高丽航空 / Air Koryo -（全文）中英文维基百科词条融合

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0. 概述

辽观注：此标题是我们在搬运、整合过程中添加的。

此图片属于公共领域
图片题注：2024 Air Koryo logo
参考译文：2024年版高丽航空标志
图片来源：Air Koryo

高丽航空（朝鲜语：고려항공／高麗航空 Koryŏ Hanggong */?，英语：Air Koryo），是朝鲜民主主义人民共和国的国家航空公司，不仅是朝鲜最大的民用航空业者，也是该国唯一的航空公司，隶属于朝鲜民主主义人民共和国国家航空总局[1]，并接受朝鲜人民军管理。总部设于平壤市，大约有雇员2,500人，以平壤顺安国际机场（FNJ）作为运营基地[2][3]。高丽航空在北京、沈阳、海参崴、伯力等地设有售票办事处。

Headquartered in Sunan-guyŏk, Pyongyang,[4] it operates domestic and international routes – on a regular schedule only to Beijing, Shenyang, and Vladivostok[5][6][7] – from its hub at Pyongyang’s Sunan International Airport.[8] It also operates flights on behalf of the North Korean government, with one of its aircraft serving as North Korean supreme leader Kim Jong Un‘s personal plane.[9][10][11][12] Its fleet consists of Ilyushin and Tupolev aircraft from the Soviet Union and Russia, and Antonovs from Ukraine.
【参考译文】该公司总部位于朝鲜平壤的顺安区域[4]，以平壤顺安国际机场为枢纽，经营国内和国际航线——但仅定期飞往北京、沈阳和符拉迪沃斯托克[5][6][7]。此外，该公司还代表朝鲜政府运营航班，其中一架飞机被用作朝鲜最高领导人金正恩的专机[9][10][11][12]。其机队由来自苏联和俄罗斯的伊留申和图波列夫飞机，以及来自乌克兰的安东诺夫飞机组成。

Air Koryo’s history can be traced to the founding of the Soviet–North Korean Airline (SOKAO) in 1950.[13] Following the Korean War, in 1955, the airline was reorganized as Korean Airways and started domestic and international routes to other communist Eastern Bloc states in Asia and Europe.[14] Another reorganization followed after the collapse of the Soviet Union, and in 1993, the airline adopted its current name, Air Koryo.[15]
【参考译文】高丽航空的历史可以追溯到1950年苏联-朝鲜航空公司（SOKAO）的成立。[13]朝鲜战争结束后，1955年，该航空公司重组为朝鲜航空，并开始运营往返于亚洲和欧洲其他共产主义东欧国家的国内和国际航线。[14]苏联解体后，该航空公司再次进行重组，并于1993年采用现名——高丽航空。[15]

Due to its aging fleet of Soviet aircraft and related safety and maintenance concerns, Air Koryo was banned in the European Union between 2006 and 2020, when it was allowed to resume operations into the EU with their newly acquired Tu-204 aircraft.[16] During the rule of Kim Jong Un, Air Koryo also started branching out into commercial sectors beyond aviation, such as ground transportation and consumer goods.[17] The COVID-19 pandemic caused Air Koryo to suspend regular operations, with no scheduled international flights between 2020 and 2023.[18]
【参考译文】由于其老旧的苏联飞机机队及相关的安全和维护问题，2006年至2020年期间，高丽航空被欧盟禁止运营，直到其新购入的图-204飞机获准恢复飞往欧盟的航班。[16]在金正恩执政期间，高丽航空也开始向航空业以外的商业领域拓展，如地面运输和消费品。[17]新冠肺炎疫情导致高丽航空暂停常规运营，2020年至2023年期间没有安排任何国际航班。[18]

