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Ching chong，或ching chang chong，是一个种族主义的贬义词，经常被英语使用者用来嘲弄汉语使用者、华裔甚至其他外貌类似华裔的东亚人。一些评论认为该词语具有侮辱性质，指出有诸多针对东亚人的骚扰、人身恐吓等都伴有种族辱骂和故作模仿汉语发音的行为。[1][2]
Ching chong, ching chang chong, and chung ching are ethnic slurs used to mock or imitate the Chinese language, people of Chinese ancestry, or other people of East Asian descent perceived to be Chinese. The term is a derogatory imitation of Mandarin and Cantonese phonology.[1] The phrases have sometimes accompanied assaults or physical intimidation of East Asians, as have other racial slurs or imitation Chinese.[2][3]
【参考译文】“Ching chong”、“ching chang chong”和“chung ching”是用于嘲讽或模仿中文、华裔或其他被视为华人的东亚后裔的种族侮辱性词语。该词是对普通话和粤语语音的贬义模仿。[1] 这些短语有时伴随着对东亚人的攻击或身体恐吓，其他种族侮辱性词语或模仿中国人也是如此。[2][3]
1. 在历史上的使用 | Historical usage
对于不会说汉语的英文使用者而言，汉语听起来就像“ching chong”一样，其中“ch”这个音来自汉语中大量的舌冠塞擦音[注 1]，而“ng”则来自诸多汉语方言中，许多音节都以鼻音作为尾音[注 2]。例如“我常常乘长城牌汽车去重庆”，在非汉语者听来就如“wǒ cháng cháng chéng cháng chéng pái qì chē qù chóng qìng”。
注1（中文词条原注）：官话中有六个音：[ts]、[tʂ]、[tɕ]、[tsʰ]、[tʂʰ]、[tɕʰ]，对应着拼音中的⟨z⟩（ㄗ）、⟨zh⟩（ㄓ）、⟨j⟩（ㄐ）、⟨c⟩（ㄘ）、⟨ch⟩（ㄔ）、⟨q⟩（ㄑ），而英文中只有两个：/tʃ/（一般写作⟨ch⟩）和/ts/（写作⟨ts⟩或⟨z⟩，其中只有/tʃ/音会出现在词头。
注2（中文词条原注）：比如官话中的[n]和[ŋ]，中文罗马字分别写作⟨n⟩（ㄣ）和⟨ng⟩（ㄥ）。
While usually intended for ethnic Chinese, the slur has also been directed at other East Asians. Mary Paik Lee, a Korean immigrant who arrived with her family in San Francisco in 1906, wrote in her 1990 autobiography Quiet Odyssey that on her first day of school, girls circled and hit her, chanting:
【参考译文】虽然这种侮辱性语言通常针对的是华裔，但其他东亚人也曾被使用过。1906 年，韩国移民 Mary Paik Lee 和家人来到旧金山。她在 1990 年的自传《安静的奥德赛》中写道，在她上学的第一天，女孩们围着她打她，并高喊：
Ching Chong, Chinaman,
Ching chong，中国人，
Sitting on a wall.
Along came a white man,
And chopped his head off.[4]
坐在墙上。
一个白人走了过来，
砍下了他的头。[4]
A variation of this rhyme is repeated by a young boy in John Steinbeck’s 1945 novel Cannery Row in mockery of a Chinese man. In this version, “wall” is replaced with “rail”, and the phrase “chopped his head off” is changed to “chopped off his tail“:
【参考译文】约翰·斯坦贝克 1945 年的小说《罐头厂街》中，一个小男孩重复了这首押韵诗的一个变种，用来嘲讽一个中国男人。在这个版本中，“墙”被替换为“栏杆”，短语“砍下了他的头”被改为“砍下了他的尾巴”：
Ching Chong, Chinaman,
Ching chong，中国佬，
Sitting on a rail.
Along came a white man,
And chopped off his tail.
