唐纳德·特朗普 / Donald Trump -(全文)中英文维基百科词条融合

中文词条原文链接(无法从中国内地访问):请点击这里访问
英文词条原文链接(无法从中国内地访问):请点击这里访问
本文基于英文词条的线索,并补充部分来自中文词条的内容(在二者冲突时,以更晚更新者为准)。 辽观搬运时进行了必要的合规化处理,以使其能够在中国内地上传。部分文字采用汉语拼音方式代替,音节后的数字表示汉语拼音规则中的声调。

关于辽观的维基百科搬运计划,及其他已搬运的词条,请点击这里了解更多。维基百科(Wikipedia)是美国维基媒体基金会的互联网百科项目,其内容可能受到立场、信息来源等因素影响,请客观看待。正文内容不代表译者观点。

辽观提供的翻译仅供参考。文中可能包含无法从中国内地访问的链接。

辽观所搬运的词条文本与维基百科一道同样遵循CC BY-SA 4.0协议(辽观搬运的中英文对照版本),在符合协议要求的情况下您可以免费使用其内容(包括商用)。图片和视频可能遵循不同的共享协议。请点击这里访问

目录

0. 概述

0.1 文字说明

唐纳德·约翰·特朗普(英语:Donald John Trump[中国新华社译名室正式译名为“唐纳德·特朗普”[5]。美国纽约州选票的中文译名为“唐诺德 J. 川普”[6][7][8],美国国务院官方中文译名曾译为“唐纳德·川普”后采新华社版本[9]。];1946年6月14日—),美国企业家、政治人物及媒体名人,候任美国总统(第47任),曾担任第45任美国总统(2017年至2021年)。出生并成长于纽约市,毕业于纽约军事学院宾夕法尼亚大学沃顿商学院,其以商界成就以及共和党身份参与政治而著名。

特朗普出身纽约的德国裔特朗普家族,早年曾在军校及沃顿商学院就读,修有经济学学士学位。

Trump graduated with a bachelor’s degree in economics from the University of Pennsylvania in 1968. Becoming president of the family real estate business in 1971, he focused on luxury accommodation. After a series of bankruptcies in the 1990s, he launched side ventures, mostly by licensing the Trump name. From 2004 to 2015, he produced and hosted the reality television series The Apprentice.
【参考译文】1968年,特朗普从宾夕法尼亚大学毕业,获得经济学学士学位。1971年,他成为家族房地产公司的总裁,专注于奢侈住宿领域。20世纪90年代经历了一系列破产后,他推出了副业,主要是通过授权使用“特朗普”这个名字。从2004年到2015年,他制作并主持了真人秀节目《学徒》。

2017年,《福布斯》将他列为世界第544名最富有的人(美国第201名),截至2024年,他的净资产达75亿美元。

特朗普在1987年首次公开表达对竞选公职的兴趣。2000年,他赢得改革党加利福尼亚州密歇根州举行的总统初选,但很快退出。2015年6月,他宣布参加2016年美国总统选举,吸引大量的媒体报道和国际关注。

Trump won the 2016 presidential election as the Republican nominee. His election and policies sparked numerous protests. He ordered a travel ban targeting Muslims and refugees, expanded the U.S.–Mexico border wall, and implemented a family separation policy. He rolled back more than 100 environmental policies and regulations, signed the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, and appointed three justices to the Supreme Court. He initiated a trade war with China in 2018 and withdrew the U.S. from international agreements on climate, trade, and the nuclear program of Iran. He met with North Korean leader Kim Jong Un without progress on denuclearization. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, he downplayed its severity, contradicted guidance from international public health bodies, and signed the CARES Act economic stimulus. He was impeached in 2019 for abuse of power and obstruction of Congress, and in 2021 for incitement of insurrection; the Senate acquitted him in both cases.
【参考译文】特朗普以共和党候选人的身份赢得了2016年总统大选。他的当选和政策引发了众多抗议。他下令实施针对穆斯林和难民的旅行禁令,扩建美墨边境墙,并实施了家庭分离政策。他废除了100多项环境政策和法规,签署了《2017年减税与就业法案》,并任命了三名法官进入最高法院。2018年,他发起了与中国的贸易战,并使美国退出了国际气候、贸易和伊朗核计划协议。他与朝鲜领导人金正恩会面,但在无核化方面没有取得进展。在应对新冠肺炎疫情时,他淡化了疫情的严重性,与国际公共卫生组织的指导相矛盾,并签署了《冠状病毒援助、救济和经济安全法案》作为经济刺激措施。2019年,他因滥用权力和阻碍国会工作而被弹劾,2021年因煽动叛乱而被弹劾;参议院在两次弹劾案中都判他无罪。

当时他是美国历史上最富有的总统,亦是首位未曾担任过任何军职或公职的总统[12][13],同时也是以较少普选票当选的总统之一[14][15]。特朗普在2020年美国总统选举中败给了民主党对手拜登,连任失利。

2024年,他再次被共和党提名参选2024年美国总统选举,并在选举中击败民主党对手、时任副总统卡玛拉·哈里斯,当选美国第47任总统[16]。特朗普的第二次胜选打破了多项纪录,他成为美国历史上继格罗弗·克利夫兰之后第二位两度当选且任期不连续的总统[时隔132年]就任时年龄最大的总统[比第二名的乔·拜登年长约5个月]、自2004年小布什以来首位赢得多数普选票的共和党总统[17]、共和党选举人票创下了自1988年以来最佳的表现[18]。由于特朗普在2024年5月“封口费”刑事案中被指控的34项罪名被全部宣告成立,亦使他成为首位被判有罪的美国前总统、主要政党推定总统提名人以及刑事案件中被定罪后当选的总统[19][20]

Trump’s politics and rhetoric led to the Trumpism movement. Many of his comments and actions have been characterized as racially charged, racist, and misogynistic. He promoted conspiracy theories and extensively made false and misleading statements during his campaigns and presidency, to a degree unprecedented in American politics. After his first term, scholars and historians ranked him as one of the worst presidents in American history. He lost the 2020 presidential election but did not concede, falsely claiming widespread electoral fraud and attempting to overturn the results, including through his involvement in the January 6 Capitol attack. In civil proceedings, Trump was found liable for sexual abuse and defamation in 2023, and financial fraud in 2024. In May 2024, he was found guilty of falsifying business records, making him the first U.S. president to be convicted of a felony. He faced more felony indictments related to his interference in the 2020 election and his handling of classified documents, which were dismissed after his victory in the 2024 election.
【参考译文】特朗普的政治和言论引发了特朗普主义运动。他的许多言论和行动都被认为是带有种族色彩、种族主义和厌女情绪的。他在竞选和总统任期期间大肆宣扬阴谋论,并发表了前所未有的虚假和误导性言论。第一任期满后,学者和历史学家将他列为美国历史上最糟糕的总统之一。他在2020年总统大选中败选,但并未认输,反而错误地声称存在大规模选举舞弊,并试图推翻选举结果,包括参与1月6日国会大厦袭击事件。在民事诉讼中,特朗普于2023年被判定对xing4虐待和诽谤负有责任,2024年被判定犯有金融欺诈罪。2024年5月,他被判篡改商业记录罪名成立,成为美国历史上第一位被判重罪的总统。他还面临更多与干预2020年大选和处理机密文件有关的重罪指控,但在2024年大选获胜后被驳回。

0.2 概况表格

就任
2025年1月20日
副总统J·D·万斯(当选)
接任乔·拜登
第45任美国总统
选举:2016
任期
2017年1月20日—2021年1月20日
副总统迈克·彭斯
前任贝拉克·奥巴马
继任乔·拜登
个人资料
出生1946年6月14日(78岁)
美国纽约州纽约市皇后区
国籍美国
政党共和党(1987-1999年;2009-2011年;2012年-)
其他政党民主党(2001-2009年)改革党(1999-2001年)无党籍(2011-2012年)
配偶伊万娜·特朗普
(1977年结婚—1992年离婚)马拉·梅普尔斯
(1993年结婚—1999年离婚)梅拉尼娅·特朗普(2005年结婚)
儿女小唐纳德(长子)伊万卡(长女)埃里克(次子)蒂芙尼(次女)巴伦(三子)
父母弗雷德·特朗普(父)玛丽·安妮·特朗普(母)
亲属唐纳德·特朗普家族
居住地纽约特朗普大厦佛罗里达州海湖庄园(2019年至今)[1]
学历宾夕法尼亚大学(理学士)
职业地产发展商(特朗普集团)电视主持人/制片人(学徒)政治人物
净资产75亿美元(2024年)
内阁第一次特朗普内阁
第二次特朗普内阁
宗教信仰非宗派教会
获奖列表
网站http://www.donaldjtrump.com
各地用词差异
中国大陆唐纳德·特朗普
唐纳·川普[“川普”这一称呼为部分中国大陆民众所采用,也为北京市高级人民法院采用。见《唐纳·川普与中华人民共和国国家工商行政管理总局商标评审委员会其他二审行政判决书》(北京市高级人民法院(2015)高行(知)终字第345号):“上诉人(原审原告)唐纳·川普,男,1946年6月14日出生,纽约市第五大道725号。”[2]]
台湾唐纳·川普
港澳当劳·特朗普
当奴·特朗普
当劳·杜林普[香港主流媒体过往使用“杜林普”[3],现今多用“特朗普”,民间亦有采台湾译名“川普”或粤音直译“当劳侵”、“当奴侵”、“侵侵”[4]。另外,CUP媒体、端传媒现今仍然采用“杜林普”。]
新加坡唐纳德·特朗普
马来西亚唐纳德·特朗普
唐纳·川普[马来西亚网媒“当今大马”采用此译名来称呼他。]

1. 早年生活和教育 | Early life and education

Trump was born on June 14, 1946, at Jamaica Hospital in Queens, New York City, the fourth child of Fred Trump and Mary Anne MacLeod Trump.[1] He is of German and Scottish descent.[2] He grew up with his older siblings, MaryanneFred Jr., and Elizabeth, and his younger brother, Robert, in a mansion in the Jamaica Estates neighborhood of Queens.[3]
【参考译文】特朗普于1946年6月14日出生于纽约市皇后区的牙买加医院,是弗雷德·特朗普和玛丽·安妮·麦克劳德·特朗普的第四个孩子。[1]他拥有德国和苏格兰血统。[2]他与哥哥姐姐玛丽安、小弗雷德和伊丽莎白,以及弟弟罗伯特一起在皇后区牙买加庄园街区的一栋豪宅中长大。[3]

Trump attended the private college-preparatory Kew-Forest School through seventh grade.[4] He was a difficult child and showed an early interest in his father’s business.[5] His father enrolled him in New York Military Academy, a private boarding school, to complete secondary school;[6] he learned to excel in a strict regimen.[7]
【参考译文】特朗普在私立大学预科学校基尤森林学校就读至七年级。[4]他是个难管教的孩子,很早就对父亲的事业表现出了兴趣。[5]他父亲让他进入纽约军事学院这所私立寄宿学校以完成中学学业;[6]他学会了在严格的环境中出类拔萃。[7]

在13岁的时候,父母将他送到纽约军事学院,希望能引导他将精力与自信用在正确的方向。

1962年,他在学校橄榄球代表队中踢球,1963年则是足球代表队的成员,并且在1962到1964年都是学校棒球代表队的成员(担任1964年的棒球队队长)。因对当地青少年无私奉献,本地名人的棒球队的教练多比亚斯,在1964年特别表扬特朗普,并且在他四年级的时候,将他升级至军校生上尉(候补军官)的职位。

特朗普与军校上士唐纳德森西点军校)组织一个混合军校生的单位,专门教导他们高级密集队形,以训练他们在1964年于第五大道上“亡兵纪念日”的行军技巧。《纽约时报》也因为对于这个表现印象十分深刻而拍下了照片,并刊登在隔日头版显著的位置上。

In 1964, Trump enrolled at Fordham University. Two years later, he transferred to the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania,[8] graduating in May 1968 with a Bachelor of Science in economics.[9] He was exempted from the draft during the Vietnam War due to bone spurs in his heels.[10] In 2015, he threatened his high school, colleges, and the College Board with legal action if they released his academic records.[11]
【参考译文】1964年,特朗普进入福特汉姆大学就读。两年后,他转学到宾夕法尼亚大学沃顿商学院,[8]并于1968年5月以经济学理学士学位毕业。[9]因脚后跟长了骨刺,他在越南战争期间免于被征召入伍。[10]2015年,他威胁要对其高中、大学和大学理事会采取法律行动,如果它们公布他的学业记录的话。[11]

1972年,他被重新归类为4-F,被判定为不适合服兵役且永久免除兵役。在1968年取得经济金融的学士学位之后,特朗普进入父亲弗雷德的房地产公司工作。

在他撰写的书《交易的艺术[26]中,特朗普谈到他的大学生涯,“从我在1964年自军事学院毕业之后,我刹时突然想去念电影学校……但最后还是考虑到房地产是更好的一门生意。我一开始是先在福坦莫大学就读……但在两年之后,我考虑到既然得在学校待上一段时间,那我就得测试自己是否能挑战最好的学校。我申请了宾州大学的沃顿商学院,然后我进去了……我很高兴最后能够达成一切,我随即搬回家并且要用所有的时间跟随我父亲工作”。

葛文达·布莱尔的书《特朗普家族:建立帝国的三代》中写到,特朗普在沃顿商学院的朋友比在军事学校时少,他找教导地产知识的教授当朋友,而这是全然在社交上很棘手的状况。

2. 个人生活 | Personal life

Further information: Family of Donald Trump / 主条目:唐纳德·特朗普家族

2.1 家族历史

特朗普出生于一个德国移民后裔家庭。其祖父弗雷德里克在1885年从德国巴伐利亚莱茵兰-普法兹的一个小镇卡尔施泰特移民到了纽约,在从事理发师、木匠工作之后进入房产相关行业。

特朗普的父亲弗雷德出生于纽约市,是一个美国房地产开发者,而母亲玛丽是来自苏格兰的移民,她在路易斯岛出生,17岁移民至纽约从事佣工,1936年认识特朗普的父亲,并于1942年取得美国国籍。弗雷德在20世纪初期的美国纽约就已经是成功商人。1927年,弗雷德在皇后区三K党集会上被捕,然后因未达到进入审判标准而获得释放[406],弗雷德和夫人伊丽莎白一起成立Elizabeth Trump & Son公司,她在他21岁之前为他签发支票。

