Tiger period by enabling Irish banks to borrow in excess of the domestic deposit base (to over 180% at peak^[142]), withdrew support in the financial crisis of 2007–2008. Their withdrawal from the over-borrowed Irish credit system would precipitate a deep Irish property correction which then led to the Post-2008 Irish banking crisis.^[143][140]
【参考译文】自IFSC成立以来，爱尔兰经历了强劲而持续的经济增长，这推动了爱尔兰消费者借贷和支出、建筑及投资的急剧上升，这一时期被称为“凯尔特之虎”时期。[140][141] 到2007年，爱尔兰在OECD国家中拥有最高的私营部门债务，家庭债务与可支配收入比率高达190%。全球资本市场之前在“凯尔特之虎”时期通过允许爱尔兰银行借款超过国内存款基础（高峰期超过180%）[142] 融资了爱尔兰的债务积累，在2007-2008年金融危机中撤回了支持。它们从过度借贷的爱尔兰信贷体系中的退出引发了严重的爱尔兰房地产市场修正，并进而导致了2008年后爱尔兰银行业危机。[143][140]

Ireland’s successful “low-tax” economy opens it to accusations of being a “corporate tax haven“,^{[144][145][146]} and led to it being “blacklisted” by Brazil.^[147][148] A 2017 study ranks Ireland as the 5th largest global Conduit OFC, which legally route funds to tax havens. A serious challenge is the passing of the US Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (whose FDII and GILTI regimes target Ireland’s multinational tax schemes).^{[149][150][151][152]} The EU’s 2018 Digital Sales Tax (DST)^[153] (and desire for a CCCTB^[154]) is also seen as an attempt to restrict Irish “multinational tax schemes” by US technology firms.^{[155][156][157]}
【参考译文】自IFSC成立以来，爱尔兰经历了强劲而持续的经济增长，这推动了爱尔兰消费者借贷和支出、建筑及投资的急剧上升，这一时期被称为“凯尔特之虎”时期。[140][141] 到2007年，爱尔兰在OECD国家中拥有最高的私营部门债务，家庭债务与可支配收入比率高达190%。全球资本市场之前在“凯尔特之虎”时期通过允许爱尔兰银行借款超过国内存款基础（高峰期超过180%）[142] 融资了爱尔兰的债务积累，在2007-2008年金融危机中撤回了支持。它们从过度借贷的爱尔兰信贷体系中的退出引发了严重的爱尔兰房地产市场修正，并进而导致了2008年后爱尔兰银行业危机。[143][140]

4.2 贸易 | Trade

Although multinational corporations dominate Ireland’s export sector, exports from other sources also contribute significantly to the national income. The activities of multinational companies based in Ireland have made it one of the largest exporters of pharmaceutical agents, medical devices and software-related goods and services in the world. Ireland’s exports also relate to the activities of large Irish companies (such as Ryanair, Kerry Group and Smurfit Kappa) and exports of mineral resources including zinc and lead concentrates. The country also has significant deposits of gypsum and smaller quantities of copper, silver, gold, barite, and dolomite.^[69] Tourism in Ireland contributes about 4% of GDP and is a significant source of employment.
【参考译文】尽管跨国公司在爱尔兰的出口部门占据主导地位，但其他来源的出口也对国家收入有显著贡献。位于爱尔兰的跨国公司的活动使爱尔兰成为世界上最大的药品、医疗器械及相关软件产品和服务出口国之一。爱尔兰的出口同样涉及大型爱尔兰本土公司（如瑞安航空、Kerry集团和Smurfit Kappa）的活动，以及锌和铅精矿等矿物资源的出口。该国还拥有大量的石膏矿藏，以及少量的铜、银、金、重晶石和白云石资源。[69] 爱尔兰的旅游业约占GDP的4%，是重要的就业来源。

Other goods exports include agri-food, cattle, beef, dairy products, and aluminum. Ireland’s major imports include data processing equipment, chemicals, petroleum and petroleum products, textiles, and clothing. Financial services provided by multinational corporations based at the Irish Financial Services Centre also contribute to Irish exports. The difference between exports (€89.4 billion) and imports (€45.5 billion) resulted an annual trade surplus of €43.9 billion in 2010,^[158] which is the highest trade surplus relative to GDP achieved by any EU member state.
【参考译文】其他商品出口包括农产品、牲畜、牛肉、乳制品和铝。爱尔兰的主要进口商品包括数据处理设备、化学品、石油及其制品、纺织品和服装。总部设在爱尔兰国际金融服务中心的跨国公司提供的金融服务也对爱尔兰的出口有所贡献。2010年，出口额（894亿欧元）与进口额（455亿欧元）之间的差额产生了439亿欧元的年度贸易顺差，[158]这是任何欧盟成员国相对于GDP实现的最高贸易顺差。

The EU is by far the country’s largest trading partner, accounting for 57.9% of exports and 60.7% of imports. Prior to Brexit, the United Kingdom was the most important trading partner within the EU, accounting for 15.4% of exports and 32.1% of imports. Outside the EU, the United States accounted for 23.2% of exports and 14.1% of imports in 2010.^[158]
【参考译文】欧盟远超其他国家成为爱尔兰最大的贸易伙伴，占出口的57.9%和进口的60.7%。在英国脱欧之前，英国是欧盟内最重要的贸易伙伴，占爱尔兰出口的15.4%和进口的32.1%。在欧盟之外，2010年美国占爱尔兰出口的23.2%和进口的14.1%。[158]

4.3 能源 | Energy

Main article: Energy in Ireland【主条目：爱尔兰的能源】

ESB, Bord Gáis Energy and Airtricity are the three main electricity and gas suppliers in Ireland. There are 19.82 billion cubic metres of proven reserves of gas.^[69][159] Natural gas extraction previously occurred at the Kinsale Head until its exhaustion. The Corrib gas field was due to come on stream in 2013/14. In 2012, the Barryroe field was confirmed to have up to 1.6 billion barrels of oil in reserve, with between 160 and 600 million recoverable.^[160] That could provide for Ireland’s entire energy needs for up to 13 years, when it is developed in 2015/16.
【参考译文】ESB（电力供应委员会）、Bord Gáis Energy和Airtricity是爱尔兰三大主要的电力和天然气供应商。爱尔兰已探明的天然气储量为198.2亿立方米。[69][159] 之前在金塞尔头地区进行过天然气开采，直至资源枯竭。Corrib气田预计于2013/14年投入生产。2012年，Barryroe油田被确认储备有高达16亿桶的石油，其中1.6亿至6亿桶可回收。[160] 一旦在2015/16年开发，这足以满足爱尔兰长达13年的全部能源需求。

There have been significant efforts to increase the use of renewable and sustainable forms of energy in Ireland, particularly in wind power, with 3,000 MegaWatts^[161] of wind farms being constructed, some for the purpose of export.^[162] The Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland (SEAI) has estimated that 6.5% of Ireland’s 2011 energy requirements were produced by renewable sources.^[163] The SEAI has also reported an increase in energy efficiency in Ireland with a 28% reduction in carbon emissions per house from 2005 to 2013.^[164]
【参考译文】爱尔兰在增加可再生能源和可持续能源使用方面做出了重大努力，特别是在风能领域，已建造了3000兆瓦的风电场，其中部分是为了出口目的。[161][162] 爱尔兰可持续能源管理局（SEAI）估计，2011年爱尔兰能源需求的6.5%由可再生能源产生。[163] SEAI还报告称，爱尔兰的能源效率有所提高，从2005年到2013年，每户碳排放量减少了28%。[164]

As of 2021, Ireland was the 24th largest wind energy producer in the world and the 3rd ranked in 2020 on a per capita basis.^[165]
【参考译文】截至2021年，爱尔兰是全球第24大风能生产国，并且在2020年按人均计算排名第三。[165]

4.4 交通 | Transport

Main articles: Transport in Ireland, Rail transport in Ireland, and Roads in Ireland【主条目：爱尔兰交通、爱尔兰铁路运输和爱尔兰道路】

主条目：爱尔兰交通

The country’s three main international airports at Dublin, Shannon and Cork serve many European and intercontinental routes with scheduled and chartered flights. The London to Dublin air route is the ninth busiest international air route in the world, and also the busiest international air route in Europe, with 14,500 flights between the two in 2017.^[166][167] In 2015, 4.5 million people took the route, at that time, the world’s second-busiest.^[166] Aer Lingus is the flag carrier of Ireland, although Ryanair is the country’s largest airline. Ryanair is Europe’s largest low-cost carrier,^[168] the second largest in terms of passenger numbers, and the world’s largest in terms of international passenger numbers.^[169]
【参考译文】爱尔兰的三个主要国际机场——都柏林、香农和科克机场，提供许多通往欧洲和洲际航线的定期航班和包机服务。伦敦至都柏林的航线是世界上最繁忙的国际航线之一，也是欧洲最繁忙的国际航线，2017年两地之间有14,500次航班。[166][167] 2015年，有450万人次乘坐这条航线，当时是世界第二繁忙的航线。[166] 爱尔兰航空（Aer Lingus）是爱尔兰的国家航空公司，尽管瑞安航空（Ryanair）是该国规模最大的航空公司。瑞安航空是欧洲最大的低成本航空公司，[168] 以乘客数量计是欧洲第二大航空公司，以国际乘客数量计则是世界第一大航空公司。[169]