坐在铁轨前，
远处过来一个白人，
剪掉了他的尾巴。
清朝时中国人去美国建铁路，当中的ching chong是带着拟声词和读音的双关语，与第二句连起便是去美国修铁路的华工，中国人当时都是留辫子，这也是儿歌中“尾巴”的意思。
In 1917, a ragtime piano song entitled “Ching Chong” was co-written by Lee S. Roberts and J. Will Callahan.[5] Its lyrics contained the following words:
【参考译文】1917 年，李·S·罗伯茨 (Lee S. Roberts) 和 J·威尔·卡拉汉 (J. Will Callahan) 合作创作了一首拉格泰姆钢琴曲《Ching Chong》。[5] 歌词如下：
“Ching, Chong, Oh Mister Ching Chong,
“Ching，Chong，哦，Ching Chong先生，
You are the king of Chinatown.
Ching Chong, I love your sing-song,
When you have turned the lights all down.”
您是唐人街之王。
Ching Chong，我喜欢你唱歌，
当您把所有的灯都关掉的时候。”
2. 现代事件 | Modern incidents
In December 2002, NBA star Shaquille O’Neal received media flak for saying “Tell [NBA center] Yao Ming, ‘Ching chong yang, wah, ah soh'” during an interview on Fox Sports Net.[6] O’Neal later said it was locker-room humor and he meant no offense. Yao believed that O’Neal was joking but said a lot of Asians would not see the humor.[7] Yao joked, “Chinese is hard to learn. I had trouble with it when I was little.”[8] O’Neal added, “I mean, if I was the first one to do it, and the only one to do it, I could see what they’re talking about. But if I offended anybody, I apologize.”[8]
【参考译文】2002 年 12 月，NBA 球星沙奎尔·奥尼尔在接受福克斯体育网采访时说：“告诉 [NBA 中锋] 姚明，‘Ching chong yang，wah，ah soh’”，遭到媒体猛烈批评。[6] 奥尼尔后来表示，这只是更衣室里的幽默，他无意冒犯。姚明认为奥尼尔是在开玩笑，但表示很多亚洲人不会理解其中的幽默。[7] 姚明开玩笑说：“中文很难学。我小时候学中文就很吃力。”[8] 奥尼尔补充道：“我的意思是，如果我是第一个这样做的人，也是唯一一个这样做的人，我能理解他们在说什么。但如果我冒犯了任何人，我道歉。”[8]
On January 24, 2006, comedian Dave Dameshek created an audio parody of the Asian Excellence Awards for The Adam Carolla Show. The premise of the parody was using the words “ching” and “chong” to mimic the awards show.[9] Branding the segment as demeaning and racist, several Asian American organizations threatened to ask advertisers to withdraw their support from the show if the station did not issue an apology.[10][11] On February 22, 2006, Carolla read a brief apology for the segment.[12] On April 26, 2006, Carolla had the head of the Media Action Network for Asian Americans, Guy Aoki on his show. Aoki opined that “ching chong” is the equivalent to “nigger“.[13][14]
【参考译文】2006 年 1 月 24 日，喜剧演员戴夫·达梅谢克 (Dave Dameshek) 为《亚当·卡罗拉秀》 (The Adam Carolla Show) 制作了一段模仿亚洲杰出奖的音频。模仿的前提是使用“ching”和“chong”这两个词来模仿颁奖典礼。[9] 几个亚裔美国人组织称该片段具有贬低性和种族主义色彩，并威胁说，如果该电台不道歉，他们将要求广告商撤回对该节目的支持。[10][11] 2006 年 2 月 22 日，卡罗拉为该片段宣读了一份简短的道歉信。[12] 2006 年 4 月 26 日，卡罗拉邀请了亚裔美国人媒体行动网络负责人盖伊·青木 (Guy Aoki) 参加他的节目。青木认为“ching chong”相当于“nigger”。[13][14]
On December 5, 2006, comedian and co-host Rosie O’Donnell of The View used a series of ching chongs to imitate newscasters in China.[3] O’Donnell made a comment in reference to people in China talking about Danny DeVito‘s drunken appearance on the show, “You know, you can imagine in China it’s like, ‘Ching-gong-hu-gong, ching-chang-kong. Ching-chong. Danny DeVito. Ching-chong-chong-chong-chong. Drunk. The View. Ching-chong.'”