1. 历史 | History

1.1 早年 | Early years

图1-1和1-2（发布于知乎想法）

In early 1950, SOKAO (Soviet–Korean Airline), 소련-조선항공; 蘇聯-朝鮮航空) was established as a joint North Korean-Soviet venture to connect Pyongyang with Moscow.[13][14] Regular flights began that same year.[19] Services were suspended during the Korean War, resuming in 1953 as Bureau of Civil Aviation Ministry of Transport of DPRK. The state airline was then placed under the control of the Civil Aviation Administration of Korea (CAAK) and re-branded Korean Airways (조선민항; 朝鮮民航), starting operations on 21 September 1955 with Lisunov Li-2, Antonov An-2 and Ilyushin Il-12 aircraft. Ilyushin Il-14s and Ilyushin Il-18s were added to the fleet in the 1960s.[8][14][20]
【参考译文】1950年初，苏联-朝鲜航空公司（SOKAO；俄语：со련-조선항공；中文：蘇聯-朝鮮航空）作为朝鲜与苏联的合资企业成立，旨在连接平壤与莫斯科。[13][14]同年，该公司开始定期航班运营。[19]在朝鲜战争期间，服务一度中断，并于1953年以朝鲜民主主义人民共和国交通运输部民航局的名义恢复。随后，这家国有航空公司被置于朝鲜民航局（CAAK）的控制之下，并更名为朝鲜民航（조선민항；朝鲜文），于1955年9月21日开始运营，初期使用里苏诺夫Li-2、安东诺夫An-2和伊留申Il-12飞机。20世纪60年代，机队又增添了伊留申Il-14和伊留申Il-18飞机。[8][14][20]

1.2 扩张 | Expansion

图1-3至1-5（发布于知乎想法）

Jet operations commenced in 1975 when the first Tupolev Tu-154 was delivered for service from Pyongyang to Prague, East Berlin, and Moscow with refueling stops in Irkutsk and Novosibirsk. As the Tu-154 had insufficient range, the aircraft refueled at Irkutsk and Novosibirsk. Tu-134s and An-24s were also delivered to start domestic services.[21] The Tu-154 fleet was increased at the start of the 1980s, while the first long-haul Ilyushin Il-62 was delivered back in 1979 (two of these aircraft are used in VIP configuration),[22] allowing Korean Airways to offer a direct non-stop service to Moscow for the first time, as well as serving Sofia and Belgrade.[15]
【参考译文】1975年，当第一架图波列夫Tu-154飞机交付使用时，喷气式飞机业务正式开始，该飞机服务于从平壤飞往布拉格、东柏林和莫斯科的航线，途中在伊尔库茨克和新西伯利亚经停加油。由于Tu-154的航程不足，飞机需在伊尔库茨克和新西伯利亚加油。同时，图波列夫Tu-134和安东诺夫An-24也被交付使用，以开展国内航线服务。[21]20世纪80年代初，Tu-154机队规模扩大，而第一架远程伊留申Il-62飞机则在1979年交付（其中两架被用作VIP配置），[22]这使得朝鲜航空首次能够开通直飞莫斯科的航线，同时还服务于索菲亚和贝尔格莱德。[15]

Alongside Soviet aircraft, North Korea also considered acquiring Concorde supersonic jets for Air Koryo under a plan by Kim Il Sung to boost the country’s international prestige. North Korea and Aérospatiale and British Aerospace – Concorde’s two European manufacturers – signed a preliminary purchase agreement with the country for two Concordes in 1979, but the deal never proceeded because of North Korea’s economic challenges and Cold War tensions between East and West.[23]
【参考译文】除了苏联飞机外，朝鲜还曾考虑在金日成提升国家国际声望的计划下，为高丽航空购买协和式超音速喷气式飞机。1979年，朝鲜与协和式飞机的两家欧洲制造商——法国宇航公司和英国宇航公司签订了一份初步购买协议，计划购买两架协和式飞机，但由于朝鲜面临经济挑战以及东西方之间冷战局势紧张，该交易最终未能成行。[23]

1.3 21世纪 | 21st century

图1-6至1-8（发布于知乎想法）

The end of the Cold War and the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe saw a vast reduction in the number of international services offered. Korean Airways re-branded as Air Koryo on 28 March 1992, and in 1993, ordered three Ilyushin Il-76 freight aircraft to carry cargo to and from its destinations in China and Russia.[21][15][24]
【参考译文】冷战的结束和东欧共产主义的崩溃导致提供的国际服务数量大幅减少。1992年3月28日，朝鲜航空更名为高丽航空，并于1993年订购了三架伊留申Il-76货运飞机，用于从中国和俄罗斯等目的地运输货物。[21][15][24]