1920年代末,弗雷德开始在皇后区投建每户售价3,990美元的独立住宅。通过大萧条中的1930年代中期,他在皇后区木巷开立的特朗普商场通过广告“自己吃,任你选!”而一炮而红,帮助开拓了超级市场的概念。仅仅在一年后,弗雷德因为可观的收购价而把它出售给了库伦王连锁超市库伦王公司,该商场至今仍然在萨福克郡地区营业。取得资金后,弗雷德在二战期间沿东海岸各大船厂附近为美国海军人员建造兵营和花园公寓,其售价在退伍军人阶级和经济不宽裕的军人家属的承受范围之内。1950年弗雷德在纽约康尼岛附近共建造了2,700户的天堂海滩公寓,1963年他又在康尼岛建造了3,800间公寓组成的特朗普村,之后进入纽约通过建造大型公寓大楼运营廉租房,以及上千户的排屋给中下阶层刚进入城市化的工人居住,从此弗雷德发家致富,富可敌国。

2.2 个人家庭 | Family

In 1977, Trump married the Czech model Ivana Zelníčková.[12] They had three children: Donald Jr. (1977–), Ivanka (1981–), and Eric (1984–). The couple divorced in 1990, following his affair with the actress Marla Maples.[13] He and Maples married in 1993 and divorced in 1999. They have one daughter, Tiffany (1993–), whom Maples raised in California.[14] In 2005, he married the Slovenian model Melania Knauss.[15] They have one son, Barron (2006–).[16]
【参考译文】1977年,特朗普与捷克模特伊凡娜·泽尼科娃结婚。[12]他们育有三个孩子:小唐纳德(1977年出生)、伊万卡(1981年出生)和埃里克(1984年出生)。这对夫妇于1990年离婚,原因是特朗普与女演员玛拉·梅普尔斯有染。[13]1993年,特朗普与梅普尔斯结婚,并于1999年离婚。他们有一个女儿蒂芙尼(1993年出生),由梅普尔斯在加利福尼亚州抚养长大。[14]2005年,特朗普与斯洛文尼亚模特梅拉尼娅·克瑙斯结婚。[15]他们有一个儿子巴伦(2006年出生)。[16]

2.3 健康 | Health

Main article: Age and health concerns about Donald Trump
【主条目:对唐纳德·特朗普的年龄和健康状况的担忧】

Trump says he has never drunk alcohol, smoked cigarettes, or used drugs.[17][18] He sleeps about four or five hours a night.[19][20] He has called golfing his “primary form of exercise”, but usually does not walk the course.[21] He considers exercise a waste of energy because he believes the body is “like a battery, with a finite amount of energy”, which is depleted by exercise.[22][23] In 2015, his campaign released a letter from his longtime personal physician, Harold Bornstein, stating that he would “be the healthiest individual ever elected to the presidency”.[24] In 2018, Bornstein said Trump had dictated the contents of the letter and that three of Trump’s agents had seized his medical records in a February 2017 raid on Bornstein’s office.[24][25]
【参考译文】特朗普表示,他从未喝过酒、抽过烟或吸过毒。[17][18]他每晚大约睡四到五个小时。[19][20]他称打高尔夫为他的“主要锻炼方式”,但通常不会步行打完整个球场。[21]他认为锻炼是浪费精力,因为他相信身体“就像一块电池,能量有限”,运动会消耗这些能量。[22][23]2015年,他的竞选团队发布了他的长期私人医生哈罗德·博恩斯坦的一封信,信中称他“将是当选总统中最健康的人”。[24]2018年,博恩斯坦表示,特朗普曾口述了这封信的内容,并在2017年2月的一次突袭中,特朗普的三名特工没收了博恩斯坦办公室里的医疗记录。[24][25]

2.4 观点 | Views

Many of Trump’s comments and actions have been described as racist.[26] In national polling, about half of respondents said that he is racist; a greater proportion believed that he emboldened racists.[27] Several studies and surveys found that racist attitudes fueled his political ascent and were more important than economic factors in determining the allegiance of Trump voters.[28] Racist and Islamophobic attitudes are a powerful indicator of support for Trump.[29] He has also been accused of racism for insisting a group of black and Latino teenagers were guilty of raping a white woman in the 1989 Central Park jogger case, even after they were exonerated in 2002 when the actual rapist confessed and his DNA matched the evidence. In October 2024, the men sued Trump for defamation after he said in a televised September debate that they had committed the crime and killed the woman.[30]
【参考译文】特朗普的许多言论和行动都被描述为种族主义。[26]在全国民意调查中,约有一半的受访者认为他是种族主义者;更大比例的人认为他助长了种族主义。[27]几项研究和调查发现,种族主义态度助长了他的政治崛起,并且在决定特朗普选民忠诚度方面比经济因素更为重要。[28]种族主义和伊si1兰恐惧症态度是支持特朗普的有力指标。[29]他还因坚持认为一群黑人和拉丁裔青少年在1989年的中央公园慢跑者案中强jian1了一名白人女性而被指控为种族主义,即使这些青少年在2002年当真正的强jian1犯认罪且DNA与证据匹配后被宣告无罪。2024年10月,这些男性在特朗普于9月电视辩论中表示他们犯了罪并sha1害了女性后,起诉特朗普诽谤。[30]

In 2011, when he was reportedly considering a presidential run, Trump became the leading proponent of the racist “birther” conspiracy theory, alleging that Barack Obama, the first black U.S. president, was not born in the U.S.[31] In April, he claimed credit for pressuring the White House to publish the “long-form” birth certificate, which he considered fraudulent, and later said this made him “very popular”.[32] In September 2016, amid pressure, he acknowledged that Obama was born in the U.S.[33] In 2017, he reportedly expressed birther views privately.[34]
【参考译文】2011年,据报道特朗普正在考虑竞选总统时,他成为种族主义“出生地”阴谋论的主要支持者,指控美国第一位黑人总统巴拉克·奥巴马并非在美国出生。[31]4月,他声称自己迫使白宫公布了他认为存在欺诈行为的“长表”出生证明,并后来表示这使他“非常受欢迎”。[32]2016年9月,在压力下,他承认奥巴马是在美国出生的。[33]2017年,据报道他私下里表达了出生地阴谋论的观点。[34]

Trump has a history of belittling women when speaking to the media and on social media.[35][36]He made lewd comments, disparaged women’s physical appearances, and referred to them using derogatory epithets.[36]At least 25 women publiclyaccused him of sexual misconduct, including rape, kissing without consent, groping, looking under women’s skirts, and walking in on naked teenage pageant contestants. He has denied the allegations.[37]In October 2016, a 2005 “hot mic” recording surfaced in whichTrump braggedabout kissing and groping women without their consent, saying that, “when you’re a star, they let you do it. You can do anything. … Grab ’em by thepussy.”[38]Trump characterized the comments as “locker-room talk”,[39][40]and the incident’s widespread media exposure led to Trump’s first public apology during his 2016 presidential campaign.[41]
【参考译文】特朗普在与媒体和社交媒体交流时,有贬低女性的历史。[35][36]他发表过wei3亵言论,贬低女性的外貌,并用贬义词语称呼她们。[36]至少有25名女性公开指控他xing4行为不端,包括强jian1、未经同意的亲吻、抚摸、偷kui1女性裙底以及在裸体少女选美比赛现场闯入。他否认了这些指控。[37]2016年10月,一段2005年的“热麦”录音曝光,特朗普在其中吹嘘自己亲吻和抚摸女性而无需她们同意,并称“当你成为明星时,她们会让你这么做。你可以为所欲为。……抓住她们的yin1部”。[38]特朗普将这些言论描述为“更衣室谈话”,[39][40]该事件因媒体的广泛曝光,导致特朗普在2016年总统竞选期间首次公开道歉。[41]

2.5 宗教信仰

特朗普小时候曾在纽约皇后区牙买加的第一长老会教堂参加主日学活动,并于1959年在该教堂接受坚信礼[407][408] 1970年代,特朗普的父母加入了美国归正会大理石学院教堂[407][409]2015年,他表示自己是大理石大学教堂的长老会信徒,但教堂方面称他并不是活跃成员。2019年,他任命自己的私人牧师、电视布道家宝拉·怀特进入白宫公共联络办公室。[410]2020年,他表示认同自己为非宗派教会的基督徒。[411]

3. 商业生涯 | Business career

Main article: Business career of Donald Trump【主条目:唐纳德·特朗普的商业生涯】

Further information: Business projects of Donald Trump in Russia and Tax returns of Donald Trump
【进一步信息:唐纳德·特朗普在俄罗斯的商业项目以及唐纳德·特朗普的纳税申报单】

3.1 房地产 | Real estate

Starting in 1968, Trump was employed at his father’s real estate company, Trump Management, which owned racially segregated middle-class rental housing in New York City’s outer boroughs.[43][44] In 1971, his father made him president of the company and he began using the Trump Organization as an umbrella brand.[45]
【参考译文】从1968年开始,特朗普在其父亲的房地产公司特朗普管理集团(Trump Management)工作,该公司拥有纽约市外围行政区的种族隔离式中层阶级出租房。[43][44]1971年,他的父亲任命他为该公司总裁,他开始将特朗普集团(Trump Organization)作为总品牌使用。[45]

Roy Cohn was Trump’s fixer, lawyer, and mentor for 13 years in the 1970s and 1980s.[46] In 1973, Cohn helped Trump countersue the U.S. government for $100 million (equivalent to $686 million in 2023)[47] over its charges that Trump’s properties had racial discriminatory practices. Trump’s counterclaims were dismissed, and the government’s case was settled with the Trumps signing a consent decree agreeing to desegregate.[48] Cohn introduced political consultant Roger Stone to Trump, who enlisted Stone’s services to deal with the federal government.[49]
【参考译文】罗伊·科恩(Roy Cohn)是特朗普在20世纪70年代和80年代长达13年的解决者、律师和导师。[46]1973年,科恩帮助特朗普以1亿美元(相当于2023年的6.86亿美元)[47]反诉美国政府,针对政府指控特朗普的产业存在种族歧视行为。特朗普的反诉被驳回,而政府的案件则以特朗普签署同意令同意废除种族隔离而告终。[48]科恩向特朗普介绍了政治顾问罗杰·斯通(Roger Stone),特朗普聘请斯通来处理与联邦政府的关系。[49]

Between 1991 and 2009, he filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection for six of his businesses: the Plaza Hotel in Manhattan, the casinos in Atlantic City, New Jersey, and the Trump Hotels & Casino Resorts company.[50]
【参考译文】在1991年至2009年期间,他为其六家公司申请了第十一章破产保护:曼哈顿的广场酒店(Plaza Hotel)、新泽西州大西洋城的赌场以及特朗普酒店及赌场度假村公司。[50]

3.1.1 曼哈顿和芝加哥的发展 | Manhattan and Chicago developments

Trump attracted public attention in 1978 with the launch of his family’s first Manhattan venture, the renovation of the derelict Commodore Hotel, adjacent to Grand Central Terminal.[51] The financing was facilitated by a $400 million city property tax abatement arranged for him by his father who also, jointly with Hyatt, guaranteed a $70 million bank construction loan.[44][52] The hotel reopened in 1980 as the Grand Hyatt Hotel,[53] and that same year, he obtained rights to develop Trump Tower, a mixed-use skyscraper in Midtown Manhattan.[54] The building houses the headquarters of the Trump Corporation and Trump’s PAC and was his primary residence until 2019.[55]
【参考译文】1978年,特朗普推出了家族在曼哈顿的第一个项目——翻新毗邻大都会艺术博物馆的破旧海军准将酒店(Commodore Hotel),从而吸引了公众的关注。[51]该项目获得了4亿美元的城市房产税减免,这是由他的父亲为他安排的,同时,他的父亲还与凯悦酒店(Hyatt)共同为7000万美元的银行建筑贷款提供了担保。[44][52]该酒店于1980年重新开业,更名为凯悦大酒店(Grand Hyatt Hotel),[53]同年,他获得了开发中城曼哈顿一座综合用途摩天大楼特朗普大厦(Trump Tower)的权利。[54]该大楼是特朗普公司(Trump Corporation)和特朗普的政治行动委员会(Political Action Committee,简称PAC)的总部,也是特朗普2019年之前的住所。[55]

In 1988, Trump acquired the Plaza Hotel with a loan from a consortium of sixteen banks.[56] The hotel filed for bankruptcy protection in 1992, and a reorganization plan was approved a month later, with the banks taking control of the property.[57] In 1995, he defaulted on over $3 billion of bank loans, and the lenders seized the Plaza Hotel along with most of his other properties in a “vast and humiliating restructuring” that allowed him to avoid personal bankruptcy.[58][59] The lead bank’s attorney said of the banks’ decision that they “all agreed that he’d be better alive than dead”.[58]
【参考译文】1988年,特朗普从由16家银行组成的财团获得贷款,收购了广场酒店。[56]1992年,该酒店申请了破产保护,一个月后,一项重组计划获得批准,银行接管了该酒店。[57]1995年,他拖欠了超过30亿美元的银行贷款,贷款方在“一次庞大且令人沮丧的重组”中接管了广场酒店以及他的其他大部分资产,这让他避免了个人破产。[58][59]牵头银行的律师在谈到银行的决定时说,他们“都认为他活着比死了好”。[58]

In 1996, Trump acquired and renovated the mostly vacant 71-story skyscraper at 40 Wall Street, later rebranded as the Trump Building.[60] In the early 1990s, he won the right to develop a 70-acre (28 ha) tract in the Lincoln Square neighborhood near the Hudson River. Struggling with debt from other ventures in 1994, he sold most of his interest in the project to Asian investors, who financed the project’s completion, Riverside South.[61]
【参考译文】1996年,特朗普收购了华尔街40号那座大部分空置的71层摩天大楼,并进行了翻新,后来将其重新命名为特朗普大厦(Trump Building)。[60]20世纪90年代初,他赢得了在哈德逊河附近的林肯广场(Lincoln Square)社区开发一块70英亩(28公顷)土地的权利。1994年,由于其他项目的债务问题,他将该项目的大部分权益出售给了亚洲投资者,这些投资者为项目的完成提供了资金,即河畔南岸(Riverside South)。[61]

