自由党（荷兰）/ Party for Freedom – 中英文维基百科词条融合

By cathayvista区域：欧洲西部（不含独联体国家）, 政党

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本文基于英文词条的线索，并补充部分来自中文词条的内容（在二者冲突时，以更晚更新者为准）。

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1. 正文（发布于知乎专栏）

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2. 维基百科的相关词条 | See also

3. 英文词条参考文献 | References

  1. ^ “Partij voor de Vrijheid (PVV)”. Parlement.com. Archived from the original on 28 April 2018.
  2. ^ Pauwels, Teun (2014). Populism in Western Europe: Comparing Belgium, Germany and The Netherlands. Routledge. pp. 117–118. ISBN 9781317653912. Archived from the original on 23 November 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
  3. ^ Oudenampsen, Merijn (2013). “Explaining the Swing to the Right: The Dutch Debate on the Rise of Right-Wing Populism”. In Wodak, Ruth; KhosraviNik, Majid; Mral, Brigitte (eds.). Right-Wing Populism in Europe: Politics and Discourse. A&C Black. p. 191.
  4. ^ Nordsieck, Wolfram (2021). “Netherlands”. Parties and Elections in Europe. Archived from the original on 2 April 2017. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
  5. ^ Voerman & Vossen 2019, p. 7.
  6. ^ “Dutch elections loom as budget talks collapse”. Euronews. Archived from the original on 23 April 2012. Retrieved 22 April 2012.
  7. ^ “Dutch party wants to outlaw mosques, Islamic schools, Koran”. Politico. Archived from the original on 23 September 2023. Retrieved 16 March 2017.
  8. ^ “Dutch Far-right Leader Seeks Ban on Quran, Mosques”. Voice of America. Archived from the original on 1 August 2019. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
  9. ^ Magone, José M. (2011). Comparative European Politics: An Introduction. Routledge. p. 17. ISBN 9780203846391.
  10. ^ Albertazzi, Daniele; McDonnell, Duncan (2008), Twenty-first century populism: The spectre of Western European democracy, Palgrave Macmillan, p. 164
  11. ^ Haan, Marko de (5 April 2024). “Wilders wil tóch maar geen Nexit. Het past in een bredere trend waarin radicaalrechtse partijen de EU juist gebruiken”. NRC (in Dutch).
  12. ^ Vossen 2013, pp. 34–35.
  13. ^ Vossen 2013, pp. 41–46.
  14. ^ Vossen 2013, pp. 52–56.
  15. ^ Vossen 2013, pp. 58–61.
  16. ^ Vossen 2013, pp. 54–55.
  17. ^ Lucardie, Paul (16 March 2023). “Partijgeschiedenis”. Documentatiecentrum Nederlandse Politieke Partijen (in Dutch).
  18. ^ Vossen 2013, pp. 62–63.
  19. ^ Leenders, Marij (2008). “Fitna-debat: spanning tussen verschillende elementaire rechten”. Jaarboek Parlementaire Geschiedenis (PDF) (in Dutch).
  20. ^ Ruigrok, Nel; Scholten, Otto; Krijt, Martijn; Schaper, Joep (2009). “Fitna in de media: een brongerichte mediahype” (PDF). Tijdschrift voor Communicatiewetenschap (in Dutch). 37 (3).
  21. ^ Voerman & Vossen 2019, pp. 293–294.
  22. ^ “Kiesraad – Verkiezingsuitslagen”. www.verkiezingsuitslagen.nl. Archived from the original on 4 February 2023. Retrieved 24 February 2023.
  23. ^ “Hero Brinkman quits the PVV, opposition call for new elections”. DutchNews.nl. 20 March 2012. Archived from the original on 22 April 2012. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
  24. ^ “Drie Statenleden PVV Noord-Holland mee met Brinkman”. wn.com (in Dutch). World News Network. Archived from the original on 11 June 2015. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
  25. ^ Chesal, Robert. “Wilders gives Dutch politics a roller-coaster ride”. Radio Netherlands Worldwide. Archived from the original on 11 July 2012. Retrieved 16 July 2012.
  26. ^ “Kiesraad – Verkiezingsuitslagen”. www.verkiezingsuitslagen.nl. Archived from the original on 24 February 2023. Retrieved 24 February 2023.
  27. ^ “PVV zet Kamerlid Louis Bontes uit fractie”. Algemeen Dagblad (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 24 February 2023. Retrieved 24 February 2023.
  28. ^ “Dit zijn de Nederlandse leden van het Europees parlement”. RTL Nieuws (in Dutch). 26 May 2014. Archived from the original on 22 July 2017. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
  29. ^ “Auke Zijlstra (PVV) bevestigt toetreding tot Europees Parlement Archived 20 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine” (in Dutch), Parlement & Politiek, 2015. Retrieved 19 March 2017.
  30. ^ “France’s Le Pen announces far-right bloc of anti-EU MEPs”. BBC News. 2015. Archived from the original on 18 July 2016. Retrieved 19 March 2017.
  31. ^ Maurice, Eric (2015). “Le Pen becomes group leader in EU parliament”. EUobserver. Archived from the original on 6 June 2017. Retrieved 19 March 2017.
  32. ^ Tobias den Hartog (14 March 2017). “PVV zakt flink weg in peilingen, VVD profiteert”. Algemeen Dagblad. Archived from the original on 16 March 2017. Retrieved 16 March 2017.