Air Koryo purchased a Tupolev Tu-204-300 aircraft in December 2007 and another in March 2010 to replace its aging international fleet. With the Tu-204, Air Koryo would be able to fly to Europe.[25][26]
【参考译文】2007年12月，高丽航空购买了一架图波列夫Tu-204-300飞机，并于2010年3月再购买一架，以替换其老旧的国际航线机队。有了Tu-204，高丽航空将能够飞往欧洲。[25][26]

Due to safety and maintenance concerns, Air Koryo was added to the list of air carriers banned in the European Union in March 2006. The European Commission found evidence of serious safety deficiencies on the part of Air Koryo during ramp inspections in France and Germany. Air Koryo persistently failed to address these issues during other subsequent ramp inspections performed by the EU under the SAFA programme, pointing to blatant systemic safety deficiencies at Air Koryo operations.
【参考译文】由于安全和维护方面的担忧，高丽航空于2006年3月被列入欧盟禁飞的航空公司名单。欧盟委员会在法国和德国的停机坪检查中发现，高丽航空存在严重的安全隐患。在欧盟根据SAFA计划进行的后续其他停机坪检查中，高丽航空始终未能解决这些问题，这表明其运营中存在明显的系统性安全隐患。

The airline failed to reply to an inquiry by the French Civil Aviation Authority regarding its safety operations, pointing to a lack of transparency or communication on the part of Air Koryo. The plan by Air Koryo for corrective action, presented in response to France’s request, was found to be inadequate and insufficient. The EC also held that North Korean authorities did not adequately oversee the flag carrier, which it was obliged to do under the Chicago Convention. Therefore, on the basis of the common criteria,[27] the Commission assessed that Air Koryo did not meet the relevant safety standards.[28]
【参考译文】该航空公司未能回复法国民航局关于其安全运营情况的询问，这表明高丽航空在透明度和沟通方面存在不足。针对法国的要求，高丽航空提出的纠正行动计划被发现不够充分。欧盟委员会还认为，朝鲜当局没有充分监督这家国有航空公司，而根据《芝加哥公约》，朝鲜当局有义务这样做。因此，根据共同标准，[27]欧盟委员会评估认为，高丽航空未达到相关的安全标准。[28]

图1-9至1-12（发布于知乎想法）

In September 2009, Air Koryo ordered an additional example of the Tupolev Tu-204-300 aircraft and a single Tupolev Tu-204-100. Air Koryo was to receive its first of two Tupolev Tu-204-100B aircraft fitted with 210 seats. Flights to Dalian in China were added to the Air Koryo schedule. Also, twice weekly Tu-134 flights from Pyongyang and direct services from Pyongyang to Shanghai Pudong were inaugurated with a two weekly service on JS522 and returning on JS523[29] in 2010.[30]
【参考译文】2009年9月，高丽航空增订了一架图波列夫Tu-204-300飞机和一架图波列夫Tu-204-100飞机。高丽航空将接收首批两架中的第一架配备210个座位的图波列夫Tu-204-100B飞机。高丽航空的航班表中增加了飞往中国大连的航线。此外，2010年还开通了从平壤出发、每周两次的图波列夫Tu-134航班，以及从平壤直飞上海浦东的航班，航班号为JS522（去程）和JS523（回程），每周两班。[30]