Railway services are provided by Iarnród Éireann (Irish Rail), which operates all internal intercity, commuter and freight railway services in the country. Dublin is the centre of the network with two main stations, Heuston station and Connolly station, linking to the country’s cities and main towns. The Enterprise service, which runs jointly with Northern Ireland Railways, connects Dublin and Belfast. The whole of Ireland’s mainline network operates on track with a gauge of 5 ft 3 in (1,600 mm), which is unique in Europe and has resulted in distinct rolling stock designs. Dublin’s public transport network includes the DART, Luas, Dublin Bus, and dublinbikes.^[170]
【参考译文】铁路服务由Iarnród Éireann（爱尔兰铁路）提供，该公司运营国内所有城际、通勤和货运铁路服务。都柏林是铁路网络的中心，有两个主要车站——Heuston站和Connolly站，连接全国各城市和主要城镇。与北爱尔兰铁路联合运营的“Enterprise”服务连接了都柏林和贝尔法斯特。爱尔兰整个主线铁路网络采用的是1600毫米（5英尺3英寸）轨距，这在欧洲独一无二，也导致了独特的列车车辆设计。都柏林的公共交通网络包括DART、Luas、Dublin Bus和dublinbikes。[170]

爱尔兰的三种主要道路类型有，高速公路、国家一级公路和国家二级公路，而区域道路和地方道路管理由地方政府管辖。主要集中在首都的道路网络，高速公路目前正在扩展到其他城市，作为运输21资本投资计划的一部分。目的是在2006-2015年期间显著扩大和改善爱尔兰的交通网络。都柏林为交通改善计划的重点，如东环线和西环线收费桥梁，以及都柏林港隧道。科克市主要隧道为穿越利河的杰克·林奇隧道，另外利默里克隧道则穿越香农河。

Dublin is served by major infrastructure such as the East-Link and West-Link toll-bridges, as well as the Dublin Port Tunnel. The Jack Lynch Tunnel, under the River Lee in Cork, and the Limerick Tunnel, under the River Shannon, were two major projects outside Dublin.^[172]
【参考译文】都柏林拥有重要的基础设施，如东连线和西连线收费桥，以及都柏林港隧道。科克市李河下的Jack Lynch隧道和利默里克市香农河下的Limerick隧道是都柏林以外的两大工程项目。[172]

4.5 通讯

4.5.1 电话

爱尔兰的电话话码分配给电信业者。爱尔兰国际电话国码为+353，其区码如下。

• 01—都柏林市、都柏林郡与部分基尔代尔郡、威克娄郡、米斯郡。
• 02—科克市与科克郡部分地区：(021)科克，(022)玛罗，(023)班顿，(024) 雅各哈，(025)佛摩伊，(026)马克隆，(027)班特里，(028)斯基布因，(029)密尔史曲。
• 03— 未使用
• 04— 东海岸，（不含都柏林、部分中部地区）：(041)德罗赫达，(042)邓多克，(043)朗哥福德，(044)穆林加尔，(045)基尔代尔，(046)纳文，(047)莫纳汉，(049)卡文，(0402)阿克洛，(0404)威克洛。
• 05— 东南地区与东米德兰（中东部地区）：(051)沃特福德 (芒斯特省)，(052)克合，(053)罗斯莱尔，(054)班寇迪，(056)基尔肯尼市，(057)图拉摩，比尔与波特劳伊斯，(058)邓加文，(059)卡洛，(0504)特洛斯，(0505)罗斯魁亚。
• 06— 西南地区与中西部地区：(061)利默里克与香农，(062)卡舍尔，(063)查尔维尔，(064)基拉尼与肯梅尔，(065)英尼斯，(066)特拉利与汀格，(067)尼纳格，(068)利斯托尔，(069)西纽卡斯尔。
• 07— 西北部，斯莱戈郡与斯莱戈城，利特里姆郡、多尼戈尔郡：(071)斯莱戈，卡里克-香农与班铎，(074)莱特肯尼，柏勒波伊，格安提斯
• 08— 手机、传真电话与非地区电话。
• 09— 西部、西海岸与西米德兰（部分中西部地区）包括戈尔韦郡，梅欧郡，西米斯郡：(090)阿斯隆，波纳与巴利纳斯洛，(091)戈尔韦，(093)徒安与海特佛（打往.戈尔韦郡）, (094)卡斯尔巴，(095)可夫敦，(096)巴利纳，(097)贝尔穆莱特，(098)韦斯特波特，亚乔（离岸岛屿），(099)肯罗南（离岸岛屿），阿伦群岛。

4.5.2 电视／广播

参见：爱尔兰广播电视

5. 人口 | Demographics

Main article: Demographics of the Republic of Ireland【主条目：爱尔兰共和国人口统计】

See also: Historical population of Ireland【另请参阅：爱尔兰历史人口】

主条目：爱尔兰人口和爱尔兰人

See also: List of urban areas in the Republic of Ireland【另请参阅：爱尔兰共和国城市地区列表】

Genetic research suggests that the earliest settlers migrated from Iberia following the most recent ice age.^[173] After the Mesolithic, Neolithic and Bronze Age, migrants introduced a Celtic language and culture. Migrants from the two latter eras still represent the genetic heritage of most Irish people.^[174][175] Gaelic tradition expanded and became the dominant form over time. Irish people are a combination of Gaelic, Norse, Anglo-Norman, French, and British ancestry.
【参考译文】基因研究表明，最早的定居者是在最近的冰河时代结束后从伊比利亚半岛迁移到爱尔兰的。[173] 继新石器时代、青铜时代之后，移民带来了凯尔特语言和文化。来自这两个时期的移民至今仍代表了大多数爱尔兰人的遗传遗产。[174][175] 盖尔传统逐渐扩展并随时间成为主流形式。爱尔兰人是盖尔人、诺斯人、盎格鲁-诺曼人、法国人和英国人祖先的混合体。

The population of Ireland stood at 5,149,139 in 2022, an increase of 8% since 2016.^[176] As of 2011, Ireland had the highest birth rate in the European Union (16 births per 1,000 of population).^[177] In 2014, 36.3% of births were to unmarried women.^[178] Annual population growth rates exceeded 2% during the 2002–2006 intercensal period, which was attributed to high rates of natural increase and immigration.^[179] This rate declined somewhat during the subsequent 2006–2011 intercensal period, with an average annual percentage change of 1.6%. The total fertility rate (TFR) in 2017 was estimated at 1.80 children born per woman, below the replacement rate of 2.1, it remains considerably below the high of 4.2 children born per woman in 1850.^[180] In 2018 the median age of the Irish population was 37.1 years.^[181]
【参考译文】2022年，爱尔兰人口为5,149,139，自2016年以来增长了8%。[176] 截至2011年，爱尔兰拥有欧盟最高的出生率（每千人口16个出生）。[177] 2014年，36.3%的新生儿为未婚女性所生。[178] 2002年至2006年间的两次人口普查间隔期内，年均人口增长率超过了2%，这归因于自然增长和移民的高比率。[179] 在随后的2006年至2011年间，这一增长率略有下降，平均每年变化百分比为1.6%。2017年估计的总生育率（TFR）为每位女性生育1.80个孩子，低于2.1的替代率，远低于1850年每位女性生育4.2个孩子的高峰。[180] 2018年，爱尔兰人口的中位年龄为37.1岁。[181]

At the time of the 2022 census, the number of non-Irish nationals was recorded at 631,785. This represents an 8% increase from the 2016 census figure of 535,475.^[182] The five largest sources of non-Irish nationals were Poland (93,680), the UK (83,347), India (45,449), Romania (43,323), Lithuania (31,177), and Latvia (27,338) respectively. The non-Irish nationalities which saw the largest increase from 2016 were India (+33,984), Romania (+14,137), Brazil (+13,698), Ukraine (+10,006). The non-Irish nationalities which saw the largest decrease from 2016 were Poland (−28,835), UK (−19,766), Lithuania (−5,375), Latvia (−1,633), and Slovakia (−1,117).^[183]
【参考译文】根据2022年人口普查，非爱尔兰国籍人士的数量记录为631,785人，比2016年人口普查的535,475人增加了8%。[182] 前五大非爱尔兰国籍来源国分别是波兰（93,680人）、英国（83,347人）、印度（45,449人）、罗马尼亚（43,323人）、立陶宛（31,177人）和拉脱维亚（27,338人）。相较于2016年，增长最多的非爱尔兰国籍群体来自印度（+33,984人）、罗马尼亚（+14,137人）、巴西（+13,698人）、乌克兰（+10,006人）。而减少最多的非爱尔兰国籍群体则包括波兰（-28,835人）、英国（-19,766人）、立陶宛（-5,375人）、拉脱维亚（-1,633人）和斯洛伐克（-1,117人）。[183]

5.1 语言 | Languages

Main articles: Languages of Ireland, Irish language, Hiberno-English, and Mid Ulster English
【主条目：爱尔兰的语言、爱尔兰语、爱尔兰英语和北爱尔兰中部英语】

参见：原始爱尔兰语、古爱尔兰语、中古爱尔兰语、爱尔兰语和雪尔塔语

The Irish Constitution describes Irish as the “national language” and the “first official language”, but English (the “second official language”) is the dominant language. In the 2016 census, about 1.75 million people (40% of the population) said they were able to speak Irish but, of those, under 74,000 spoke it on a daily basis.^[185] Irish is spoken as a community language only in a small number of rural areas mostly in the west and south of the country, collectively known as the Gaeltacht. Except in Gaeltacht regions, road signs are usually bilingual.^[186] Most public notices and print media are in English only. While the state is officially bilingual, citizens can often struggle to access state services in Irish and most government publications are not available in both languages, even though citizens have the right to deal with the state in Irish. Irish language media include the TV channel TG4, the radio station RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta and online newspaper Tuairisc.ie. In the Irish Defence Forces, all foot and arms drill commands are given in the Irish language.
【参考译文】爱尔兰宪法将爱尔兰语描述为“国家语言”和“第一官方语言”，但英语（“第二官方语言”）是主导语言。在2016年的人口普查中，约有175万人（占人口的40%）表示能够说爱尔兰语，但在这些人中，每天使用爱尔兰语的不到74,000人。[185] 爱尔兰语仅作为社区语言在一些农村地区使用，这些地区大多位于国家西部和南部，统称为Gaeltacht地区。除了Gaeltacht地区外，路标通常是双语的。[186] 大多数公共通知和印刷媒体仅使用英文。尽管国家官方双语，但公民往往难以用爱尔兰语获取国家服务，而且大多数政府出版物并未提供两种语言版本，尽管公民有权使用爱尔兰语与国家打交道。爱尔兰语媒体包括电视频道TG4、广播电台RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta和在线报纸Tuairisc.ie。在爱尔兰国防军中，所有步兵和武器操练命令都用爱尔兰语下达。