Trump’s last major construction project was the 92-story mixed-use Trump International Hotel and Tower in Chicago which opened in 2008. In 2024, the New York Times and ProPublica reported that the Internal Revenue Service was investigating whether he had twice written off losses incurred through construction cost overruns and lagging sales of residential units in the building he had declared to be worthless on his 2008 tax return.[62]
【参考译文】特朗普最后一个大型建设项目是2008年开业的92层综合用途建筑芝加哥特朗普国际酒店及大厦(Trump International Hotel and Tower)。2024年,《纽约时报》和ProPublica报道称,美国国税局(Internal Revenue Service)正在调查他是否曾两次将他在2008年纳税申报单上申报为无价值的建筑因施工成本超支和住宅单元销售滞后而产生的损失进行核销。[62]

3.1.2 大西洋城赌场 | Atlantic City casinos

In 1984, Trump opened Harrah’s at Trump Plaza, a hotel and casino, with financing and management help from the Holiday Corporation.[63] It was unprofitable, and he paid Holiday $70 million in May 1986 to take sole control.[64] In 1985, he bought the unopened Atlantic City Hilton Hotel and renamed it Trump Castle.[65] Both casinos filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in 1992.[66]
【参考译文】1984年,特朗普在假日公司(Holiday Corporation)的资金和管理支持下,开设了特朗普广场的哈拉赌场酒店(Harrah’s at Trump Plaza)。[63]但该酒店并未盈利,1986年5月,他向假日公司支付了7000万美元,以取得对该酒店的完全控制权。[64]1985年,他买下了尚未开业的大西洋城希尔顿酒店(Atlantic City Hilton Hotel),并将其更名为特朗普城堡(Trump Castle)。[65]这两家赌场都于1992年申请了第十一章破产保护。[66]

Trump bought a third Atlantic City venue in 1988, the Trump Taj Mahal. It was financed with $675 million in junk bonds and completed for $1.1 billion, opening in April 1990.[63] He filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in 1991. Under the provisions of the restructuring agreement, he gave up half his initial stake and personally guaranteed future performance.[67] To reduce his $900 million of personal debt, he sold the Trump Shuttle airline; his megayacht, the Trump Princess, which had been leased to his casinos and kept docked; and other businesses.[68]
【参考译文】1988年,特朗普买下了大西洋城的第三家场地——特朗普泰姬陵(Trump Taj Mahal)。该项目通过6.75亿美元的垃圾债券融资,并以11亿美元的总价完成,于1990年4月开业。[63]1991年,他申请了第十一章破产保护。根据重组协议的规定,他放弃了一半的初始股份,并亲自为未来业绩提供担保。[67]为了减轻其9亿美元的个人债务,他出售了特朗普穿梭航空公司(Trump Shuttle);他的巨型游艇“特朗普公主号”(Trump Princess),该游艇此前一直租给他的赌场,并停泊在码头;以及其他一些业务。[68]

In 1995, Trump founded Trump Hotels & Casino Resorts (THCR), which assumed ownership of the Trump Plaza.[69] THCR purchased the Taj Mahal and the Trump Castle in 1996 and went bankrupt in 2004 and 2009, leaving him with 10 percent ownership.[63] He remained chairman until 2009.[70]
【参考译文】1995年,特朗普创立了特朗普酒店与赌场度假村公司(Trump Hotels & Casino Resorts,简称THCR),该公司接手了特朗普广场的所有权。[69]1996年,THCR收购了泰姬陵和特朗普城堡,但该公司分别在2004年和2009年破产,特朗普仅保留了10%的所有权。[63]他一直担任董事长,直到2009年。[70]

3.1.3 俱乐部 | Clubs

In 1985, Trump acquired the Mar-a-Lago estate in Palm Beach, Florida.[71] In 1995, he converted the estate into a private club with an initiation fee and annual dues. He continued to use a wing of the house as a private residence.[72] He declared the club his primary residence in 2019.[55] The Trump Organization began building and buying golf courses in 1999.[73] It owns fourteen and manages another three Trump-branded courses worldwide.[74]
【参考译文】1985年,特朗普收购了位于佛罗里达州棕榈滩的海湖庄园(Mar-a-Lago estate)。[71]1995年,他将这座庄园改造成了一个需要缴纳入会费和年费的私人俱乐部。他仍然使用庄园的一个侧翼作为私人住所。[72]2019年,他宣布该俱乐部为他的主要居所。[55]特朗普集团(The Trump Organization)从1999年开始建造和购买高尔夫球场。[73]目前,该集团在全球范围内拥有14个高尔夫球场,并管理着另外3个以特朗普品牌命名的高尔夫球场。[74]

3.2 副业 | Side ventures

See also: List of things named after Donald Trump【另请参阅:以唐纳德·特朗普命名的事物列表】

The Trump Organization has licensed the Trump name for consumer products and services, including foodstuffs, apparel, learning courses, and home furnishings.[75] According to The Washington Post, there are more than 50 licensing or management deals involving his name, and they have generated at least $59 million in revenue for his companies.[76] By 2018, only two consumer goods companies continued to license his name.[75]
【参考译文】特朗普集团(The Trump Organization)已授权使用“特朗普”品牌于各类消费品和服务,包括食品、服饰、学习课程和家居用品等。[75]据《华盛顿邮报》报道,有50多项涉及他名字的授权或管理协议,这些协议为他的公司带来了至少5900万美元的收入。[76]然而,截至2018年,仅有两家消费品公司继续使用特朗普的名字作为品牌。[75]

In September 1983, Trump purchased the New Jersey Generals, a team in the United States Football League. After the 1985 season, the league folded, largely due to his attempt to move to a fall schedule (when it would have competed with the NFL for audience) and trying to force a merger with the NFL by bringing an antitrust suit.[77]
【参考译文】1983年9月,特朗普购买了美国足球联盟(United States Football League)的球队——新泽西将军队(New Jersey Generals)。1985赛季结束后,该联盟因他试图将赛季改为秋季(这将与NFL争夺观众)以及试图通过提起反垄断诉讼迫使与NFL合并而解散。[77]

Trump and his Plaza Hotel hosted several boxing matches at the Atlantic City Convention Hall.[63][78] In 1989 and 1990, he lent his name to the Tour de Trump cycling stage race, an attempt to create an American equivalent of European races such as the Tour de France or the Giro d’Italia.[79]
【参考译文】特朗普和他的广场酒店(Plaza Hotel)曾在大西洋城会议中心(Atlantic City Convention Hall)举办了几场拳击比赛。[63][78]1989年和1990年,特朗普将自己的名字借给了“特朗普巡回赛”(Tour de Trump)自行车赛段比赛,这是试图打造美国版的欧洲赛事,如“环法自行车赛”(Tour de France)或“环意大利自行车赛”(Giro d’Italia)。[79]

From 1986 to 1988, Trump purchased significant blocks of shares in various public companies while suggesting that he intended to take over the company and then sold his shares for a profit,[80] leading some observers to think he was engaged in greenmail.[81] The New York Times found that he initially made millions of dollars in such stock transactions, but “lost most, if not all, of those gains after investors stopped taking his takeover talk seriously”.[80]
【参考译文】从1986年到1988年,特朗普购买了大量不同上市公司的股份,并暗示他有意收购这些公司,然后出售股份获利,[80]这让一些观察者认为他在从事绿票讹诈(greenmail,指通过收购目标公司的大量股份来迫使对方高价回购)。[81]《纽约时报》发现,他最初通过此类股票交易赚取了数百万美元,但“在投资者不再认真对待他的收购言论后,他几乎失去了所有这些收益,如果不是全部的话”。[80]

In 1988, Trump purchased the Eastern Air Lines Shuttle, financing the purchase with $380 million (equivalent to $979 million in 2023)[47] in loans from a syndicate of 22 banks. He renamed the airline Trump Shuttle and operated it until 1992.[82] He defaulted on his loans in 1991, and ownership passed to the banks.[83]
【参考译文】1988年,特朗普购买了东方航空穿梭航班(Eastern Air Lines Shuttle),并通过22家银行组成的银团提供的3.8亿美元贷款(相当于2023年的9.79亿美元)[47]为此次收购提供了资金。他将该航空公司更名为特朗普穿梭航空公司(Trump Shuttle),并一直运营到1992年。[82]1991年,他未能偿还贷款,所有权转归银行所有。[83]

In 1992, Trump, his siblings Maryanne, Elizabeth, and Robert, and his cousin John W. Walter, each with a 20 percent share, formed All County Building Supply & Maintenance Corp. The company had no offices and is alleged to have been a shell company for paying the vendors providing services and supplies for Trump’s rental units, then billing those services and supplies to Trump Management with markups of 20–50 percent and more. The owners shared the proceeds generated by the markups. The increased costs were used to get state approval for increasing the rents of his rent-stabilized units.[84]
【参考译文】1992年,特朗普与他的兄弟姐妹玛丽安(Maryanne)、伊丽莎白(Elizabeth)和罗伯特(Robert),以及堂兄约翰·W·沃尔特(John W. Walter)各自持有20%的股份,共同创立了全郡建筑供应与维护公司(All County Building Supply & Maintenance Corp.)。该公司没有办公场所,据称是一家空壳公司,用于向为特朗普的出租单元提供服务和供应品的供应商付款,然后向特朗普管理公司(Trump Management)收取这些服务和供应品费用,并加价20%至50%甚至更多。业主们共同分享由加价产生的收益。增加的费用被用于获得州政府的批准,以提高其租金管制单元的租金。[84]

In 1996, Trump purchased the Miss Universe pageants, including Miss USA and Miss Teen USA.[85] Due to disagreements with CBS about scheduling, he took both pageants to NBC in 2002.[86][87] In 2007, he received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his work as producer of Miss Universe.[88] NBC and Univision dropped the pageants in June 2015 in reaction to Trump’s comments about Mexican immigrants.[89]
【参考译文】1996年,特朗普购买了环球小姐(Miss Universe)选美比赛,包括美国小姐(Miss USA)和青少年美国小姐(Miss Teen USA)的比赛。[85]由于与哥伦比亚广播公司(Columbia Broadcasting System)在日程安排上存在分歧,他于2002年将这两项选美比赛带到了全国广播公司(NBC)。[86][87]2007年,他因担任环球小姐选美比赛制作人而获得好莱坞星光大道(Hollywood Walk of Fame)上的一颗星星。[88]2015年6月,由于特朗普对墨西哥移民的评论,全国广播公司和环球电视网(Univision)放弃了这两项选美比赛。[89]

3.2.1 特朗普大学 | Trump University

Main article: Trump University【主条目:特朗普大学】

In 2005, Trump co-founded Trump University, a company that sold real estate seminars for up to $35,000. After New York State authorities notified the company that its use of “university” violated state law (as it was not an academic institution), its name was changed to the Trump Entrepreneur Initiative in 2010.[90]
【参考译文】2005年,特朗普与人共同创立了特朗普大学(Trump University),这是一家售价高达35,000美元的房地产研讨会公司。纽约州当局通知该公司,其使用“大学”一词违反了州法律(因为它不是学术机构),因此该公司在2010年将名称更改为特朗普企业家倡议(Trump Entrepreneur Initiative)。[90]

In 2013, the State of New York filed a $40 million civil suit against Trump University, alleging that the company made false statements and defrauded consumers. Additionally, two class actions were filed in federal court against Trump and his companies. Internal documents revealed that employees were instructed to use a hard-sell approach, and former employees testified that Trump University had defrauded or lied to its students.[91] Shortly after he won the 2016 presidential election, he agreed to pay a total of $25 million to settle the three cases.[92]
【参考译文】2013年,纽约州对特朗普大学提起了一项4000万美元的民事诉讼,指控该公司发表虚假声明并欺诈消费者。此外,还在联邦法院对特朗普及其公司提起了两起集体诉讼。内部文件显示,员工被指示采用强卖手段,而前员工则作证称特朗普大学欺骗或对其学生撒谎。[91]在赢得2016年总统大选后不久,他同意支付总计2500万美元以解决这三起案件。[92]

3.3 基金会 | Foundation

Main article: Donald J. Trump Foundation【主条目:唐纳德·J·特朗普基金会】

The Donald J. Trump Foundation was a private foundation established in 1988.[93] From 1987 to 2006, Trump gave his foundation $5.4 million which had been spent by the end of 2006. After donating a total of $65,000 in 2007–2008, he stopped donating any personal funds to the charity,[94] which received millions from other donors, including $5 million from Vince McMahon.[95] The foundation gave to health- and sports-related charities, conservative groups,[96] and charities that held events at Trump properties.[94]
【参考译文】唐纳德·J·特朗普基金会(Donald J. Trump Foundation)是1988年成立的一家私人基金会。[93]从1987年到2006年,特朗普向基金会捐赠了540万美元,这些钱在2006年底前已全部用完。在2007年至2008年期间总共捐赠了65,000美元后,他停止了向该慈善机构捐赠任何个人资金,[94]而该基金会从其他捐赠者那里收到了数百万美元,其中包括文斯·麦克马洪(Vince McMahon)捐赠的500万美元。[95]该基金会向健康和运动相关的慈善机构、保守团体[96]以及在特朗普产业举办活动的慈善机构进行了捐赠。[94]

In 2016, The Washington Post reported that the charity committed several potential legal and ethical violations, including alleged self-dealing and possible tax evasion.[97] Also in 2016, the New York attorney general determined the foundation to be in violation of state law, for soliciting donations without submitting to required annual external audits, and ordered it to cease its fundraising activities in New York immediately.[98] Trump’s team announced in December 2016 that the foundation would be dissolved.[99]
【参考译文】2016年,《华盛顿邮报》报道称,该慈善机构涉嫌多项法律和道德违规,包括涉嫌自我交易和可能的逃税。[97]同样在2016年,纽约州检察长确定该基金会违反了州法律,因为它在募捐时没有按要求接受年度外部审计,并责令其立即停止在纽约的募捐活动。[98]特朗普的团队在2016年12月宣布,该基金会将被解散。[99]

