仰光 / Yangon -（全文）中英文维基百科词条融合

By cathayvista人类聚落, 区域：东南亚

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0. 概述

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图0-1至0-7（发布于知乎想法）

0.1 文字说明

【辽观注】此标题是我们在搬运、整合过程中添加的。

仰光（缅甸语：ရန်ကုန်，緬甸語發音：[jàɰ̃ɡòʊɰ̃] ，Yañḵouñ，缅甸语委转写：ran-kun），原称大光（孟语：လဂုင် la.gung；缅甸语：ဒဂုံ Dăgouñ，缅甸语委转写：da.guN），为缅甸最大城市也是仰光省首府，原为缅甸首都（2005年11月6日迁至内比都），[3]人口约735万（2014年统计），面积为312平方英里，位于仰光河河岸，伊洛瓦底江三角洲。仰光位于北纬16°48’，东经96°9’，而其时区是协调世界时加上六个半小时。主要出口有米、柚木、石油、棉花和各类金属矿藏等。与其他东南亚的大城市比较，仰光相对地不太繁荣，不过市内建筑迅速发展，大多数都是外资注入发展的（如中国、新加坡、日本，韩国等国）。市内的下城区及大仰光地区有很多连锁住宅和商业楼宇被重建或改建。现在仰光拥有东南亚最多的前殖民地建筑。在殖民地建筑内的政府部分（例如高等法院、市政厅、昂山将军市场和公立医院）也被列入重建项目。新城区和其他近郊的地区仍属贫穷地区。

Yangon (Burmese: ရန်ကုန်; pronounced [jàɰ̃.ɡòʊɰ̃]), formerly romanized as Rangoon,[4][5] is the capital of the Yangon Region and the largest city of Myanmar (also known as Burma). Yangon served as the capital of Myanmar until 2006, when the military government relocated the administrative functions to the purpose-built capital city of Naypyidaw in north central Myanmar.[6] With over five million people, Yangon is Myanmar’s most populous city and its most important commercial centre.
【参考译文】仰光（缅甸语：ရန်ကုန်；发音：[jàɰ̃.ɡòʊɰ̃]），以前被拉丁化为Rangoon，是缅甸（又称缅甸）仰光省的首府，也是该国最大的城市。直到2006年，缅甸军政府将行政功能迁移到位于缅甸中北部的特别建设的新首都内比都之前，仰光一直是缅甸的首都。仰光人口超过五百万，是缅甸人口最多的城市，也是其最重要的商业中心。

Yangon boasts the largest number of colonial-era buildings in Southeast Asia,[7] and has a unique colonial-era urban core that is remarkably intact.[8] The colonial-era commercial core is centered around the Sule Pagoda, which is reputed to be over 2,000 years old.[9] The city is also home to the gilded Shwedagon Pagoda – Myanmar’s most sacred and famous Buddhist pagoda.
【参考译文】仰光拥有东南亚最多的殖民时期建筑，有一个独特且保存完好的殖民时期的市中心区。殖民时期的商业中心围绕着据说已有超过2000年历史的苏雷宝塔。这座城市还拥有镀金的舍卫城宝塔——缅甸最神圣和最著名的佛教宝塔。

Yangon suffers from deeply inadequate infrastructure, especially compared to other major cities in Southeast Asia, such as Jakarta, Bangkok or Hanoi. Though many historic residential and commercial buildings have been renovated throughout central Yangon, most satellite towns that ring the city continue to be profoundly impoverished and lack basic infrastructure.[10]
【参考译文】与东南亚其他主要城市如雅加达、曼谷或河内相比，仰光在基础设施方面存在严重的不足。尽管仰光市中心的许多历史住宅和商业建筑已经翻新，但环绕城市的大多数卫星镇仍然极度贫困，缺乏基本的基础设施。

0.2 概况表格

【辽观注】此标题是我们在搬运、整合过程中添加的。

图0-8（发布于知乎想法）
Coordinates (Asia/Yangon)【经纬度坐标】: 16°47′42″N 96°09′36″E
Country【国家】 Myanmar【缅甸】
Region【地区】Yangon Region【仰光地区】
Settled【成立于】c. 1028–1043 CE【约公元1028年至1043年】
Government【政府】
 • Mayor【市长】Bo Htay[citation needed]
Area[1]【面积】
 • Urban【建成区面积】598.75 km2 (231.18 sq mi)
 • Metro【都市区面积】10,170 km2 (3,930 sq mi)
 • Rank【排名】division
Population (2014 Census)【人口（2014年普查结果）】
 • Urban【城市建成区人口】5,160,512
 • Urban density【建成区人口密度】8,600/km2 (22,000/sq mi)
 • Rural【农村人口】2,200,191
 • Metro[2]【都会区人口】7,360,703 (Yangon Region)【仰光地区人口】
 • Ethnicities【民族/族群】Bamar【缅族】
Burmese Chinese【缅甸华裔】
Burmese Indians【缅甸印度裔】
Chin【钦族】
Rakhine【若开族】
Mon【孟族】
Karen【克伦族】
Shan【掸族】
Kayah【卡雅族（克雅族）】
Kachin【克钦族】
 • Religions【宗教】Buddhism 91%【佛教】
Islam 4.7%【伊斯兰教】
Christianity 3.2%【基督宗教】
Hinduism 1.0%【印度教】
Others 0.1%【其他】
Demonym【对当地人的称呼】Yangonite
GDP[3]【国内生产总值】
 • Metro【都会区总值】US$ 10.7 billion (2016)【107亿美元（2016年）】
Time zones【时区】UTC+06:30 (Asia/Yangon or Asia/Rangoon)
UTC+06:30 (Myanmar Time)
Area code【地区代码】01
Geocode【地理实体称呼】Yangon
ISO 3166 code【国际标准国家地区代码】MM06
Vehicle registration【车牌号代码】YGN
Website【网站】yangon.gov.mm

0.3 词源和发音 | Etymology and pronunciation

1753年，雍籍牙国王建都以前，仰光只是小渔村。仰光原名为“大光”（ဒဂုံ မြို့နယ်），于1755年改名为仰光。“仰光”（缅甸语：ရန်ကုန်）是两个字“ရန်（yan）”和“ကုန်（gon）”的结合，分别指“敌人”和“结束”， 也是“和平” 的意思。

The name Yangon (ရန်ကုန်) is derived from the combination of the Burmese words yan (ရန်) and koun (ကုန်), which mean ‘enemies’ and ‘run out of’, respectively. This word combination can be translated as ‘End of Strife’.
【参考译文】仰光（ရန်ကုန်）这个名字来源于缅甸语单词yan（ရန်）和koun（ကုန်）的组合，它们分别意为“敌人”和“耗尽”。这个词语组合可以翻译为“争端的终结”。

The name is pronounced /ˌjæŋˈɡɒn/ yang-GON in British English and /ˌjɑːnˈɡoʊn/ yahn-GOHN in American English.[11]
【参考译文】在英式英语中，这个名字的发音为 /ˌjæŋˈɡɒn/ yang-GON，在美式英语中的发音为 /ˌjɑːnˈɡoʊn/ yahn-GOHN。

The former romanization, Rangoon, was based on the Rakhine dialect,[12] and pronounced /ræŋˈɡuːn/ rang-GOON in English.[13]
【参考译文】之前的拉丁化形式Rangoon是基于若开方言，而在英语中的发音为 /ræŋˈɡuːn/ rang-GOON。

1. 历史 | History

See also: List of name changes in Yangon【参见：仰光的改名列表】

For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Yangon.【欲了解按时间顺序排列的指南，请参阅“仰光大事记”】

1.1 早期历史 | Early history

仰光于 11 世纪初（约 1028-1043 年）由当时居住在下缅甸的孟族建立，当时名为大光。[4]从 14 世纪勃固王朝时期开始，大光就成为一个重要的朝圣城镇。大光的著名统治者包括从 1364 年至 1392 年统治该镇的玛哈德威公主[5]和她的侄孙女信绍布，后者后来成为缅甸历史上唯一一位女王。[6][7]

Queen Saw Pu built a palace next to the Shwedagon Pagoda in the town in 1460 and spent her semi-retired life at that palace until her death in 1471.[16][17]
【参考译文】女王信绍布于1460年在镇上的舍卫城宝塔旁建了一座宫殿，并在此半退休地生活直至1471年去世。

1755年，贡榜王朝的开国君主雍笈牙攻占了大光，扩张了城市的规模，并将大光改名为“仰光”。大约在1790年代左右，东印度公司在仰光开设了一家工厂。1823 年仰光的人口估计约为 30,000 人左右。[8]英国在第一次英缅战争期间占领了仰光，但战后将该城市归还给缅甸统治。该城后于1841年毁于一场大火。[9]

1.2 殖民时期（1852—1948）| Colonial Rangoon (1852–1948)