[15] The Asian American Journalists Association said her comments were “a mockery of the Chinese language and, in effect, a perpetuation of stereotypes of Asian Americans as foreigners or second-class citizens … and gives the impression that they are a group that is substandard to English-speaking people”.[16] Cindi Berger, O’Donnell’s representative, said: “She’s a comedian in addition to being a talk show co-host. I certainly hope that one day they will be able to grasp her humor.” On December 14 on The View, O’Donnell said she was unaware that ching chong was an offensive way to make fun of Asian accents, and she was informed it was on par with the “N-word”. She apologized to “those people who felt hurt”.[17][18] Jeff Yang, who tracks Asian and Asian-American trends for a market research firm, said O’Donnell shouldn’t have apologized for people’s hurt feelings. “She should have apologized for spreading and encouraging ignorance.”[3] O’Donnell warned that “there’s a good chance I’ll do something like that again, probably in the next week, not on purpose. Only ’cause it’s how my brain works.”[19] Time called it a “pseudo-apology“.[20] O’Donnell later wrote in her autobiography Celebrity Detox: The Fame Game that “I wish I had been a bit more pure in my public apology.”[21]
【参考译文】2006 年 12 月 5 日，喜剧演员兼《观点》节目主持人罗西·奥唐纳 (Rosie O’Donnell) 模仿中国的新闻播音员说了一系列 ching chongs 口号。[3] 奥唐纳在谈到中国人谈论丹尼·德维托在节目中醉酒的样子时说道：“你可以想象在中国人们会说，‘Ching-gong-hu-gong，ching-chang-kong。Ching-chong。丹尼·德维托。Ching-chong-chong-chong。醉酒。《观点》。Ching-chong。’”[15] 亚裔美国记者协会表示，她的言论“是对中文的嘲弄，实际上延续了亚裔美国人是外国人或二等公民的刻板印象……给人的印象是他们是比英语国家人低劣的群体”。[16]奥唐纳的代表辛迪·伯杰 (Cindi Berger) 表示：“除了担任脱口秀联合主持人外，她还是一名喜剧演员。我当然希望有一天他们能够理解她的幽默。” 12 月 14 日，奥唐纳在 The View 节目中表示，她不知道 ching chong 是一种取笑亚洲口音的冒犯性方式，她被告知它与“N 字”不相上下。她向“那些感到受伤的人”道歉。[17][18] 为一家市场研究公司跟踪亚洲和亚裔美国人趋势的杰夫·杨 (Jeff Yang) 表示，奥唐纳不应该为人们受伤的感情道歉。“她应该为传播和鼓励无知而道歉。”[3] 奥唐纳警告说：“我很有可能会再次做这样的事情，可能在下周，不是故意的。只是因为我的大脑就是这样运作的。”[19] 《时代》杂志称这是“伪道歉”。[20]奥唐纳后来在她的自传《名人排毒：名利游戏》中写道：“我希望我在公开道歉时能更纯洁一点。”[21]
On January 19, 2011, conservative political commentator Rush Limbaugh mocked Chinese president Hu Jintao during his visit to the White House on his radio show. “Hu Jintao—He was speaking and they weren’t translating. They normally translate every couple of words. Hu Jintao was just going ching chong, ching chong cha,” said Limbaugh, who imitated Hu’s speech for 17 seconds. Representative Judy Chu of California said that Limbaugh’s words were the same ones that Chinese Americans have heard in the past 150 years as they faced racial discrimination while “they were called racial slurs, were spat upon in the streets, derided in the halls of Congress and even brutally murdered”.[22] New York Assemblywoman Grace Meng said it was Limbaugh’s prerogative to attack Hu, “but at the same time he offended 13% of New York City‘s population”.[23] California State Senator Leland Yee also criticized Limbaugh for his remarks: “His classless act is an insult to over 3,000 years of cultural history, and is a slap in the face to the millions of Chinese Americans who have struggled in this country and to a people who constitute one-quarter of the world’s population.”