In June 2018, the New York attorney general’s office filed a civil suit against the foundation, Trump, and his adult children, seeking $2.8 million in restitution and additional penalties.[100] In December 2018, the foundation ceased operation and disbursed its assets to other charities.[101] In November 2019, a New York state judge ordered Trump to pay $2 million to a group of charities for misusing the foundation’s funds, in part to finance his presidential campaign.[102]
【参考译文】2018年6月,纽约州检察长办公室对该基金会、特朗普及其成年子女提起民事诉讼,要求他们支付280万美元的赔偿金和额外的罚款。[100]2018年12月,该基金会停止运营,并将其资产分配给其他慈善机构。[101]2019年11月,纽约州的一名法官命令特朗普向一组慈善机构支付200万美元,因为他滥用基金会资金,部分用于资助他的总统竞选。[102]

3.4 法律事务与破产事件 | Legal affairs and bankruptcies

Main article: Personal and business legal affairs of Donald Trump
【主条目:唐纳德·特朗普的个人和商业法律事务】

According to a review of state and federal court files conducted by USA Today in 2018, Trump and his businesses had been involved in more than 4,000 state and federal legal actions.[103] While he has not filed for personal bankruptcy, his over-leveraged hotel and casino businesses in Atlantic City and New York filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection six times between 1991 and 2009.[104] They continued to operate while the banks restructured debt and reduced his shares in the properties.[104]
【参考译文】根据《今日美国》(USA Today)在2018年对州和联邦法院文件的审查,特朗普及其企业卷入了超过4,000起州和联邦法律诉讼。[103]虽然他个人没有申请破产,但他在大西洋城和纽约的过度举债的酒店和赌场业务在1991年至2009年期间六次申请了第11章破产保护。[104]在银行重组债务并减少他在这些资产中的股份的同时,这些业务继续运营。[104]

During the 1980s, more than 70 banks had lent Trump $4 billion.[105] After his corporate bankruptcies of the early 1990s, most major banks, with the exception of Deutsche Bank, declined to lend to him.[106] After the January 6 Capitol attack, the bank decided not to do business with him or his company in the future.[107]
【参考译文】在20世纪80年代,超过70家银行向特朗普提供了40亿美元的贷款。[105]在20世纪90年代初他的企业破产后,除德意志银行外,大多数主要银行都拒绝向他提供贷款。[106]在1月6日国会大厦袭击事件后,该银行决定未来不再与他或他的公司开展业务。[107]

3.5 财富 | Wealth

Main article: Wealth of Donald Trump【主条目:唐纳德·特朗普的财富】

In 1982, Trump made the initial Forbes list of wealthy people for holding a share of his family’s estimated $200 million net worth (equivalent to $631 million in 2023).[47] His losses in the 1980s dropped him from the list between 1990 and 1995.[108] After filing the mandatory financial disclosure report with the FEC in July 2015, he announced a net worth of about $10 billion. Records released by the FEC showed at least $1.4 billion in assets and $265 million in liabilities.[109] Forbes estimated his net worth dropped by $1.4 billion between 2015 and 2018.[110] In their 2024 billionaires ranking, his net worth was estimated to be $2.3 billion (1,438th in the world).[111]
【参考译文】1982年,特朗普因其家族约2亿美元净资产(相当于2023年的6.31亿美元)中的一份而首次登上《福布斯》富豪榜。[47]然而,他在20世纪80年代的损失导致他在1990年至1995年期间从榜单上消失。[108]2015年7月向联邦选举委员会(FEC)提交强制财务披露报告后,他宣布自己的净资产约为100亿美元。联邦选举委员会公布的记录显示,其资产至少为14亿美元,负债为2.65亿美元。[109]据《福布斯》估计,他的净资产在2015年至2018年期间减少了14亿美元。[110]在2024年的亿万富翁排名中,他的净资产估计为23亿美元(全球排名第1438位)。[111]

In 2018, journalist Jonathan Greenberg reported that Trump had called him in 1984 pretending to be a fictional Trump Organization official named “John Barron“. Greenberg said that, to get a higher ranking on the f=”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes_400“>Forbes 400 list of wealthy Americans, Trump, speaking as “Barron”, falsely asserted that Donald Trump owned more than 90 percent of his father’s business. Greenberg also wrote that Forbes had vastly overestimated Trump’s wealth and wrongly included him on the 1982, 1983, and 1984 rankings.[112]
【参考译文】2018年,记者乔纳森·格林伯格报道称,特朗普曾在1984年打电话给他,假装自己是特朗普集团一位名叫“约翰·巴伦”的虚构官员。格林伯格说,为了在美国富豪400强榜单上获得更高排名,特朗普以“巴伦”的身份谎称自己拥有父亲企业90%以上的股份。格林伯格还写道,《福布斯》大大高估了特朗普的财富,并错误地将其列入1982年、1983年和1984年的榜单。[112]

Trump has often said he began his career with “a small loan of a million dollars” from his father and that he had to pay it back with interest.[113] He was a millionaire by age eight, borrowed at least $60 million from his father, largely failed to repay those loans, and received another $413 million (2018 dollars adjusted for inflation) from his father’s company.[114][84] In 2018, he and his family were reported to have committed tax fraud, and the New York State Department of Taxation and Finance started an investigation.[84] His investments underperformed the stock and New York property markets.[115][116] Forbes estimated in October 2018 that his net worth declined from $4.5 billion in 2015 to $3.1 billion in 2017 and his product-licensing income from $23 million to $3 million.[117]
【参考译文】特朗普经常说,他是从父亲那里“借了一小笔100万美元的贷款”开始自己的职业生涯的,而且他必须连本带利地偿还。[113]他8岁时就成了百万富翁,从父亲那里至少借了6000万美元,但大部分贷款都没有偿还,还从父亲的公司获得了另一笔4.13亿美元(按2018年通货膨胀率调整的金额)的资金。[114][84]2018年,据报道,他和他的家人涉嫌逃税,纽约州税务和金融部对此展开了调查。[84]他的投资表现不如股市和纽约房地产市场。[115][116]据《福布斯》2018年10月估计,他的净资产从2015年的45亿美元下降到2017年的31亿美元,产品授权收入从2300万美元下降到300万美元。[117]

Trump’s tax returns from 1985 to 1994 show net losses totaling $1.17 billion. The losses were higher than those of almost every other American taxpayer. The losses in 1990 and 1991, more than $250 million each year, were more than double those of the nearest taxpayers. In 1995, his reported losses were $915.7 million[80] (equivalent to $1.83 billion in 2023).[47] In March 1987, Trump halved his net worth in a sworn statement to $1.5 billion ($1.9 billion in 2023),[47] but accountants reported his net worth at less than zero[118] or minus $295 million ($791 million in 2023).[47]
【参考译文】特朗普1985年至1994年的纳税申报单显示,他的净损失总计达到11.7亿美元。这些损失比几乎所有其他美国纳税人的损失都要高。1990年和1991年,他每年的损失都超过2.5亿美元,是损失最接近他的纳税人的两倍多。1995年,他报告的损失为9.157亿美元(相当于2023年的18.3亿美元)。[47][80]1987年3月,特朗普在一份宣誓声明中将净资产减半至15亿美元(相当于2023年的19亿美元),[47]但会计师报告称他的净资产低于零[118]或负2.95亿美元(相当于2023年的7.91亿美元)。[47]

In 2020, The New York Times obtained Trump’s tax information extending over two decades. Its reporters found that he reported losses of hundreds of millions of dollars. Since 2010 he had also failed to pay back $287 million in loans. During the 15 years prior to 2020, using tax credits for business losses, he paid no income taxes in 10 of those years and $750 each in 2016 and 2017. He balanced his businesses’ losses by selling and borrowing against assets, including a $100 million mortgage on Trump Tower (refinanced in 2022) and the liquidation of over $200 million in stocks and bonds. He personally guaranteed $421 million in debt, most of which is due by 2024.[119]
【参考译文】2020年,《纽约时报》获得了特朗普长达20年的税务信息。该报的记者发现,他报告的损失达数亿美元。自2010年以来,他还未能偿还2.87亿美元的贷款。在2020年之前的15年里,他利用商业损失的税收抵免,在其中的10年里没有缴纳所得税,而在2016年和2017年每年仅缴纳了750美元。他通过出售和抵押资产(包括特朗普大厦1亿美元的抵押贷款,该贷款于2022年再融资,以及清算超过2亿美元的股票和债券)来平衡企业的损失。他个人担保了4.21亿美元的债务,其中大部分将于2024年到期。[119]

As of October 2021, Trump had over $1.3 billion in debts, much of which was secured by his assets.[120] In 2020, he owed $640 million to banks and trust organizations, including Bank of ChinaDeutsche Bank, and UBS, and approximately $450 million to unknown creditors. The value of his assets exceeds his debt.[121]
【参考译文】截至2021年10月,特朗普的债务超过13亿美元,其中大部分以其资产作为担保。[120]2020年,他欠中国银行、德意志银行和瑞银集团等银行和信托机构6.4亿美元,还欠约4.5亿美元的未知债权人。他的资产价值超过其债务。[121]

4. 媒体生涯 | Media career

Main article: Media career of Donald Trump【主条目:唐纳德·特朗普的媒体生涯】

See also: Bibliography of Donald Trump【另见:唐纳德·特朗普著作目录】

Trump has produced 19 books under his name, most written or co-written by ghostwriters.[123] His first book, The Art of the Deal (1987), was a New York Times Best Seller. While he was credited as co-author, the entire book was written by Tony SchwartzThe New Yorker said the book made Trump famous as an “emblem of the successful tycoon”.[124]
【参考译文】特朗普曾以本人名义出版了19本书,其中大多数是由代笔作家撰写或合著的。[123]他的第一本书《交易的艺术》(1987年)是《纽约时报》畅销书。尽管他被列为合著者,但全书实际上是由托尼·施瓦茨撰写的。《纽约客》杂志称,这本书使特朗普成为“成功大亨的象征”而闻名。[124]

Trump had cameos in many films and television shows from 1985 to 2001.[125]
【参考译文】从1985年到2001年,特朗普在许多电影和电视节目中客串亮相。[125]

Starting in the 1990s, Trump was a guest 24 times on the nationally syndicated Howard Stern Show.[126] He had his own short-form talk radio program, Trumped!, from 2004 to 2008.[127] From 2011 until 2015, he was a guest commentator on Fox & Friends.[128]
【参考译文】从20世纪90年代开始,特朗普24次做客全国联播的霍华德·斯特恩节目。[126]从2004年到2008年,他有自己的简短谈话电台节目《特朗普秀》(Trumped!)。[127]从2011年到2015年,他是福克斯电视台《福克斯与朋友》节目的客座评论员。[128]

From 2004 to 2015, Trump was co-producer and host of reality shows The Apprentice and The Celebrity Apprentice. On the shows, he was a superrich and successful chief executive who eliminated contestants with the catchphrase “you’re fired”. The New York Times called his portrayal a “highly flattering, highly fictionalized version of Mr. Trump”.[129] The shows remade his image for millions of viewers nationwide.[130] With the related licensing agreements, they earned him more than $400 million.[131]
【参考译文】从2004年到2015年,特朗普是真人秀节目《学徒》和《名人学徒》的联合制片人和主持人。在节目中,他是一位超级富有且成功的首席执行官,以“你被炒了”这一口头禅淘汰参赛者。《纽约时报》称,他的角色塑造是“对特朗普先生高度美化、高度虚构的版本”。[129]这些节目为全国数百万观众重塑了他的形象。[130]凭借相关的许可协议,他获得了超过4亿美元的收入。[131]

In 2021, Trump, who had been a member of SAG-AFTRA since 1989, resigned to avoid a disciplinary hearing regarding the January 6 attack.[132] Two days later, the union permanently barred him.[133]
【参考译文】2021年,自1989年以来一直是美国演员公会-美国广播艺术家联合会(SAG-AFTRA)成员的特朗普,为避免关于1月6日袭击事件的纪律听证会而辞职。[132]两天后,该协会永久禁止他入会。[133]

5. 早期政治抱负(1987-2014年)| Early political aspirations (1987–2014)

Further information: Political career of Donald Trump【更多信息:唐纳德·特朗普的政治生涯】

Trump registered as a Republican in 1987;[134] a member of the Independence Party, the New York state affiliate of the Reform Party, in 1999;[135]a Democrat in 2001; a Republican in 2009; unaffiliated in 2011; and a Republican in 2012.[134]
【参考译文】特朗普于1987年登记为共和党人[134];1999年成为改革党纽约州分部独立党的一员[135];2001年成为民主党人;2009年再次成为共和党人;2011年成为无党派人士;2012年又变回共和党人。[134]

In 1987, Trump placed full-page advertisements in three major newspapers,[136] expressing his views on foreign policy and how to eliminate the federal budget deficit.[137] In 1988, he approachedLee Atwater, asking to be put into consideration to be Republican nominee George H. W. Bush‘s running mate. Bush found the request “strange and unbelievable”.[138][failed verification] Trump was a candidate in the 2000 Reform Party presidential primaries for three months, but withdrew from the race in February 2000.[139][140][141]In 2011, Trump speculated about running against President Barack Obama in the 2012 election, making his first speaking appearance at the Conservative Political Action Conference(CPAC) in February and giving speeches in early primary states.[142][143] In May, he announced he would not run.[142] His presidential ambitions were generally not taken seriously at the time.[144]
【参考译文】1987年,特朗普在三家主要报纸上刊登了整版广告[136],阐述了他对外交政策的看法以及如何消除联邦预算赤字的主张[137]。1988年,他向李·艾特沃特提出请求,希望被列入共和党候选人乔治·H·W·布什竞选搭档的考虑人选。布什觉得这个请求“奇怪且难以置信”[138][未核实]。特朗普曾作为改革党候选人参选2000年总统初选长达三个月,但于2000年2月退出了竞选[139][140][141]。2011年,特朗普推测自己可能会参加2012年与巴拉克·奥巴马总统的竞选对决,并于2月首次在保守派政治行动会议(CPAC)上发表演讲,还在初选早期各州进行了演讲[142][143]。5月,他宣布不会参选[142]。当时,他的总统野心普遍没有得到认真对待[144]。

