秘鲁 / Peru – 中英文维基百科词条融合

By cathayvista区域：中南美洲, 政治实体（国家或地区）

中文词条原文链接（无法从中国内地访问）：请点击这里访问
英文词条原文链接（无法从中国内地访问）：请点击这里访问
本文基于英文词条的线索，并补充部分来自中文词条的内容（在二者冲突时，以更晚更新者为准）。

辽观搬运时进行了必要的合规化处理，以使其能够在中国内地上传。部分文字采用汉语拼音方式代替，音节后的数字表示汉语拼音规则中的声调。

关于辽观的维基百科搬运计划，及其他已搬运的词条，请点击这里了解更多。维基百科（Wikipedia）是美国维基媒体基金会的互联网百科项目，其内容可能受到立场、信息来源等因素影响，请客观看待。正文内容不代表译者观点。

辽观提供的翻译仅供参考。文中可能包含无法从中国内地访问的链接。

辽观所搬运的词条文本与维基百科一道同样遵循CC BY-SA 4.0协议（辽观搬运的中英文对照版本），在符合协议要求的情况下您可以免费使用其内容（包括商用）。图片和视频可能遵循不同的共享协议。请点击这里访问

1. 正文（发布于知乎专栏）

第一部分（概述、词源、历史）请点击这里访问

第二部分（政府和政治、地理）请点击这里访问

第三部分（经济、基础设施、人口统计）请点击这里访问

第四部分（文化）请点击这里访问

2. 相关词条 | See also

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3. 英文词条参考文献

3.1 引用列表（与文中标号对应）| Citations

  1. ^ “Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico” (PDF). Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. p. 231. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 February 2020. Retrieved 27 September 2018.
  2. ^ Jump up to:a b Shugart, Matthew Søberg (September 2005). “Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive and Mixed Authority Patterns” (PDF). Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 August 2008. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
  3. ^ Jump up to:a b Shugart, Matthew Søberg (December 2005). “Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive And Mixed Authority Patterns”. French Politics. 3 (3): 323–351. doi:10.1057/palgrave.fp.8200087. ISSN 1476-3427. OCLC 6895745903. Only in Latin America have all new democracies retained a pure presidential form, except for Peru (president-parliamentary) and Bolivia (assembly-independent).
  4. ^ “Peru”. Central Intelligence Agency. 27 February 2023. Archived from the original on 10 January 2021. Retrieved 24 February 2023 – via CIA.gov.
  5. ^ United Nations. “Population, including UN projections, 2023”. Archived from the original on 26 February 2023. Retrieved 25 February 2023.
  6. ^ United Nations. “Population, including UN projections, 2023”. Archived from the original on 26 February 2023. Retrieved 25 February 2023.
  7. ^ Jump up to:a b c d “World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Peru)”. International Monetary Fund. 10 October 2023. Archived from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
  8. ^ “Gini Index”. World Bank. Archived from the original on 3 March 2024. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
  9. ^ “Human Development Report 2023/24” (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 13 March 2024. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
  10. ^ Quechua name used by government of Peru is Perú (see Quechua-language version of Peru Parliament website Archived 30 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine and Quechua-language version of Peru Constitution but common Quechua name is Piruw
  11. ^ “Perú: País megadiverso” [Peru: Megadiverse country] (PDF) (in Spanish). Servicio Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 June 2014.
  12. ^ Wilmer Angel, Aguilar Pereda (2019). “Establecimiento y organización del virreinato del Perú”. Universidad Nacional de Trujillo. Archived from the original on 19 March 2024. Retrieved 19 March 2024.
  13. ^ Back, Michele; Zavala, Virginia (2018). Racialization and Language: Interdisciplinary Perspectives From Perú. Routledge. pp. 286–291. Archived from the original on 4 August 2021. Retrieved 4 August 2021. At the end of the 1980s, a group of military elites secretly developed an analysis of Peruvian society called El cuaderno verde. This analysis established the policies that the following government would have to carry out in order to defeat Shining Path and rescue the Peruvian economy from the deep crisis in which it found itself. El cuaderno verde was passed onto the national press in 1993, after some of these policies were enacted by President Fujimori.
  14. ^ Alfredo Schulte-Bockholt (2006). “Chapter 5: Elites, Cocaine, and Power in Colombia and Peru”. The politics of organized crime and the organized crime of politics: a study in criminal power. Lexington Books. pp. 114–118. ISBN 978-0-7391-1358-5. important members of the officer corps, particularly within the army, had been contemplating a military coup and the establishment of an authoritarian regime, or a so-called directed democracy. The project was known as ‘Plan Verde’, the Green Plan. … Fujimori essentially adopted the Green Plan and the military became a partner in the regime. … The self-coup, of April 5, 1992, dissolved the Congress and the country’s constitution and allowed for the implementation of the most important components of the Green Plan
  15. ^ Jump up to:a b c d Villalba, Fernando Velásquez (2022). “A Totalidade Neoliberal-Fujimorista: Estigmatização e Colonialidade No Peru Contemporâneo”. Revista Brasileira de Ciências Sociais. 37 (109): e3710906. doi:10.1590/3710906/2022. ISSN 0102-6909. S2CID 251877338. terruqueo, ou seja, a construção artificial, racista e conveniente de um inimigo sociopolítico para deslegitimar formas de protesto social
  16. ^ Asensio, Raúl; Camacho, Gabriela; González, Natalia; Grompone, Romeo; Pajuelo Teves, Ramón; Peña Jimenez, Omayra; Moscoso, Macarena; Vásquez, Yerel; Sosa Villagarcia, Paolo (August 2021). El Profe: Cómo Pedro Castillo se convirtió en presidente del Perú y qué pasará a continuación (in Spanish) (1 ed.). Lima, Peru: Institute of Peruvian Studies. p. 92. ISBN 978-612-326-084-2. Archived from the original on 5 November 2022. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
  17. ^ Jump up to:a b c d Banda, Gonzalo (12 January 2023). “At Peru Protests’ Epicenter, Rage—And a Sense of Betrayal”. Americas Quarterly. Archived from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 15 January 2023.
  18. ^ David E. Castro Garro. “Módulo de capacitación en recursos genéticos y bioseguridad” [Training module on genetic resources and biosafety] (PDF) (in Spanish). Ministerio de Ambiente de la República de Perú. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 April 2018.
  19. ^ “Freedom in the World 2017 – Populists and Autocrats: The Dual Threat to Global Democracy” Archived 27 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine by Freedom House, 31 January 2017
  20. ^ McKercher, B. J. C. (2012). Routledge Handbook of Diplomacy and Statecraft. Routledge. ISBN 9781136664366. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 30 May 2020. a Middle Power like Peru lack the diplomatic and other resources…
  21. ^ Porras Barrenechea, Raúl. El nombre del Perú. Lima: Talleres Gráficos P.L. Villanueva, 1968, p. 83.
  22. ^ Raúl Porras Barrenechea, El nombre del Perú, p. 84.
  23. ^ Raúl Porras Barrenechea, El nombre del Perú, p. 86.
  24. ^ Vega, Garcilasco, Commentarios Reales de los Incas, Editorial Mantaro, Lima, ed. 1998. pp. 14–15. First published in Lisbon in 1609.