As a result of immigration, Polish is the most widely spoken language in Ireland after English, with Irish as the third most spoken.^[187] Several other Central European languages (namely Czech, Hungarian and Slovak), as well as Baltic languages (Lithuanian and Latvian) are also spoken on a day-to-day basis. Other languages spoken in Ireland include Shelta, spoken by Irish Travellers, and a dialect of Scots is spoken by some Ulster Scots people in Donegal.^[188] Most secondary school students choose to learn one or two foreign languages. Languages available for the Junior Certificate and the Leaving Certificate include French, German, Italian and Spanish; Leaving Certificate students can also study Arabic, Japanese and Russian. Some secondary schools also offer Ancient Greek, Hebrew and Latin. The study of Irish is generally compulsory for Leaving Certificate students, but some may qualify for an exemption in some circumstances, such as learning difficulties or entering the country after age 11.^[189]
【参考译文】由于移民原因，波兰语已成为爱尔兰继英语之后最广泛使用的语言，爱尔兰语排在第三位。[187] 几种其他中东欧语言（主要是捷克语、匈牙利语和斯洛伐克语），以及波罗的海语言（立陶宛语和拉脱维亚语）也在日常生活中被使用。爱尔兰使用的其他语言包括Shelta，由爱尔兰旅行者讲，以及一种苏格兰方言，在多尼戈尔郡由一些阿尔斯特-苏格兰人讲。[188] 大多数中学生选择学习一到两门外语。可用于初中证书和高中毕业证书的语言包括法语、德语、意大利语和西班牙语；高中毕业生还可以学习阿拉伯语、日语和俄语。一些中学还提供古希腊语、希伯来语和拉丁语教学。对于高中毕业证书的学生来说，学习爱尔兰语通常是强制性的，但在某些情况下，如学习障碍或11岁以后进入国家的，一些学生可能有资格豁免。[189]

5.2 医疗保健 | Healthcare

Main article: Healthcare in the Republic of Ireland【主条目：爱尔兰共和国的医疗保健】

Healthcare in Ireland is provided by both public and private healthcare providers.^[190] The Minister for Health has responsibility for setting overall health service policy. Every resident of Ireland is entitled to receive health care through the public health care system, which is managed by the Health Service Executive and funded by general taxation. A person may be required to pay a subsidised fee for certain health care received; this depends on income, age, illness or disability. All maternity services are provided free of charge and children up to the age of 6 months. Emergency care is provided to patients who present to a hospital emergency department. However, visitors to emergency departments in non-emergency situations who are not referred by their GP may incur a fee of €100. In some circumstances this fee is not payable or may be waived.^[191]
【参考译文】爱尔兰的医疗服务由公共和私立医疗供应商共同提供。[190] 卫生部长负责制定整体卫生服务政策。爱尔兰的每个居民都有权通过公共医疗系统获得医疗服务，该系统由卫生服务执行局管理，并由一般税收资助。个人可能需要为其接受的某些医疗服务支付补贴费用，这取决于其收入、年龄、疾病或残疾状况。所有产科服务以及6个月以下的儿童均可免费获得。紧急情况下，向医院急诊部求诊的患者会得到救治。然而，未由全科医生转介并在非紧急情况下前往急诊部的访客可能会被收取100欧元的费用。在某些情况下，这笔费用可以不支付或被免除。[191]

Anyone holding a European Health Insurance Card is entitled to free maintenance and treatment in public beds in Health Service Executive and voluntary hospitals. Outpatient services are also provided for free. However, the majority of patients on median incomes or above are required to pay subsidised hospital charges. Private health insurance is available to the population for those who want to avail of it.
【参考译文】持有欧洲健康保险卡的任何人都有权在卫生服务执行局和志愿医院的公共病床上免费获得维护和治疗。门诊服务也免费提供。然而，大多数中等收入及以上患者的住院费需自付部分补贴费用。对于希望享受私人医疗保险的人来说，私人健康保险可供全民选择。

The average life expectancy in Ireland in 2016 was 81.8 years (OECD 2016 list), with 79.9 years for men and 83.6 years for women.^[192] It has the highest birth rate in the EU (16.8 births per 1,000 inhabitants, compared to an EU average of 10.7)^[193] and a very low infant mortality rate (3.5 per 1,000 live births). The Irish healthcare system ranked 13th out of 34 European countries in 2012 according to the European Health Consumer Index produced by Health Consumer Powerhouse.^[194] The same report ranked the Irish healthcare system as having the 8th best health outcomes but only the 21st most accessible system in Europe.
【参考译文】2016年，爱尔兰的平均预期寿命为81.8岁（经合组织2016年数据），男性为79.9岁，女性为83.6岁。[192] 爱尔兰拥有欧盟最高的出生率（每千名居民16.8例出生，相比之下欧盟平均水平为10.7例）[193]，以及非常低的婴儿死亡率（每千名活产儿3.5例）。根据Health Consumer Powerhouse发布的2012年欧洲健康消费者指数，爱尔兰的医疗体系在34个欧洲国家中排名第13位。[194] 同一份报告还指出，爱尔兰的医疗体系在健康结果方面排名第八，但在欧洲的可及性方面仅排在第21位。

5.3 教育 | Education

Main article: Education in the Republic of Ireland【主条目：爱尔兰共和国的教育】

参见：爱尔兰大学列表

Ireland has three levels of education: primary, secondary and higher education. The education systems are largely under the direction of the Government via the Minister for Education. Recognised primary and secondary schools must adhere to the curriculum established by the relevant authorities. Education is compulsory between the ages of six and fifteen years, and all children up to the age of eighteen must complete the first three years of secondary, including one sitting of the Junior Certificate examination.^[195]
【参考译文】爱尔兰教育分为三个层次：初级、中级和高等教育。教育体系主要由政府通过教育部长指导。被认可的小学和中学必须遵守相关权威机构制定的课程。教育在六岁至十五岁之间是强制性的，所有十八岁以下的儿童都必须完成中学的前三年，包括参加一次初级证书考试。[195]

There are approximately 3,300 primary schools in Ireland.^[196] The vast majority (92%) are under the patronage of the Catholic Church. Schools run by religious organisations, but receiving public money and recognition, cannot discriminate against pupils based upon religion or lack thereof. A sanctioned system of preference does exist, where students of a particular religion may be accepted before those who do not share the ethos of the school, in a case where a school’s quota has already been reached.
【参考译文】爱尔兰大约有3,300所小学。[196] 其中绝大多数（92%）受天主教会赞助。由宗教组织运营、但接受公共资金和认可的学校，不能基于宗教信仰或无宗教信仰歧视学生。存在一种被许可的偏好制度，即在学校名额已满的情况下，秉持学校理念的特定宗教信仰学生可以在不认同学校理念的学生之前被录取。

The Leaving Certificate, which is taken after two years of study, is the final examination in the secondary school system. Those intending to pursue higher education normally take this examination, with access to third-level courses generally depending on results obtained from the best six subjects taken, on a competitive basis.^[197] Third-level education awards are conferred by at least 38 Higher Education Institutions – this includes the constituent or linked colleges of seven universities, plus other designated institutions of the Higher Education and Training Awards Council. According to the 2022 US News rankings, Ireland is among the top twenty best countries for education.^[198]
【参考译文】高中毕业证书考试在两年的学习后进行，是中学教育体系的最终考试。打算继续深造的学生通常会参加这一考试，进入第三级（高等教育）课程的机会通常取决于在六个最佳科目中取得的成绩，竞争激烈。[197] 第三级教育的学位由至少38所高等教育机构授予，其中包括七所大学的组成学院或关联学院，以及其他由高等教育及培训奖励委员会指定的机构。根据2022年《美国新闻与世界报道》的排名，爱尔兰在最佳教育国家中位列前二十。[198]

The Programme for International Student Assessment, coordinated by the OECD, currently ranks Ireland as having the fourth highest reading score, ninth highest science score and thirteenth highest mathematics score, among OECD countries, in its 2012 assessment.^[199] In 2012, Irish students aged 15 years had the second highest levels of reading literacy in the EU.^[200] Ireland also has 0.747 of the World’s top 500 Universities per capita, which ranks the country in 8th place in the world.^[201] Primary, secondary and higher (university/college) level education are all free in Ireland for all EU citizens.^[202] There are charges to cover student services and examinations.
【参考译文】经济合作与发展组织（OECD）协调的国际学生评估项目（PISA）目前的评估显示，爱尔兰在2012年的评估中，阅读成绩位列第四，科学成绩第九，数学成绩第十三，均为OECD国家中的高水平。[199] 2012年，爱尔兰15岁的学生在欧盟中拥有第二高的阅读素养水平。[200] 爱尔兰还拥有全球500强大学中每百万人0.747所的比例，这一数字在全球排名第八。[201] 对于所有欧盟公民而言，爱尔兰的小学、中学和高等教育（大学/学院）都是免费的。[202] 但存在一些费用用于覆盖学生服务和考试。