图1-1至1-3（发布于知乎想法）

1852年，英国在第二次英缅战争中占领了仰光和整个下缅甸，随后将仰光转变为英属缅甸的商业和政治中心。战后，英国人将英属缅甸的首都从曼德勒迁至仰光。[10][11]根据当时陆军工程师亚历山大·弗雷泽中尉(Lt. Alexander Fraser)的设计，英国人计划在三角洲上建造一座棋盘状城市，东面紧邻帕尊当溪，西南边则紧邻仰光河。1885年，在英国于第三次英缅战争占领上缅甸后，仰光成为整个英属缅甸的首都。到了 1890 年代，仰光不断增长的人口和日渐发达的商业活动，使得城市北边临皇家湖和茵雅湖的地方出现了大量郊区住宅区。[12]英国人还建立了仰光总医院和仰光大学。

仰光也是1857年印度起义后，英国人将蒙兀儿帝国（莫卧儿帝国）末代皇帝巴哈杜尔·沙二世流放的地方。[13]

殖民时期的仰光拥有面积广大的公园和湖泊，城市里新建的现代建筑与传统木造建筑互相辉映，因此被誉为“东方花园城市”。[12]到20世纪初，仰光的公共服务和基础建设能与伦敦相媲美。[14]到了二战前夕，仰光50万人口中约有55%是印度人或南亚裔，只有约三分之一是缅人。[15]其他族群则有克伦族、中国人、英缅混血儿等。[来源请求]

第一次世界大战后，仰光成为缅甸独立运动的中心，主要由仰光大学的左翼学生领导这场运动。1920年、1936年和1938年三次反对英国统治的全国性罢工都是先从仰光开始的。1930年5月5日，缅甸的勃固地区发生了一场规模7.0的地震，虽当时仰光的人口只有40万，但也导致了仰光有50人丧生[16]，同年初还发生了1930年仰光骚乱。

二战爆发后，日军于1942年3月8日占领仰光，仰光也在战争期间遭受严重破坏。1945年5月，盟军收复仰光。1948年1月4日，缅甸独立，仰光成为缅甸联邦的首都。[17]

1.3 当代仰光（1948年至今）| Contemporary Yangon (1948–present)

Soon after Burma’s independence in 1948, many colonial-era names of streets and parks were changed to more nationalistic Burmese names. In 1989, the military junta changed the city’s English name to “Yangon”, along with many other changes in English transliteration of Burmese names. (The changes have not been accepted by many Burmese who consider the junta unfit to make such changes, nor by many publications and news bureaus, including, most notably, the BBC and foreign nations including the United Kingdom and the United States.)[27][28]
【参考译文】在缅甸1948年独立不久后，许多街道和公园的殖民时期名称被改成了更具民族主义色彩的缅甸名称。1989年，军事政权改变了城市的英文名称为“Yangon”，同时对许多缅甸名称的英文转写进行了更改。（这些改变并没有被许多认为军政府无权做出此类更改的缅甸人所接受，也没有被许多出版物和新闻机构接受，特别是BBC以及包括英国和美国在内的外国政府。）

Since independence, Yangon has expanded outwards. Successive governments have built satellite towns such as Thaketa, North Okkalapa and South Okkalapa in the 1950s to Hlaingthaya, Shwepyitha and South Dagon in the 1980s.[19] Today, Greater Yangon encompasses an area covering nearly 600 square kilometres (230 sq mi).[1]
【参考译文】自独立以来，仰光不断向外扩展。历届政府在1950年代建立了像塔基塔（Thaketa）、北欧卡拉帕（North Okkalapa）和南欧卡拉帕（South Okkalapa）这样的卫星城镇，到了1980年代又建设了莱达雅（Hlaingthaya）、绍韦达雅（Shwepyitha）和南达贡（South Dagon）。如今，大仰光地区的面积几乎覆盖了近600平方公里（230平方英里）。

During Ne Win‘s isolationist rule (1962–88), Yangon’s infrastructure deteriorated through poor maintenance and did not keep up with its increasing population. In the 1990s, the military government’s more open market policies attracted domestic and foreign investment, bringing a modicum of modernity to the city’s infrastructure. Some inner city residents were forcibly relocated to new satellite towns. Many colonial-period buildings were demolished to make way for high-rise hotels, office buildings, and shopping malls,[29] leading the city government to place about 200 notable colonial-period buildings under the Yangon City Heritage List in 1996.[30] Major building programs have resulted in six new bridges and five new highways linking the city to its industrial back country.[31][32][33] Still, much of Yangon remains without basic municipal services such as 24-hour electricity and regular garbage collection.
【参考译文】在奈温实行孤立主义统治期间（1962-1988年），由于维护不善，仰光的基础设施恶化，并且未能跟上人口增长的步伐。1990年代，军政府更加开放的市场政策吸引了国内外投资，给城市的基础设施带来了一些现代化。一些市区居民被迫搬迁到新的卫星城镇。许多殖民时期的建筑被拆除，以建造高层酒店、办公楼和购物中心，这导致市政府在1996年将大约200座有代表性的殖民时期建筑列入了仰光城市遗产名录。大规模的建筑计划导致了六座新桥和五条新高速公路的建成，连接了城市及其工业腹地。然而，仰光的大部分地区仍然缺乏24小时供电和定期垃圾收集等基本市政服务。

Yangon has become much more indigenous Burmese in its ethnic make-up since independence. After independence, many South Asians and Anglo-Burmese left. Many more South Asians were forced to leave during the 1960s by Ne Win’s xenophobic government.[25] Nevertheless, sizeable South Asian and Chinese communities still exist in Yangon. The Anglo-Burmese have effectively disappeared, having left the country or intermarried with other Burmese groups.
【参考译文】自独立以来，仰光在种族构成上变得更加本土化缅甸。独立之后，许多南亚人和英裔缅甸人离开了。在1960年代，由于奈温的排外政府，更多的南亚人被迫离开。尽管如此，仰光仍然存在着相当规模的南亚人和华人社区。英裔缅甸人基本上已经消失，要么离开了这个国家，要么与其他缅甸族群通婚。

Yangon was the centre of major anti-government protests in 1974, 1988 and 2007. In particular, the 8888 Uprising resulted in the deaths of hundreds, if not thousands of Burmese civilians, many of them in Yangoon where hundreds of thousands of people flooded into the streets of the former capital city. The Saffron Revolution saw mass shootings and the use of crematoria in Yangoon by the Burmese government to erase evidence of their crimes against monks, unarmed protesters, journalists and students.[34]
【参考译文】1974 年、1988 年和 2007 年，仰光都是反政府抗议活动的中心。尤其是 8888 起义，造成数百甚至数千名缅甸平民死亡，其中许多人死于仰光，当时成千上万的人涌上前首都的街头。在 Saffron 革命期间，缅甸政府在仰光大规模枪击，并使用火葬场来抹去他们对僧侣、手无寸铁的抗议者、记者和学生犯下的罪行证据。[34]

The city’s streets saw bloodshed each time as protesters were gunned down by the government, most notably during the 1988,[35] 2007,[36] and the 2021 mass protests,[37][38] all of which were started in Yangon itself, signifying its importance as the cultural centre of Burma.
【参考译文】每次抗议者被政府枪杀，城市街头都会发生流血事件，最著名的是 1988 年[35]、2007 年[36] 和 2021 年的大规模抗议活动[37][38]，这些抗议活动都是从仰光本身开始的，彰显了它作为缅甸文化中心的重要性。

1983年，朝鲜特务在仰光发动炸弹攻击事件，导致缅甸与朝鲜断交。2006年，缅甸政府正式宣布首都由仰光搬迁到内比都。

In May 2008, Cyclone Nargis hit Yangon. While the city had few human casualties, three-quarters of Yangon’s industrial infrastructure was destroyed or damaged, with losses estimated at US$800 million.[39]
【参考译文】2008 年 5 月，纳尔吉斯飓风袭击仰光。尽管该市没有造成人员伤亡，但仰光四分之三的工业基础设施遭到摧毁或损坏，损失估计达 8 亿美元。[39]

In November 2005, the military government designated Naypyidaw, 320 kilometres (199 mi) north of Yangon, as the new administrative capital, and moved much of the government to the newly developed city. Yangon remains the largest city and the most important commercial, economic and cultural center of Myanmar. On 7 May 2005, a series of coordinated bombings occurred in the city of Yangon, Myanmar. Eleven people were killed in the attack, and one of the 162 people that were injured was a member of the LCMS mission team to Myanmar.[40]
【参考译文】2005年11月，军政府指定位于仰光以北320公里（199英里）的内比都为新的行政首都，并将大部分政府机构迁往这个新开发的城市。尽管如此，仰光仍然是缅甸最大的城市以及最重要的商业、经济和文化中心。2005年5月7日，缅甸仰光市发生了一系列协调一致的爆炸事件。袭击造成11人死亡，162名受伤者中有一人是LCMS缅甸任务团队的成员。

此图片属于公共领域
图片题注：A protest in Yangon in response to the 2021 coup d’état.
参考译文：仰光爆发抗议活动，抗议 2021 年政变。
图片来源：VOA Burmese – [1], [2]

In the 2020s, life in Yangon was greatly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and 2021 coup d’état.[41][42] The city was the location of mass protests in response to the coup.[43] The pandemic and protests prompted authorities to enforce numerous lockdowns and curfews. The city’s economy subsequently slowed.[42]
【参考译文】2020 年代，仰光的生活受到新冠肺炎疫情和 2021 年政变的严重影响。[41][42] 为抗议政变，仰光爆发了大规模抗议活动。[43] 疫情和抗议活动促使当局实施了多次封锁和宵禁。随后，仰光的经济放缓。[42]