  25. ^ Raúl Porras Barrenechea, El nombre del Perú, p. 87.
  26. ^ Article I of the Constitution of Peru (1979)
  27. ^ Dillehay, Tom D. (2017). Where the Land Meets the Sea. University of Texas Press. p. 4. ISBN 9781477311493. Archived from the original on 17 March 2020. Retrieved 30 December 2019.
  28. ^ Mayer, Enrique (2002). The articulated peasant: household economies in the Andes. Boulder: Westview, ISBN 081333716X, pp. 47–68
  29. ^ Haas, Jonathan; Creamer, Winifred; Ruiz, Alvaro (2004). “Dating the Late Archaic occupation of the Norte Chico region in Peru”. Nature. 432 (7020): 1020–1023. Bibcode:2004Natur.432.1020H. doi:10.1038/nature03146. PMID 15616561. S2CID 4426545. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 10 September 2017.
  30. ^ Cordy-Collins, Alana (1992). “Archaism or Tradition?: The Decapitation Theme in Cupisnique and Moche Iconography”. Latin American Antiquity. 3 (3): 206–220. doi:10.2307/971715. JSTOR 971715. S2CID 56406255.
  31. ^ “Chavin (Archaeological Site)”. UNESCO. Archived from the original on 8 May 2016. Retrieved 27 July 2014.
  32. ^ Beck, Roger B.; Black, Linda; Krieger, Larry S.; Naylor, Phillip C.; Shabaka, Dahia Ibo (1999). World History: Patterns of Interaction. Evanston, IL: McDougal Littell. ISBN 0-395-87274-X.
  33. ^ Jump up to:a b Keatinge, Richard W.; Conrad, Geoffrey W. (1983). “Imperialist expansion in Peruvian prehistory: Chimu administration of a conquered territory”. Journal of Field Archaeology. 10 (3): 255–283. doi:10.1179/009346983791504246.
  34. ^ Blom, Deborah E.; Janusek, John W. (2004). “Making Place: Humans as Dedications in Tiwanaku”. World Archaeology. 36: 123–141. doi:10.1080/0043824042000192623. S2CID 154741300.
  35. ^ Pre-Inca Cultures Archived 3 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine. countrystudies.us.
  36. ^ D’Altroy, Terence (2002). The Incas. Malden: Blackwell, ISBN 1405116765, pp. 2–3.
  37. ^ Demarest, Arthur Andrew; Conrad, Geoffrey W. (1984). Religion and Empire: The Dynamics of Aztec and Inca Expansionism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 57–59. ISBN 0-521-31896-3.
  38. ^ Peru The Incas Archived 3 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  39. ^ Torero Fernández de Córdoba, Alfredo. (1970) “Lingüística e historia de la Sociedad Andina”, Anales Científicos de la Universidad Agraria, VIII, 3–4, págs. 249–251. Lima: UNALM.
  40. ^ “The Inca – All Empires”. www.allempires.com. Archived from the original on 20 January 2012.
  41. ^ “The Inca” at the Wayback Machine (archived 10 November 2009) The National Foreign Language Center at the University of Maryland. 29 May 2007. Retrieved 27 July 2014.
  42. ^ Lavallé, Bernard (2004), “7 El fin de Atahualpa”, Francisco Pizarro : Biografía de una conquista, Travaux de l’IFEA (in Spanish), Lima: Institut français d’études andines, pp. 123–139, ISBN 978-2-8218-2650-2, archived from the original on 19 March 2024, retrieved 19 March 2024
  43. ^ “Battle of Cajamarca | Summary | Britannica”. www.britannica.com. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 19 March 2024.
  44. ^ Lovell, W. George (1992). “‘Heavy Shadows and Black Night’: Disease and Depopulation in Colonial Spanish America”. Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 82 (3): 426–443. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1992.tb01968.x. JSTOR 2563354.
  45. ^ Bakewell, Peter (1984). Miners of the Red Mountain: Indian labor in Potosi 1545–1650. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico, ISBN 0826307698, p. 181.
  46. ^ Suárez, Margarita (2001). Desafíos transatlánticos (in Spanish). Lima: FCE/IFEA/PUCP. pp. 252–253. ISBN 9789972832079. Archived from the original on 10 May 2013.
  47. ^ Schottenhammer, Angela (2019). “Connecting China with the Pacific World?”. Orientierungen. Zeitschrift zur Kultur Asiens: 144. ISSN 0936-4099. Archived from the original on 27 May 2021. Retrieved 27 May 2021. The wreck excavation could prove that European style jewelry was being made in the Philippines. Some 56 intact storage jars were discovered. Investigations revealed that they had come from kilns in South China, Cochin China (Vietnam), and Siam (Thailand), and one was of Spanish design. The archaeology of the Nuestra Señora de la Concepción, consequently, also provides us with intriguing new insights into the trans-Pacific trade connection and the commodities involved. Each time a galleon arrived at Acapulco, a market, la feria, was organized. This attracted all kinds of people such as Indian peddlers, Mexican and Peruvian merchants, soldiers, the king’s officials, and friars, as well as a few Chinese and some Filipinos. From Acapulco, the goods were transported into the hinterlands, into Mexico City, and various other places, including Peru. The Peruvian port at that time was Callao and the Ciudad de los Reyes, that is Lima, the capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru. Generally speaking, much of what was not sold (rezagos) directly in Acapulco was redirected towards Peru. Peruvian ships, mainly loaded with silver, mercury, cacao from Guayaquil, and Peruvian wines, sailed to ports along the Mexican and Guatemalan coasts, returning with Asian goods and leftover cargo from the galleon ships. Besides Callao and Guayaquil, Paita was also frequently a port of call.
  48. ^ “Second book of the second part of the Conquests of the Filipinas Islands, and chronicle of the religious of our Father, St. Augustine”. Zamboanga City History. Archived from the original on 28 February 2021. Retrieved 18 February 2021. He (Governor Don Sebastían Hurtado de Corcuera) brought a great reenforcement of soldiers, many of them from Perú, as he made his voyage to Acapulco from that kingdom.
  49. ^ Russell Bourne, Gods of War, Gods of Peace (New York: Harcourt Books, 2002), 7–9.
  50. ^ Kathryn Burns, Colonial Habits (Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1999), 15–40.
  51. ^ Jump up to:a b Conquest and Colony of Peru.“Conquest and Colony of Peru”. discover-peru.org. Archived from the original on 18 August 2016. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
  52. ^ Andrien, Kenneth (1985). Crisis and decline: the Viceroyalty of Peru in the seventeenth century. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, ISBN 1597403237, pp. 200–202.
  53. ^ Burkholder, Mark (1977). From impotence to authority: the Spanish Crown and the American audiencias, 1687–1808. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, ISBN 0826202195, pp. 83–87.
  54. ^ O’Phelan, Scarlett (1985). Rebellions and revolts in eighteenth century Peru and Upper Peru. Cologne: Böhlau, ISBN 9783412010850, p. 276.
  55. ^ “Peru”. countrystudies.us. Archived from the original on 3 November 2016. Retrieved 27 July 2014.
  56. ^ “Túpac Amaru II”. Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 3 June 2019. Retrieved 10 July 2018.