[22] Yee demanded an apology from Limbaugh for what he and others view as racist and derogatory remarks. He also organized with civil rights groups—including Chinese for Affirmative Action, Japanese American Citizens League and the California National Organization for Women—to boycott companies like ProFlowers, Sleep Train and Domino’s Pizza that advertised on Limbaugh’s talk show.[23][24] Yee received threatening messages and also received a fax from an unknown sender which made racist comments and called him a Marxist. “Rush Limbaugh will kick your Chink ass and expose you for the fool you are,” part of the memo said.[25]
【参考译文】2011 年 1 月 19 日，保守派政治评论员拉什·林博 (Rush Limbaugh) 在他的广播节目中嘲讽中国国家主席胡锦涛访问白宫。林博模仿胡锦涛的讲话长达 17 秒，他说：“胡锦涛——他在讲话，他们却没有翻译。他们通常每说几个词就翻译一次。胡锦涛只是在说 ching chong, ching chong cha。”加州众议员赵美心 (Judy Chu) 表示，林博的言论与过去 150 年华裔美国人在面临种族歧视时听到的言论一模一样，“他们被称为种族歧视的言论，在街头被吐口水，在国会大厅被嘲笑，甚至被残忍杀害”。[22] 纽约州众议员Grace Meng)表示，林博有权攻击胡锦涛，“但与此同时，他冒犯了纽约市 13% 的人口”。[23]加州参议员余立德也批评了林博的言论：“他的无耻行为是对 3000 多年文化历史的侮辱，是对在这个国家奋斗的数百万华裔美国人和占世界人口四分之一的人民的侮辱。”[22] 余立德要求林博就他和其他人认为的种族主义和贬损言论道歉。他还与民权组织（包括华人平权运动、日裔美国公民联盟和加州全国妇女组织）组织抵制在林博脱口秀节目中做广告的 ProFlowers、Sleep Train 和 Domino’s Pizza 等公司。[23][24] 余立德收到了威胁信息，还收到了一封来自未知发件人的传真，上面发表了种族主义言论，称他为马克思主义者。“拉什·林博会踢你这个中国佬的屁股，揭露你是个傻瓜，”备忘录的一部分写道。[25]
In March 2011, UCLA student Alexandra Wallace uploaded a YouTube video entitled “UCLA Asians in the library”, ranting about the “hordes of Asians” in UCLA who don’t “use American manners”.[26][27] In a rant about Asians speaking loudly on a cellphone in the campus library, she mimicked one as saying, “Ohhh! Ching chong, ling long, ting tong! Ohhh!”.[28][29] Her rant inspired heated criticism, not only because of her use of the “ching chong” stereotype but also because of the timing: a major tsunami had just occurred in Japan, leading her to complain, “I swear they’re going through their whole families, just checking on everybody from the tsunami thing.”[29] Over 40 percent of the school’s 36,000 students are Asian American and Pacific Islanders.[30] Musician Jimmy Wong uploaded the video, “Ching Chong!: Asians in the Library Song” to YouTube, in response. The video received national coverage.[31][32][33][34][35] The Sacramento Bee wrote, “The students [she] mocked can inspire resentment, jealousy and fear—the kindling of ethnic slurs—because their success is about achievement and a pathway to status.”[30] Additional responses included a line of T-shirts featuring the “Ching-chong” slur, with all proceeds going to Red Cross relief for the tsunami.[29] UCLA deemed the video offensive and called it “repugnant”. The student later wrote to The Daily Bruin, issuing an apology to “the entire UCLA campus”.[36][37][38][39] The New York Times published an editorial criticizing the video, but supporting her First Amendment right to free speech.[40] Several days later, UCLA announced it would not discipline the student, but she withdrew from the university.[41][42] AsianWeek wrote that “any negatives [the student] experienced are just a fraction of what Asian Americans have experienced since coming to America”.[43]