In March 2010, Air Koryo was allowed to resume operations into the EU with their Tu-204 aircraft, which were fitted with the necessary equipment to comply with mandatory international standards. Currently, the Tu-204 is the only aircraft Air Koryo operates that is allowed into EU airspace.[31][32][33] In April 2011, Air Koryo launched its first services to Malaysia with the inauguration of flights from Pyongyang to Kuala Lumpur.[34] The flights operated twice a week utilizing the Tu-204, but were cancelled in mid-2017 due to sanctions imposed resulting from the poisoning murder of Kim Jong-nam at Kuala Lumpur International Airport by suspected North Korean agents.[35]
【参考译文】2010年3月，高丽航空获准使用其符合强制性国际标准的图波列夫Tu-204飞机恢复在欧盟的航班运营。目前，图波列夫Tu-204是高丽航空唯一被允许进入欧盟空域的飞机。[31][32][33]2011年4月，高丽航空开通从平壤飞往吉隆坡的航班，首次开通至马来西亚的航线。[34]该航线每周运营两班，使用图波列夫Tu-204飞机，但因涉嫌朝鲜特工在吉隆坡国际机场毒杀金正男而引发的制裁，该航线于2017年中被取消。[35]

In 2011, Air Koryo also inaugurated services to Kuwait City, being operated weekly by Tu-204 aircraft. The services operate during peak travel season – April to October.[36]
【参考译文】2011年，高丽航空还开通了至科威特城的航线，该航线由图波列夫Tu-204飞机每周执飞。该航线在旅游旺季——4月至10月期间运营。[36]

In 2012, Air Koryo resumed flights to Kuala Lumpur but ceased the service in 2014 along with its expansion into Harbin, China.[37][38] In 2012, Juche Travel Services, a company operating tours to North Korea, launched “aviation enthusiast” tours using chartered Air Koryo aircraft, which offered visitors the chance to fly on every type of Air Koryo aircraft within North Korea, the Mil-17, An-24, Tu-134, Tu-154, and Il-62. The international services were operated by An-148, Tu-154, or Tu-204.[39]
【参考译文】2012年，高丽航空恢复了飞往吉隆坡的航班，但于2014年停飞，当时它正在拓展至中国哈尔滨的航线。[37][38]2012年，经营赴朝鲜旅游业务的主体旅游服务公司推出了“航空爱好者”包机旅游项目，使用包租的高丽航空飞机，让游客有机会在北朝鲜乘坐高丽航空的所有机型，包括米-17、安-24、图-134、图-154和伊尔-62。国际航线则由安-148、图-154或图-204执飞。[39]

In 2017, during the rule of North Korean Chairman Kim Jong-un, there were signs that Air Koryo was branching out into commercial sectors beyond aviation, providing goods and services as diverse as petrol stations, taxis, tobacco, soft drinks, and tinned pheasant meat.[17][40]
【参考译文】2017年，在朝鲜最高领导人金正恩的执政期间，有迹象表明，高丽航空正在向航空业以外的商业领域拓展，提供包括加油站、出租车、烟草、软饮料和罐装野鸡肉在内的多种商品和服务。[17][40]

As of 2021, two further Tupolev Tu-204-100B aircraft were allegedly prepared to be leased to Air Koryo.[41] However, both have since been sighted with the name of Sky KG Airlines added on top of Air Koryo’s colors and have been moved to Zhukovsky International Airport by Moscow, where they remain as of November 2023.[42] Intelligence and media reports suggest that North Korea might still be trying to acquire these two jets with Russian assistance as of November 2023.[5]
【参考译文】截至2021年，据称另有两架图波列夫Tu-204-100B飞机准备出租给高丽航空。[41]然而，自那以后，这两架飞机的机身上除了高丽航空的涂装外，还加上了“Sky KG Airlines”的名字，并且已被莫斯科转移至茹科夫斯基国际机场，截至2023年11月仍停放于此。[42]情报和媒体报道显示，截至2023年11月，朝鲜可能仍在试图借助俄罗斯的协助获取这两架飞机。[5]

1.4 新冠疫情 | COVID-19 pandemic

See also: COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea【参见：朝鲜的新冠疫情】

Air Koryo was severely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. On 24 January 2020, the airline canceled several flights to China – to Macao, Shanghai, and Shenyang – and on 1 February canceled its two remaining international routes to Beijing and Vladivostok.[43][44] International flights remained canceled through August 2023, flying anew on 22 August to Beijing and on 25 August to Vladivostok using Tu–204 aircraft.[45][46]
【参考译文】高丽航空受到新冠疫情的严重影响。2020年1月24日，该航空公司取消了几趟飞往中国的航班，包括飞往澳门、上海和沈阳的航班，2月1日又取消了剩余的两条国际航线，分别是飞往北京和符拉迪沃斯托克的航班。[43][44]国际航班一直取消至2023年8月，8月22日恢复飞往北京的航班，8月25日恢复飞往符拉迪沃斯托克的航班，均使用图-204飞机执飞。[45][46]