  57. ^ Scheina, 2003, Latin America’s Wars: The Age of the Caudillo, 1791–1899, p. 58.
  58. ^ Gootenberg (1991) p. 12.
  59. ^ Discover Peru (Peru cultural society). War of Independence Archived 21 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 28 July 2014
  60. ^ Gootenberg (1993) pp. 5–6.
  61. ^ Gootenberg (1993) p. 9.
  62. ^ Klarén, Peter (2000). Peru: society and nationhood in the Andes. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 262–276, ISBN 0195069285.
  63. ^ “Francisco Morales Bermudez, ex-Peruvian military ruler, dies at 100”. Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 16 July 2022.
  64. ^ Brands, Hal (15 September 2010). “The United States and the Peruvian Challenge, 1968–1975”. Diplomacy & Statecraft. 21 (3). Taylor & Francis: 471–490. doi:10.1080/09592296.2010.508418. S2CID 154119414.
  65. ^ “Welcome, Mr. Peruvian President: Why Alan García is no hero to his people”. Council on Hemispheric Affairs. 2 June 2010. Archived from the original on 18 April 2019. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
  66. ^ Jump up to:a b Leonard, Thomas M. (2013). Encyclopedia of the Developing World. Taylor and Francis. p. 685. ISBN 9781135205157. The inflation rate in 1990 was 7,650%….President Fujimori immediately implemented a program of severe austerity and privatization programs. The economic shock therapy hit the poor the hardest, but brought inflation down to 139% in 1991 and 57% in 1992.
  67. ^ Jump up to:a b Economic Survey of Latin America and the Caribbean 1992. ECLAC. 31 December 1992. p. 31. ISBN 9789210601191. Archived from the original on 27 April 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
  68. ^ Luis Rossell, Historias gráficas de la violencia en el Perú, 1980–1984, 2008
  69. ^ Rospigliosi, Fernando (1996). Las Fuerzas Armadas y el 5 de abril: la percepción de la amenaza subversiva como una motivación golpista. Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos. pp. 46–47.
  70. ^ Gaussens, Pierre (2020). “The forced serilization of indigenous population in Mexico in the 1990s”. Canadian Journal of Bioethics. 3 (3): 180+. doi:10.7202/1073797ar. S2CID 234586692. a government plan, developed by the Peruvian army between 1989 and 1990s to deal with the Shining Path insurrection, later known as the ‘Green Plan’, whose (unpublished) text expresses in explicit terms a genocidal intention
  71. ^ Burt, Jo-Marie (September–October 1998). “Unsettled accounts: militarization and memory in postwar Peru”. NACLA Report on the Americas. 32 (2). Taylor & Francis: 35–41. doi:10.1080/10714839.1998.11725657. the military’s growing frustration over the limitations placed upon its counterinsurgency operations by democratic institutions, coupled with the growing inability of civilian politicians to deal with the spiraling economic crisis and the expansion of the Shining Path, prompted a group of military officers to devise a coup plan in the late 1980s. The plan called for the dissolution of Peru’s civilian government, military control over the state, and total elimination of armed opposition groups. The plan, developed in a series of documents known as the “Plan Verde,” outlined a strategy for carrying out a military coup in which the armed forces would govern for 15 to 20 years and radically restructure state-society relations along neoliberal lines.
  72. ^ Jump up to:a b c Alfredo Schulte-Bockholt (2006). “Chapter 5: Elites, Cocaine, and Power in Colombia and Peru”. The politics of organized crime and the organized crime of politics: a study in criminal power. Lexington Books. pp. 114–118. ISBN 978-0-7391-1358-5. important members of the officer corps, particularly within the army, had been contemplating a military coup and the establishment of an authoritarian regime, or a so-called directed democracy. The project was known as ‘Plan Verde’, the Green Plan. … Fujimori essentially adopted the ‘Plan Verde,’ and the military became a partner in the regime. … The autogolpe, or self-coup, of April 5, 1992, dissolved the Congress and the country’s constitution and allowed for the implementation of the most important components of the ‘Plan Verde.’
  73. ^ Jump up to:a b Rospigliosi, Fernando (1996). Las Fuerzas Armadas y el 5 de abril: la percepción de la amenaza subversiva como una motivación golpista. Lima, Peru: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos. pp. 28–40.
  74. ^ Jump up to:a b Avilés, William (Spring 2009). “Despite Insurgency: Reducing Military Prerogatives in Colombia and Peru”. Latin American Politics and Society. 51 (1). Cambridge University Press: 57–85. doi:10.1111/j.1548-2456.2009.00040.x. S2CID 154153310.
  75. ^ Pee, Robert (2018). The Reagan Administration, the Cold War, and the Transition to Democracy Promotion. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 178–180. ISBN 978-3319963815.
  76. ^ Nash, Nathaniel C. (24 February 1991). “The World; Fujimori In the Time Of Cholera”. The New York Times. p. Section 4, Page 2. Archived from the original on 31 August 2021. Retrieved 5 August 2021.
  77. ^ Jump up to:a b Mitrovic, Mijail (30 December 2021). “At the fabric of history: Peru’s political struggle under (and against) the pandemic”. Dialectical Anthropology. 45 (4): 431–446. doi:10.1007/s10624-021-09634-5. PMC 8716181. PMID 34980936.
  78. ^ Cameron, Maxwell A. (June 1998). “Latin American Autogolpes: Dangerous Undertows in the Third Wave of Democratisation”. Third World Quarterly. 19 (2). Taylor & Francis: 228. doi:10.1080/01436599814433. the outlines for Peru’s presidential coup were first developed within the armed forces before the 1990 election. This Plan Verde was shown to President Fujimorti after the 1990 election before his inauguration. Thus, the president was able to prepare for an eventual self-coup during the first two years of his administration
  79. ^ “El “Plan Verde” Historia de una traición”. Oiga. 647. 12 July 1993. Archived from the original on 8 October 2021. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
  80. ^ Black, Jan (2018). Latin America Its Problems and Its Promise: A Multidisciplinary Introduction. Taylor and Francis. p. 355. ISBN 9780429974694. Archived from the original on 27 April 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023. In September 1992, a small, elite squad within Peru’s antiterrorist police (established under Garcia) captured the Shining Path leader, Abimael Guzman. Within the next few weeks, using information in Guzman’s hideout, police arrested more than 1,000 suspected guerillas. During the next few years, the Shining Path was decimated.
  81. ^ Gaussens, Pierre (2020). “The forced serilization of indigenous population in Mexico in the 1990s”. Canadian Journal of Bioethics. 3 (3): 180+. doi:10.7202/1073797ar. S2CID 234586692. a government plan, developed by the Peruvian army between 1989 and 1990s to deal with the Shining Path insurrection, later known as the ‘Green Plan’, whose (unpublished) text expresses in explicit terms a genocidal intention