2. 地理 | Geography

Yangon is located in Lower Burma (Myanmar) at the convergence of the Yangon and Bago Rivers about 30 km (19 mi) away from the Gulf of Martaban at 16°48′ North, 96°09′ East (16.8, 96.15). Its standard time zone is UTC/GMT +6:30 hours. 23 meters above sea level. Due to its location on the Irrawaddy Delta, intertidal flat ecosystems occur adjacent to the city.[44]
【参考译文】仰光位于缅甸（缅甸）的下缅甸地区，在仰光河与勃固河交汇处，距离马塔班湾约30公里（19英里），地理坐标为北纬16度48分，东经96度09分（16.8，96.15）。其标准时区是UTC/GMT +6:30小时。仰光海拔高度为23米。由于其位于伊洛瓦底江三角洲的位置，潮间带平地生态系统紧邻该城市出现。

2.1 气候 | Climate

Yangon has a tropical monsoon climate (Am) under the Köppen climate classification system.[45] The city features a lengthy wet season from May through October where a substantial amount of rainfall is received; and a dry season from November through April, where little rainfall is seen. It is primarily due to the heavy rainfall received during the rainy season that makes Yangon fall under the tropical monsoon climate category. During the course of year 1961 to 1990s, average temperatures show little variance, with average highs ranging from 29 to 36 °C (84 to 97 °F) and average lows ranging from 18 to 25 °C (64 to 77 °F).
【参考译文】根据柯本气候分类系统，仰光属于热带季风气候（Am）。这座城市有一个从5月持续到10月的漫长雨季，在此期间会收到大量的降雨；以及从11月到次年4月的旱季，在此期间降雨很少。正是由于雨季期间的大量降雨使得仰光被归类为热带季风气候。在1961年至1990年代期间，平均气温变化不大，平均高温在29至36摄氏度（84至97华氏度）之间，而平均低温则在18至25摄氏度（64至77华氏度）之间。

Yangon is prone to tropical cyclones every time of the year. In 2008, Cyclone Nargis made landfall as a Category 4 cyclone, making it the worst cyclone on the country’s record.
【参考译文】仰光一年四季都容易受到热带气旋的影响。2008年，纳尔吉斯气旋以四级气旋的强度登陆，成为该国有记录以来最严重的气旋。

3. 城市景观 | Cityscape

图3-1至3-5（发布于知乎想法）

Until the mid-1990s, Yangon remained largely constrained to its traditional peninsula setting between the Bago, Yangon, and Hlaing Rivers. People moved in, but little of the city moved out. Maps from 1944 show little development north of Inya Lake and areas that are now layered in cement and stacked with houses were then virtual backwaters. Since the late 1980s, however, the city began a rapid spread north to where Yangon International Airport now stands. But the result is a stretching tail on the city, with the downtown area well removed from its geographic centre.[50] The city’s area has steadily increased from 72.52 square kilometres (28.00 sq mi) in 1901 to 86.2 square kilometres (33.3 sq mi) in 1940 to 208.51 square kilometres (80.51 sq mi) in 1974, to 346.13 square kilometres (133.64 sq mi) in 1985, and to 598.75 square kilometres (231.18 sq mi) in 2008.[1][51]
【参考译文】直到20世纪90年代中期，仰光基本上仍然局限在其位于勃固河、仰光河和莱河之间的传统半岛区域内。人们搬进来，但城市本身并没有多少向外扩展。1944年的地图显示茵雅湖以北几乎没有发展，而现在被水泥覆盖、房屋林立的地区当时几乎是荒僻之地。然而，自20世纪80年代末以来，这座城市开始迅速向北扩张，一直延伸到现在仰光国际机场所在的位置。但结果是城市呈现出一条拉长的尾巴，市中心与其地理中心相距甚远。城市的面积稳步增加，从1901年的72.52平方公里（28.00平方英里）增加到1940年的86.2平方公里（33.3平方英里），再到1974年的208.51平方公里（80.51平方英里），1985年的346.13平方公里（133.64平方英里），直至2008年的598.75平方公里（231.18平方英里）。

3.1 建筑 | Architecture

See also: List of tallest buildings in Yangon【另见：仰光最高建筑物列表】

Downtown Yangon is known for its leafy avenues and fin-de-siècle architecture.[52] The former British colonial capital has the highest number of colonial period buildings in south-east Asia.[7] Downtown Yangon is still mainly made up of decaying colonial buildings. The former High Court, the former Secretariat buildings, the former St. Paul’s English High School and the Strand Hotel are excellent examples of the bygone era. Most downtown buildings from this era are four-story mix-use (residential and commercial) buildings with 14-foot (4.3 m) ceilings, allowing for the construction of mezzanines. Despite their less-than-perfect conditions, the buildings remain highly sought after and most expensive in the city’s property market.[53]
【参考译文】仰光的市中心以其绿树成荫的大道和世纪末的建筑风格而著称。这座前英国殖民地首府拥有东南亚数量最多的殖民时期建筑。仰光市中心目前仍主要由破败的殖民时期建筑组成。前高等法院、前秘书处大楼、前圣保罗英文高中和斯特兰德酒店都是那个时代的优秀代表。尽管这些建筑物的状况并不完美，但它们在仰光房地产市场上仍然是最受欢迎且价格最高的。

In 1996, the Yangon City Development Committee created a Yangon City Heritage List of old buildings and structures in the city that cannot be modified or torn down without approval.[54] In 2012, the city of Yangon imposed a 50-year moratorium on demolition of buildings older than 50 years.[55] The Yangon Heritage Trust, an NGO started by Thant Myint-U, aims to create heritage areas in Downtown, and attract investors to renovate buildings for commercial use.[55]
【参考译文】1996年，仰光城市发展委员会创建了一份仰光城市遗产清单，列出了城市中未经批准不得修改或拆除的历史建筑和结构。2012年，仰光市对超过50年的建筑实施了50年的拆除禁令。由Thant Myint-U发起的非政府组织仰光遗产信托旨在市中心创建遗产区域，并吸引投资者来翻新建筑用于商业用途。

A latter-day hallmark of Yangon is the eight-story apartment building. (In Yangon parlance, a building with no elevators (lifts) is called an apartment building and one with elevators is called a condominium.[56] Condos which have to invest in a local power generator to ensure 24-hour electricity for the elevators are beyond the reach of most Yangonites.) Found throughout the city, eight-story apartment buildings provide inexpensive housing for many Yangonites. The apartments are usually eight stories high (including the ground floor) mainly because city regulations, until February 2008, required that all buildings higher than 75 feet (23 m) or eight stories to install lifts.[57] The code calls for elevators in buildings higher than 62 feet (19 m) or six stories, likely ushering in the era of the six-story apartment building. Although most apartment buildings were built only within the last 20 years, they look much older and rundown due to shoddy construction and lack of proper maintenance.
【参考译文】近年来，八层公寓楼成为了仰光的一个标志。（在仰光的用语中，没有电梯的建筑被称为公寓楼，而有电梯的则称为公寓楼。配备本地发电机以确保电梯全天候运行的公寓楼对于大多数仰光居民来说遥不可及。）这类八层公寓楼遍布整个城市，为许多仰光市民提供了廉价住房。这些公寓通常为八层高（包括地面层），主要是因为截至2008年2月为止，城市法规要求所有超过75英尺（23米）或八层的建筑必须安装电梯。现在，法规要求超过62英尺（19米）或六层以上的建筑必须安装电梯，这可能会迎来六层公寓楼的时代。尽管大多数公寓楼都是在过去20年内建造的，但由于施工质量差和缺乏适当的维护，它们看起来更为老旧和破败。

Unlike other major Asian cities, Yangon does not have any skyscrapers. This is due to rule that no building should be more than 75% the height above sea level of Shwedagon Pagoda, which rises about 160 metres (520 ft). For instance, in 2015, a luxury housing project was cancelled due to its proximity to Shwedagon Pagoda. Critics of the project claimed that the project could cause structural damage to the pagoda.[58] Aside from a few high-rise hotels and office towers, most high-rise buildings (usually 10 stories and up) are “condos” scattered across prosperous neighborhoods north of downtown such as Bahan, Dagon, Kamayut and Mayangon.
【参考译文】与其他亚洲主要城市不同，仰光没有任何摩天大楼。这是因为有一项规定，任何建筑的高度不得超过舍卫城宝塔海拔高度的75%，而该宝塔的高度约为160米（520英尺）。例如，2015年，一个豪华住宅项目因靠近舍卫城宝塔而被取消。该项目的批评者声称，这项工程可能会对宝塔造成结构性损害。除了少数高层酒店和办公大楼之外，大多数高层建筑（通常是十层以上）都是散布在市中心北部繁荣街区如巴罕、达贡、卡迈尤特和梅扬贡的“公寓”。