6. 2016年总统选举 | 2016 presidential election

6.1 竞选活动 | Campaign

Main article: Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign【主条目:唐纳德·特朗普2016年总统竞选活动】

Further information: 2016 Republican Party presidential primaries and 2016 United States presidential election § General election campaign
【更多信息:“2016年共和党总统初选和2016年美国总统大选”词条的“大选竞选活动”章节】

主条目:2016年唐纳德·特朗普竞选美国总统2016年美国总统选举共和党初选2016年美国总统选举

Trump announced his candidacy in June 2015.[145][146] His campaign was initially not taken seriously by political analysts, but he quickly rose to the top of opinion polls.[147] He became the front-runner in March 2016[148] and was declared the presumptive Republican nominee in May.[149]
【参考译文】特朗普于2015年6月宣布参选。[145][146]他的竞选活动最初并未得到政治分析家的认真对待,但他很快在民意调查中崭露头角。[147]2016年3月,他成为领先者[148],并于5月被宣布为共和党推定候选人。[149]

Trump’s fame and provocative statements earned him an unprecedented amount of free media coverage, elevating his standing in the Republican primaries.[150] He adopted the phrase “truthful hyperbole”, coined by his ghostwriter Tony Schwartz, to describe his public speaking style.[124][151] His campaign statements were often opaque and suggestive,[152] and a record number were false.[153][154][155] He said he disdained political correctness and frequently made claims of media bias.[156][157]
【参考译文】特朗普的名气和挑衅性言论使他获得了前所未有的免费媒体报道,提升了他在共和党初选中的地位。[150]他采用了由他的代笔作家托尼·施瓦茨创造的“真实夸张”一词来描述他的公开演讲风格。[124][151]他的竞选言论往往含糊其辞且富有暗示性,[152]且创纪录地包含大量虚假言论。[153][154][155]他表示蔑视政治正确性,并经常声称媒体存在偏见。[156][157]

此图片遵循CC BY-SA 3.0协议
图片题注:Trump campaigning in Arizona, March 2016
参考译文:特朗普于2016年3月在亚利桑那州进行竞选活动
图片来源:Gage Skidmore

Hillary Clinton led Trump in national polling averages throughout the campaign, but, in early July, her lead narrowed.[158] In mid-July he selected Indiana governor Mike Pence as his running mate,[159] and the two were officially nominated at the 2016 Republican National Convention.[160] Trump and Clinton faced off in three presidential debates in September and October 2016. He twice refused to say whether he would accept the result of the election.[161]
【参考译文】在整个竞选期间,希拉里·克林顿在全国民意调查中的平均支持率一直领先于特朗普,但7月初,她的领先优势有所缩小。[158]7月中旬,他选择了印第安纳州州长迈克·彭斯作为竞选搭档,[159]两人在2016年共和党全国代表大会上正式获得提名。[160]特朗普和克林顿在2016年9月和10月进行了三场总统辩论。他两次拒绝表明是否会接受选举结果。[161]

Trump described NATO as “obsolete”[162][163] and espoused views that were described as noninterventionist and protectionist.[164] His campaign platform emphasized renegotiating U.S.–China relations and free trade agreements such as NAFTA, strongly enforcing immigration laws, and building a new wall along the U.S.–Mexico border. Other campaign positions included pursuing energy independence while opposing climate change regulations, modernizing services for veterans, repealing and replacing the Affordable Care Act, abolishing Common Core education standards, investing in infrastructure, simplifying the tax code while reducing taxes, and imposing tariffs on imports by companies that offshore jobs. He advocated increasing military spending and extreme vetting or banning of immigrants from Muslim-majority countries.[165]
【参考译文】特朗普称北约“过时”[162][163],并表达了非干预主义和保护主义的观点。[164]他的竞选纲领强调重新谈判美国与中国的关系以及北美自由贸易协定等自由贸易协定,严格执行移民法,并在美墨边境修建新墙。其他竞选立场包括在反对气候变化监管的同时追求能源独立,为退伍军人提供现代化服务,废除并取代平价医疗法案,废除共同核心教育标准,投资基础设施,简化税法的同时减税,以及对在海外创造就业机会的公司征收进口关税。他主张增加军事开支,并对来自穆斯林占多数国家的移民进行极端审查或禁止入境。[165]

Trump’s proposed immigration policies were a topic of bitter debate during the 2016 campaign. He promised to build a wall on the Mexico–U.S. border to restrict illegal movement and vowed that Mexico would pay for it.[166] He pledged to deport millions of illegal immigrants residing in the U.S.,[167] and criticized birthright citizenship for incentivizing “anchor babies“.[168] According to an analysis in Political Science Quarterly, Trump made “explicitly racist appeals to whites” during his 2016 presidential campaign.[169] In particular, his campaign launch speech drew criticism for claiming Mexican immigrants were “bringing drugs, they’re bringing crime, they’re rapists”;[170] in response, NBC fired him from Celebrity Apprentice.[171]
【参考译文】特朗普提出的移民政策是2016年竞选期间激烈辩论的话题。他承诺在墨美边境修建隔离墙以限制非法流动,并誓言墨西哥将为此买单。[166]他承诺驱逐数百万居住在美国的非法移民,[167]并批评出生公民权是在鼓励“锚定婴儿”。[168]根据《政治科学季刊》的一项分析,特朗普在2016年总统竞选期间“向白人发出了明确的种族主义呼吁”。[169]特别是,他的竞选启动演讲因声称墨西哥移民“正在带来du2品、犯罪和强jian1犯”而受到批评;[170]作为回应,美国全国广播公司(NBC)解除了他在《名人学徒》节目中的职务。[171]

此图片属于公共领域
图片题注:Ivanka Trump cheers as Mike Pence accepts the Vice Presidential nomination on the third-night of 2016 RNC. Her paternal half-sister Tiffany Trump as well as her sister-in-law Lara Yunaska can be seen standing behind her on the lefthand side of the photo.
参考译文:在2016年共和党全国代表大会(RNC)第三晚的会议上,迈克·彭斯接受副总统候选人提名时,伊万卡·特朗普欢呼雀跃。照片左侧可以看到她的同父异母妹妹蒂芙尼·特朗普以及嫂子劳拉·尤纳斯卡站在她身后。
图片来源:Voice of America

6.2 财务披露 | Financial disclosures

Further information: Tax returns of Donald Trump【更多信息:唐纳德·特朗普的纳税申报单】

Trump’s FEC-required reports listed assets above $1.4 billion and outstanding debts of at least $315 million.[110][172] He did not release his tax returns, contrary to the practice of every major candidate since 1976 and his promises in 2014 and 2015 to do so if he ran for office.[173][174] He said his tax returns were being audited, and that his lawyers had advised him against releasing them.[175] After a lengthy court battle to block release of his tax returns and other records to the Manhattan district attorney for a criminal investigation, including two appeals by Trump to the U.S. Supreme Court, in February 2021 the high court allowed the records to be released to the prosecutor for review by a grand jury.[176][177]
【参考译文】特朗普根据联邦选举委员会(FEC)要求提交的报告显示,其资产超过14亿美元,未偿还债务至少3.15亿美元。[110][172]他并未公布纳税申报单,这与1976年以来所有主要候选人的做法以及他2014年和2015年竞选公职时作出的承诺相悖。[173][174]他表示,自己的纳税申报单正在接受审计,律师建议他不要公布。[175]在经历了一场漫长的法律诉讼后,特朗普试图阻止曼哈顿地方检察官获取其纳税申报单和其他记录以进行刑事调查(其中包括特朗普两次向美国最高法院提起的上诉),2021年2月,最高法院允许将这些记录交给检察官以供大陪审团审查。[176][177]

In October 2016, portions of Trump’s state filings for 1995 were leaked to a reporter from The New York Times. They show that he had declared a loss of $916 million that year, which could have let him avoid taxes for up to 18 years.[178]
【参考译文】2016年10月,特朗普1995年的部分州税务申报信息被泄露给了《纽约时报》的一名记者。申报信息显示,他当年申报亏损9.16亿美元,这可能使他长达18年都无需缴税。[178]

6.3 选举结果 | Results

主条目:2016年美国总统选举 / Main article: 2016 United States presidential election

此图片遵循CC BY-SA 4.0协议
图片题注:2016年美国总统选举结果
图片来源:Gage

On November 8, 2016, Trump received 306 pledged electoral votes versus 232 for Clinton, although, after elector defections on both sides, the official count was ultimately 304 to 227.[179] The fifth person to be elected president while losing the popular vote,[a] he received nearly 2.9 million fewer votes than Clinton.[180] He was the only president who neither served in the military nor held any government office prior to becoming president.[181] 
【参考译文】2016年11月8日,特朗普获得306张选举人票,而克林顿获得232张,不过,在双方选举人出现叛投后,最终官方统计结果为304对227。[179]他是第五位在赢得总统大选的同时却在普选中败北的总统,[a]他的得票数比克林顿少了近290万张。[180]他是唯一一位在成为总统前既未服过兵役也未担任过任何政府职务的总统。[181]

Trump won 30 states, including Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin, states which had been considered a blue wall of Democratic strongholds since the 1990s. Clinton won 20 states and the District of Columbia. His victory marked the return of an undivided Republican government—a Republican president combined with Republican control of both chambers of Congress.[182]
【参考译文】特朗普赢得了包括密歇根州、宾夕法尼亚州和威斯康星州在内的30个州,这些州自20世纪90年代以来一直被视为民主党的坚固蓝墙。克林顿赢得了20个州和哥伦比亚特区。他的胜利标志着共和党政府再次实现一统——共和党总统与共和党控制的国会两院相结合。[182]

Trump’s election victory sparked protests in major U.S. cities.[183][184] On the day after his inauguration, an estimated 2.6 million people worldwide, including an estimated half million in Washington, D.C., protested against him in the Women’s Marches.[185]
【参考译文】特朗普的选举胜利在美国各大城市引发了抗yi4。[183][184]在他就职的第二天,据估计,全球有260万人参加了“女性游行”抗yi4他,其中华盛顿特区约有50万人。[185]

此图片遵循CC BY-SA 2.0协议
图片题注:Women’s March in Washington, D.C., on January 21, 2017
参考译文:2017年1月21日华盛顿特区女性游xing2
图片来源:Mobilus In Mobili

7. 第一任总统任期(2017–2021)| First presidency (2017–2021)

Main article: First presidency of Donald Trump【唐纳德·特朗普的第一任总统任期】

For a chronological guide, see Timeline of the Donald Trump presidencies. 【如需时间线指南,请参阅唐纳德·特朗普总统任期时间线。】

7.1 早期行动 | Early actions

See also: First presidential transition of Donald Trump and First 100 days of the first Donald Trump presidency 【另请参阅:“唐纳德·特朗普的第一任总统过渡期”和“唐纳德·特朗普第一任总统任期的前100天”】

2017年1月20日,特朗普就任美国总统,创下美国历史上第一位过去不曾担任任何军事公职的总统,亦是最富有以及结婚次数最多的总统。同时他也是美国最年长的总统,但这一纪录被他的继任者拜登打破;特朗普第二次当选后,这纪录又被自己打破。

Trump was inaugurated on January 20, 2017. During his first week in office, he signed six executive orders, authorizing interim procedures in anticipation of repealing the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (“Obamacare”), withdrawal from the Trans-Pacific Partnership negotiations, reinstatement of the Mexico City policy, advancement of the Keystone XL and Dakota Access Pipeline construction projects, reinforcement of border security, and a planning and design process to construct a wall along the U.S. border with Mexico.[186]
参考译文】2017年1月20日,特朗普宣誓就职。在他上任的第一周,他签署了六项行政命令,授权采取临时措施,以期废除《患者保护与平价医疗法案》(“奥巴马医保”),退出跨太平洋伙伴关系协定谈判,恢复墨西哥城政策,推进基斯通XL和达科他通道输油管道建设项目,加强边境安全,以及规划和设计在美国与墨西哥边境建造隔离墙的过程。[186]

Trump’s daughter Ivanka and son-in-law Jared Kushner became his assistant and senior advisor, respectively.[187][188]
【参考译文】特朗普的女儿伊万卡和女婿贾里德·库什纳分别成为他的助理和高级顾问。[187][188]

此图片属于公共领域
图片题注:特朗普在首席大法官罗伯茨和家人观礼下宣誓就职
图片来源:The White House

1月23日,特朗普签署了上任后第一份行政命令,正式宣布美国退出跨太平洋伙伴关系协议(TPP)[56]

1月25日,特朗普在国土安全部签署行政命令,下令在美国和墨西哥边境兴建围墙以阻止非法移民,而兴建围墙的费用由墨西哥负担;此举令墨西哥总统涅托不满,涅托随后宣布取消访问美国的行程。同日,他签署另一份行政命令暂停对收容非法移民的“避难城市”的联邦拨款。[57]

1月31日,特朗普提名美国上诉法院法官戈萨奇,填补最高法院在大法官斯卡利亚去世后的席位空缺。[58]

2月17日,在波音公司位于南卡罗来纳的厂房参加首架波音787-10下线典礼,再度重申“美国优先”的政策

3月2日,造访弗吉尼亚州纽波特纽斯造船厂,并登上CVN78福特号航母发表演说,表示将航空母舰由现有的10艘增加到12艘,让美军拥有世界最精良的装备[59]

3月21日,他签署新法案,授权拨款195亿美元给NASA,也修改了NASA的目标,表示将致力火星的探索,以及在2030年代载人太空船将人送上火星。法案文本指出,NASA“应持续研发全面性整合的太空发射系统,包括超越近地轨道所需的上节火箭,以安全启动人类下个世纪逐步探索月球、火星甚至更远的太空任务[60][61]

3月28日,签署行政命令将逐步取消前总统奥巴马制定的应对气候变化政策[62]

4月6日至7日,与中HRMGH国领导人中GZ央总shu1记xi2 jin4 ping2在美国佛罗里达州海湖庄园举行为期两天的会晤。

此图片属于公共领域
图片题注:特朗普和奥巴马(2017年1月20日)
图片来源:DoD photo by U.S. Air Force Staff Sgt. Marianique Santos