  82. ^ Back, Michele; Zavala, Virginia (2018). Racialization and Language: Interdisciplinary Perspectives From Perú. Routledge. pp. 286–291. Archived from the original on 4 August 2021. Retrieved 4 August 2021. At the end of the 1980s, a group of military elites secretly developed an analysis of Peruvian society called El cuaderno verde. This analysis established the policies that the following government would have to carry out in order to defeat Shining Path and rescue the Peruvian economy from the deep crisis in which it found itself. El cuaderno verde was passed onto the national press in 1993, after some of these policies were enacted by President Fujimori. … It was a program that resulted in the forced sterilization of Quechua-speaking women belonging to rural Andean communities. This is an example of ‘ethnic cleansing’ justified by the state, which claimed that a properly controlled birth rate would improve the distribution of national resources and thus reduce poverty levels. … The Peruvian state decided to control the bodies of ‘culturally backward’ women, since they were considered a source of poverty and the seeds of subversive groups
  83. ^ Jump up to:a b “Peru”. The Economist. 17 October 2007. Archived from the original on 10 April 2008.
  84. ^ White, Gavin David (2009). “Displacement, decentralisation and reparation in post-conflict Peru”. Forced Migration Review. Archived from the original on 15 October 2017. Retrieved 2 July 2017.
  85. ^ Ortiz de Zárate, Roberto (6 June 2016). “Keiko Fujimori Higuchi”. Barcelona Centre for International Affairs. Archived from the original on 9 December 2022. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
  86. ^ “Fujimori ‘to run for presidency'”. BBC. 20 September 2004. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 13 February 2016.
  87. ^ Forero, Juan (9 April 2006). “Fujimori’s Daughter Polishes Her Jailed Father’s Image on the Road to Congress in Peru”. The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 4 October 2020. Retrieved 3 June 2021.
  88. ^ “Peru’s Fujimori sentenced to 25 years prison”. Reuters. 7 April 2009. Archived from the original on 12 April 2009. Retrieved 10 July 2018.
  89. ^ Flannery, Nathaniel Parish. “Political Risk Analysis: How Will Peru’s Economy Perform In 2017?”. Forbes. Archived from the original on 9 December 2022. Retrieved 9 December 2022.
  90. ^ “The Political Limits of Presidential Impeachment: Lessons from Latin America”. German Institute for Global and Area Studies. 2021. Archived from the original on 9 December 2022. Retrieved 9 December 2022.
  91. ^ “Peru’s Prime Minister Ana Jara deposed over spy row”. BBC. BBC News. 31 March 2015. Archived from the original on 20 August 2017. Retrieved 19 August 2017.
  92. ^ Jump up to:a b Asensio, Raúl; Camacho, Gabriela; González, Natalia; Grompone, Romeo; Pajuelo Teves, Ramón; Peña Jimenez, Omayra; Moscoso, Macarena; Vásquez, Yerel; Sosa Villagarcia, Paolo (2021). El Profe: Cómo Pedro Castillo se convirtió en presidente del Perú y qué pasará a continuación (in Spanish) (1 ed.). Lima, Peru: Institute of Peruvian Studies. p. 92. ISBN 978-612-326-084-2. Archived from the original on 5 November 2022. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
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  240. ^ “Peru izabrao predsjednicu peruansko-hrvatskog prijateljstva”. www.index.hr (in Croatian). Retrieved 21 September 2024.
  241. ^ “Miles de venezolanos ingresan a Perú antes que entre en vigencia requisito de visa humanitaria | Mundo | Gestion”. web.archive.org. 14 June 2019. Retrieved 23 September 2024.
  242. ^ “Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico” (PDF). Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. p. 198. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 February 2020. Retrieved 27 September 2018.
  243. ^ Jump up to:a b (in Spanish) Resonancias.org Archived 7 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine – Aboriginal languages of Peru
  244. ^ World University Ranking 2023, Times Higher Education, https://www.times Archived 27 January 2022 at the Wayback Machine highereducation.com > world-ranking
  245. ^ “Catholicism and evangelism: the two most common religions in Latin America”. Statista. 26 October 2022. Archived from the original on 19 November 2022. Retrieved 18 November 2022.
  246. ^ Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, Perfil sociodemográfico del Perú, p. 93.
  247. ^ Constitución Política del Perú, Article No. 17.
  248. ^ “Decreto Supremo que aprueba el Reglamento de la Ley N° 29735, Ley que regula el uso, preservación, desarrollo, recuperación, fomento y difusión de las lenguas originarias del Perú, Decreto Supremo N° 004-2016-MC”. Archived from the original on 29 October 2017. Retrieved 10 July 2017.
  249. ^ “Textile Doll”. Walters Art Museum site. Archived from the original on 4 June 2023. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
  250. ^ Belaunde, Víctor Andrés (1983). Peruanidad. Lima: BCR, p. 472.
  251. ^ Bailey, pp. 72–74.
  252. ^ Bailey, p. 263.
  253. ^ Lucie-Smith, Edward (1993). Latin American art of the 20th century Archived 20 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine. London: Thames and Hudson, ISBN 0500203563, pp. 76–77, 145–146.
  254. ^ Bayón, Damián (1998). “Art, c. 1920–c. 1980”. In: Leslie Bethell (ed.), A cultural history of Latin America. Cambridge: University of Cambridge, ISBN 0521626269, pp. 425–428.
  255. ^ Martin, “Literature, music and the visual arts, c. 1820–1870”, pp. 37–39.
  256. ^ Martin, “Narrative since c. 1920”, pp. 151–152.
  257. ^ Martin, “Narrative since c. 1920”, pp. 178–179.
  258. ^ Martin, “Narrative since c. 1920”, pp. 186–188.
  259. ^ “7 Things You Need to Know about Peruvian Cuisine”. MICHELIN Guide. Archived from the original on 4 February 2019. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
  260. ^ Custer, pp. 17–22.
  261. ^ Custer, pp. 25–38.
  262. ^ Romero, Raúl (1999). “Andean Peru”. In: John Schechter (ed.), Music in Latin American culture: regional tradition. New York: Schirmer Books, pp. 385–386.
  263. ^ Olsen, Dale (2002). Music of El Dorado: the ethnomusicology of ancient South American cultures. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, ISBN 0813029201, pp. 17–22.
  264. ^ Turino, Thomas (1993). “Charango”. In: Stanley Sadie (ed.), The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments. New York: MacMillan Press Limited, vol. I, ISBN 0333378784, p. 340.
  265. ^ Romero, Raúl (1985). “La música tradicional y popular”. In: Patronato Popular y Porvenir, La música en el Perú. Lima: Industrial Gráfica, pp. pp. 243–245, 261–265.