In addition, 37 percent of Ireland’s population has a university or college degree, which is among the highest percentages in the world.^[203][204]
【参考译文】此外，爱尔兰37%的人口拥有大学或学院学位，这一比例在全世界范围内名列前茅。[203][204]

• 都柏林大学，其下只有圣三一(Trinity)这一个个学院，亦称都柏林圣三一学院(Trinity College Dublin)。
• 爱尔兰国立大学，共有四所成员校，科克大学、都柏林大学学院、爱尔兰国立大学戈尔韦与爱尔兰国立大学梅努斯(NUI Maynooth)。

5.4 宗教 | Religion

Main article: Religion in the Republic of Ireland【主条目：爱尔兰共和国的宗教】

参见：爱尔兰天主教、爱尔兰天主教教区列表、爱尔兰国教会、爱尔兰长老会、爱尔兰长老会差会和圣母军

Religious freedom is constitutionally provided for in Ireland, and the country’s constitution has been secular since 1973. Christianity is the predominant religion, and while Ireland remains a predominantly Catholic country, the percentage of the population who identified as Catholic on the census has fallen sharply from 84.2 percent in the 2011 census to 78.3 percent in the most recent 2016 census. Other results from the 2016 census are: 4.2% Protestant, 1.3% Orthodox, 1.3% as Muslim, and 9.8% as having no religion.^[205] According to a Georgetown University study, before 2000 the country had one of the highest rates of regular mass attendance in the Western world.^[206] While daily attendance was 13% in 2006, there was a reduction in weekly attendance from 81% in 1990 to 48% in 2006, although the decline was reported as stabilising.^[207] In 2011, it was reported that weekly Mass attendance in Dublin was just 18%, and was even lower among younger generations.^[208]
【参考译文】爱尔兰宪法保障宗教自由，并且自1973年起，该国宪法就已具有世俗性质。基督教是主要宗教，尽管爱尔兰仍是一个以天主教徒为主的国家，但在最近的2016年人口普查中，自认为天主教徒的人口比例从2011年人口普查的84.2%急剧下降到了78.3%。2016年人口普查的其他结果显示：4.2%的新教徒，1.3%的东正教徒，1.3%的穆斯林，以及9.8%无宗教信仰。[205] 根据乔治城大学的一项研究，在2000年之前，爱尔兰的常规弥撒出席率在西方世界中是最高的之一。[206] 尽管2006年每日出席率保持在13%，但每周出席率从1990年的81%下降到了2006年的48%，尽管有报道称这一下降趋势已趋于稳定。[207] 2011年有报道指出，都柏林的周日弥撒出席率仅为18%，并且在年轻一代中更低。[208]

The Church of Ireland, at 2.7% of the population, is the second largest Christian denomination. Membership declined throughout the twentieth century, but experienced an increase early in the 21st century, as have other small Christian denominations. Other significant Protestant denominations are the Presbyterian Church and Methodist Church. Immigration has contributed to a growth in Hindu and Muslim populations. In percentage terms, Orthodox Christianity and Islam were the fastest growing religions, with increases of 100% and 70% respectively.^[209]
【参考译文】爱尔兰圣公会（Church of Ireland）占人口的2.7%，是第二大基督教会。其成员数量在整个20世纪有所下降，但在21世纪初经历了一定的增长，其他小型基督教会也是如此。其他重要的新教宗派包括长老会和卫理公会。移民促进了印度教和伊斯兰教人口的增长。从百分比来看，东正教和伊斯兰教是增长最快的宗教，分别增加了100%和70%。[209]

Ireland’s patron saints are Saint Patrick, Saint Bridget and Saint Columba, with Saint Patrick commonly recognised as the patron saint. Saint Patrick’s Day is celebrated on 17 March in Ireland and abroad as the Irish national day, with parades and other celebrations.
【参考译文】爱尔兰的守护圣人是圣帕特里克、圣布里吉特和圣哥伦巴，其中圣帕特里克普遍被认为是主要的守护圣人。3月17日的圣帕特里克节在爱尔兰国内外被庆祝为爱尔兰的国庆日，期间会有游行和其他庆祝活动。

As with other predominantly Catholic European states, Ireland underwent a period of legal secularisation in the late twentieth century. In 1972, the article of the Constitution naming specific religious groups was deleted by the Fifth Amendment in a referendum. Article 44 remains in the Constitution: “The State acknowledges that the homage of public worship is due to Almighty God. It shall hold His Name in reverence, and shall respect and honour religion.” The article also establishes freedom of religion, prohibits endowment of any religion, prohibits the state from religious discrimination, and requires the state to treat religious and non-religious schools in a non-prejudicial manner.
【参考译文】与其他主要为天主教的欧洲国家一样，爱尔兰在20世纪末经历了一段法律世俗化的时期。1972年，宪法中命名特定宗教团体的条款在全民公投中被第五修正案删除。然而，第44条仍保留在宪法中：“国家承认对全能上帝的公共崇拜应受到尊崇。国家应尊敬其名，并尊重和尊崇宗教。”该条款还确立了宗教自由，禁止任何宗教的国家资助，禁止国家进行宗教歧视，并要求国家公平对待宗教与非宗教学校。

Religious studies was introduced as an optional Junior Certificate subject in 2001. Although most schools are run by religious organisations, a secularist trend is occurring among younger generations.^[210]
【参考译文】2001年，宗教研究作为选修科目被引入初中毕业证书考试中。尽管大多数学校是由宗教组织运营的，但在年轻一代中出现了一股世俗化趋势。[210]

6. 文化 | Culture

Main article: Culture of Ireland【主条目：爱尔兰的文化】

主条目：爱尔兰文化和凯尔特十字

Ireland’s culture was for centuries predominantly Gaelic, and it remains one of the six principal Celtic nations. Following the Anglo-Norman invasion in the 12th century, and gradual British conquest and colonisation beginning in the 16th century, Ireland became influenced by English and Scottish culture. Subsequently, Irish culture, though distinct in many aspects, shares characteristics with the rest of the Anglosphere, Catholic Europe, and other Celtic regions. The Irish diaspora, one of the world’s largest and most dispersed, has contributed to the globalisation of Irish culture, producing many prominent figures in art, music, and science.
【参考译文】几个世纪以来，爱尔兰的文化主要以盖尔文化为主，并且它一直是六大凯尔特民族之一。自12世纪经历盎格鲁-诺曼入侵，以及自16世纪开始的英国逐步征服和殖民以来，爱尔兰受到了英格兰和苏格兰文化的熏陶。因此，虽然爱尔兰文化在很多方面保持着独特性，但它也与英语圈国家、天主教欧洲及其他凯尔特地区有着共通之处。爱尔兰裔遍布全球，构成了世界上规模最大、分布最广的散居群体之一，他们对全球爱尔兰文化的传播起到了重要作用，孕育了众多艺术、音乐和科学领域的杰出人物。

• 文化成就：
  • 凯尔经(Book of Kells)
  • 健力士
  • 爱尔兰民乐
  • 爱尔兰踢踏舞

6.1 文学 | Literature

Main article: Irish literature【主条目：爱尔兰的文学】

Ireland has made a significant contribution to world literature in both the English and Irish languages. Modern Irish fiction began with the publishing of the 1726 novel Gulliver’s Travels by Jonathan Swift. Other writers of importance during the 18th century and their most notable works include Laurence Sterne with the publication of The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman and Oliver Goldsmith‘s The Vicar of Wakefield. Numerous Irish novelists emerged during the 19th century, including Maria Edgeworth, John Banim, Gerald Griffin, Charles Kickham, William Carleton, George Moore, and Somerville and Ross. Bram Stoker is best known as the author of the 1897 novel Dracula.
【参考译文】爱尔兰在英语和爱尔兰语文学领域对世界文学做出了重要贡献。现代爱尔兰小说起源于1726年乔纳森·斯威夫特出版的小说《格列佛游记》。18世纪其他重要作家及其知名作品还包括劳伦斯·斯特恩的《项狄传》和奥利弗·哥尔德斯密斯的《威克菲尔德的牧师》。19世纪涌现了许多爱尔兰小说家，例如玛丽亚·埃奇沃思、约翰·班尼姆、杰拉尔德·格里芬、查尔斯·基克哈姆、威廉·卡尔顿、乔治·摩尔以及索默维尔和罗斯二人组。布拉姆·斯托克以其1897年的小说《德古拉》最为人熟知。

James Joyce (1882–1941) published his most famous work Ulysses in 1922, which is an interpretation of the Odyssey set in Dublin. Edith Somerville continued writing after the death of her partner Martin Ross in 1915. Dublin’s Annie M. P. Smithson was one of several authors catering for fans of romantic fiction in the 1920s and 1930s. After the Second World War, popular novels were published by, among others, Brian O’Nolan, who published as Flann O’Brien, Elizabeth Bowen, and Kate O’Brien. During the final decades of the 20th century, Edna O’Brien, John McGahern, Maeve Binchy, Joseph O’Connor, Roddy Doyle, Colm Tóibín, and John Banville came to the fore as novelists.
【参考译文】詹姆斯·乔伊斯（1882-1941）于1922年发表了他最著名的作品《尤利西斯》，该书是对《奥德赛》的一种解读，背景设定在都柏林。马丁·罗斯1915年去世后，埃迪斯·索默维尔继续写作。都柏林的安妮·M·P·史密森森是20世纪二三十年代为浪漫小说爱好者创作的多位作者之一。第二次世界大战后，布莱恩·奥诺兰（以弗兰·奥布莱恩的笔名发表作品）、伊丽莎白·鲍恩和凯特·奥布莱恩等作家出版了受欢迎的小说。在20世纪最后几十年，艾德娜·奥布莱恩、约翰·麦克加赫恩、梅芙·宾奇、约瑟夫·奥康纳、罗迪·道尔、科尔姆·托宾和约翰·班维尔等小说家脱颖而出。