7.2 利益冲突 | Conflicts of interest

See also: First presidency of Donald Trump § Ethics
【另请参阅:“唐纳德·特朗普的第一任总统任期”词条的“道德准则”】

Before being inaugurated, Trump moved his businesses into a revocable trust,[189][190] rather than a blind trust or equivalent arrangement “to cleanly sever himself from his business interests”.[191] He continued to profit from his businesses and to know how his administration’s policies affected his businesses.[190][192] Although he said he would eschew “new foreign deals”, the Trump Organization pursued expansions of its operations in Scotland, Dubai, and the Dominican Republic.[190][192] Lobbyists, foreign government officials, and Trump donors and allies generated hundreds of millions of dollars for his resorts and hotels.[193]
【参考译文】在就职之前,特朗普将他的企业转入了一个可撤销的信托,[189][190]而不是一个盲信或等效的安排,“以彻底断绝自己与商业利益的联系”。[191]他继续从他的企业中获利,并了解他的政府政策如何影响他的企业。[190][192]虽然他表示会避免“新的外国交易”,但特朗普集团仍在苏格兰、迪拜和多米尼加共和国寻求业务扩张。[190][192]说客、外国政府官员以及特朗普的捐助者和盟友为他的度假村和酒店带来了数亿美元的收入。[193]

Trump was sued for violating the Domestic and Foreign Emoluments Clauses of the U.S. Constitution, marking the first time that the clauses had been substantively litigated.[194] One case was dismissed in lower court.[195] Two were dismissed by the U.S. Supreme Court as moot after the end of his term.[196]
【参考译文】特朗普因违反美国宪法中的“国内薪酬条款”和“外国薪酬条款”而被起诉,这是这些条款首次在实质上受到法律诉讼的挑战。[194]其中一起案件在下级法院被驳回。[195]另外两起案件在他任期结束后被美国最高法院以不再具有争议为由驳回。[196]

7.3 内阁

主条目:第一次特朗普内阁

添加图片注释,不超过 140 字(可选)
添加图片注释,不超过 140 字(可选)

特朗普于任期内提名了戈萨奇卡瓦诺巴雷特最高法院大法官

7.4 国内政策 | Domestic policy

Main articles: Economic policy of the first Donald Trump administration, Environmental policy of the first Donald Trump administration, and Social policy of Donald Trump
【主条目:第一任特朗普政府的经济政策、第一任特朗普政府的环境政策、特朗普的社会政策】

Trump took office at the height of the longest economic expansion in American history,[197] which began in 2009 and continued until February 2020, when the COVID-19 recession began.[198]
【参考译文】特朗普在美国历史上持续时间最长的经济扩张达到顶峰时上任,[197]这一扩张始于2009年,一直持续到2020年2月新冠疫情引发的衰退开始。[198]

In December 2017, Trump signed the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. It reduced tax rates for businesses and individuals and set the penalty associated with the Affordable Care Act‘s individual mandate to $0.[199][200] The Trump administration claimed that the act would not decrease government revenue, but 2018 revenues were 7.6 percent lower than projected.[201]
【参考译文】2017年12月,特朗普签署了《2017年减税与就业法案》。该法案降低了企业和个人的税率,并将《平价医疗法案》个人强制参保的罚款设定为0美元。[199][200]特朗普政府声称,该法案不会减少政府收入,但2018年的收入比预期低了7.6%。[201]

Under Trump, the federal budget deficit increased by almost 50 percent, to nearly $1 trillion in 2019.[202] By the end of his term, the U.S. national debt increased by 39 percent, reaching $27.75 trillion, and the U.S. debt-to-GDP ratio hit a post-World War II high.[203] Trump also failed to deliver the $1 trillion infrastructure spending plan on which he had campaigned.[204]
【参考译文】在特朗普任期内,联邦预算赤字增加了近50%,2019年接近1万亿美元。[202]到他任期结束时,美国国债增加了39%,达到27.75万亿美元,美国债务与国内生产总值(GDP)之比达到二战后的最高水平。[203]特朗普还未能实现他竞选时承诺的1万亿美元基础设施支出计划。[204]

此图片遵循CC BY 2.0协议
图片题注:President Trump visit to Jerusalem, May 2017
参考译文:特朗普总统2017年5月访问耶路撒冷
图片来源:Matty Stern / U.S. Embassy Tel Aviv

Trump is the only modern U.S. president to leave office with a smaller workforce than when he took office, by 3 million people.[197][205]
【参考译文】特朗普是现代美国历史上唯一一位离职时就业人数比上任时少的总统,减少了300万人。[197][205]

Trump rejects the scientific consensus on climate change.[206][207][208][209] He reduced the budget for renewable energy research by 40 percent and reversed Obama-era policies directed at curbing climate change.[210] He withdrew from the Paris Agreement, making the U.S. the only nation to not ratify it.[211]
【参考译文】特朗普拒绝接受气候变化的科学共识。[206][207][208][209]他将可再生能源研究预算削减了40%,并推翻了奥巴马时代旨在遏制气候变化的政策。[210]他退出了《巴黎协定》,使美国成为唯一没有批准该协定的国家。[211]

Trump aimed to boost the production and exports of fossil fuels.[212][213] Natural gas expanded under Trump, but coal continued to decline.[214][215] He rolled back more than 100 federal environmental regulations, including those that curbed greenhouse gas emissions, air and water pollution, and the use of toxic substances. He weakened protections for animals and environmental standards for federal infrastructure projects, and expanded permitted areas for drilling and resource extraction, such as allowing drilling in the Arctic Refuge.[216]
【参考译文】特朗普旨在提振化石燃料的生产和出口。[212][213]在特朗普任期内,天然气产量有所增加,但煤炭产量继续下降。[214][215]他废除了100多项联邦环境法规,包括那些限制温室气体排放、空气和水污染以及有毒物质使用的法规。他削弱了对动物的保护和联邦基础设施项目的环境标准,并扩大了钻探和资源开采的许可区域,例如允许在北极避难所进行钻探。[216]

In 2017, Trump signed Executive Order 13771, which directed that, for every new regulation, federal agencies “identify” two existing regulations for elimination, although it did not require elimination.[217] He dismantled many federal regulations on health,[218][219] labor,[220][219] and the environment,[221][219] among others, including a bill that made it easier for severely mentally ill persons to buy guns.[222] During his first six weeks in office, he delayed, suspended, or reversed ninety federal regulations,[223] often “after requests by the regulated industries”.[224] The Institute for Policy Integrity found that 78 percent of his proposals were blocked by courts or did not prevail over litigation.[225]
【参考译文】2017年,特朗普签署了第13771号行政命令,要求联邦机构在出台每一项新法规时,“确定”两项现有法规以供废除,尽管该命令并未要求必须废除。[217]他废除了许多有关健康、[218][219]劳工、[220][219]环境[221][219]等领域的联邦法规,其中包括一项使严重精神病患者更容易购买枪支的法案。[222]在他上任的前六周内,他推迟、暂停或推翻了90项联邦法规,[223]这通常是“在被监管行业的要求下”进行的。[224]政策完整性研究所发现,他的78%的提案被法院阻止或在诉讼中未能占上风。[225]

此图片属于公共领域
图片题注:President Donald J. Trump, joined by Vice President Mike Pence and members of the Cabinet, participates in a Cabinet meeting, Saturday, September 9, 2017 in Laurel Lodge at Camp David near Thurmont, MD, discussing the projected track and potential impact of Hurricane Irma as it approaches the coast of Florida. (Official White House Photo by Shealah Craighead)
参考译文:2017年9月9日(周六),唐纳德·J·特朗普总统与副总统迈克·彭斯及内阁成员一道,在马里兰州瑟蒙特附近的戴维营劳雷尔小屋参加了内阁会议,讨论飓风艾尔玛在逼近佛罗里达州海岸时的预计路径和可能带来的影响。(白宫官方照片,摄影师:希拉·克雷格黑德)
图片来源:Shaleah Craighead (1976–)

During his campaign, Trump vowed to repeal and replace the Affordable Care Act.[226] In office, he scaled back the Act’s implementation through executive orders.[227][228] He expressed a desire to “let Obamacare fail”; his administration halved the enrollment period and drastically reduced funding for enrollment promotion.[229][230] In June 2018, the Trump administration joined 18 Republican-led states in arguing before the Supreme Court that the elimination of the financial penalties associated with the individual mandate had rendered the Act unconstitutional.[231][232] Their pleading would have eliminated health insurance coverage for up to 23 million Americans, but was unsuccessful.[231] During the 2016 campaign, Trump promised to protect funding for Medicare and other social safety-net programs. In January 2020, he expressed willingness to consider cuts to them.[233]
【参考译文】在竞选期间,特朗普誓言要废除并取代《平价医疗法案》。[226]上任后,他通过行政命令缩减了该法案的实施范围。[227][228]他表示希望“让奥巴马医保失败”;他的政府将注册期缩短了一半,并大幅削减了用于促进注册的资金。[229][230]2018年6月,特朗普政府联合18个由共和党领导的州,在最高法院辩称,取消与个人强制参保相关的财务处罚已使该法案违宪。[231][232]他们的诉求将导致多达2300万美国人失去医疗保险,但未能成功。[231]在2016年竞选期间,特朗普承诺保护医疗保险和其他社会安全网计划的资金。但在2020年1月,他表示愿意考虑削减这些资金。[233]

In response to the opioid epidemic, Trump signed legislation in 2018 to increase funding for drug treatments, but was widely criticized for failing to make a concrete strategy. U.S. opioid overdose deaths declined slightly in 2018, but surged to a record 50,052 in 2019.[234]
【参考译文】为应对阿片类药物滥用流行病,特朗普于2018年签署了立法,增加药物治疗的资金,但他因未能制定具体战略而受到广泛批评。2018年,美国因阿片类药物过量si3亡的人数略有下降,但2019年激增至创纪录的50052人。[234]

Trump barred organizations that provide abortions or abortion referrals from receiving federal funds.[235] He said he supported “traditional marriage”, but considered the nationwide legality of same-sex marriage “settled”.[236] His administration rolled back key components of the Obama administration’s workplace protections against discrimination of LGBTQ people.[237] His attempted rollback of anti-discrimination protections for transgender patients in August 2020 was halted by a federal judge after a Supreme Court ruling extended employees’ civil rights protections to gender identity and sexual orientation.[238]
【参考译文】特朗普禁止提供堕胎或堕胎咨询服务的组织接受联邦资金。[235]他表示支持“传统婚姻”,但认为同性婚姻在全国范围内的合法性是“既定的”。[236]他的政府废除了奥巴马政府在工作场所保护LGBTQ人群免受歧视的关键条款。[237]2020年8月,他试图废除针对跨性别患者的反歧视保护措施,但在最高法院的一项裁决将员工的民权保护范围扩大到性别认同和性取向后,一名联邦法官阻止了此举。[238]

Trump has said he is opposed to gun control, although his views have shifted over time.[239] After several mass shootings during his term, he said he would propose legislation related to guns, but he abandoned that effort in November 2019.[240] His administration took an anti-marijuana position, revoking Obama-era policies that provided protections for states that legalized marijuana.[241]
【参考译文】特朗普表示反对枪支管制,尽管他的观点随着时间的推移而发生了变化。[239]在他任期内发生多起大规模枪击事件后,他表示将提出与枪支相关的立法,但于2019年11月放弃了这一努力。[240]他的政府采取了反对大ma2的立场,废除了奥巴马时代为合法化大ma2的州提供保护的政策。[241]

Trump is a long-time advocate of capital punishment.[242][243] Under his administration, the federal government executed 13 prisoners, more than in the previous 56 years combined, ending a 17-year moratorium.[244] In 2016, he said he supported the use of interrogation torture methods such as waterboarding.[245][246]
【参考译文】特朗普是死刑的长期倡导者。[242][243]在他的政府任期内,联邦政府处决了13名囚犯,超过了过去56年的总和,结束了17年的暂停执行死刑的做法。[244]2016年,他表示支持使用水刑等审讯酷刑方法。[245][246]

此图片属于公共领域
图片题注:President Trump giving a speech in front of the Blue Room Christmas Tree.
参考译文:特朗普总统在蓝厅圣诞树前发表演讲。
图片来源:The White House

7.5 种族关系 | Race relations

Trump’s comments on the 2017 Unite the Right rally, condemning “this egregious display of hatred, bigotry and violence on many sides” and stating that there were “very fine people on both sides”, were criticized as implying a moral equivalence between the white supremacist demonstrators and the counter-protesters.[247]
【参考译文】特朗普在2017年“团结右翼”集会上的言论引发了争议。他谴责“多方表现出的极端仇恨、偏执和暴力行为”,但又表示“双方都有很好的人”,这一表态被批评为暗示白人至上主义示wei1者和反示wei1者在道德上等同。[247]

In a January 2018 discussion of immigration legislation, Trump reportedly referred to El Salvador, Haiti, Honduras, and African nations as “shithole countries”.[248] His remarks were condemned as racist.[249]
【参考译文】据报道,在2018年1月的一次关于移民立法的讨论中,特朗普将萨尔瓦多、海地、洪都拉斯和非洲国家称为“粪坑国家”。[248]他的言论受到了种族主义的谴责。[249]

In July 2019, Trump tweeted that four Democratic congresswomen—all minorities, three of whom are native-born Americans—should “go back” to the countries they “came from”.[250] Two days later the House of Representatives voted 240–187, mostly along party lines, to condemn his “racist comments”.[251] White nationalist publications and social media praised his remarks, which continued over the following days.[252] He continued to make similar remarks during his 2020 campaign.[253]
【参考译文】2019年7月,特朗普在推特上表示,四名民主党籍国会女议员——均为少数族裔,其中三人出生在美国——应该“回到”她们“来自”的国家。[250]两天后,众议院以240票对187票(基本按党派划分)通过了谴责特朗普“种族主义言论”的决议。[251]白人至上主义出版物和社交媒体对特朗普的言论表示赞赏,相关言论在接下来的几天里仍在继续。[252]他在2020年的竞选活动中继续发表类似言论。[253]