Older satellite towns such as Thaketa, North Okkalapa, and South Okkalapa are lined mostly with one to two-story detached houses with access to the city’s electricity grid. Newer satellite towns such as North Dagon and South Dagon are in a grid layout. The satellite towns—old or new—receive little or no municipal services.
【参考译文】较老的卫星城镇如塔基塔、北欧卡拉帕和南欧卡拉帕主要是一到两层的独栋房屋，接入了城市的电网。较新的卫星城镇如北达贡和南达贡则是网格布局。无论新旧，这些卫星城镇都很少或根本没有市政服务。

3.2 路网布局 | Road layout

图3-6（发布于知乎想法）

Downtown Yangon‘s road layout follows a grid pattern, based on four types of roads:
【参考译文】仰光市中心的道路布局遵循网格状模式，基于以下四种类型的路：

  • Broad 49-m wide roads running west to east
    【参考译文】西向东走向的宽49米的道路
  • Broad 30-m wide roads running south to north
    【参考译文】南北走向的宽30米的道路
  • Two narrow 9.1-m wide streets running south to north
    【参考译文】南北走向的窄9.1米宽的街道（两条）
  • Mid-size 15-m wide streets running south to north
    【参考译文】南北走向的中等宽度15米的街道

The east–west grid of central was laid out by British military engineers Fraser and Montgomerie after the Second Anglo-Burmese War.[24] The city was later developed by the Public Works Department and Bengal Corps of Engineers. The pattern of south to north roads is as follows: one broad 100-foot (30 m) wide broad road, two narrow streets, one mid-size street, two more narrow streets, and then another 100-foot (30 m) wide broad road. This order is repeated from west to east. The narrow streets are numbered; the medium and broad roads are named.
【参考译文】东西方向的中央网格是由第二次英缅战争之后的英国军事工程师弗雷泽和蒙哥马利设计的。城市后来由公共工程部门和孟加拉工程师团进行开发。南北走向的道路模式如下：一条宽100英尺（30米）的大路，两条窄街，一条中等大小的街道，再加两条窄街，然后是另一条宽100英尺（30米）的大路。这种顺序从西向东重复。窄街编号，中等和宽的道路命名。

For example, the 100-foot (30 m) Lanmadaw Road is followed by 30-foot (9.1 m)-wide 17th and 18th streets then the medium 50-foot (15 m) Sint-Oh-Dan Road, the 30-foot 19th and 20th streets, followed by another 100-foot (30 m) wide Latha Road, followed again by the two numbered small roads 21st and 22nd streets, and so on.
【参考译文】例如，100英尺（30米）宽的兰马多路（Lanmadaw Road）后面跟着两条宽30英尺（9.1米）的第17街和第18街，接着是中等大小的50英尺（15米）辛特奥丹路（Sint-Oh-Dan Road），再接着是30英尺宽的第19街和第20街，然后是另一条100英尺（30米）宽的拉萨路（Latha Road），接着又是两条编号的小路，第21街和第22街，以此类推。

The roads running parallel west to east were the Strand Road, Merchant Road, Maha Bandula (née Dalhousie) Road, Anawrahta (Fraser) Road, and Bogyoke Aung San (Montgomerie) Road.
【参考译文】平行西向东的道路包括斯特兰德路（Strand Road）、商人路（Merchant Road）、马哈班杜拉路（原名Dalhousie Road）、阿那律路（Anawrahta Road，原名Fraser Road）和昂山将军路（Bogyoke Aung San Road，原名Montgomerie Road）。

3.3 公园和花园 | Parks and gardens

图3-7（发布于知乎想法）

The largest and best maintained parks in Yangon are located around Shwedagon Pagoda. To the south-east of the gilded stupa is the most popular recreational area in the city – Kandawgyi Lake. The 150-acre (61-ha) lake is surrounded by the 110-acre (45-ha) Kandawgyi Nature Park,[59] and the 69.25-acre (28-ha) Yangon Zoological Gardens, which consists of a zoo, an aquarium and an amusement park.[60] West of the pagoda towards the former Hluttaw (Parliament) complex is the 130-acre (53-ha) People’s Square and Park, the former parading ground on important national days when Yangon was the capital.[61] A few miles north of the pagoda lies the 37-acre (15-ha) Inya Lake Park – a favourite hangout place of Yangon University students, and a well-known place of romance in Burmese popular culture.
【参考译文】仰光最大且维护最好的公园位于舍卫城宝塔周围。在镀金的佛塔东南方是该市最受欢迎的休闲区——皇家湖（Kandawgyi Lake）。这座占地150英亩（61公顷）的湖泊周围是110英亩（45公顷）的皇家湖自然公园，以及占地69.25英亩（28公顷）的仰光动物园，其中包括一个动物园、一个水族馆和一个游乐园。宝塔西侧朝向原议会（Hluttaw）建筑群的是占地130英亩（53公顷）的人民广场和公园，这里曾是仰光作为首都时在重要国定假日举行阅兵的地方。宝塔北边几英里处是茵雅湖公园（Inya Lake Park），占地37英亩（15公顷），这里是仰光大学学生的热门去处，在缅甸流行文化中也是一个知名的浪漫之地。

Hlawga National Park and Allied War Memorial at the outskirts of the city are popular day-trip destinations with tourists.
【参考译文】位于城市郊外的Hlawga国家公园和盟军战争纪念馆是游客们喜爱的一日游目的地。

4. 行政管理 | Administration

图4-1至4-4（发布于知乎想法）

Yangon is administered by the Yangon City Development Committee (YCDC). YCDC also coordinates urban planning.[62] The city is made up of 33 townships and is part of Yangon Region. Yangon Region is divided into four districts, which overlap with the city’s jurisdiction.[63] The current mayor of Yangon is Maung Maung Soe. Each township is administered by a Township Development Committee,[64] alongside local leaders who make decisions regarding city beautification and infrastructure. Myo-thit (lit. “New Towns”, or satellite towns) are not within such jurisdictions.
【参考译文】仰光由仰光城市发展委员会（YCDC）管理。YCDC也负责协调城市规划。这座城市由33个镇区组成，是仰光省的一部分。仰光省分为四个区，这些区与城市的管辖范围重叠。目前仰光的市长是茂茂索（Maung Maung Soe）。每个镇区由一个镇区发展委员会管理，同时还有一些当地领导人负责决定有关城市美化和基础设施建设的事务。新镇（Myo-thit，字面意思是“新城”或卫星城镇）不在这些管辖范围内。

按区划分的仰光城市镇区列表： | List of Yangon City Townships by District:

Yangon is a member of the Asian Network of Major Cities 21.
【参考译文】仰光是“21世纪亚洲主要城市网络”的成员。

5. 交通 | Transport

Yangon is Burma’s main domestic and international hub for air, rail, and ground transportation.
【参考译文】仰光是缅甸的主要国内和国际航空、铁路及陆路交通枢纽。

5.1 航空 | Air

图5-1和5-2（发布于知乎想法）

Yangon International Airport, located 12 miles (19 km) from the center, is the country’s main gateway for domestic and international air travel. The airport has three terminals, known as T1, T2 and T3 which is also known as Domestic. It has direct flights to major cities in Asia, such as Tokyo, Shanghai, Seoul, Singapore, Hong Kong, Kuala Lumpur, Kolkata, and Dubai. Although domestic airlines offer service to about forty domestic locations, most flights are to tourist destinations such as Bagan, Mandalay, Heho and Ngapali, and to the capital Naypyidaw.
【参考译文】仰光国际机场位于市中心以北约12英里（19公里）处，是该国主要的国内和国际航空门户。机场有三个航站楼，分别称为T1、T2和T3（T3也称为国内航站楼）。仰光国际机场有直飞亚洲主要城市的航班，如东京、上海、首尔、新加坡、香港、吉隆坡、加尔各答和迪拜。尽管国内航空公司提供前往大约四十个国内地点的服务，但大多数航班是飞往像蒲甘、曼德勒、黑河（Heho）和额布里（Ngapali）这样的旅游目的地，以及首都内比都。

5.2 铁路 | Railways

图5-3和5-4（发布于知乎想法）

仰光中央车站是缅甸总长5403公里铁路网中的主要始发站[19]，其覆盖范围涵盖缅甸北部地区（内比都、曼德勒、瑞波）、内陆地区（密支那）、掸山丘陵（东枝、腊戍）和德林达依海岸（毛淡棉、土瓦）。

Yangon Circular Railway operates a 45.9-kilometre (28.5 mi) 39-station commuter rail network that connects Yangon’s satellite towns. The system is heavily used by the local populace, selling about 150,000 tickets daily.[66] The popularity of the commuter line has jumped since the government reduced petrol subsidies in August 2007.[66]
【参考译文】仰光环线铁路运营着一条45.9公里（28.5英里），设有39个站点的通勤铁路网络，连接仰光的卫星城镇。该系统深受当地居民的喜爱，每天售出约15万张车票。自从2007年8月政府减少汽油补贴以来，这条通勤线路的受欢迎程度显著上升。