  33. ^ “Concept-verkiezingsprogramma PVV 2017–2021 Archived 20 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine” (in Dutch), University of Groningen. Retrieved 19 March 2017.
  34. ^ “VVD de grootste, zwaar verlies PvdA”. De Telegraaf (in Dutch). 2017. Archived from the original on 6 June 2017. Retrieved 17 March 2017.
  35. ^ “VVD leader Mark Rutte says ‘zero’ chance of coalition with Geert Wilders”. DutchNews.nl. 16 January 2017. Archived from the original on 18 May 2017. Retrieved 19 March 2017.
  36. ^ “5 things to know about Dutch far right’s new figurehead”. Politico. 25 March 2019. Archived from the original on 6 September 2023. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
  37. ^ “Far-right Dutch MEP ditches Geert Wilders’ party over its vaccination stance”. Politico. 20 January 2022. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
  38. ^ Corder, Mike; Casert, Raf (22 November 2023). “Netherlands looks set to replace longest-serving leader, Wilders wins landslide election”. ABC News. Archived from the original on 22 November 2023. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
  39. ^ O’Carroll, Lisa (23 November 2023). “Tax, healthcare, immigration: why Dutch people voted for Geert Wilders”. The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 25 November 2023. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
  40. ^ Meijer, Bart (14 December 2023). “Wilders’ Dutch nationalist party claims parliament chair for first time”. Reuters. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
  41. ^ Rita C-K Chin (2009). After the Nazi racial state: difference and democracy in Germany and Europe. University of Michigan Press. p. 239. ISBN 978-0472025787.
  42. ^ “Are Dutch voters really turning to populist Geert Wilders?”. BBC News. 9 December 2016. Archived from the original on 18 June 2018. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
  43. ^ Multiple sources:
  44. ^ Venema, Tjebbe (7 March 2024). “Is de PVV van Geert Wilders extreemrechts?”. Medialogica (in Dutch). Retrieved 27 October 2024.
  45. ^ Lucardie, Anthonie (2009). Voerman, Gerrit (ed.). “Rechtsextremisme, populisme of democratisch patriotisme? Opmerkingen over de politieke plaatsbepaling van de Partij voor de Vrijheid en Trots op Nederland” (PDF). Jaarboek 2007. Groningen.
  46. ^ Pelgrim, Christiaan; Steenbergen, Enzo van (12 March 2017). “De PVV is best sociaal, maar wel selectief”. NRC Handelsblad. Archived from the original on 13 March 2017.
  47. ^ Besides Vossen, multiple sources call PVV anti-Muslim of anti-Islam:
  48. ^ Vossen 2013, pp. 65–110.
  49. ^ “Minister: Wilders’ moslimmotie is onmogelijk” (in Dutch). Elsevier. 22 November 2007. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 5 April 2009.
  50. ^ “Agente met hoofddoek absoluut onwenselijk” (in Dutch). NU.nl. 4 December 2007. Archived from the original on 15 November 2018. Retrieved 5 April 2009.
  51. ^ “Problems with Poles? Report them to us, says new PVV website Archived 11 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine“. DutchNews.nl. 8 February 2012.
  52. ^ “Dutch allow Wilders’ anti-Pole website, EU critical“. Reuters. 10 February 2012.
  53. ^ “Sofiaecho.com 16 February 2012“. Archived 17 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  54. ^ Pearson, Elizabeth; Winterbotham, Emily; Brown, Katherine E. (2021). Countering Violent Extremism: Making Gender Matter. Springer Nature. p. 102. ISBN 9783030219628. Archived from the original on 25 November 2023. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
  55. ^ “The Netherlands’ most popular party wants to ban all mosques”. The Independent. 28 August 2016. Archived from the original on 25 May 2022. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
  56. ^ “PVV tegen militair met dubbele nationaliteit”. Volkskrant (in Dutch). 22 November 2010.
  57. ^ Heck, Wilmer; Staal, Herman (7 July 2024). “De Hongaarse connectie van het kabinet en PVV-leider Wilders”. NRC Handelsblad (in Dutch).
  58. ^ “Wilders dient geen motie van wantrouwen in”. Nu.nl (in Dutch). 26 October 2010.
  59. ^ Hartleb, Florian (2017). Andis Kudors; Artis Pabriks (eds.). “It´s migration, stupid! Lessons from the Elections in Germany and the Netherlands in the Light of Populism” (PDF). The Rise of Populism: Lessons for the European Union and the United States of America. Riga: University of Latvia Press: 105. ISBN 978-9934-18-280-8.
  60. ^ “PVV: EU-droom is nu nachtmerrie” (in Dutch). NOS. 19 May 2014. Archived from the original on 3 September 2015. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
  61. ^ Buuren, Yara van. “PVV pleit niet meer voor nexit, maar wil de EU van binnenuit veranderen”. Trouw (in Dutch). Retrieved 22 October 2024.