【参考译文】2011 年 3 月，加州大学洛杉矶分校学生亚历山德拉·华莱士 (Alexandra Wallace) 上传了一段名为“图书馆里的加州大学洛杉矶分校亚裔”的 YouTube 视频，怒斥加州大学洛杉矶分校“大批亚裔”不“遵守美国礼仪”。[26][27] 在视频中，她怒斥校园图书馆里亚洲人大声打电话，并模仿其中一位亚洲人说：“Ohhh！Ching chong，ling long，ting tong！Ohhh！”[28][29] 她的怒斥引发了激烈的批评，不仅因为她使用了“ching chong”的刻板印象，还因为时机不对：当时日本刚刚发生大海啸，她抱怨道：“我发誓他们正在检查全家，检查海啸事件中每个人的情况。”[29] 该校 36,000 名学生中，超过 40% 是亚裔美国人和太平洋岛民。[30]作为回应，音乐家 Jimmy Wong 将视频“Ching Chong!: Asians in the Library Song”上传到 YouTube。该视频在全国范围内报道。[31][32][33][34][35]《萨克拉门托蜜蜂报》写道：“[她]嘲笑的学生会激起怨恨、嫉妒和恐惧——点燃种族歧视的火种——因为他们的成功与成就和地位有关。”[30] 其他回应包括印有“Ching-chong”侮辱字样的 T 恤，所有收益将捐给红十字会海啸救援。[29] 加州大学洛杉矶分校认为该视频具有冒犯性，并称其“令人厌恶”。该学生后来写信给《每日熊报》，向“整个加州大学洛杉矶分校校园”道歉。[36][37][38][39]《纽约时报》发表社论批评该视频，但支持她根据第一修正案享有的言论自由权。[40]几天后，加州大学洛杉矶分校宣布不会对该学生进行纪律处分，但她还是退学了。[41][42]《亚洲周刊》写道：“（该学生）所经历的任何负面影响，都只是亚裔美国人来到美国后所经历的一切的一小部分”。[43]
A Colbert Report tweet, in March 2014, brought the slur back into the limelight. The program was lampooning the controversy surrounding the name of the Washington Redskins football team. The team’s owner, Daniel Snyder, had announced that he was dedicating a charity for Native Americans called “Washington Redskins Original Americans Foundation“. In the March 26, 2014 episode of the Report,[44][45] Colbert satirized a charity to Native Americans using the offensive word “Redskins” in its name, and stated that he would be starting his own similar charity called “Ching-Chong Ding-Dong Foundation for Sensitivity to Orientals or Whatever”, adding “I owe all this sensitivity to Redskins owner Dan Snyder. So Asians, send your thank-you letters to him, not me.” The following day, a Twitter account for the program run by Comedy Central tweeted, “I am willing to show #Asian community I care by introducing the Ching-Chong Ding-Dong Foundation for Sensitivity to Orientals or Whatever” but did not link to the episode or provide context for the statement.[46] This quickly led to people creating a #CancelColbert hashtag, which lasted until the following Monday’s episode (March 31, 2014)[47] when Colbert described the sequence of events, scolded Comedy Central for the poorly contextualized tweet, and criticized the offense-takers’ haste in their CancelColbert campaign, also noting that Dan Snyder’s charity named after Redskins was ironically not being protested.
【参考译文】2014 年 3 月，《科尔伯特报告》的一条推文再次将这一诽谤言论推向风口浪尖。该节目讽刺了华盛顿红人队足球队名称引发的争议。球队老板丹尼尔·斯奈德宣布，他将成立一个名为“华盛顿红人队原住民基金会”的慈善机构，为美国原住民服务。在 2014 年 3 月 26 日播出的《科尔伯特报告》中，[44][45] 科尔伯特讽刺了一个为美国原住民服务的慈善机构，在其名称中使用了冒犯性的“红人队”一词，并表示他将成立自己的类似慈善机构，名为“Ching-Chong Ding-Dong 东方人敏感基金会”，并补充说：“我把所有这些敏感都归功于红人队老板丹·斯奈德。所以亚洲人，把你们的感谢信寄给他，而不是我。”第二天，喜剧中心运营的节目的 Twitter 帐户发推文称，“我愿意通过成立 Ching-Chong Ding-Dong 基金会来表达我对 #Asian 社区的关心”，但没有链接到该集，也没有提供该声明的背景。[46] 这很快导致人们创建了 #CancelColbert 标签，该标签一直持续到下周一的集数（2014 年 3 月 31 日）[47]，当时科尔伯特描述了事件的顺序，斥责喜剧中心的推文语境不清，并批评了那些冒犯者在 CancelColbert 活动中操之过急，同时指出，具有讽刺意味的是，丹·斯奈德以红人队命名的慈善机构并未受到抗议。