The company flew to neighboring China to collect COVID-19-related supplies.[47][48]
【参考译文】该公司飞往邻国中国，以收集与新冠疫情相关的物资。[47][48]

2022年9月30日，朝鲜第十四届最高人民会议第五次会议通过《关于把朝鲜民主主义人民共和国高丽航空总局改为朝鲜民主主义人民共和国国家航空总局》的决议，决定组建朝鲜民主主义人民共和国国家航空总局（朝鲜语：조선민주주의인민공화국 국가항공총국으로）[1]。

2023年8月22日，由平壤起飞的JS151航班于该日上午9时17分抵达北京首都机场，是自2020年初，朝鲜因新冠疫情关闭国境以来，高丽航空的第一班国际民航班机[6]。

2. 目的地（航点）| Destinations

Main article: List of Air Koryo destinations / 主条目：高丽航空航点

Scheduled international services are only operated from Pyongyang to Beijing, Shenyang, and Vladivostok;[5][49][45] additional destinations not listed on their website, but showing up elsewhere as charters or seasonal charter services are also included.[50][51][52][53][54][55]
【参考译文】定期国际航班仅从平壤飞往北京、沈阳和符拉迪沃斯托克；[5][49][45]此外，还包括一些未在其网站上列出但在其他地方显示为包机或季节性包机服务的目的地。[50][51][52][53][54][55]

The first regular charter flights between North Korea and South Korea began in 2003. The first Air Koryo flight operated by a Tu-154 touched down at Seoul’s Incheon International Airport. Air Koryo operated 40 return services to Seoul, along with flights into Yangyang and Busan in South Korea.[56] Inter-Korean charters from Hamhung’s Sondok Airport to Yangyang International in South Korea began in 2002.[57] Currently, there are no inter-Korean flights, due to laws in both countries. In 2014, Air Koryo operated a series of services to Seoul Incheon International Airport with Tu-204 and An-148 aircraft for the 2014 Asian Games held in Incheon.[58][59][60]
【参考译文】朝鲜与韩国之间的首个定期包机航班始于2003年。高丽航空首架由图-154执飞的航班降落在韩国仁川国际机场。高丽航空运营了40趟往返首尔的航班，以及飞往韩国阳阳和釜山的航班。[56]从韩国兴南的孙东机场飞往韩国阳阳国际机场的朝韩包机航班始于2002年。[57]目前，由于两国法律限制，没有朝韩航班。2014年，高丽航空使用图-204和安-148飞机运营了一系列飞往仁川国际机场的航班，服务于在仁川举行的2014年亚运会。[58][59][60]

Air Koryo operated an airline interline partnership with Aeroflot (SkyTeam) on services radiating from Vladivostok and Pyongyang until 2017 when it was forced to close the agreement due to newly imposed sanctions.[61][62]
【参考译文】截至2017年，高丽航空与俄罗斯航空（天合联盟）在由符拉迪沃斯托克和平壤出发的航班上建立了航线联营伙伴关系，但随后因新实施的制裁而被迫终止协议。[61][62]

3. 机队 | Fleet

3.1 当前机队 | Current fleet

As of June 2024, Air Koryo operates the following fleet for international routes:[7][63]
【参考译文】截至2024年6月，高丽航空运营以下机队执飞国际航线：[7][63]