3.2 来源文献 | Bibliography

  • Bailey, Gauvin Alexander. Art of colonial Latin America. London: Phaidon, 2005. ISBN 0714841579.
  • Constitución Política del Perú. 29 December 1993.
  • Custer, Tony. The Art of Peruvian Cuisine. Lima: Ediciones Ganesha, 2003. ISBN 9972920305.
  • Garland, Gonzalo. “Perú Siglo XXI”, series of 11 working papers describing sectorial long-term forecasts, Grade, Lima, Peru, 1986–1987.
  • Garland, Gonzalo. Peru in the 21st Century: Challenges and Possibilities in Futures: the Journal of Forecasting, Planning, and Policy, Volume 22, No. 4, Butterworth-Heinemann, London, England, May 1990.
  • Gootenberg, Paul. (1991) Between silver and guano: commercial policy and the state in postindependence Peru. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691023425.
  • Gootenberg, Paul. (1993) Imagining development: economic ideas in Peru’s “fictitious prosperity” of Guano, 1840–1880. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0520082907.
  • Higgins, James (editor). The Emancipation of Peru: British Eyewitness Accounts, 2014. Online at jhemanperu Archived 21 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine
  • Instituto de Estudios Histórico–Marítimos del Perú. El Perú y sus recursos: Atlas geográfico y económico. Lima: Auge, 1996.
  • Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. “Perú: Compendio Estadístico 2005“ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 March 2007. (8.31 MB). Lima: INEI, 2005.
  • Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. Perfil sociodemográfico del Perú. Lima: INEI, 2008.
  • Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. Perú: Estimaciones y Proyecciones de Población, 1950–2050. Lima: INEI, 2001.
  • Ley N° 27178, Ley del Servicio Militar DOC. 28 September 1999.
  • Ley N° 27867, Ley Ley Orgánica de Gobiernos Regionales. 16 November 2002.
  • Martin, Gerald. “Literature, music and the visual arts, c. 1820–1870”. In: Leslie Bethell (ed.), A cultural history of Latin America. Cambridge: University of Cambridge, 1998, pp. 3–45.
  • Martin, Gerald. “Narrative since c. 1920”. In: Leslie Bethell (ed.), A cultural history of Latin America. Cambridge: University of Cambridge, 1998, pp. 133–225.
  • Porras Barrenechea, Raúl. El nombre del Perú. Lima: Talleres Gráficos P.L. Villanueva, 1968.
  • Scheina, Robert (2003), Latin America’s Wars: The Age of the Caudillo, 1791–1899, Brassey’s, ISBN 978-1-57488-450-0
  • Thorp, Rosemary, and Geoffrey Bertram. Peru 1890–1977: growth and policy in an open economy. New York: Columbia University Press, 1978. ISBN 0231034334