During the 2014 League of Legends World Championship group stage in Taiwan, Team SoloMid jungler Svenskeren registered an account by the name TaipeiChingChong on the Garena servers and was subsequently fined and suspended by Riot Games.[48] The incident was also criticized by the Taiwanese version of the newspaper Apple Daily.[49]
【参考译文】2014 年英雄联盟世界锦标赛台湾小组赛期间，Team SoloMid 打野 Svenskeren 在 Garena 服务器上注册了名为 TaipeiChingChong 的账号，随后被 Riot Games 罚款并停职。[48] 该事件也受到了台湾版《苹果日报》的批评。[49]
In 2015, the president of Argentina used a similar phrase to imitate Mandarin phonology while referencing a trade deal.[50]
【参考译文】2015 年，阿根廷总统在提到一项贸易协议时，模仿普通话的语音使用了类似的短语。[50]
In August 2018, voters reported that Michigan state representative Bettie Cook Scott urged her supporters, “don’t vote for the ching-chong” in the primary election, referring to her opponent, Stephanie Chang.[51] She later issued an apology through a representative.[52] She would lose the election and de facto defaulted her seat after the apology until Chang’s inauguration to a Michigan House office charged with representing the district’s affairs in the interim period in her place.[53]
【参考译文】2018 年 8 月，选民报告称密歇根州众议员贝蒂·库克·斯科特 (Bettie Cook Scott) 敦促她的支持者在初选中“不要投票给那个‘清流’”，指的是她的对手史蒂芬妮·张 (Stephanie Chang)。[51] 她后来通过一名代表发表了道歉声明。[52] 在道歉之后，她输掉了选举，并事实上放弃了自己的席位，直到张就职于密歇根州众议院办公室，该办公室负责在过渡期间代替她代表该地区的事务。[53]
In November 2018, Filipino Dota 2 player Carlo “Kuku” Palad was banned from attending the Chongqing Major after typing “ching chong” during a live match against Chinese players. He eventually apologized, but did not get his ban lifted.[54] This followed an earlier event when another Filipino player Andrei “Skemberlu” Ong used the same term during a match with a Chinese team a few weeks earlier.[55]
【参考译文】2018 年 11 月，菲律宾 Dota 2 选手 Carlo “Kuku” Palad 在与中国选手的一场现场比赛中输入了“ching chong”，因此被禁止参加重庆特锦赛。他最终道了歉，但禁令并未解除。[54] 此前几周，另一名菲律宾选手 Andrei “Skemberlu” Ong 在与中国队的比赛中也使用了同样的词语。[55]
In December 2018, American rapper Lil Pump was criticized after using the term in a teaser for his then-upcoming single “Butterfly Doors“, which also contained the lyric “They call me Yao Ming ‘cuz my eyes real low” with him slanting his eyes. He later was chided by several Asian and Asian-American rappers such as China Mac and Awkwafina. Lil Pump subsequently released an apology and edited out the lyrics from the official music video.[56][57][58]
【参考译文】2018 年 12 月，美国说唱歌手 Lil Pump 因在当时即将发行的单曲《Butterfly Doors》的预告片中使用了该词而受到批评，该预告片还包含“他们叫我姚明，因为我的眼睛很低”的歌词，他的眼睛是斜的。后来，他受到了 China Mac 和 Awkwafina 等几位亚洲和亚裔美国说唱歌手的斥责。Lil Pump 随后发布道歉声明，并从官方音乐视频中删去了歌词。[56][57][58]
In November 2022, German former professional footballer Jimmy Hartwig was criticized after using the term in his commentary about the Japan national football team on WELT-TV for the 2022 FIFA World Cup.[59] The WELT management company removed the video from YouTube and Hartwig posted an apology on his Instagram.[60]
【参考译文】2022 年 11 月，德国前职业足球运动员吉米·哈特维希 (Jimmy Hartwig) 在 WELT-TV 上对 2022 年 FIFA 世界杯日本国家足球队的评论中使用了该术语，因此受到批评。[59] WELT 管理公司从 YouTube 上删除了该视频，哈特维希在他的 Instagram 上发布了道歉。[60]
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