In June 2020, during the George Floyd protests, federal law-enforcement officials controversially removed a largely peaceful crowd of lawful protesters from Lafayette Square, outside the White House.[254][255] Trump then posed with a Bible for a photo-op at the nearby St. John’s Episcopal Church,[254][256][257] with religious leaders condemning both the treatment of protesters and the photo opportunity itself.[258] Many retired military leaders and defense officials condemned his proposal to use the U.S. military against anti-police-brutality protesters.[259]
【参考译文】2020年6月,在乔治·弗洛伊德kang4议活动期间,联邦执法人员颇具争议地从白宫外的拉斐特广场驱散了大量和平的合法抗yi4者。[254][255]随后,特朗普在附近的圣约翰圣公会教堂前手持圣经摆拍,[254][256][257]宗教领袖谴责了对kang4议者的处理方式以及此次摆拍行为本身。[258]许多退役将领和国防部官员谴责了他提议动用美军对抗反警察暴力抗yi4者的做法。[259]

此图片遵循CC BY 2.0协议
图片题注:Black Lives Matter Protests 091 – Fuck Trump
参考译文:“黑人的命也是命”抗yi4活动 091 – **特朗普
图片来源:Amaury Laporte

7.6 赦免与减刑 | Pardons and commutations

Further information: List of people granted executive clemency by Donald Trump
【更多信息:唐纳德·特朗普给予行政宽恕的人员名单】

Trump granted 237 requests for clemency, fewer than all presidents since 1900 with the exception of George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush.[260] Only 25 of them had been vetted by the Justice Department’s Office of the Pardon Attorney; the others were granted to people with personal or political connections to him, his family, and his allies, or recommended by celebrities.[261][262] In his last full day in office, he granted 73 pardons and commuted 70 sentences.[263] Several Trump allies were not eligible for pardons under Justice Department rules, and in other cases the department had opposed clemency.[261] The pardons of three military service members convicted of or charged with violent crimes were opposed by military leaders.[264]
【参考译文】特朗普批准了237项宽恕请求,这一数字少于自1900年以来除乔治·H·W·布什和乔治·W·布什之外的所有总统。[260]其中只有25项请求经过了司法部宽恕律师办公室的审查;其他被宽恕者要么是与他、他的家人及盟友有个人或政治关系的人,要么是由名人推荐的。[261][262]在他任职的最后一天,他批准了73项赦免并减免了70项刑罚。[263]特朗普的几位盟友根据司法部规定不符合赦免条件,而在其他情况下,司法部也反对给予宽恕。[261]军方领导人反对赦免三名被指控或被判定犯有暴力罪的军人。[264]

7.7 移民 | Immigration

Main article: Immigration policy of Donald Trump【主条目:唐纳德·特朗普的移民政策】

As president, he frequently described illegal immigration as an “invasion” and conflated immigrants with the criminal gang MS-13.[265] Trump drastically escalated immigration enforcement, including implementing harsher immigration enforcement policies against asylum seekers from Central America than any modern U.S. president.[266][267]
【参考译文】作为总统,他频繁地将非法移民描述为一场“入侵”,并将移民与犯罪团伙MS-13混为一谈。[265]特朗普极大地加强了移民执法力度,包括对来自中美洲的寻求庇护者实施了比以往任何一位现代美国总统都更为严厉的移民执法政策。[266][267]

From 2018 onward, Trump deployed nearly 6,000 troops to the U.S.–Mexico border[268] to stop most Central American migrants from seeking asylum. In 2020, his administration widened the public charge rule to further restrict immigrants who might use government benefits from getting permanent residency.[269] He reduced the number of refugees admitted to record lows. When he took office, the annual limit was 110,000; he set a limit of 18,000 in the 2020 fiscal year and 15,000 in the 2021 fiscal year.[270][271] Additional restrictions implemented by the Trump administration caused significant bottlenecks in processing refugee applications, resulting in fewer refugees accepted than the allowed limits.[272]
【参考译文】从2018年起,特朗普向美墨边境部署了近6000名士兵,[268]以阻止大多数中美洲移民寻求庇护。2020年,他的政府扩大了“公共负担”规则,以进一步限制可能使用政府福利的移民获得永久居留权。[269]他将获准入境的难民数量减少到了创纪录的低点。在他上任时,年度限额为110000人;他在2020财年设定了18000人的限额,在2021财年设定了15000人的限额。[270][271]特朗普政府实施的其他限制导致难民申请处理过程中出现了严重的瓶颈,致使获准入境的难民数量少于允许限额。[272]

7.7.1 旅行禁令 | Travel ban

Main article: Trump travel ban【主条目:特朗普旅行禁令】

Further information: Executive Order 13769 and Executive Order 13780 / 主条目:第13769号行政命令第13780号行政命令

此图片属于公共领域
图片题注:时任总统特朗普在副总统彭斯和国防部长马蒂斯的陪同下于五角大楼签署第13769号行政命令
图片来源:Staff of the President of the United States

Following the 2015 San Bernardino attack, Trump proposed to ban Muslim foreigners from entering the U.S. until stronger vetting systems could be implemented.[273] He later reframed the proposed ban to apply to countries with a “proven history of terrorism”.[274] The affected Muslims were only 12% of the global Muslim population.[275][276]
【参考译文】2015年圣贝纳迪诺袭击事件后,特朗普提议禁止穆si1林外国人入境,直到能够实施更严格的审查制度。[273]后来,他将拟议中的禁令重新定义为适用于有“恐怖主义历史”的国家。[274]受影响的穆si1林仅占全球mu4斯林人口的12%。[275][276]

On January 27, 2017, Trump signed Executive Order 13769, which suspended admission of refugees for 120 days and denied entry to citizens of Iraq, Iran, Libya, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, and Yemen for 90 days, citing security concerns. The order took effect immediately and without warning, causing chaos at airports.[277][278] Protests began at airports the next day,[277][278] and legal challenges resulted in nationwide preliminary injunctions.[279] A March 6 revised order, which excluded Iraq and gave other exemptions, again was blocked by federal judges in three states.[280][281] In a decision in June 2017, the Supreme Court ruled that the ban could be enforced on visitors who lack a “credible claim of a bona fide relationship with a person or entity in the United States”.[282]
【参考译文】2017年1月27日,特朗普签署了第13769号行政令,该行政令暂停难民入境120天,并基于安全考虑,拒绝伊拉克、伊朗、利比亚、索马里、苏丹、叙利亚和也门公民入境90天。该行政令立即生效且未提前通知,导致机场陷入混乱。[277][278]次日,机场开始出现抗议活动,[277][278]而法律诉讼则导致了全国范围内的初步禁令。[279]3月6日修订后的行政令排除了伊拉克,并给予了其他豁免,但再次被三个州的联邦法官阻止。[280][281]2017年6月的一项裁决中,最高法院裁定,对于没有“与美国境内的人或实体存在真实关系的可信主张”的访客,可强制实施禁令。[282]

The temporary order was replaced by Presidential Proclamation 9645 on September 24, 2017, which restricted travel from the originally targeted countries except Iraq and Sudan, and further banned travelers from North Korea and Chad, along with certain Venezuelan officials.[283] After lower courts partially blocked the new restrictions, the Supreme Court allowed the September version to go into full effect on December 4, 2017,[284] and ultimately upheld the travel ban in a ruling in June 2019.[285]
【参考译文】2017年9月24日,第9645号总统公告取代了之前的临时禁令,该公告限制了除伊拉克和苏丹外原本被针对的国家的旅行,并进一步禁止了来自朝鲜和乍得的旅行者入境,以及一些委内瑞拉官员入境。[283]下级法院部分阻止了新限制措施后,最高法院允许9月的版本于2017年12月4日全面生效,[284]并最终在2019年6月的一项裁决中维持了旅行禁令。[285]

7.7.2 边境家庭分离 | Family separation at the border

Main article: Trump administration family separation policy【主条目:特朗普政府家庭分离政策】

此图片属于公共领域
图片题注:Photo provided by Custom and Border Protection to reporter on tour of detention facility in McAllen, Texas. Reporters were not allowed to take their own photos
参考译文:这张照片由海关与边境保护局提供给在德克萨斯州麦卡伦拘留设施参观的记者。记者不允许自行拍照。
图片来源:US Customs and Border Patrol

The Trump administration separated more than 5,400 children of migrant families from their parents at the U.S.–Mexico border, a sharp increase in the number of family separations at the border starting from the summer of 2017.[286][287] In April 2018, the administration announced a “zero tolerance” policy whereby adults suspected of illegal entry were to be detained and criminally prosecuted while their children were taken away as unaccompanied alien minors.[288][289] The policy was unprecedented in previous administrations and sparked public outrage.[290][291] Trump falsely asserted that his administration was merely following the law, blaming Democrats, despite the separations being his administration’s policy.[292][293]
【参考译文】特朗普政府在美墨边境将5400多名移民家庭的儿童与父母分离,自2017年夏季起,边境家庭分离的数量急剧增加。[286][287]2018年4月,政府宣布了一项“零容忍”政策,根据该政策,涉嫌非法入境的成年人将被拘留并受到刑事起诉,而他们的孩子则会被当作无人陪伴的外籍未成年人带走。[288][289]此政策在往届政府中前所未有,引发了公众的强烈愤慨。[290][291]特朗普错误地声称,他的政府只是在遵守法律,并将责任归咎于民主党人,尽管分离政策是他政府制定的。[292][293]

Although Trump originally argued that the separations could not be stopped by an executive order, he acceded to intense public objection and signed an executive order in June 2018, mandating that migrant families be detained together unless “there is a concern” of a risk to the child.[294][295] On June 26, 2018, Judge Dana Sabraw concluded that the Trump administration had “no system in place to keep track of” the separated children, nor any effective measures for family communication and reunification;[296] Sabraw ordered for the families to be reunited and family separations stopped except in limited circumstances.[297] After the order, the administration separated more than a thousand migrant children from their families; the ACLU contended that the administration had abused its discretion and asked Sabraw to more narrowly define the circumstances warranting separation.[287]
【参考译文】尽管特朗普最初声称无法通过行政命令来阻止分离,但在公众强烈反对的压力下,他于2018年6月签署了一项行政命令,规定除非“担心”儿童面临风险,否则移民家庭应被一起拘留。[294][295]2018年6月26日,法官达娜·萨布拉得出结论,特朗普政府“没有建立任何系统来追踪”被分离的儿童,也没有采取任何有效的家庭沟通和团聚措施;[296]萨布拉下令让家庭团聚,并规定除有限情况外,不得再分离家庭。[297]在发出此命令后,政府仍将一千多名移民儿童与父母分离;美国公民自由联盟(American Civil Liberties Union)声称政府滥用裁量权,并要求萨布拉更严格地界定允许分离的情况。[287]

此图片属于公共领域
图片题注:Photo provided by Custom and Border Protection to reporter on tour of detention facility in McAllen, Texas. Reporters were not allowed to take their own photos
参考译文:这张照片是海关与边境保护局提供给正在参观德克萨斯州麦卡伦拘留设施的记者的。记者们被禁止自行拍照。
图片来源:US Government

7.7.3 特朗普墙与政府停摆 | Trump wall and government shutdown

Main articles: Trump wall and 2018–2019 United States federal government shutdown 【主条目:特朗普墙与2018-2019年美国联邦政府停摆】

One of Trump’s central campaign promises was to build a 1,000-mile (1,600 km) border wall to Mexico and have Mexico pay for it.[298] By the end of his term, the U.S. had built “40 miles [64 km] of new primary wall and 33 miles [53 km] of secondary wall” in locations where there had been no barriers and 365 miles (587 km) of primary or secondary border fencing replacing dilapidated or outdated barriers.[299]
【参考译文】特朗普的核心竞选承诺之一是修建一条长1000英里(1600公里)的美墨边境墙,并让墨西哥支付费用。[298]到其任期结束时,美国已在原本没有屏障的地方新建了“40英里(64公里)的主要边境墙和33英里(53公里)的次要边境墙”,并更换了365英里(587公里)破旧或老化的主要或次要边境围栏。[299]

In 2018, Trump refused to sign any appropriations bill from Congress unless it allocated $5.6 billion for the border wall,[300] resulting in the federal government partially shutting down for 35 days from December 2018 to January 2019, the longest U.S. government shutdown in history.[301][302] Around 800,000 government employees were furloughed or worked without pay.[303] Trump and Congress ended the shutdown by approving temporary funding that provided delayed payments to government workers, but no funds for the wall.[301] The shutdown resulted in an estimated permanent loss of $3 billion to the economy, according to the Congressional Budget Office.[304] About half of those polled blamed Trump for the shutdown, and his approval ratings dropped.[305]
【参考译文】2018年,特朗普拒绝签署国会的任何拨款法案,除非其中为边境墙拨款56亿美元,[300]导致联邦政府从2018年12月至2019年1月部分停摆35天,成为美国历史上最长的政府停摆。[301][302]约80万名政府雇员被停职或无偿工作。[303]特朗普和国会通过批准临时资金结束了停摆,这些资金为政府雇员提供了延迟支付的薪水,但没有为边境墙提供资金。[301]据国会预算办公室估计,停摆给经济造成了约30亿美元的永久性损失。[304]民意调查显示,约有一半的人将停摆归咎于特朗普,他的支持率也因此下降。[305]

To prevent another imminent shutdown in February 2019, Congress passed and Trump signed a funding bill that included $1.375 billion for 55 miles (89 km) of bollard border fencing.[306] He also declared a national emergency on the southern border, intending to divert $6.1 billion of funds Congress had allocated to other purposes.[306] He vetoed a joint resolution to overturn the declaration, and the Senate voted against a veto override.[307] Legal challenges to the diversion of $2.5 billion originally meant for the Department of Defense‘s drug interdiction efforts[308][309] and $3.6 billion originally meant for military construction[310][311] were unsuccessful.
【参考译文】为防止2019年2月再次发生停摆,国会通过了一项拨款法案,特朗普也签署了该法案,其中包括为55英里(89公里)的波状钢板边境围栏拨款13.75亿美元。[306]他还宣布南部边境进入国家紧急状态,打算挪用国会分配给其他用途的61亿美元资金。[306]他否决了一项推翻该声明的联合决议,而参议院也未能推翻他的否决。[307]对于挪用原本用于国防部缉毒行动[308][309]的25亿美元和原本用于军事建设[310][311]的36亿美元的法律挑战均以失败告终。