4. 中文词条参考文献

4.1 引用列表（与文中标号对应）

  1.  Ethnic groups of Perú. CIA Factbook. [2013-10-30]. （原始内容存档于2016-01-01）.
  2. ^ 跳转到：2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Peru. World Economic Outlook Database. International Monetary Fund (IMF). April 2022 [2022-06-25]. （原始内容存档于2022-06-25） （英语）.
  3. ^ Gini Index. World Bank. [2015-11-21]. （原始内容存档于2018-12-26）.
  4. ^ Human Development Report 2019 (PDF). UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME. [2019-12-22]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-01-18）.
  5. ^ Raúl Porras Barrenechea, El nombre del Perú，第83页
  6. ^ Raúl Porras Barrenechea, El nombre del Perú，第84页
  7. ^ Raúl Porras Barrenechea, El nombre del Perú，第86页
  8. ^ Raúl Porras Barrenechea, El nombre del Perú，第87页
  9. ^ Tom Dillehay et al, “The first settlers”，第20页
  10. ^ Jonathan Haas et al, “Dating the Late Archaic occupation of the Norte Chico region in Peru”，第1021页
  11. ^ Terence D’Altroy, The Incas，第2－3页
  12. ^ Enrique Mayer, The articulated peasant，第47－68页
  13. ^ Recopilación de leyes de los Reynos de las Indias, vol. II，第12－13页
  14. ^ Peter Bakewell, Miners of the Red Mountain，第181页
  15. ^ Margarita Suárez, Desafíos transatlánticos，第252－253页
  16. ^ Kenneth Andrien, Crisis and decline，第200－202页
  17. ^ Mark Burkholder, From impotence to authority，第83－87页
  18. ^ Scarlett O’Phelan, Rebellions and revolts in eighteenth century Peru and Upper Peru，第276页
  19. ^ Timothy Anna, The fall of the royal government in Peru，第237－238页
  20. ^ Charles Walker, Smoldering ashes，第124－125页
  21. ^ Paul Gootenberg, Between silver and guano，第12页
  22. ^ Paul Gootenberg, Imagining development，第5－6页
  23. ^ Paul Gootenberg, Imagining development，第9页
  24. ^ Ulrich Mücke, Political culture in nineteenth-century Peru，第193－194页
  25. ^ Peter Klarén, Peru，第262－276页
  26. ^ David Palmer, Peru: the authoritarian tradition，第93页
  27. ^ George Philip, The rise and fall of the Peruvian military radicals，第163－165页
  28. ^ Daniel Schydlowsky and Juan Julio Wicht, “Anatomy of an economic failure”，第106－107页
  29. ^ Peter Klarén, Peru，第406－407页
  30. ^ “Fujimori: Decline and fall”. BBC News. 2000-11-20 [2007-07-21]. （原始内容存档于2018-01-16）.
  31. ^ Constitución Política del Perú, Article N° 112.
  32. ^ Constitución Política del Perú, Article N° 122.
  33. ^ Constitución Política del Perú, Article N° 90.
  34. ^ Constitución Política del Perú, Articles N° 107–108.
  35. ^ Constitución Política del Perú, Articles N° 146.
  36. ^ Jeffrey Clark. Building on quicksand. humanrightsfirst.org. 2000年4月 [2007-07-24]. （原始内容存档于2007-08-13）.
  37. ^ Constitución Política del Perú de 1993. Artículo 131º
  38. ^ Constitución Política del Perú de 1993. Artículo 132º
  39. ^ Constitución Política del Perú de 1993. Artículo 133º
  40. ^ Constitución Política del Perú de 1993. Artículo 130º
  41. ^ Constitución Política del Perú de 1993. Artículo 134º
  42. ^ Constitución Política del Perú, Article N° 31.
  43. ^ 赵晖. 加西亚正式当选秘鲁总统. 新华网. 2006-06-22 [2008-02-09]. （原始内容存档于2014-02-18）.
  44. ^ Grupos Parlamentarios. Congreso de la República del Perú. [2008-01-05]. （原始内容存档于2007-12-29）.
  45. ^ Ronald Bruce St John, The foreign policy of Peru，第223－224页
  46. ^ Peru–Chile border row escalates. BBC News. 2005-11-04 [2007-05-16]. （原始内容存档于2009-01-15）.
  47. ^ Ministerio de Defensa, Libro Blanco de la Defensa Nacional，第90页
  48. ^ Ley N° 27178, Ley del Servicio Militar, Articles N° 29, 42 and 45.
  49. ^ Ley N° 27867, Ley Orgánica de Gobiernos Regionales, Article N° 11.
  50. ^ Ley N° 27867, Ley Orgánica de Gobiernos Regionales, Article N° 10.
  51. ^ Ley N° 27867, Ley Orgánica de Gobiernos Regionales, Article N° 66.
  52. ^ Huascarán. AndesHandbook. [2007-08-12]. （原始内容存档于2016-10-08）.
  53. ^ Instituto de Estudios Histórico–Marítimos del Perú, El Perú y sus recursos: Atlas geográfico y económico，第16页
  54. ^ Instituto de Estudios Histórico–Marítimos del Perú, El Perú y sus recursos: Atlas geográfico y económico，第31页
  55. ^ Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, Perú: Compendio Estadístico 2005，第21页
  56. ^ Instituto de Estudios Histórico–Marítimos del Perú, El Perú y sus recursos: Atlas geográfico y económico，第24－25页
  57. ^ Instituto de Estudios Histórico–Marítimos del Perú, El Perú y sus recursos: Atlas geográfico y económico，第25－26页
  58. ^ Instituto de Estudios Histórico–Marítimos del Perú, El Perú y sus recursos: Atlas geográfico y económico，第26－27页