In 2017 the government of Japan provided more than US$200 million in finance to assist with a range of works including developing and maintaining the Yangon circular railway line, purchasing new carriages and upgrading signalling.[67][68]
【参考译文】2017年，日本政府提供了超过2亿美元的资金，以协助一系列工作，包括开发和维护仰光环线铁路线、购买新车厢和升级信号系统。

5.3 快速交通 | Rapid transit

The Yangon Urban Mass Rapid Transit is a proposed rapid transit system, due to begin construction in 2022 and be complete by 2027.[69]
【参考译文】仰光城市快速轨道交通系统是一个拟议中的快速交通系统，计划于2022年开始建设，并预计在2027年完工。

5.4 公交车和小汽车 | Buses and cars

图5-5（发布于知乎想法）

Yangon has a 4,456-kilometre (2,769 mi) road network of all types (tar, concrete and dirt) in March 2011. Many of the roads are in poor condition and not wide enough to accommodate an increasing number of cars.[70] The vast majority of Yangon residents cannot afford a car and rely on an extensive network of buses to get around. Over 300 public and private bus lines operate about 6,300 crowded buses around the city, carrying over 4.4 million passengers a day.[1][71] All buses and 80% of the taxis in Yangon run on compressed natural gas (CNG), following the 2005 government decree to save money on imported petroleum.[72] Highway buses to other cities depart from Dagon Ayeyar Highway Bus Terminal for Irrawaddy delta region and Aung Mingala Highway Bus Terminal for other parts of the country.[73]
【参考译文】截至2011年3月，仰光拥有一个总长度为4,456公里（2,769英里）的公路网络，包括各种类型的路面（柏油、混凝土和土路）。许多道路状况不佳，而且不足以容纳日益增多的汽车。仰光绝大多数居民买不起汽车，依靠庞大的公交网络出行。超过300条公交线路运营着大约6,300辆拥挤的公交车，每天运送超过440万名乘客。仰光的所有公交车和80%的出租车都使用压缩天然气（CNG），这是根据2005年政府的法令来节省进口石油费用的结果。前往其他城市的长途巴士从达贡艾耶亚高速巴士总站出发前往伊洛瓦底江三角洲地区，而前往该国其他地区的长途巴士则从翁明拉高速巴士总站出发。

Motor transportation in Yangon is highly expensive for most of its citizens. As the government allows only a few thousand cars to be imported each year in a country with over 50 million people,[74] car prices in Yangon (and in Burma) are among the highest in the world.[citation needed] In July 2008, the two most popular cars in Yangon, 1986/87 Nissan Sunny Super Saloon and 1988 Toyota Corolla SE Limited, cost the equivalent of about US$20,000 and US$29,000 respectively.[75] A sports utility vehicle, imported for the equivalent of around US$50,000, goes for US$250,000.[74] Illegally imported unregistered cars are cheaper – typically about half the price of registered cars. Nonetheless, car usage in Yangon is on the rise, a sign of rising incomes for some, and already causes much traffic congestion in highway-less Yangon’s streets. In 2011, Yangon had about 300,000 registered motor vehicles in addition to an unknown number of unregistered ones.[70]
【参考译文】在仰光，机动车交通对于大多数市民来说是非常昂贵的。由于政府每年只允许几千辆汽车进口到一个拥有超过5000万人口的国家，因此仰光（以及缅甸）的汽车价格是世界上最高的之一。2008年7月，仰光最受欢迎的两款车型——1986/87年款尼桑阳光超级轿车和1988年款丰田花冠SE限量版——的价格分别为约20,000美元和29,000美元。一辆进口价约为50,000美元的运动型多功能车售价可达250,000美元。非法进口的未注册汽车较为便宜，通常仅为注册汽车价格的一半。尽管如此，仰光的汽车使用量正在上升，这是部分人收入增加的迹象，同时也已经在没有高速公路的仰光街头造成了严重的交通拥堵。2011年，仰光有大约30万辆注册机动车，此外还有数量不明的未注册车辆。

Within Yangon city limits, it is illegal to drive trishaws, bicycles, and motorcycles. Since February 2010, pick-up truck bus lines have been forbidden to run in six townships of central Yangon, namely Latha, Lanmadaw, Pabedan, Kyauktada, Botahtaung and Pazundaung Townships.[76] In May 2003, a ban on using car horns was implemented in six townships of Downtown Yangon to reduce noise pollution.[77] In April 2004, the car horn ban was expanded to cover the entire city.[77]
【参考译文】在仰光市内驾驶三轮车、自行车和摩托车是违法的。自2010年2月以来，禁止在市中心的六个镇区（即拉萨镇、兰马多镇、巴贝丹镇、皎塔达镇、博塔唐镇和巴尊当镇）运营皮卡车公交线路。2003年5月，在市中心的六个镇区内实施了禁止使用汽车喇叭的规定，以减少噪音污染。2004年4月，汽车喇叭禁令扩大到整个城市。

On 16 January 2017, as part of public transport reforms, city bus network system Yangon Bus Service (YBS) was created by the Yangon Region Transport Authority.[78] On 20 May 2021, YRTA was reorganized as Yangon Region Transport Committee (YRTC).[79] YBS is claimed to be a disabled-friendly bus service and have a card payment system.[80][81] Since January 2019, passengers can either pay with cash or smart cards through the machines installed near the driver seat on the bus. As of January 2022, it is claimed that card machines are installed on more than 1900 buses.[82] Ride hailing services operated by private corporations such as Uber and Grab are also available in Yangon today.[83]
【参考译文】2017年1月16日，作为公共交通改革的一部分，仰光地区交通局创建了城市公交网络系统——仰光公交服务（Yangon Bus Service，简称YBS）。2021年5月20日，仰光地区交通局重组为仰光地区交通委员会（Yangon Region Transport Committee，简称YRTC）。YBS号称是一种对残疾友好的公交服务，并具有刷卡支付系统。自2019年1月以来，乘客可以选择使用现金或智能卡通过安装在公交车司机座位附近的机器支付。截至2022年1月，据称已在超过1900辆公交车上安装了刷卡机。目前，像Uber和Grab这样的私营公司运营的叫车服务也在仰光提供服务。

5.5 河运 | River

图5-6（发布于知乎想法）

Yangon’s four main passenger jetties, all located on or near downtown waterfront, mainly serve local ferries across the river to Dala and Thanlyin, and regional ferries to the Irrawaddy delta.[84] The 22-mile (35 km) Twante Canal was the quickest route from Yangon to the Irrawaddy delta until the 1990s when roads between Yangon and the Irrawaddy Division became usable year-round. While passenger ferries to the delta are still used, those to Upper Burma via the Irrawaddy river are now limited mostly to tourist river cruises. In October 2017, a New Yangon Water Bus was launched.[85]
【参考译文】仰光的四个主要客运码头均位于市中心水域或附近，主要用于提供前往达拉（Dala）和Thanlyin的本地渡轮服务，以及前往伊洛瓦底江三角洲的区域渡轮服务。在20世纪90年代之前，22英里（35公里）长的坦德运河（Twante Canal）是从仰光前往伊洛瓦底江三角洲的最快路线，直到仰光与伊洛瓦底省之间的道路全年变得可用。虽然前往三角洲的客运渡轮仍在使用，但通过伊洛瓦底江前往缅甸上部的渡轮现在主要限于旅游河轮。2017年10月，新的仰光水上巴士服务启动。

6. 人口统计 | Demographics

Yangon is the most populous city by far in Myanmar. According to the 2014 census, the city had a population of 5.16 million.[87] The city’s population grew sharply after 1948 as many people (mainly, the indigenous Burmese) from other parts of the country moved into the newly built satellite towns of North Okkalapa, South Okkalapa, and Thaketa in the 1950s and East Dagon, North Dagon and South Dagon in the 1990s.[citation needed] Immigrants have founded their regional associations (such as Mandalay Association, Mawlamyaing Association, etc.) in Yangon for networking purposes. The government’s decision to move the nation’s administrative capital to Naypyidaw has drained an unknown number of civil servants away from Yangon.
【参考译文】仰光是缅甸人口最多的城市。根据2014年的人口普查，该市人口达到516万。1948年以后，随着来自缅甸其他地区（主要是本地的缅甸人）的许多人移居到新建的卫星城镇，如北欧卡拉帕、南欧卡拉帕和塔基塔（1950年代），以及东达贡、北达贡和南达贡（1990年代），仰光的人口急剧增长。移民们在仰光成立了他们的地区协会（如曼德勒协会、毛淡棉协会等）以便进行社交活动。政府决定将国家行政首都迁至内比都，导致了大量公务员从仰光流失。

Yangon is the most ethnically diverse city in the country. While Indians formed the slight majority prior to World War II,[25] today, the majority of the population is of indigenous Bamar (Burman) descent. Large communities of Indians Burmese and the Chinese Burmese exist, especially in the traditional downtown neighborhoods. A large number of Rakhine and Karen also live in the city.
【参考译文】仰光是缅甸最具民族多样性的城市。二战前，印度人曾经略微占多数，但如今，大多数人口是本土的缅甸族（又称掸族）。还存在大量的印度裔缅甸人和华裔缅甸人群体，尤其是在传统的市中心区域。大量的若开族和克伦族人也居住在这座城市。