Patricia Lynch was a prolific children’s author in the 20th century, while Eoin Colfer‘s works were NYT Best Sellers in this genre in the early 21st century.^[211] In the genre of the short story, which is a form favoured by many Irish writers, the most prominent figures include Seán Ó Faoláin, Frank O’Connor and William Trevor. Well known Irish poets include Patrick Kavanagh, Thomas McCarthy, Dermot Bolger, and Nobel Prize in Literature laureates William Butler Yeats and Seamus Heaney (born in Northern Ireland but resided in Dublin). Prominent writers in the Irish language are Pádraic Ó Conaire, Máirtín Ó Cadhain, Séamus Ó Grianna, and Nuala Ní Dhomhnaill.
【参考译文】帕特丽夏·林奇是20世纪多产的儿童文学作家，而伊奥恩·科弗的作品在21世纪初曾登上《纽约时报》畅销书榜的儿童文学类别。[211]在短篇小说这一深受许多爱尔兰作家喜爱的文体中，最杰出的人物包括肖恩·奥法莱恩、弗兰克·奥康纳和威廉·特雷弗。著名的爱尔兰诗人包括帕特里克·卡瓦纳、托马斯·麦卡锡、德莫特·博尔格以及诺贝尔文学奖得主威廉·巴特勒·叶芝和谢默斯·希尼（出生于北爱尔兰，但居住在都柏林）。爱尔兰语文学中的著名作家有帕德莱克·奥康奈尔、马特恩·奥卡迪恩、谢默斯·奥格里安娜和努拉·尼·多纳希尔。

The history of Irish theatre begins with the expansion of the English administration in Dublin during the early 17th century, and since then, Ireland has significantly contributed to English drama. In its early history, theatrical productions in Ireland tended to serve political purposes, but as more theatres opened and the popular audience grew, a more diverse range of entertainments were staged. Many Dublin-based theatres developed links with their London equivalents, and British productions frequently found their way to the Irish stage. However, most Irish playwrights went abroad to establish themselves. In the 18th century, Oliver Goldsmith and Richard Brinsley Sheridan were two of the most successful playwrights on the London stage at that time. At the beginning of the 20th century, theatre companies dedicated to the staging of Irish plays and the development of writers, directors and performers began to emerge, which allowed many Irish playwrights to learn their trade and establish their reputations in Ireland rather than in Britain or the United States. Following in the tradition of acclaimed practitioners, principally Oscar Wilde, Literature Nobel Prize laureates George Bernard Shaw (1925) and Samuel Beckett (1969), playwrights such as Seán O’Casey, Brian Friel, Sebastian Barry, Brendan Behan, Conor McPherson and Billy Roche have gained popular success.^[212] Other Irish playwrights of the 20th century include Denis Johnston, Thomas Kilroy, Tom Murphy, Hugh Leonard, Frank McGuinness, and John B. Keane.
【参考译文】爱尔兰戏剧的历史始于17世纪早期英国政府在都柏林扩张期间，自此以后，爱尔兰对英语戏剧做出了重大贡献。在其早期历史中，爱尔兰的戏剧制作往往服务于政治目的，但随着更多剧院的开设和大众观众的增加，上演的娱乐内容变得更加多样化。许多都柏林的剧院与伦敦的剧院建立了联系，英国的剧目经常出现在爱尔兰的舞台上。然而，大多数爱尔兰剧作家都出国以建立自己的事业。18世纪时，奥利弗·高尔斯密和理查德·布林斯利·谢里登是当时伦敦舞台上最成功的两位剧作家。到了20世纪初，致力于上演爱尔兰戏剧和培养编剧、导演及演员的剧团开始兴起，这让许多爱尔兰剧作家能够在爱尔兰而非英国或美国学习技艺并建立声誉。遵循着奥斯卡·王尔德等杰出实践者的传统，以及文学诺贝尔奖得主乔治·伯纳德·萧（1925年）和塞缪尔·贝克特（1969年），像肖恩·奥凯西、布赖恩·弗里尔、塞巴斯蒂安·巴里、布伦丹·贝汉、康纳·麦克菲森和比利·罗奇这样的剧作家取得了广泛的欢迎。[212]20世纪的其他爱尔兰剧作家还包括丹尼斯·约翰斯顿、托马斯·基尔罗伊、汤姆·墨菲、休·伦纳德、弗兰克·麦奎南斯和约翰·B·基恩。

6.2 音乐和舞蹈 | Music and dance

Main articles: Irish music and Irish dance【主条目：爱尔兰音乐和爱尔兰舞蹈】

Irish traditional music has remained vibrant, despite globalising cultural forces, and retains many traditional aspects. It has influenced various music genres, such as American country and roots music, and to some extent modern rock. It has occasionally been blended with styles such as rock and roll and punk rock. Ireland has also produced many internationally known artists in other genres, such as rock, pop, jazz, and blues. Ireland’s best selling musical act is the rock band U2, who have sold 170 million copies of their albums worldwide since their formation in 1976.^[213]
【参考译文】尽管文化力量全球化，爱尔兰传统音乐依然充满活力，保留了许多传统元素。它影响了各种音乐流派，如美国乡村音乐和根源音乐，以及某种程度上的现代摇滚。它偶尔会与摇滚乐和朋克摇滚等风格融合。爱尔兰还培养了许多国际知名的其他流派艺术家，如摇滚、流行、爵士和布鲁斯。爱尔兰最畅销的音乐表演是摇滚乐队 U2，自 1976 年成立以来，他们的专辑在全球已售出 1.7 亿张。[213]

There are a number of classical music ensembles around the country, such as the RTÉ Performing Groups.^[214] Ireland also has two opera organisations: Irish National Opera in Dublin, and the annual Wexford Opera Festival, which promotes lesser-known operas, takes place during October and November.
【参考译文】在全国各地有许多古典音乐团体，比如RTÉ表演团体。[214]爱尔兰还有两个歌剧组织：位于都柏林的爱尔兰国家歌剧团，以及一年一度的韦克斯福德歌剧节，该节庆在每年的十月至十一月间举行，致力于推广较为冷门的歌剧作品。

Ireland has participated in the Eurovision Song Contest since 1965.^[215] Its first win was in 1970, when Dana won with All Kinds of Everything.^[216] It has subsequently won the competition six more times,^[217][218] the highest number of wins by any competing country. The phenomenon Riverdance originated as an interval performance during the 1994 contest.^[219]
【参考译文】爱尔兰自1965年起参与欧洲歌唱大赛。[215] 它首次获胜是在1970年，当时达娜以《各种各样的事物》(All Kinds of Everything)获奖。[216] 此后，爱尔兰又六次赢得比赛，[217][218] 成为参赛国家中获胜次数最多的国家。《大河之舞》(Riverdance)这一现象最初是在1994年比赛的中场休息时段表演中诞生的。[219]

Irish dance can broadly be divided into social dance and performance dance. Irish social dance can be divided into céilí and set dancing. Irish set dances are quadrilles, danced by 4 couples arranged in a square, while céilí dances are danced by varied formations of couples of 2 to 16 people. There are also many stylistic differences between these two forms. Irish social dance is a living tradition, and variations in particular dances are found across the country. In some places dances are deliberately modified and new dances are choreographed. Performance dance is traditionally referred to as stepdance. Irish stepdance, popularised by the show Riverdance, is notable for its rapid leg movements, with the body and arms being kept largely stationary. The solo stepdance is generally characterised by a controlled but not rigid upper body, straight arms, and quick, precise movements of the feet. The solo dances can either be in “soft shoe” or “hard shoe”.
【参考译文】爱尔兰舞蹈大致可分为社交舞和表演舞两大类。爱尔兰社交舞又可细分为 céilí 舞和套装舞。套装舞是由四对舞者排列成方形进行的方阵舞，而 céilí 舞则是由2到16人的不同组合对进行的舞蹈。这两种形式之间还存在许多风格上的差异。爱尔兰社交舞是一种活态传承，特定舞蹈的变体在全国各地都能找到。在某些地方，舞蹈会被刻意修改，并编排出新的舞蹈。表演舞传统上被称为踢踏舞。通过《大河之舞》节目广为人知的爱尔兰踢踏舞，以其腿部快速的动作而著称，身体和手臂则大体保持静止。独舞的特点通常是上半身控制而不僵硬，手臂伸直，脚步动作迅速而精确。独舞可以用“软鞋”或“硬鞋”来进行。

6.3 建筑 | Architecture

Main article: Architecture of Ireland【主条目：爱尔兰的建筑】

Ireland has a wealth of structures,^[220] surviving in various states of preservation, from the Neolithic period, such as Brú na Bóinne, Poulnabrone dolmen, Castlestrange stone, Turoe stone, and Drombeg stone circle.^[221] As Ireland was never a part of the Roman Empire, ancient architecture in Greco-Roman style is extremely rare, in contrast to most of Western Europe. The country instead had an extended period of Iron Age architecture.^[222] The Irish round tower originated during the Early Medieval period.
【参考译文】爱尔兰拥有丰富的建筑遗产，从新石器时代起的各种状态的保存至今，例如Brú na Bóinne、Poulnabrone石墓、Castlestrange石、Turoe石和Drombeg石圈等遗址。[221]由于爱尔兰从未成为罗马帝国的一部分，因此希腊-罗马风格的古代建筑极为罕见，这与西欧大部分地区形成鲜明对比。该国反而经历了漫长的铁器时代建筑时期。[222]爱尔兰圆塔起源于早期中世纪时期。