  59. ^ Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, Perú: Compendio Estadístico 2005，第50页
  60. ^ The Impact of the Potato: Jeff Chapman relates the story of history’s most important vegetable.. History Magazine. [2014-04-06]. （原始内容存档于2000-05-11）.
  61. ^ 赵凯，陈威华，冯俊扬. “馬鈴薯之乡”秘鲁的馬鈴薯情结. 新华网. 2008-11-17 [2014-04-06]. （原始内容存档于2012-06-14）.
  62. ^ 董博 (编). 世界“馬鈴薯之乡”秘鲁馬鈴薯有不少怪名. 环球时报. 2008-10-18 [2014-04-06]. （原始内容存档于2014-02-02）.
  63. ^ 上海市农业委员会. [2014-04-06]. （原始内容存档于2014-02-03）.
  64. ^ Peru’s potato passion goes global （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） By Dan Collyns BBC News, Ayacucho, Peru
  65. ^ United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report 2010PDFRetrieved November 5, 2010.
  66. ^ Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, Evolución de la Pobreza en el Perú al 2010, p. 38.
  67. ^ Rosemary Thorp and Geoffrey Bertram, Peru 1890–1977，第4页
  68. ^ Rosemary Thorp and Geoffrey Bertram, Peru 1890–1977，第321页
  69. ^ Rosemary Thorp and Geoffrey Bertram, Peru 1890–1977，第318－319页
  70. ^ John Sheahan, Searching for a better society，第157页
  71. ^ Producto bruto interno por sectores productivos 1951–2006. 秘鲁中央储备银行. [2007-05-15]. （原始内容存档于2007-03-20）.
  72. ^ 2006数据。《Memoria 2006》第204页. 秘鲁中央储备银行. [2007-06-25]. （原始内容存档于2008-12-17）.
  73. ^ 《Memoria 2006》第15及203页. 秘鲁中央储备银行. [2007-06-25]. （原始内容存档于2008-12-17）.
  74. ^ United States and Peru Sign Trade Promotion Agreement. Office of the U.S. Trade Representative. 2006-04-04 [2007-05-15]. （原始内容存档于2009-05-06）.
  75. ^ 2006年数据。《Memoria 2006》第60页. 秘鲁中央储备银行. [2007-07-31]. （原始内容存档于2008-12-17）.
  76. ^ Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico (PDF). Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática: 214. [2020-05-19]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-02-11）.
  77. ^ 《2006年世界人口展望》第44－48页 (PDF). 联合国. [2007-07-29]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2018-07-10）.
  78. ^ Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, Perú: Estimaciones y Proyecciones de Población, 1950–2050，第37－38、40页
  79. ^ Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, Perú: Estimaciones y Proyecciones de Población, 1950–2050，第45页
  80. ^ Migraciones Internas en el Perú. Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. [2007-05-15]. （原始内容存档于2012-06-27）.
  81. ^ Noble David Cook, Demographic collapse: Indian Peru, 1520–1620，第114页
  82. ^ Elizabeth Orlow. Silent Killers of the New World. millersville.edu. [2008-02-10]. （原始内容存档于2007-11-02）.
  83. ^ Mario Vázquez, “Immigration and mestizaje in nineteenth-century Peru”，第79－81页
  84. ^ Magnus Mörner, Race mixture in the history of Latin America，第131页
  85. ^ 商业电台新闻报导，2008年11月。
  86. ^ Perfil sociodemográfico del Perú. Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. [2007-05-15]. （原始内容存档于2007-05-01）.
  87. ^ Perfil sociodemográfico del Perú. Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. [2007-05-15]. （原始内容存档于2013-03-11）.
  88. ^ El analfabetismo en cifras. Portal Educativo Huascarán. [2007-05-15]. （原始内容存档于2007-06-29）.
  89. ^ Constitución Política del Perú, Article N° 17.
  90. ^ 秘魯概況. [2015-10-27]. （原始内容存档于2012-06-08）.
  91. ^ Víctor Andrés Belaunde, Peruanidad，第472页
  92. ^ Gauvin Alexander Bailey, Art of colonial Latin America，第72－74页
  93. ^ Gauvin Alexander Bailey, Art of colonial Latin America，第263页
  94. ^ Edward Lucie-Smith, Latin American art of the 20th century，第76－77、145－146页
  95. ^ Damián Bayón, “Art, c. 1920–c. 1980″，第425－428页
  96. ^ Gerald Martin, “Literature, music and the visual arts, c. 1820–1870″，第37－39页
  97. ^ Gerald Martin, “Narrative since c. 1920″，第151－152页
  98. ^ Gerald Martin, “Narrative since c. 1920″，第178－179页
  99. ^ Jaime Concha, “Poetry, c. 1920–1950″，第250－253页
  100. ^ Gerald Martin, “Narrative since c. 1920″，第186－188页
  101. ^ Tony Custer, The Art of Peruvian Cuisine，第17－22页
  102. ^ Tony Custer, The Art of Peruvian Cuisine，第25－38页
  103. ^ The Peruvian Gastronomy. 美国驻秘鲁大使馆. [2007-05-15]. （原始内容存档于2007-05-21）.
  104. ^ Raúl Romero, “Andean Peru”，第385－386页
  105. ^ Dale Olsen, Music of El Dorado，第17－22页
  106. ^ Thomas Turino, “Charango”，第340页
  107. ^ Raúl Romero, “La música tradicional y popular”，第263－265页
  108. ^ Raúl Romero, “La música tradicional y popular”，第243－245、261－263页
  109. ^ 秘鲁草绳桥入选联合国非遗名录. 网易新闻. [2013-12-06]. （原始内容存档于2013-12-12）.