Burmese is the principal language of the city. English is by far the preferred second language of the educated class. In recent years, however, the prospect of overseas job opportunities has enticed some to study other languages: Mandarin Chinese is most popular, followed by Japanese, and French.[88]
【参考译文】缅甸语是该市的主要语言。英语是受过教育阶层首选的第二语言。然而，近年来，海外就业机会的前景促使一些人学习其他语言：普通话最为流行，其次是日语和法语。

6.1 宗教 | Religions

图6-1至6-3+1（发布于知乎想法）

The primary religions practised in Yangon are Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, and Hinduism. Shwedagon Pagoda is a famous religious landmark in the city.
【参考译文】仰光主要信仰的宗教有佛教、基督教、伊斯兰教和印度教。舍卫城宝塔（Shwedagon Pagoda）是该市著名的宗教地标。

6.2 媒体 | Media

Yangon is the country’s hub for the movie, music, advertising, newspaper, and book publishing industries, and is the country’s cultural center. All media is heavily regulated by the military government. Television broadcasting is off-limits to the private sector. All media content must first be approved by the government’s media censor board, Press Scrutiny and Registration Division.[89]
【参考译文】仰光是该国电影、音乐、广告、报纸和图书出版业的中心，并且是该国的文化中心。所有媒体都受到军政府的严格监管。电视广播对私营部门关闭。所有媒体内容必须首先经过政府媒体审查委员会——新闻审查与登记司的审批。

Most television channels in the country are broadcast from Yangon. MRTV and Myawaddy TV are the two main channels, providing Burmese-language news and entertainment programs. Other special interest channels are MWD-1 and MWD-2, MITV, the English-language channel that targets overseas audiences via satellite and via internet, MRTV-4 and Channel 7 (Yangon) are with a focus on non-formal education programs and movies, and Movie 5, a pay-TV channel specializing in broadcasting foreign movies.[90]
【参考译文】该国大多数电视台都在仰光播出。MRTV 和 Myawaddy TV 是两个主要频道，提供缅甸语新闻和娱乐节目。其他专题频道包括MWD-1和MWD-2，MITV是一个面向海外观众通过卫星和互联网播出的英语频道，MRTV-4和Channel 7（仰光）专注于非正式教育节目和电影，Movie 5是一个专门播放外国电影的付费电视频道。

Yangon has three radio stations. Myanmar Radio is the national radio service and broadcasts mostly in Burmese and in English during specific times. Pop culture-oriented Yangon City FM and Mandalay City FM radio stations specialize in Burmese and English pop music, entertainment programs, live celebrity interviews, etc. New radio channels such as Shwe FM and Pyinsawaddy FM can also be tuned with the city area.
【参考译文】仰光有三个广播电台。缅甸广播是国家广播服务，主要用缅甸语播送，在特定时段也会使用英语。以流行文化为导向的仰光城市FM和曼德勒城市FM电台专门播放缅甸语和英语的流行音乐、娱乐节目、现场名人访谈等。新的广播频道如Shwe FM和Pyinsawaddy FM也可以在市区收听。

Nearly all print media and industries are based out of Yangon. All three national newspapers – two Burmese language dailies Myanma Alin (မြန်မာ့အလင်း) and Kyemon (ကြေးမုံ), and the English language The New Light of Myanmar – are published by the government. Semi-governmental The Myanmar Times weekly, published in Burmese and in English, is mainly geared for Yangon’s expatriate community. There are over 20 special interest journals and magazines covering sports, fashion, finance, crime, and literature (but never politics).
【参考译文】

几乎所有的印刷媒体和产业都设在仰光。三大全国性报纸——两份缅甸语日报《缅甸之光》（Myanma Alin）和《吉门报》（Kyemon），以及一份英语报纸《缅甸新光报》（The New Light of Myanmar）——均由政府出版。半官方的《缅甸时报》周刊，以缅甸语和英语出版，主要面向仰光的外籍人士社区。还有超过20种专题期刊和杂志涵盖体育、时尚、金融、犯罪和文学（但从不涉及政治）。

Access to foreign media is extremely difficult. Satellite television in Yangon, and in Burma, is very expensive as the government imposes an annual registration fee of Ks.10,00,000/-, equivalent to around U$600/year.[89] Certain foreign newspapers and periodicals such as the Straits Times can be found only in a few (mostly downtown) bookstores. Internet access in Yangon, which has the best telecommunication infrastructure in the country, is slow and erratic at best, and the Burmese government implements one of the world’s most restrictive regimes of internet control.[91] International text messaging and voice messaging was permitted only in August 2008.[92]
【参考译文】获取外国媒体极其困难。仰光乃至整个缅甸的卫星电视非常昂贵，因为政府征收每年100万缅元（约合600美元）的注册费。某些外国报纸和期刊如《海峡时报》只能在少数（主要是市中心的）书店找到。仰光虽然拥有该国最好的电信基础设施，但互联网接入速度慢且不稳定，缅甸政府实行了世界上最严格的互联网管制制度之一。国际短信和语音信息直到2008年8月才被允许使用。

Further information on the former daily newspaper: Kommyunit Nezin
【有关一种前日报的更多信息：Kommyunit Nezin】

6.3 通讯 | Communication

Common facilities taken for granted elsewhere are luxury prized items in Yangon and Burma. The price of a GSM mobile phone was about K1.1 million in August 2008.[92] In 2007, the country of 55 million had only 775,000 phone lines (including 275,000 mobile phones),[93][94] and 400,000 computers.[93] Even in Yangon, which has the best infrastructure, the estimated telephone penetration rate was only 6% at the end of 2004, and the official waiting time for a telephone line was 3.6 years.[95] Most people cannot afford a computer and have to use the city’s numerous Internet cafes to access a heavily restricted internet, and a heavily censored local intranet.[91] According to official statistics, in July 2010, the country had over 400,000 internet users, with the vast majority hailing from just two cities, Yangon and Mandalay. Although internet access was available in 42 cities across the country, the number of users outside the two main cities was just over 10,000.[96]
【参考译文】在仰光和缅甸，其他地方习以为常的普通设施却是奢侈品。2008年8月，GSM手机的价格约为110万缅元。2007年，这个拥有5500万人口的国家仅有775,000条电话线路（包括275,000部移动电话），并且有400,000台计算机。即使是在基础设施最好的仰光，2004年底的电话普及率估计也只有6%，官方等待安装电话的时间为3.6年。大多数人买不起电脑，不得不使用城市众多的网吧来访问受到严格限制的互联网和经过大量审查的本地内部网。根据官方统计，2010年7月，该国有超过40万名互联网用户，其中绝大多数来自两大城市仰光和曼德勒。尽管互联网接入在全国42个城市可用，但在两大主要城市之外的用户数仅略超过10,000人。

6.3+1 生活方式 | Lifestyle

图6-5和6-6（发布于知乎想法）

Yangon’s property market is the most expensive in the country and beyond the reach of most Yangonites. Most rent outside the centre and few can afford to rent such apartments. (In 2008, rents for a typical 650-to-750-square-foot (60 to 70 m2) apartments in the centre and vicinity range between K70,000 and K150,000 and those for high end condos between K200,000 and K500,000.)[97]
【参考译文】仰光的房地产市场是全国最昂贵的，超出了大多数仰光居民的承受能力。大多数人在市中心以外租房，很少有人能负担得起这样的公寓租金。（2008年，市中心及其周边地区典型的650至750平方英尺（60至70平方米）公寓的租金在70,000缅元至150,000缅元之间，高端公寓的租金则在200,000缅元至500,000缅元之间。）

Yangon is home to pagoda festivals (paya pwe), held during dry-season months (November – March). The most famous of all, the Shwedagon Pagoda Festival in March, attracts thousands of pilgrims from around the country.
【参考译文】仰光是佛塔节（paya pwe）的举办地，这些节日通常在旱季月份（11月至3月）举行。其中最著名的要属3月份的舍卫城宝塔节，吸引了来自全国各地的数千名朝圣者。

Yangon’s museums are the domain of tourists and rarely visited by the locals.
【参考译文】仰光的博物馆主要是游客的去处，当地人很少造访。

Most of Yangon’s larger hotels offer nightlife entertainment, geared towards tourists and the well-to-do Burmese. Some hotels offer traditional Burmese performing arts shows complete with a traditional Burmese orchestra. The pub scene in larger hotels is more or less the same as elsewhere in Asia. Other options include karaoke bars and pub restaurants in Yangon Chinatown.
【参考译文】仰光大多数较大的酒店提供夜间娱乐活动，主要面向游客和富裕的缅甸人。一些酒店提供传统的缅甸表演艺术节目，并配有传统的缅甸乐团。大型酒店里的酒吧场景与其他亚洲地区差不多。其他选择包括卡拉OK酒吧和仰光唐人街的酒吧餐厅。