Christianity introduced simple monastic houses, such as Clonmacnoise, Skellig Michael and Scattery Island. A stylistic similarity has been remarked between these double monasteries and those of the Copts of Egypt.^[223] Gaelic kings and aristocrats occupied ringforts or crannógs.^[224] Church reforms during the 12th century via the Cistercians stimulated continental influence, with the Romanesque styled Mellifont, Boyle and Tintern abbeys.^[225] Gaelic settlement had been limited to the Monastic proto-towns, such as Kells, where the current street pattern preserves the original circular settlement outline to some extent.^[226] Significant urban settlements only developed following the period of Viking invasions.^[224] The major Hiberno-Norse Longphorts were located on the coast, but with minor inland fluvial settlements, such as the eponymous Longford.
【参考译文】基督教带来了简单的修道院建筑，比如Clonmacnoise、Skellig Michael和Scattery Island。人们注意到这些双修道院与埃及科普特人的修道院之间存在风格上的相似性。[223]盖尔族国王和贵族居住在环堡或木桩屋（crannógs）中。[224]12世纪通过熙笃会进行的教会改革促进了大陆风格的影响，出现了罗马式风格的Mellifont、Boyle和Tintern修道院。[225]盖尔人聚居主要局限于那些修道院式的原始城镇，如Kells，那里的现代街道布局在一定程度上仍保留了最初的圆形聚落轮廓。[226]重大的城市聚落发展是在维京人入侵之后的时期才开始的。[224]主要的希伯诺-诺斯长港位于海岸边，但也有一些较小的内陆河流定居点，如以之命名的Longford。

Castles were built by the Anglo-Normans during the late 12th century, such as Dublin Castle and Kilkenny Castle,^[227] and the concept of the planned walled trading town was introduced, which gained legal status and several rights by grant of a Charter under Feudalism. These charters specifically governed the design of these towns.^[228] Two significant waves of planned town formation followed, the first being the 16th- and 17th-century plantation towns, which were used as a mechanism for the Tudor English kings to suppress local insurgency, followed by 18th-century landlord towns.^[229] Surviving Norman founded planned towns include Drogheda and Youghal; plantation towns include Portlaoise and Portarlington; well-preserved 18th-century planned towns include Westport and Ballinasloe. These episodes of planned settlement account for the majority of present-day towns throughout the country.
【参考译文】城堡是由盎格鲁-诺曼人在12世纪晚期建造的，如都柏林城堡和基尔肯尼城堡，[227]并且引入了有计划的围墙贸易城镇概念，这种城镇通过封建制度的特许状获得了法律地位和若干权利。这些特许状特别规范了这些城镇的设计。[228]随后出现了两波有计划的城镇建设浪潮，第一波是16至17世纪的种植城镇，被用作都铎王朝英格兰国王镇压当地叛乱的机制，紧随其后的是18世纪的地主城镇。[229]幸存的由诺曼人建立的规划城镇包括德罗赫达和尤厄尔；种植城镇包括波特拉什和波特兰顿；保存完好的18世纪规划城镇包括韦斯特波特和巴利纳索尔特。这些有计划的定居时期构成了当今全国大多数城镇的基础。

Gothic cathedrals, such as St Patrick’s, were also introduced by the Normans.^[230] Franciscans were dominant in directing the abbeys by the Late Middle Ages, while elegant tower houses, such as Bunratty Castle, were built by the Gaelic and Norman aristocracy.^[231] Many religious buildings were ruined with the dissolution of the monasteries.^[232] Following the Restoration, palladianism and rococo, particularly country houses, swept through Ireland under the initiative of Edward Lovett Pearce, with the Houses of Parliament being the most significant.^[233]
【参考译文】哥特式大教堂，如圣帕特里克大教堂，也是由诺曼人引入的。[230]到中世纪晚期，方济各会主导了修道院的管理，而优雅的塔楼式住宅，如Bunratty Castle，则是由盖尔人和诺曼贵族建造的。[231]随着修道院解散，许多宗教建筑遭到破坏。[232]复辟之后，在爱德华·洛维特·皮尔斯等人的倡导下，帕拉第奥式和洛可可式风格，尤其是乡村别墅，在爱尔兰盛行，其中最显著的是议会大厦。[233]

With the erection of buildings such as The Custom House, Four Courts, General Post Office and King’s Inns, the neoclassical and Georgian styles flourished, especially in Dublin.^[233] Georgian townhouses produced streets of singular distinction, particularly in Dublin, Limerick and Cork. Following Catholic Emancipation, cathedrals and churches influenced by the French Gothic Revival emerged, such as St Colman’s and St Finbarre’s.^[233] Ireland has long been associated with thatched roof cottages, though these are nowadays considered quaint.^[234]
【参考译文】随着《海关大楼》、《四法院》、《总邮政局》和《国王律师学院》等建筑的建立，新古典主义和乔治亚风格蓬勃发展，尤其是在都柏林。[233]乔治亚时期的联排住宅造就了街道的独特魅力，特别是在都柏林、利默里克和科克。随着天主教解放，受到法国哥特复兴影响的大教堂和教堂开始涌现，如圣科尔曼和圣芬巴尔的教堂。[233]爱尔兰长期以来与茅草屋顶的小屋联系在一起，尽管现在这些被认为是古雅的。[234]

Beginning with the American designed art deco church at Turner’s Cross, Cork in 1927, Irish architecture followed the international trend towards modern and sleek building styles since the 20th century.^[235] Other developments include the regeneration of Ballymun and an urban extension of Dublin at Adamstown.^[236] Since the establishment of the Dublin Docklands Development Authority in 1997, the Dublin Docklands area underwent large-scale redevelopment, which included the construction of the Convention Centre Dublin and Grand Canal Theatre.^[237] Completed in 2018, Capital Dock in Dublin is the tallest building in the Republic of Ireland achieving 79 metres (259 feet) in height (the Obel Tower in Belfast, Northern Ireland being the tallest in Ireland). The Royal Institute of the Architects of Ireland regulates the practice of architecture in the state.^[238]
【参考译文】自1927年科克特纳十字区的美国设计装饰艺术教堂开始，爱尔兰建筑紧跟20世纪以来国际上趋向现代及简洁建筑风格的趋势。[235]其他发展项目包括Ballymun地区的重建以及都柏林Adamstown的新城区扩展。[236]自1997年都柏林码头区开发管理局成立以来，都柏林码头区经历了大规模的重新开发，其中包括了会议中心都柏林和大运河剧院的建设。[237]于2018年竣工的都柏林Capital Dock是爱尔兰共和国最高的建筑，达到了79米（259英尺）的高度（北爱尔兰贝尔法斯特的Obel Tower为全爱尔兰最高）。皇家爱尔兰建筑师学会负责监管该国建筑行业的实践。[238]

6.4 媒体 | Media

Main article: Media of the Republic of Ireland【主条目：爱尔兰共和国的媒体】

Raidió Teilifís Éireann (RTÉ) is Ireland’s public service broadcaster, funded by a television licence fee and advertising.^[239] RTÉ operates two national television channels, RTÉ One and RTÉ Two. The other independent national television channels are Virgin Media One, Virgin Media Two, Virgin Media Three and TG4, the latter of which is a public service broadcaster for speakers of the Irish language. All these channels are available on Saorview, the national free-to-air digital terrestrial television service.^[240] Additional channels included in the service are RTÉ News Now, RTÉjr, and RTÉ One +1. Subscription-based television providers operating in Ireland include Virgin Media and Sky.
【参考译文】Raidió Teilifís Éireann（RTÉ）是爱尔兰的公共广播服务提供商，资金来源于电视许可证费和广告收入。[239] RTÉ运营着两个国家电视频道，即RTÉ One和RTÉ Two。其他独立的国家级电视频道包括Virgin Media One、Virgin Media Two、Virgin Media Three以及TG4，其中TG4是针对爱尔兰语使用者的公共服务广播电视台。所有这些频道都可以通过Saorview接收，Saorview是全国性的免费数字地面电视服务。[240] 该服务还包括其他频道，如RTÉ News Now、RTÉjr以及RTÉ One +1。在爱尔兰运营的基于订阅的电视服务商包括Virgin Media和Sky。

The BBC‘s Northern Irish division is widely available in Ireland. BBC One Northern Ireland and BBC Two Northern Ireland are available in pay television providers including Virgin and Sky as well as via signal overspill by Freeview in border counties.
【参考译文】英国广播公司（BBC）的北爱尔兰分部在爱尔兰广泛可收看。BBC One北爱尔兰和BBC Two北爱尔兰频道不仅可以通过Virgin和Sky等付费电视服务商获得，还可以通过Freeview在边境郡县的信号溢出接收。

Supported by the Irish Film Board, the Irish film industry grew significantly since the 1990s, with the promotion of indigenous films as well as the attraction of international productions like Braveheart and Saving Private Ryan.^[241]
【参考译文】在爱尔兰电影局的支持下，自20世纪90年代以来，爱尔兰电影产业显著增长，不仅本土电影得到了推广，还吸引了诸如《勇敢的心》和《拯救大兵瑞恩》等国际制作。[241]

A large number of regional and local radio stations are available countrywide. A survey showed that a consistent 85% of adults listen to a mixture of national, regional and local stations on a daily basis.^[242] RTÉ Radio operates four national stations, Radio 1, 2fm, Lyric fm, and RnaG. It also operates four national DAB radio stations. There are two independent national stations: Today FM and Newstalk.
【参考译文】全国各地有许多区域性和地方性广播电台。一项调查显示，持续有85%的成年人每天都会收听包括国家、区域和地方在内的各类电台。[242]RTÉ Radio经营着四个国家广播电台——Radio 1、2fm、Lyric fm和RnaG（Radio na Gaeltachta），同时还运营着四个国家性的DAB广播电台。此外，还有两家独立的国家广播电台：Today FM和Newstalk。