  62. ^ “Disagreement among populists in the Netherlands: The diverging rhetorical and policy positions of Dutch populist Radical Right parties following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine”. Populism Studies. 4 March 2023. Archived from the original on 21 August 2023. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
  63. ^ “Dutch anti-Islam MP: ‘Israel is West’s first line of defense’ – Israel News | Haaretz Daily Newspaper”. 25 October 2012. Archived from the original on 25 October 2012. Retrieved 4 June 2020.
  64. ^ “Wilders spreekt met Lieberman”. Het Parool (in Dutch). 4 December 2010. Retrieved 4 June 2020.
  65. ^ “Hoe zijn verblijf in Israël Geert Wilders gevormd heeft”. NOS (in Dutch). 2 May 2018.
  66. ^ Straaten, Floris van (17 May 2024). “Verhuizing Nederlandse ambassade naar Jeruzalem kan nog heel lang duren”. NRC (in Dutch).
  67. ^ “Groep Wilders wordt Partij voor de Vrijheid” (in Dutch). Elsevier. 23 February 2006. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 5 April 2009.
  68. ^ Willem Visser, “Kleur en symboliek in de Nederlandse politiek Archived 5 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine” (in Dutch), Sargasso.nl, 2017. Retrieved 5 March 2017.
  69. ^ Bas Kromhout, “Wilders gebruikt ‘besmet’ logo Archived 5 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine” (in Dutch), Historisch Nieuwsblad, 2008. Retrieved 5 March 2017.
  70. ^ “Wilders woedend over vergelijking met NSB Archived 5 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine” (in Dutch), De Telegraaf, 2008. Retrieved 5 March 2017.
  71. ^ Haisma, Merel (14 October 2024). “Moet de PVV verplicht leden krijgen? ‘Waar bemoei je je mee'” (in Dutch).
  72. ^ Vossen, Koen (2012). “Een unieke partij. De organisatie van de PVV”. Montesquieu Instituut (in Dutch). Retrieved 4 March 2017.
  73. ^ “The Dutch Freedom Party: A one-man show”. Archived from the original on 26 September 2021. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
  74. ^ “A history of Dutch populism, from the murder of Pim Fortuyn to the rise of Geert Wilders”. 14 March 2017. Archived from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
  75. ^ Hecking, Claus (23 February 2017). “Geert Wilders and Donald Trump Use Same Playbook”. Der Spiegel. Archived from the original on 26 January 2022. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
  76. ^ “Just who votes for Wilders and Dutch Party of Freedom?”. Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 26 January 2022. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
  77. ^ “Meet the Dutch immigrants backing far-right election candidate Geert Wilders”. Independent.co.uk. 12 March 2017. Archived from the original on 25 May 2022. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
  78. ^ “‘Lobbykantoren VS steunen PVV’ Archived 21 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine” (in Dutch), NU.nl, 2012.
  79. ^ Anthony Deutsch & Mark Hosenball, “Exclusive: U.S. groups helped fund Dutch anti-Islam politician Wilders Archived 17 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine“, Reuters, 2012.
  80. ^ “Partners Wilders in VS verdienen aan acties tegen moslimextremisme” Archived 12 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine (in Dutch), NRC Handelsblad, 2010.
  81. ^ Cynthia Kroet, “Geert Wilders’ far-right party suffers donation downturn Archived 11 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine“, Politico Europe, 2017. Retrieved 8 March 2017.
  82. ^ “Financieel verslag PVV 2013 Archived 9 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine” (in Dutch), Government of the Netherlands, 2014. Retrieved 8 March 2017.
  83. ^ “Financieel verslag PVV 2014 Archived 9 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine” (in Dutch), Government of the Netherlands, 2015. Retrieved 8 March 2017.
  84. ^ “Financiële verslagen over 2015 van politieke partijen Archived 9 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine” (in Dutch), Government of the Netherlands, 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2017.
  85. ^ “Overzicht giften en schulden politieke partijen Tweede Kamerverkiezingen Archived 9 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine” (in Dutch), Government of the Netherlands, 2017. Retrieved 8 March 2017.
  86. ^ Mohdin, Aamna. “The Dutch far right’s election donors are almost exclusively American”. Quartz. Archived from the original on 10 March 2017. Retrieved 11 March 2017.
  87. ^ “Verkiezingsuitslagen Eerste Kamer 1918 – heden”. Kiesraad (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 9 March 2017.

3.2 来源文献 | General references

5. 延伸阅读 | Further reading

  • Hloušek, Vít; Kopeček, Lubomír; Vodová, Petra (2020). The Rise of Entrepreneurial Parties in European Politics. Springer Nature. ISBN 978-3-030-41916-5.

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