7. 体育运动 | Sports

图7-1（发布于知乎想法）

As the city has the best sporting facilities in the country, most national-level annual sporting tournaments such as track and field, football, volleyball, tennis and swimming are held in Yangon. The 40,000-seat Aung San Stadium and the 32,000-seat Thuwunna Stadium are the main venues for the popular annual State and Division football tournament. Until April 2009, the now-defunct Myanmar Premier League, consisted of 16 Yangon-based clubs,[98] played all its matches in Yangon stadiums, and attracted little interest from the general public or commercial success despite the enormous popularity of football in Burma. Most Yangonites prefer watching European football on satellite TV. Teams such as Manchester United, Liverpool, Chelsea, Real Madrid, Barcelona, Bayern Munich, and Manchester City are among the favorite European teams among the Yangonites. It remains to be seen whether the Myanmar National League, the country’s first professional football league, and its Yangon-based club Yangon United FC will attract a sufficient following in the country’s most important media market.
【参考译文】作为该国最佳体育设施的所在地，大多数国家级年度体育赛事，如田径、足球、排球、网球和游泳，都在仰光举行。可容纳40,000人的昂山体育场和可容纳32,000人的Thuwunna体育场是广受欢迎的年度省际足球锦标赛的主要场地。直到2009年4月，现已解散的缅甸超级联赛由16支仰光俱乐部组成，在仰光的体育场进行了所有比赛，尽管足球在缅甸非常受欢迎，但该联赛并未引起公众的广泛关注或取得商业上的成功。大多数仰光居民更喜欢通过卫星电视观看欧洲足球。曼联、利物浦、切尔西、皇家马德里、巴塞罗那、拜仁慕尼黑和曼城等球队是仰光居民最喜欢的欧洲球队。缅甸国家联赛——该国首个职业足球联赛——及其仰光俱乐部仰光联队能否在这个最重要的媒体市场获得足够的关注还有待观察。

Yangon is also home to annual the Myanmar Open golf tournament, and the Myanmar Open tennis tournament. The city hosted the 1961 and 1969 South East Asian Games. During colonial times, cricket was played mostly by British officials in the city. First-class cricket was played in the city in January 1927 when the touring Marylebone Cricket Club played Burma and the Rangoon Gymkhana. Two grounds were used to host these matches, the BAA Ground and the Gymkhana Ground.[99][100] These matches mark the only time Burma and Rangoon Gymkhana have appeared in first-class cricket, and the only time first-class cricket has been played in Burma. After independence cricket all but died out in the country.
【参考译文】仰光还是年度缅甸高尔夫公开赛和缅甸网球公开赛的举办地。该市曾在1961年和1969年主办东南亚运动会。在殖民时期，板球主要由英国官员在该市进行。1927年1月，来访的马里波恩板球俱乐部（Marylebone Cricket Club）与缅甸队和仰光体育馆队进行了第一级别的板球比赛。这两场比赛在BAA Ground和Gymkhana Ground两个场地举行，标志着缅甸队和仰光体育馆队唯一一次出现在第一级别板球赛中，也是第一级别板球赛唯一一次在缅甸举行。独立后，板球运动在这个国家几乎消失了。

Yangon has a growing population of skateboarders, as documented in the films Altered Focus: Burma and Youth of Yangon. German non-profit organization Make Life Skate Life has received permission from the Yangon City Development Committee to construct a concrete skatepark at Thakin Mya park in downtown. The park was completed in 2015 and is available free of charge to anyone in the city.[101]
【参考译文】仰光的滑板爱好者群体正在不断壮大，这一点在纪录片《Altered Focus: Burma》和《仰光青年》中有记录。德国非营利组织Make Life Skate Life已获得仰光城市发展委员会的许可，在市中心的Thakin Mya公园建造一座混凝土滑板公园。该公园于2015年建成，并免费向全市所有人开放。

8. 经济 | Economy

图8-1至8-3（发布于知乎想法）

Yangon is the country’s main center for trade, industry, real estate, media, entertainment and tourism. The city represents about one fifth of the national economy. According to official statistics for FY 2010–2011, the size of the economy of Yangon Region was 8.93 trillion kyats, or 23% of the national GDP.[102]
【参考译文】仰光是该国贸易、工业、房地产、媒体、娱乐和旅游业的主要中心。该市约占国民经济的五分之一。根据2010-2011财年的官方统计数据，仰光地区的经济规模为8.93万亿缅元，占全国GDP的23%。

The city is Lower Burma’s main trading hub for all kinds of merchandise – from basic foodstuffs to used cars although commerce continues to be hampered by the city’s severely underdeveloped banking industry and communication infrastructure. Bayinnaung Market is the largest wholesale center in the country for rice, beans and pulses, and other agricultural commodities.[103] Much of the country’s legal imports and exports go through Thilawa Port, the largest and busiest port in Burma. There is also a great deal of informal trade, especially in street markets that exist alongside street platforms of Downtown Yangon’s townships. However, on 17 June 2011, the YCDC announced that street vendors, who had previously been allowed to legally open shop at 3  pm, would be prohibited from selling on the streets, and permitted to sell only in their townships of residence.[104] Since 1 December 2009, high-density polyethylene plastic bags have been banned by city authorities.[105]
【参考译文】仰光是下缅甸各类商品的主要贸易中心——从基本食品到二手车，尽管商业仍然受到该市严重欠发达的银行业和通信基础设施的阻碍。白因纽市场是全国最大的大米、豆类和其他农产品的批发中心。该国的大部分合法进出口业务都通过仰光繁忙的最大港口——迪拉瓦港（Thilawa Port）进行。此外，街头市场上也存在着大量的非正式贸易，这些市场与仰光市中心镇区的街道平台并存。然而，2011年6月17日，仰光城市发展委员会（YCDC）宣布，原本可以在下午3点合法开店的街头小贩将被禁止在街上销售，并且只允许在其居住的镇区内销售。自2009年12月1日起，高密度聚乙烯塑料袋已被城市当局禁止使用。

Manufacturing accounts for a sizeable share of employment. At least 14 light industrial zones ring Yangon,[106] directly employing over 150,000 workers in 4,300 factories in early 2010.[107] The city is the centre of country’s garment industry which exported US$292 million in 2008/9 fiscal year. More than 80 percent of factory workers in Yangon work on a day-to-day basis. Most are young women between 15 and 27 years of age who come from the countryside in search of a better life.[108] The manufacturing sector suffers from both structural problems (e.g. chronic power shortages) and political problems (e.g. economic sanctions). In 2008, Yangon’s 2500 factories alone needed about 120 MW of power;[109] yet, the entire city received only about 250 MW of the 530 MW needed.[110] Chronic power shortages limit the factories’ operating hours between 8 am and 6 pm.[111]
【参考译文】制造业占据了相当大的就业份额。至少有14个轻工业区环绕着仰光，到2010年初，这些工业区直接雇用了超过15万名工人，在4,300家工厂工作。该市是该国服装业的中心，该行业在2008/09财政年度出口额达到了2亿9200万美元。仰光超过80%的工厂工人是按日计薪。他们大多是年龄在15至27岁之间的年轻女性，来自农村地区，为了寻求更好的生活而来此工作。制造业面临着结构性问题（如长期电力短缺）和政治问题（如经济制裁）。2008年，仰光的2500家工厂就需要大约120兆瓦的电力；然而，整个城市仅获得了所需的530兆瓦中的250兆瓦。长期的电力短缺限制了工厂的工作时间在上午8点到下午6点之间。

Construction is a major source of employment. The construction industry has been negatively affected by the move of state apparatus and civil servants to Naypyidaw,[112] new regulations introduced in August 2009 requiring builders to provide at least 12 parking spaces in every new high-rise building, and the general poor business climate. As of January 2010, the number of new high-rise building starts approved in 2009–2010 was only 334, compared to 582 in 2008–2009.[113]
【参考译文】建筑业是重要的就业来源。由于国家机关和公务员迁往内比都，加上2009年8月引入的新规定要求新建高层建筑至少提供12个停车位，以及整体不利的商业环境，建筑业受到了负面影响。截至2010年1月，2009-2010年批准的新建高层建筑数量仅为334栋，而2008-2009年则为582栋。

Tourism represents a major source of foreign currency for the city although by south-east Asian standards the number of foreign visitors to Yangon has always been quite low—about 250,000 before the Saffron Revolution in September 2007. The number of visitors dipped even further following the Saffron Revolution and Cyclone Nargis.[114] The recent improvement in the country’s political climate has attracted an increasing number of businessmen and tourists. Between 300,000 and 400,000 visitors that went through Yangon International in 2011. However, after years of underinvestment, Yangon’s modest hotel infrastructure—only 3000 of the total 8000 hotel rooms in Yangon are “suitable for tourists”—is already bursting at seams, and will need to be expanded to handle additional visitors.[115] As part of an urban development strategy, a hotel zone has been planned in Yangon’s outskirts, encompassing government- and military-owned land in Mingaladon, Hlegu and Htaukkyant Townships.[116]
【参考译文】旅游业是该市外汇收入的主要来源，尽管按照东南亚的标准，仰光的外国游客人数一直相对较少——2007年9月僧侣革命前约为250,000人。僧侣革命和纳尔吉斯飓风之后，游客人数进一步下降。随着该国政治气候的改善，越来越多的商人和游客开始到来。2011年，通过仰光国际机场的游客人数在300,000到400,000人之间。然而，多年来的投资不足使得仰光有限的酒店设施——仰光总共8000间酒店房间中只有3000间“适合游客”——已经不堪重负，需要扩展以应对更多的游客。作为城市发展策略的一部分，计划在仰光郊区建立一个酒店区，涵盖明加拉敦、赫莱固和陶基央镇区内的政府和军队拥有的土地。