Ireland has a traditionally competitive print media, which is divided into daily national newspapers and weekly regional newspapers, as well as national Sunday editions. The strength of the British press is a unique feature of the Irish print media scene, with the availability of a wide selection of British published newspapers and magazines.^[241]
【参考译文】爱尔兰的传统印刷媒体竞争激烈，分为每日全国性报纸、每周地方性报纸以及全国性的周日版报纸。英国报业的影响力是爱尔兰印刷媒体界的一个独特特点，市面上有种类繁多的英国出版的报纸和杂志可供选择。[241]

Eurostat reported that 82% of Irish households had Internet access in 2013 compared to the EU average of 79% but only 67% had broadband access.^[243]
【参考译文】欧盟统计局报告称，2013年爱尔兰有82%的家庭接入互联网，高于欧盟79%的平均水平，但只有67%的家庭接入了宽带。[243]

6.5 餐饮 | Cuisine

See also: Irish cuisine and List of Irish dishes【另见：爱尔兰料理 和 爱尔兰菜肴列表】

Irish cuisine was traditionally based on meat and dairy products, supplemented with vegetables and seafood. Examples of popular Irish cuisine include boxty, colcannon, coddle, stew, and bacon and cabbage. Ireland is known for the full Irish breakfast, which involves a fried or grilled meal generally consisting of rashers, egg, sausage, white and black pudding, and fried tomato. Apart from the influence by European and international dishes, there has been an emergence of a new Irish cuisine based on traditional ingredients handled in new ways.^[244] This cuisine is based on fresh vegetables, fish, oysters, mussels and other shellfish, and the wide range of hand-made cheeses that are now being produced across the country. Shellfish have increased in popularity, especially due to the high quality shellfish available from the country’s coastline. The most popular fish include salmon and cod. Traditional breads include soda bread and wheaten bread. Barmbrack is a yeasted bread with added sultanas and raisins, traditionally eaten on Halloween.^[245]
【参考译文】爱尔兰传统美食以肉类和乳制品为主，辅以蔬菜和海鲜。受欢迎的爱尔兰菜肴例子包括boxty（土豆饼）、colcannon（甘蓝土豆泥）、coddle（炖菜）、炖肉以及培根配卷心菜。爱尔兰以其全套爱尔兰早餐闻名，通常包含煎或烤制的食物，如熏肉、鸡蛋、香肠、白 pudding和黑pudding以及炸番茄。除了受到欧洲和国际菜肴的影响外，还出现了一种新型爱尔兰料理，它基于传统食材以新方式处理。[244]这种料理以新鲜蔬菜、鱼类、牡蛎、贻贝等贝类，以及遍布全国手工制作的各式奶酪为基础。贝类因爱尔兰海岸线提供的高质量产品而变得越来越受欢迎。最受欢迎的鱼类包括三文鱼和鳕鱼。传统面包包括苏打面包和小麦面包。Barmbrack是一种加入葡萄干和 raisins的酵母面包，传统上在万圣节食用。[245]

Popular everyday beverages among the Irish include tea and coffee. Alcoholic drinks associated with Ireland include Poitín and the world-famous Guinness, which is a dry stout that originated in the brewery of Arthur Guinness at St. James’s Gate in Dublin. Irish whiskey is also popular throughout the country and comes in various forms, including single malt, single grain, and blended whiskey.^[244]
【参考译文】爱尔兰人日常喜爱的饮料包括茶和咖啡。与爱尔兰相关的酒精饮品包括Poitín和世界著名的吉尼斯啤酒，这是一种起源于都柏林圣詹姆斯门的亚瑟·吉尼斯酿酒厂的干世涛啤酒。爱尔兰威士忌也在全国广受欢迎，有多种形式，包括单一麦芽、单一谷物和调和威士忌。[244]

6.6 体育运动 | Sports

Main article: Sport in Ireland【主条目：爱尔兰的体育运动】

参见：爱尔兰体育和爱尔兰足球协会

Gaelic football and hurling are the traditional sports of Ireland as well as popular spectator sports.^[246] They are administered by the Gaelic Athletics Association on an all-Ireland basis. Other Gaelic games organised by the association include Gaelic handball and rounders.^[247]
【参考译文】盖尔式足球和曲棍球是爱尔兰的传统体育运动，同时也是广受欢迎的观赏性体育项目。[246]它们由盖尔运动协会在全爱尔兰范围内管理。协会组织的其他盖尔运动包括手球和圆场棒球。[247]

Association football (soccer) is the third most popular spectator sport and has the highest level of participation.^[248] Although the League of Ireland is the national league, the English Premier League is the most popular among the public.^[249] The Republic of Ireland national football team plays at international level and is administered by the Football Association of Ireland.^[250]
【参考译文】足球（英式足球）是第三大受欢迎的观赏性运动，并且拥有最高的参与度。[248]尽管爱尔兰超级联赛是国家级联赛，但英格兰超级联赛在公众中最受欢迎。[249]爱尔兰国家足球队在国际层面参赛，由爱尔兰足球协会管理。[250]

The Irish Rugby Football Union is the governing body of rugby union, which is played at local and international levels on an all-Ireland basis, and has produced players such as Brian O’Driscoll and Ronan O’Gara, who were on the team that won the Grand Slam in 2009.^[251]
【参考译文】爱尔兰橄榄球联盟是橄榄球运动的管理机构，橄榄球在全爱尔兰范围内以本地和国际级别进行比赛，培养出了如布莱恩·奥德里斯科尔和罗南·奥加拉这样的球员，他们所在的队伍在2009年赢得了大满贯。[251]

The success of the Irish Cricket Team in the 2007 Cricket World Cup has led to an increase in the popularity of cricket, which is also administered on an all-Ireland basis by Cricket Ireland.^[252] Ireland are one of the twelve Test playing members of the International Cricket Council, having been granted Test status in 2017. Professional domestic matches are played between the major cricket unions of Leinster, Munster, Northern, and North West.
【参考译文】爱尔兰板球队在2007年板球世界杯上的成功使得板球运动的受欢迎程度增加，板球同样由爱尔兰板球总会以全爱尔兰为基础进行管理。[252]爱尔兰是国际板球理事会的十二个测试赛成员国之一，于2017年获得了测试赛资格。职业国内比赛在利默里克、芒斯特、北方和西北四大板球联盟间进行。

Netball is represented by the Ireland national netball team.
【参考译文】爱尔兰女子篮网球国家队代表爱尔兰参加国际篮网球比赛。

Golf is another popular sport in Ireland, with over 300 courses countrywide.^[253] The country has produced several internationally successful golfers, such as Pádraig Harrington, Shane Lowry and Paul McGinley.
【参考译文】高尔夫是爱尔兰另一项广受欢迎的运动，全国有超过300个球场。[253]该国诞生了许多国际上成功的高尔夫球手，如帕罗德·哈灵顿、肖恩·劳瑞和保罗·麦克金利。

Horse racing has a large presence, with influential breeding and racing operations in the country. Racing takes place at courses at The Curragh Racecourse in County Kildare, Leopardstown Racecourse just outside Dublin, and Galway. Ireland has produced champion horses such as Galileo, Montjeu, and Sea the Stars.
【参考译文】赛马在爱尔兰有着重要地位，国内拥有影响力的育马和赛马业务。赛事在基尔代尔郡的库拉赛马场、都柏林郊外的莱普敦赛马场以及高威等地举行。爱尔兰孕育了如伽利略、蒙捷和海洋之星等冠军赛马。

Boxing is Ireland’s most successful sport at an Olympic level. Administered by the Irish Athletic Boxing Association on an all-Ireland basis, it has gained in popularity as a result of the international success of boxers such as Bernard Dunne, Andy Lee and Katie Taylor.
【参考译文】拳击是爱尔兰在奥运会上最成功的运动项目。由爱尔兰田径拳击协会在全爱尔兰范围内管理，由于伯纳德·邓恩、安迪·李和凯蒂·泰勒等拳击手在国际上的成功，这项运动的人气有所提升。

Some of Ireland’s highest performers in athletics have competed at the Olympic Games, such as Eamonn Coghlan and Sonia O’Sullivan. The annual Dublin Marathon and Dublin Women’s Mini Marathon are two of the most popular athletics events in the country.^[254]
【参考译文】一些爱尔兰顶级田径运动员参加了奥运会，如伊蒙·科格兰和索尼娅·奥沙利文。年度都柏林马拉松和都柏林女子迷你马拉松是爱尔兰最受欢迎的两项田径赛事。[254]

Rugby league is represented by the Ireland national rugby league team and administered by Rugby League Ireland (who are full member of the Rugby League European Federation) on an all-Ireland basis. The team compete in the European Cup (rugby league) and the Rugby League World Cup. Ireland reached the quarter-finals of the 2000 Rugby League World Cup as well as reaching the semi-finals in the 2008 Rugby League World Cup.^[255] The Irish Elite League is a domestic competition for rugby league teams in Ireland.^[256]
【参考译文】橄榄球联盟由爱尔兰橄榄球联盟国家队代表，并由橄榄球联盟爱尔兰（欧洲橄榄球联盟的正式成员）在全爱尔兰范围内管理。该队参加欧洲杯（橄榄球联盟）和橄榄球联盟世界杯。爱尔兰队在2000年橄榄球联盟世界杯上进入八强，并在2008年橄榄球联盟世界杯中晋级半决赛。[255]爱尔兰精英联赛是爱尔兰橄榄球联盟队的一项国内比赛。[256]