图3-1至3-8（发布于知乎想法）

3.2 历史机型、国内航线机队及未知状态 | Historic, Domestic routes fleet and Unknown Status

  • Ilyushin Il-18 1 in service (P-835) and 1 parked (P-836) (Most likely retired) P-835: new livery
    {ckyw ]伊留申Il-18：1架在役（P-835），1架停放（P-836）（很可能已退役）P-835：新涂装
  • Tupolev Tu-154 2 in service (P-552 and P-561) and 2 stored (retired) (P-551 and P-553) P-552 and P-561: new livery
    【参考译文】图波列夫Tu-154：2架在役（P-552和P-561），2架停放（已退役）（P-551和P-553）P-552和P-561：新涂装
  • Tupolev Tu-134 2 in service (P-813 and P-814) P-813: new livery
    【参考译文】图波列夫Tu-134：2架在役（P-813和P-814）P-813：新涂装
  • Ilyushin Il-62 1 in service (P-885) and 2 stored (P-881 and P-882) and 1 (P-889) written off in 1983 P-881* and P-885: new livery * The plane wasn’t painted with the title of the airline
    【参考译文】伊留申Il-62：1架在役（P-885），2架停放（P-881和P-882），1架（P-889）于1983年报废P-881*和P-885：新涂装 * 该飞机未喷涂航空公司名称
  • Antonov An-24 It is unknown if any are in service. But there are 3 in the fleet (P-532, P-533, P-537) P-533 is likely stored, and P-532 and P-537 may still be flying. P-532 and P-537: new livery
    【参考译文】安东诺夫An-24：是否有在役飞机未知。但机队中有3架（P-532、P-533、P-537），P-533很可能已停放，P-532和P-537可能仍在飞行。P-532和P-537：新涂装
  • Ilyushin Il-76 3 in service (P-912, P-913, P-914) P-913 and P-914: new livery
    【参考译文】伊留申Il-76：3架在役（P-912、P-913、P-914）P-913和P-914：新涂装
  • Lisunov Li-2
    【参考译文】里苏诺夫Li-2
  • Air Koryo may have been planning to add either a Ilyushin 86 or 96 to its fleet, according to a 1993 timetable. [66]
    【参考译文】根据1993年的时间表，高丽航空可能曾计划在其机队中增加伊留申Il-86或Il-96。[66]

3.3 图波列夫图-204 | Tupolev Tu-204

The first Tupolev Tu-204-300 for Air Koryo was officially handed over to the carrier on 27 December 2007, and was ferried from Ulyanovsk to Pyongyang. It has been fitted out with 16 business class seats and the remaining 150 seats are economy. The Tu-204 aircraft are currently scheduled on all international flights out of Pyongyang. With the arrival of the new aircraft, a new seasonal route to Singapore was introduced and the Pyongyang-Bangkok route was resumed in 2008. Its first revenue-earning flight was made on 8 May 2008. Air Koryo operates another version of the Tu-204 jet, a Tu-204-100B, which they took delivery of on 4 March 2010. The Tu-204-300 is a shortened version of the Tu-204-100B.[67] It started operating scheduled services on 5 March 2010.[68] On 30 March 2010, the two Tupolev Tu-204 have been given the rights to operate into the European Union.[31] The two Tu-204 remain the only planes the airline is allowed to operate on services to the EU.[69]
【参考译文】高丽航空的首架图波列夫Tu-204-300飞机于2007年12月27日正式交付，并从乌里扬诺夫斯克飞往平壤。该飞机配备了16个商务舱座位，其余150个座位为经济舱。目前，图-204飞机被安排执飞所有从平壤出发的国际航班。随着新飞机的到来，2008年开辟了一条前往新加坡的新季节性航线，并恢复了平壤至曼谷的航线。其首次盈利航班于2008年5月8日执飞。高丽航空还运营了图-204飞机的另一型号——图-204-100B，并于2010年3月4日接收。图-204-300是图-204-100B的缩短版。[67]其于2010年3月5日开始运营定期航班。[68]2010年3月30日，两架图波列夫Tu-204飞机获得飞往欧盟的授权。[31]这两架图-204飞机仍是该航空公司唯一被允许执飞欧盟航线的飞机。[69]

4. 涂装 | Livery

The Air Koryo livery consisted of a white and grey fuselage and a horizontal stripe in national colors along the windows dividing the upper and lower parts into white and grey respectively. The Korean name Air Koryo is painted above the windows and a North Korean flag is painted on the vertical stabilizer.
【参考译文】高丽航空的涂装以白色和灰色机身为主，窗户周围有一条代表国家颜色的水平条纹，将机身的上部和下部分别划分为白色和灰色。窗户上方绘有朝鲜文“高丽航空”字样，垂直安定面上绘有朝鲜国旗。