9. 教育 | Education

See also: List of universities and colleges in Yangon【参见：仰光的大学和学院列表】

图9-1（发布于知乎想法）

Yangon educational facilities has a very high number of qualified teachers but the state spending on education is among the lowest of the world.[117] Around 2007 estimate by the London-based International Institute for Strategic Studies puts the spending for education at 0.5% of the national budget.[118] The disparity in educational opportunities and achievement between rich and poor schools is quite stark even within the city. With little or no state support forthcoming, schools have to rely on forced “donations” and fees from parents for nearly everything – school maintenance to teachers’ salaries,[119] forcing many poor students to drop out.
【参考译文】仰光的教育设施拥有大量的合格教师，但教育支出却是全球最低的国家之一。据伦敦国际战略研究所（IISS）在2007年左右的估计，教育支出仅占国家预算的0.5%。即便是在城市内部，贫富学校之间在教育机会和平等方面存在着明显的差异。由于几乎没有国家支持，学校不得不依赖家长的强制性“捐赠”和费用来支付几乎所有开支——从学校维护到教师工资，这迫使许多贫困学生辍学。

While many students in poor districts fail to reach high school, a handful of Yangon high schools in wealthier districts such as Dagon 1, Sanchaung 2, Kamayut 2, Bahan 2, Latha 2, and TTC provide the majority of students admitted to the most selective universities in the country, highlighting the extreme shallowness of talent pool in the country.[120] The wealthy bypass the state education system altogether, sending their children to private English language instruction schools such as YIEC or more widely known as ISM, or abroad (typically Singapore or Australia) for university education.[121] In 2014, international schools in Yangon cost at least US$8,000 a year.[122]
【参考译文】虽然很多贫困地区的学生未能完成高中学业，但在较富裕地区的几个仰光高中，例如Dagon 1、Sanchaung 2、Kamayut 2、Bahan 2、Latha 2和TTC，则为全国最顶尖大学输送了大部分学生，突显了该国人才池的极端浅薄。富裕家庭完全绕过了公立教育体系，将孩子送到诸如YIEC或更为人知的ISM这样的私立英语教学学校，或者送往国外（通常是新加坡或澳大利亚）接受大学教育。2014年，仰光的国际学校学费至少为每年8,000美元。

There are over 20 universities and colleges in the city. While Yangon University remains the best known (its main campus is a part of popular Burmese culture e.g. literature, music, film, etc.), the nation’s oldest university is now mostly a graduate school, deprived of undergraduate studies. Following the 1988 nationwide uprising, the military government has repeatedly closed universities, and has dispersed most of the undergraduate student population to new universities in the suburbs such as Dagon University, the University of East Yangon and the University of West Yangon. Nonetheless, many of the country’s most selective universities are still in Yangon. Students from around the country still have to come to study in Yangon as some subjects are offered only at its universities. The University of Medicine 1, University of Medicine 2, Yangon Technological University, University of Computer Studies and Myanmar Maritime University are the most selective in the country.[123]
【参考译文】该市有超过20所大学和学院。尽管仰光大学仍然是最知名的（其主校区是缅甸流行文化的一部分，例如文学、音乐、电影等），但这个国家最古老的大学现在主要是一所研究生院，失去了本科教育。1988年全国起义之后，军政府多次关闭大学，并将大部分本科生分散到了郊区的新大学，如达贡大学、东仰光大学和西仰光大学。尽管如此，该国许多最顶尖的大学仍位于仰光。来自全国各地的学生仍然需要来到仰光学习，因为有些科目只有在仰光的大学才能提供。医学大学1、医学大学2、仰光理工大学、计算机研究大学和缅甸海事大学是最具竞争力的大学。

Schools for foreign expatriates include:
【参考译文】外籍人员子女学校包括：

10. 医疗卫生 | Health care

See also: List of hospitals in Yangon【参见：仰光的医院列表】

图10-1（发布于知乎想法）

The general state of health care in Yangon is poor. According to a 2007 estimate, the military government spends 0.4% of the national budget on health care, and 40% to 60% on defence.[118] By the government’s own figures, it spends 849 kyats (US$0.85) per person.[125] Although health care is nominally free, in reality, patients have to pay for medicine and treatment, even in public clinics and hospitals. Public hospitals including the flagship Yangon General Hospital lack many of the basic facilities and equipment.
【参考译文】仰光的整体医疗保健状况较差。根据2007年的估计，军政府在医疗保健上的支出仅占国家预算的0.4%，而在国防上的支出则占到了40%到60%。根据政府自己的数据，人均医疗支出为849缅元（相当于0.85美元）。虽然医疗原则上是免费的，但实际上患者必须自己支付药品和治疗费用，即使是在公立诊所和医院也是如此。包括旗舰医院仰光综合医院在内的公立医院缺乏许多基本设施和设备。

Wealthier Yangonites still have access to country’s best medical facilities and internationally qualified doctors. Only Yangon and Mandalay have any sizeable number of doctors left as many Burmese doctors have emigrated. The well-to-do go to private clinics or hospitals like Pun Hlaing International Hospital and Bahosi Medical Clinic.[126] Medical malpractice is widespread, even in private clinics and hospitals that serve the well-to-do. In 2009 and 2010, a spate of high-profile deaths[125] brought out the severity of the problem, even for the relatively well off Yangonites. The wealthy do not rely on domestic hospitals and travel abroad, usually Bangkok or Singapore, for treatment.[127]
【参考译文】富裕的仰光居民仍然可以享受到该国最好的医疗设施和具有国际资质的医生的服务。只有仰光和曼德勒才有一定数量的医生留下，因为许多缅甸医生已经移居国外。富裕阶层会选择像Pun Hlaing国际医院和Bahosi医疗诊所这样的私立诊所或医院。即使是服务于富裕阶层的私立诊所和医院，医疗事故也很普遍。2009年和2010年发生的一系列备受瞩目的死亡事件凸显了这个问题的严重性，即便是相对富裕的仰光居民也不例外。富人并不依赖国内的医院，而是选择出国就医，通常前往曼谷或新加坡治疗。

The following are healthcare facilities in Yangon in 2010–2011.[70]
【参考译文】以下是2010-2011年仰光的一些医疗机构：

11. 知名景点 | Notable sites

11.1 佛塔 | Pagodas

11.2 休闲场所 | Recreation

此图片遵循CC BY-SA 4.0协议
图片题注：Shwedagon Pagoda
图片作者：kallerna
此图片遵循CC BY 4.0协议
图片题注：Sule Pagoda
图片作者：© Vyacheslav Argenberg
此图片遵循CC BY-SA 4.0协议
图片题注：St Mary’s Cathedral at the corner of Bo Aung Kyaw Road
图片作者：Marcin Konsek
此图片遵循CC0协议
图片题注：Chauk Htat Gyi Pagoda
图片作者：C1815

11.3 博物馆和美术馆 | Museums and art galleries

For a more comprehensive list, see List of museums in Yangon.
【参考译文】更多详尽列表，请参阅“仰光博物馆列表”。

11.4 音乐厅和剧院 | Concert halls and theatres

12. 知名人物 | Notable people

Further information: Category:People from Yangon
【参考译文】更多信息，请参阅“仰光人物分类”。

  • Nick Drake, English singer-songwriter
    【参考译文】尼克·德雷克，英国歌手兼词曲作者
  • Annabella Lwin, lead vocalist of English new wave music band Bow Wow Wow
    【参考译文】安娜贝拉·林，英国新浪潮乐队Bow Wow Wow的主唱
  • Honey Nway Oo, prominent revolutionary in Myanmar
    【参考译文】Honey Nway Oo，缅甸著名革命家
  • Giorgi Pirtskhalava (born 1965), retired Georgian professional football player
    【参考译文】格奥尔基·皮尔茨哈拉瓦（生于1965年），退役的格鲁吉亚职业足球运动员
  • Zainulabedin Gulamhusain Rangoonwala (1913–1994), Indian banker
    【参考译文】赛努拉巴丁·古拉姆胡赛因·兰贡瓦拉（1913-1994），印度银行家
  • Sein Tun (1939–2011), physicist, university professor and author
    【参考译文】谢因吞（1939-2011），物理学家、大学教授和作家
  • Vijay Rupani (born 1956), Former Chief Minister, Gujarat, India
    【参考译文】维杰·鲁帕尼（生于1956年），印度古吉拉特邦前任首席部长
  • Zaw Lin Htut, doctor and politician
    【参考译文】佐林胡特，医生兼政治家

13. 国际关系 | International relations

Yangon is a member of the Asian Network of Major Cities 21.
【参考译文】仰光是“21世纪亚洲主要城市网络”（Asian Network of Major Cities 21）的成员。

13.1 伙伴城市/姐妹城市 | Twin towns – sister cities

Yangon is twinned with:
【参考译文】仰光与以下城市结为友好城市

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