3.2 来源文献：延伸阅读与参考文献

[在维基数据编辑]维基文库中的相关文本： 《清史稿/卷160》，出自赵尔巽《清史稿》

国名

  • Porras Barrenechea, Raúl. El nombre del Perú. Lima: Talleres Gráficos P.L. Villanueva, 1968.

历史

  • Andrien, Kenneth. Crisis and decline: the Viceroyalty of Peru in the seventeenth century. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1985.
  • Anna, Timothy. The fall of the royal government in Peru. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1979.
  • Bakewell, Peter. Miners of the Red Mountain: Indian labor in Potosi 1545–1650. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico, 1984.
  • BBC News. Fujimori: Decline and fall （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. November 20, 2000.
  • Burkholder, Mark. From impotence to authority: the Spanish Crown and the American audiencias, 1687–1808. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1977.
  • D’Altroy, Terence. The Incas. Malden: Blackwell, 2002.
  • Dillehay, Tom, Duccio Bonavia and Peter Kaulicke. “The first settlers”. In Helaine Silverman（ed.）,Andean archaeology. Malden: Blackwell, 2004, pp. 16–34.
  • Gootenberg, Paul. Between silver and guano: commercial policy and the state in postindependence Peru. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991.
  • Gootenberg, Paul. Imagining development: economic ideas in Peru’s “fictitious prosperity” of Guano, 1840–1880. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993.
  • Haas, Jonathan, Winifred Creamer and Alvaro Ruiz. “Dating the Late Archaic occupation of the Norte Chico region in Peru”. Nature 432: 1020–1023 (December 23, 2004).
  • Klarén, Peter. Peru: society and nationhood in the Andes. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.
  • Mayer, Enrique. The articulated peasant: household economies in the Andes. Boulder: Westview, 2002
  • Mücke, Ulrich. Political culture in nineteenth-century Peru. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2004.
  • O’Phelan, Scarlett. Rebellions and revolts in eighteenth century Peru and Upper Peru. Cologne: Böhlau, 1985.
  • Palmer, David. Peru: the authoritarian tradition. New York: Praeger, 1980.
  • Philip, George. The rise and fall of the Peruvian military radicals. London: University of London, 1978.
  • Recopilación de leyes de los Reynos de las Indias. Madrid: Cultura Hispánica, 1973
  • Schydlowsky, Daniel and Juan Julio Wicht. “Anatomy of an economic failure”. In Cynthia McClintock and Abraham Lowenthal（ed.）,The Peruvian experiment reconsidered. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983, pp. 94–143.
  • Suárez, Margarita. Desafíos transatlánticos. Lima: FCE/IFEA/PUCP, 2001.
  • The Economist. Peru （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. June 12, 2007.
  • Walker, Charles. Smoldering ashes: Cuzco and the creation of Republican Peru, 1780–1840. Durham: Duke University Press, 1999.

政治

宗教

地理

经济

人口

文化

  • Bailey, Gauvin Alexander. Art of colonial Latin America. London: Phaidon, 2005.
  • Bayón, Damián. “Art, c. 1920–c. 1980”. In: Leslie Bethell（ed.）,A cultural history of Latin America. Cambridge: University of Cambridge, 1998, pp. 393–454.
  • Belaunde, Víctor Andrés. Peruanidad. Lima: BCR, 1983.
  • Concha, Jaime. “Poetry, c. 1920–1950”. In: Leslie Bethell（ed.）,A cultural history of Latin America. Cambridge: University of Cambridge, 1998, pp. 227–260.
  • Custer, Tony. The Art of Peruvian Cuisine. Lima: Ediciones Ganesha, 2003.
  • Embassy of Peru in the United States. The Peruvian Gastronomy.
  • Lucie-Smith, Edward. Latin American art of the 20th century. London: Thames and Hudson, 1993.
  • Martin, Gerald. “Literature, music and the visual arts, c. 1820–1870”. In: Leslie Bethell（ed.）,A cultural history of Latin America. Cambridge: University of Cambridge, 1998, pp. 3–45.
  • Martin, Gerald. “Narrative since c. 1920”. In: Leslie Bethell（ed.）,A cultural history of Latin America. Cambridge: University of Cambridge, 1998, pp. 133–225.
  • Olsen, Dale. Music of El Dorado: the ethnomusicology of ancient South American cultures. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2002.
  • Romero, Raúl. “La música tradicional y popular”. In: Patronato Popular y Porvenir, La música en el Perú. Lima: Industrial Gráfica, 1985, pp. 215–283.
  • Romero, Raúl. “Andean Peru”. In: John Schechter（ed.）,Music in Latin American culture: regional tradition. New York: Schirmer Books, 1999, pp. 383–423.
  • Turino, Thomas. “Charango”. In: Stanley Sadie（ed.）,The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments. New York: MacMillan Press Limited, 1993, vol. I, p. 340.

5. 延伸阅读 | Further reading

Economy【经济】

  • (in Spanish) Banco Central de Reserva. Cuadros Anuales Históricos Archived 1 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
  • (in Spanish) Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. Perú: Perfil de la pobreza por departamentos, 2004–2008. Lima: INEI, 2009.
  • Concha, Jaime. “Poetry, c. 1920–1950”. In: Leslie Bethell (ed.), A cultural history of Latin America. Cambridge: University of Cambridge, 1998, pp. 227–260.

Peru at Wikipedia’s sister projects / 秘鲁在维基百科的姊妹项目

__________________________________________________________________

政府

其他

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