Now most of their planes are painted in new livery. It consists of a full white body and grey belly which are divided with a thin red stripe. The name of airline is painted in Korean in front and in English in the Middle with the North Korean flag and registration on the vertical stabilizer.
【参考译文】现在，他们的大多数飞机都采用了新涂装。新涂装由全白色机身和灰色机腹组成，两者之间以一条细红色条纹分隔。机身前部用朝鲜文书写航空公司名称，中部用英文书写，垂直安定面上绘有朝鲜国旗和注册号。

In 2024, Air Koryo started changing its crane logo following Kim Jong Un‘s announcement, at the end of 2023, that North Korea will no longer seek reunification with South Korea. The old logo was a stylized crane whose wings resembled the Korean peninsula as a unified whole, while the crane wings of the new logo consist of tapered horizontal lines that no longer resemble the peninsula.[70]
【参考译文】2024年，随着金正恩在2023年底宣布朝鲜不再寻求与韩国统一，高丽航空开始更换其鹤形标志。旧标志是一只风格化的鹤，其翅膀形似统一的朝鲜半岛，而新标志的鹤翅则由不再形似半岛的锥形水平线组成。[70]

基于高丽航空在朝鲜全境的规模，NK News分析高丽航空这次徽标的变更花费不菲，包括飞机机身徽标、飞机内饰、空乘服饰、关联附属设施与关联文创产品，甚至于高丽航空运营的出租车，悉数需要变更徽标。透过这次徽标变更行动，NK News认为这显现出朝鲜为改变其在半岛问题上既有方针，所作出不惜一切代价抹除旧有印迹的心态。[24]

5. 空难事故与事件 | Accidents and incidents

  • 1979年6月30日，高丽航空前身的朝鲜民航（Chosonminhang — Korean Airways）一架注册号P-551的图-154B国际航班在匈牙利布达佩斯李斯特·费伦茨国际机场降落时右主起落架无法放下，被迫硬着陆导致右翼接地滑行承力结构损坏，机上人员无伤亡。该飞机修复后恢复服役。[18]
  • 1983年7月1日，朝鲜民航执飞从平壤至几内亚科纳克里，注册号P-889的伊留申-62M国际包机，在几内亚的富塔贾隆撞山坠毁，机上23人全部遇难。[19][20]这也是高丽航空（包括其前身朝鲜民航）至今为止发生的唯一一次造成人员死伤的事故。
  • 2016年7月22日，高丽航空一架执行北京─平壤航线的Tu-204-300班机，由于机舱内发现不明来源的烟雾，而在沈阳桃仙国际机场实行紧急降落程序，机上75人无伤亡。调查结果是机舱行李架下方的客舱喇叭烧蚀。[21]
  • 2017年5月25日，高丽航空JS251号航班（平壤─北京航线），一架注册号为P-632的图-204-300型客机（是时该机机龄已高达24年）在爬升至巡航高度9,200米时一块襟翼掉落，飞机随后返航平壤，未造成人员伤亡，这是此架客机发生的第二次较严重事故。[22]

6. 拓展业务

图6-1至6-3（发布于知乎想法）

高丽航空为在制裁下寻求出路与或弥补数条国际航线被关停的损失，除航空业外亦于2015年进军出租车行业与2016年进军软饮行业。根据德国之声于2017年的报导，高丽航空在2017年伊始亦进军油品行业，且“在平壤至少有一间高丽航空持有的加油站”。[23]

A. 参见

B. 英文词条参考文献

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B2. 来源文献 | Bibliography

C. 中文词条参考资料

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C. 延伸阅读 | Further reading

  • Mebius, Arthur (2017). Dear Sky: The Planes and People of North Korea’s Airline. Breda: Eriskay Connection. ISBN 978-94-92051-30-1.

 Media related to Air Koryo at Wikimedia Commons / 维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源：高丽航空

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