While Australian rules football in Ireland has a limited following, a series of International rules football games (constituting a hybrid of the Australian and Gaelic football codes) takes place annually between teams representing Ireland and Australia.^[257] Baseball and basketball are also emerging sports in Ireland, both of which have an international team representing the island of Ireland. Other sports which retain a following in Ireland include cycling, greyhound racing, horse riding, and motorsport.
【参考译文】尽管澳大利亚规则橄榄球在爱尔兰的追随者有限，但每年都会举行一系列国际规则橄榄球比赛（澳大利亚和盖尔足球规则的混合体），参赛队伍代表爱尔兰和澳大利亚。[257]棒球和篮球在爱尔兰也是新兴体育项目，均有代表爱尔兰岛的国际队伍。其他在爱尔兰保持一定关注度的运动包括自行车、赛狗、骑马和赛车。

6.7 社会 | Society

See also: Abortion in the Republic of Ireland and LGBT rights in the Republic of Ireland
【另见：爱尔兰共和国的堕胎问题 与 爱尔兰共和国的LGBT权利】

Ireland ranks fifth in the world in terms of gender equality.^[258] In 2011, Ireland was ranked the most charitable country in Europe, and second most charitable in the world.^[259] Contraception was controlled in Ireland until 1979, however, the receding influence of the Catholic Church has led to an increasingly secularised society.^[260] A constitutional ban on divorce was lifted following a referendum in 1995. Divorce rates in Ireland are very low compared to European Union averages (0.7 divorced people per 1,000 population in 2011) while the marriage rate in Ireland is slightly above the European Union average (4.6 marriages per 1,000 population per year in 2012). Abortion had been banned throughout the period of the Irish state, first through provisions of the Offences Against the Person Act 1861 and later by the Protection of Life During Pregnancy Act 2013. The right to life of the unborn was protected in the constitution by the Eighth Amendment in 1983; this provision was removed following a referendum, and replaced it with a provision allowing legislation to regulate the termination of pregnancy. The Health (Regulation of Termination of Pregnancy) Act 2018 passed later that year provided for abortion generally during the first 12 weeks of pregnancy, and in specified circumstances after that date.^[261]
【参考译文】爱尔兰在全球性别平等方面的排名位列第五。[258]2011年，爱尔兰被评为欧洲最慈善的国家，同时也是世界上第二慈善的国家。[259]直到1979年，爱尔兰对避孕措施实施控制，然而，天主教会影响力的减弱导致社会日益世俗化。[260]1995年的一次全民公投后，宪法中禁止离婚的条款被废除。与欧盟平均水平相比，爱尔兰的离婚率非常低（2011年每千人口中有0.7人离婚），而结婚率则略高于欧盟平均水平（2012年每千人口每年有4.6对新人结婚）。自爱尔兰建国以来，一直禁止堕胎，最初依据的是《1861年侵害人身罪法》，后来则是根据《2013年保护怀孕期间生命法》。1983年，宪法第八修正案保护未出生生命的权利；这一规定在一次全民公投后被移除，并替换为允许立法机关制定法规来管理终止妊娠的条款。同年晚些时候通过的《2018年健康（终止妊娠监管）法》规定，一般情况下在怀孕的前12周内可以进行堕胎，此后在特定情况下也可实施。[261]

Ireland became the first country in the world to introduce an environmental levy for plastic shopping bags in 2002 and a public smoking ban in 2004. Recycling in Ireland is carried out extensively, and Ireland has the second highest rate of packaging recycling in the European Union. It was the first country in Europe to ban incandescent lightbulbs in 2008 and the first EU country to ban in-store tobacco advertising and product display in 2009.^[269][270] In 2015, Ireland became the second country in the world to introduce plain cigarette packaging.^[271] Despite the above measures to discourage tobacco use, smoking rates in Ireland remain at approximately 15.4% as of 2020.^[272]
【参考译文】爱尔兰宪法禁止死刑，并且基于年龄、性别、性取向、婚姻或家庭状况、宗教、种族或作为旅行者社群成员身份的歧视行为都是违法的。1993年，禁止同性恋行为的立法被废止。[262][263]《2010年公民伴侣关系及某些同居者权利与义务法》允许同性伴侣结成公民伴侣关系。[264][265][266]《2015年儿童与家庭关系法》开放了除已婚夫妇以外的伴侣（包括公民伴侣和同居者）的领养权，并规定了辅助生殖技术；然而，该法案的重要部分尚未生效。[267]经过2015年5月23日举行的全民公投，爱尔兰成为全球第十八个在法律上承认同性婚姻的国家，也是首个通过全民投票实现此立法的国家。[268]

6.8 国家象征 | State symbols

Further information: Symbols of the Republic of Ireland【更多信息参见：爱尔兰共和国的象征】

The state shares many symbols with the island of Ireland. These include the colours green and blue, animals such as the Irish wolfhound and stags, structures such as round towers and celtic crosses, and designs such as Celtic knots and spirals. The shamrock, a type of clover, has been a national symbol of Ireland since the 17th century when it became customary to wear it as a symbol on St. Patrick’s Day. These symbols are used by state institutions as well as private bodies in the Republic of Ireland.
【参考译文】这个国家与爱尔兰岛共享许多象征符号。这些包括绿色和蓝色两种颜色，动物如爱尔兰猎狼犬和雄鹿，建筑如圆塔和凯尔特十字架，以及凯尔特结和螺旋等图案设计。自17世纪以来，三叶草作为一种三叶草，成为了爱尔兰的国家象征，当时在圣帕特里克节佩戴它成为一种习俗。这些象征符号被国家机构以及爱尔兰共和国的私人团体所使用。

The flag of Ireland is a tricolour of green, white and orange. The flag originates with the Young Ireland movement of the mid-19th century but was not popularised until its use during the Easter Rising of 1916.^[273] The colours represent the Gaelic tradition (green) and the followers of William of Orange in Ireland (orange), with white representing the aspiration for peace between them.^[274] It was adopted as the flag of the Irish Free State in 1922 and continues to be used as the sole flag and ensign of the state. A naval jack, a green flag with a yellow harp, is set out in Defence Forces Regulations and flown from the bows of warships in addition to the national flag in limited circumstances (e.g. when a ship is not underway). It is based on the unofficial green ensign of Ireland used in the 18th and 19th centuries and the traditional green flag of Ireland dating from the 16th century.^[275]
【参考译文】爱尔兰国旗是由绿、白、橙三种颜色组成的三色旗。这面旗帜源自19世纪中叶的“青年爱尔兰”运动，但直到1916年复活节起义时才被广泛采用。[273]这些颜色分别代表着盖尔传统（绿色）和爱尔兰的奥兰治威廉支持者（橙色），白色则象征着他们之间的和平愿望。[274]1922年，它被采纳为爱尔兰自由邦的国旗，并继续作为国家唯一国旗和舰旗使用。海军旗是一面带有黄色竖琴的绿旗，根据国防军条例设置，在有限的情况下（例如，当船只未航行时）与国旗一起悬挂在战舰船首。它基于18和19世纪非官方的爱尔兰绿旗和16世纪传统的爱尔兰绿旗。[275]

Like the national flag, the national anthem, Amhrán na bhFiann (English: A Soldier’s Song), has its roots in the Easter Rising, when the song was sung by the rebels. Although originally published in English in 1912,^[276] the song was translated into Irish in 1923 and the Irish-language version is more commonly sung today.^[276] The song was officially adopted as the anthem of the Irish Free State in 1926 and continues as the national anthem of the state.^[277] The first four bars of the chorus followed by the last five comprise the presidential salute.
【参考译文】与国旗一样，国歌《士兵之歌》（Amhrán na bhFiann）也起源于复活节起义，当时起义者唱响了这首歌。虽然这首歌曲最初于1912年以英文发表，[276]但它在1923年被翻译成爱尔兰语，如今爱尔兰语版本更常被演唱。[276]1926年，这首歌被正式采纳为爱尔兰自由邦的国歌，并继续作为国家的国歌。国歌的前四小节副歌紧接最后五小节构成总统敬礼。

The arms of Ireland originate as the arms of the monarchs of Ireland and was recorded as the arms of the King of Ireland in the 12th century. From the union of the crowns of England, Scotland and Ireland in 1603, they have appeared quartered on the royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom. Today, they are the personal arms of the president of Ireland whilst he or she is in office and are flown as the presidential standard. The harp symbol is used extensively by the state to mark official documents, Irish coinage and on the seal of the president of Ireland.
【参考译文】爱尔兰的国徽起源于爱尔兰君主的纹章，并在12世纪被记录为爱尔兰国王的纹章。自1603年英格兰、苏格兰和爱尔兰王冠联合以来，这些纹章便出现在英国王室纹章的四分之一处。如今，它们是爱尔兰总统在任期内的个人纹章，并作为总统旗帜飘扬。竖琴标志被国家广泛用于标记官方文件、爱尔兰硬币以及爱尔兰总统的印章上。

6.9 博物馆及图书馆

6.9.1 博物馆

酷儿档案馆位于首都都柏林，致力于保存爱尔兰境内的LGBT历史文献与艺术作品。爱尔兰酷儿档案馆自成立以来便在爱尔兰的LGBT研究上占有重要的地位，因为它提供学者们丰富且完整的历史文献进行研究。

参见：爱尔兰酷儿档案馆

6.9.2 图书馆

参见：切斯特·比替图书馆和汉特博物馆

---

参见、参考文献、外部链接（发布于辽观网站）

请点击这里访问