此图片属于公共领域
图片题注:Trump examines border wall prototypes in Otay Mesa, California.
参考译文:特朗普在加利福尼亚州奥泰梅萨考察边境墙原型。

7.8 外交政策 | Foreign policy

Main article: Foreign policy of the first Donald Trump administration
【主条目:第一任唐纳德·特朗普政府的外交政策】

See also: List of international presidential trips made by Donald Trump § First presidency (2017–2021)
【另请参阅:“唐纳德·特朗普总统的国际旅行列表”词条的“第一任期(2017–2021)”章节】

Trump described himself as a “nationalist”[312]and his foreign policy as “America First“.[313] He praised and supported populist, neo-nationalist, and authoritarian governments.[314] Unpredictability, uncertainty, and inconsistency characterized foreign relations during his tenure.[313][315] Tensions between the U.S. and its European allies were strained under Trump.[316] He criticized NATO allies and privately suggested on multiple occasions that the U.S. should withdraw from NATO.[317][318]
【参考译文】特朗普自称是“民族主义者”[312],并将他的外交政策描述为“美国优先”[313]。他赞扬并支持民粹主义、新民族主义以及威权政府[314]。在他任职期间,外交关系的特点是难以预测、充满不确定性和前后矛盾[313][315]。特朗普任期内,美国与其欧洲盟友之间的关系变得紧张[316]。他多次私下批评北约盟友,并多次暗示美国应该退出北约[317][318]。

特朗普主张“美国优先”外交政策,[271] 在外交方面奉行“孤立主义”或“不干涉主义”[272][273],其政策更多倾向于商业利益,而轻视与传统盟友的关系。特朗普在任期间的政策导致了美国与欧洲国家之间的关系恶化。[274][275]2018年7月,特朗普在出席北约峰会后要求北约成员国增加自身的国防开支[276]。2024年2月10日,特朗普称美国可能不会保护国防支出不足的北约盟国,引起欧洲领导人批评。[277][278] 有分析认为特朗普如果当选可能会对北约团结造成负面影响。[279]

另一方面,2019年6月26日,特朗普在接受福克斯商业电视台电话采访时对《美日安保条约》美国需要单方面防卫日本表示不满,虽然在之后特朗普表示“完全没有考虑废除美日安保条约的想法”。[280] 2024年7月16日,特朗普在《彭博商业周刊》接受采访时又称,台湾应向美国支付防务费用。[281][282]

7.8.1 贸易 | Trade

See also: Trump tariffs【另请参阅:特朗普关税】

Trump withdrew the U.S. from the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) negotiations,[319] imposed tariffs on steel and aluminum imports,[320] and launched a trade war with China by sharply increasing tariffs on 818 categories (worth $50 billion) of Chinese goods imported into the U.S.[321] While he said that import tariffs are paid by China into the U.S. Treasury, they are paid by American companies that import goods from China.[322] Although he pledged during the campaign to significantly reduce the U.S.’s trade deficits, they skyrocketed under Trump.[323] Following a 2017–2018 renegotiation, the United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement (USMCA) became effective in July 2020 as the successor to NAFTA.[324]
【参考译文】特朗普退出了跨太平洋伙伴关系协定(TPP)谈判[319],对钢铁和铝制品进口征收关税[320],并通过大幅提高818类(价值500亿美元)中国进口商品进入美国的关税,与中国发动了贸易战[321]。虽然他声称进口关税由中国支付至美国国库,但实际上这些关税是由从美国进口商品的美国公司支付的[322]。尽管他在竞选期间承诺大幅减少美国的贸易逆差,但在特朗普任期内,贸易逆差却飙升[323]。经过2017-2018年的重新谈判,美国-墨西哥-加拿大协议(USMCA)于2020年7月生效,取代了北美自由贸易协定(NAFTA)[324]。

此图片属于公共领域
图片题注:Trump with the other G7 leaders at the 45th summit in France, 2019
参考译文:2019年法国第45届七国集团峰会上,特朗普与其他六国领导人同框
图片来源:The White House from Washington, DC

特朗普批评北美自由贸易协定,认为墨西哥的工人抢去大量美国蓝领工人的就业机会。

2018年3月1日。特朗普在白宫会见美国钢铁和铝业企业代表时宣布了新关税计划,他表示要对征收高关税来保护本国产业,钢材的新关税是25%、而铝是10%[97]

2018年3月23日,特朗普签署命令,在5月1日之前将欧盟阿根廷澳大利亚巴西加拿大、墨西哥和韩国排除在课征钢铝关税的对象之外。特朗普在5月决定是否继续豁免[98]。6月1日,美国决定开始对来自欧盟、加拿大和墨西哥的钢铝产品分别征收25%和10%的关税[99]。欧盟、中国印度、加拿大、墨西哥、挪威俄罗斯均因此诉诸世界贸易组织(WTO)[100]。此外,各国纷纷通过对美产品加征关税展开报复。欧盟成员国于6月14日一致同意对总额28亿欧元的美国商品征收25%的关税[101]。加拿大、墨西哥、印度、土耳其、俄罗斯跟随欧盟步伐宣布对美国商品加征关税[102][103]

2018年7月25日,欧盟执行委员会主席容克访问白宫时和特朗普达成协议,双方同意就贸易问题进行协商,期间暂且停止互相加征新的关税,但美国之前对来自欧盟的钢和铝分别征收25%和10%的关税决定将会继续实施[104]

2019年3月,特朗普表示将把印度从普及特惠税制度中除名,印度商品将不再跟名单中其他开发中国家一样享有关税优惠待遇[105],6月5日起正式生效[106]。6月14日,印度商业和工业部宣布印方将对涉及2.2亿美元的美国20多种商品加征关税[107]

2019年5月17日,中美贸易战重启之际,美国宣布停止对加拿大和墨西哥钢铝产品征收关税,墨西哥和加拿大也同时停止征收对美国同类产品的报复性关税[108]。同时,特朗普宣布推迟180天再做决定是否对日本和欧盟的汽车以及零部件开征25%关税。原本5月18日是特朗普决定是否开征对日欧汽车进口关税的最后期限[109]。但很快的特朗普就在5月31日以墨西哥无法阻止非法移民涌入美国为由宣布自6月10日起对进口自墨西哥的所有商品征收5%的关税,若边境危机不解决,到10月1日对墨西哥的关税税率将上调至25%,并保持这一水平,直到非法移民问题得到解决[110]。6月8日,美墨达成协议,墨西哥承诺在墨北部边境加强管控非法移民力度,美国则无限期暂停对墨关税计划[111]

此图片属于公共领域
图片题注:2017年3月,特朗普在密歇根州向汽车工人发表演说
图片来源:The White House from Washington, DC 

2019年7月2日,美国商务部宣布,将对来自越南且原产于台湾与韩国的钢铁制品征收最高456%的惩罚性关税。美国分别在2015年12月和2016年2月向韩国和台湾制品征收反倾销反补贴关税。之后至2019年4月,由越南出口至美国的耐腐蚀钢冷轧钢数量相较之前同期分别急升332%及916%,美国指责两国试图通过越南规避反倾销和反补贴关税[112]

2019年8月13日,特朗普在宾夕法尼亚州壳牌化工的员工面前表示要离开世界贸易组织,早在他在竞选总统期间,就认为世贸组织给予中国等发展中国家的优惠待遇损害了美国利益。[113]

2019年9月25日,日本允许削减价值约72亿美元的美国农产品进口关税,扩大开放日本对美国农产品的市场[114]

2019年10月2日,世界贸易组织批准美国每年对价值75亿美元的欧盟产品课征关税,作为对欧盟向空中客车公司提供不合法补贴的反制措施。特朗普称,这是美国的“重大胜利”[115]。10月18日,美国正式对75亿美元的欧盟商品加征关税[116]

2019年12月2日,曾经给予巴西和阿根廷钢铝关税特殊豁免权的美国总统特朗普宣布恢复对来自巴西和阿根廷的钢铝课征关税。特朗普指责巴西和阿根廷正在大规模的将本国货币对美元贬值,这样对美国的农民不利[117]

2020年2月14日,美国贸易代表办公室发表声明称,美国将把针对欧盟飞机的进口关税从10%上调至15%[118]

2020年8月6日,特朗普签署公告宣布,美国将从8月16日起对从加拿大进口的部分铝产品恢复加征10%的关税[119]。不过在9月15日美方又突然停止对加拿大加征关税[120]

2020年11月10日起,欧盟每年将对价值39.9亿美元的波音公司喷气式飞机和其他美国商品征收关税[121]

7.8.2 俄罗斯 | Russia

See also: Russia–United States relations § First Trump administration (2017–2021) 【另请参阅:“俄美关系”词条的“特朗普第一任政府时期(2017–2021)”】

主条目:2016年俄罗斯干预美国选举特朗普外流讯息给俄罗斯事件特朗普内阁和俄罗斯官员联系事件

The Trump administration weakened the toughest sanctions imposed by the U.S. after Russia’s 2014 annexation of Crimea.[325][326] Trump withdrew the U.S. from the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty, citing alleged Russian noncompliance,[327] and supported a potential return of Russia to the G7.[328]
【参考译文】特朗普政府削弱了俄罗斯2014年吞并克里米亚后美国实施的最严厉制裁。[325][326]特朗普以俄罗斯涉嫌不遵守规定为由,宣布美国退出《中导条约》,[327]并支持俄罗斯可能重返七国集团。[328]

Trump repeatedly praised and, according to some critics, rarely criticized Russian president Vladimir Putin[329][330] but opposed some actions of the Russian government.[331][332] After he met Putin at the Helsinki Summit in 2018, he drew bipartisan criticism for accepting Putin’s denial of Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election rather than the findings of U.S. intelligence agencies.[333][334][335] 【参考译文】特朗普多次赞扬俄罗斯总统弗拉基米尔·普京,据一些批评者称,他很少批评普京。[329][330]但他反对俄罗斯政府的一些行动。[331][332]2018年,他与普京在赫尔辛基峰会会面后,因接受普京否认俄罗斯干预2016年美国总统大选的说法,而非美国情报机构的调查结果,而遭到两党批评。[333][334][335]

经政府官员和前政府官员陈述,2017年5月10日特朗普在白宫椭圆形办公室中与俄罗斯外长拉夫罗夫和驻美国大使基斯利亚克会面,过程中向对方提供高度机密信息。[64][65]但特朗普内阁否认此一指控。[66][67][68]

2017年5月份,特朗普宣布联邦调查局(FBI)局长科米因不当处理希拉里电邮调查而被辞退。而民主党则指科米被辞退的原因是联邦调查局正调查特朗普竞选团队与俄罗斯的关系。

纽约时报的一篇报道中显示,被特朗普免职的科米曾写过一份备忘录,其中显示特朗普曾要求科米监禁那些报道有关他政权的泄密的记者,同时要求FBI终止对前国家安全助理弗林将军与俄罗斯间关系的调查。[69][70]

通俄门从特朗普一上任就缠身长达三年多,民主党和一些学者[谁?]认为俄罗斯干预美国大选以扶植特朗普上台,两者间可能有不为外界知道的黑箱交易存在。通俄门随着司法调查后“查无实据总统本人涉入”的这一结论而结案。

此图片属于公共领域
图片题注:Vladimir Putin and Trump shaking hands at the G20 Osaka summit, June 2019
参考译文:2019 年 6 月,二十国集团大阪峰会期间,弗拉基米尔·普京与特朗普握手
图片来源:The White House from Washington, DC 

7.8.3 东亚 | East Asia

(1)中国大陆、香港、台湾 | China, Hong Kong, Taiwan

See also: China–United States relations § First Trump administration (2017–2021)
【另见:“中美关系”词条的“特朗普第一任政府时期(2017–2021)”章节】

参见:中美贸易战中国制造2025

Trump repeatedly accused China of taking unfair advantage of the U.S.[336] He launched a trade war against China that was widely characterized as a failure,[337][338] sanctioned Huawei for alleged ties to Iran,[339] significantly increased visa restrictions on Chinese students and scholars,[340] and classified China as a currency manipulator.[341] He juxtaposed verbal attacks on China with praise of Chinese Communist Party leader Xi Jinping,[342] which was attributed to trade war negotiations.[343] After initially praising China’s handling of COVID-19, he began a campaign of criticism in March 2020.[344]
【参考译文】特朗普多次指责中国不公平地利用美国。[336]他发起了对中国的贸易战,但这场贸易战被广泛认为是失败的,[337][338]并以华为涉嫌与伊朗有关联为由对其进行制裁,[339]大幅收紧了对中国学生和学者的签证限制,[340]还将中国列为汇率操纵国。[341]他一方面对中国进行口头攻击,另一方面又赞扬中国共产党领导人习近平,[342]这被归因于贸易战谈判。[343]在最初赞扬中国应对新冠肺炎疫情的做法后,他于2020年3月开始发起批评运动。[344]

特朗普于总统选举期间抨击对中国政策,主要体现在经贸方面的逆差,特朗普认为对华贸易威胁美国利益,警告将对中国采取惩罚性关税,并把它列为“汇率操纵国”。[312]同时他批评中国在南海问题台湾问题朝鲜半岛问题的立场[313],并在当选后破例跟中华民国总统蔡英文通电话,认为若中国(大陆)不在贸易问题上让步,美国则无必要坚守“一个中国”政策。[314]在之后,特朗普在2017年2月9日致函中国领导人习近平,表达对共同推动惠及两国的建设性中美关系的愿景[315],表示美国将加强与中国之间的关系,并认同“一个中国政策[316],同时双方也互相邀请对方来自己国家会面。[317][318][319]川习会后中美开始转为缓和关系,并派团参加了奥巴马时代抵制的一带一路活动。[320]2017年10月25日,习近平中共十九届一中全会上再次当选中共中央总书记,特朗普第一时间致电习近平祝贺他连任中国最高领导人中共十九大胜利闭幕,两人又讨论了朝核贸易问题。[321]

2018年3月22日,特朗普宣布对一系列中国货物征收进口税,每年税额约600亿美元,以惩罚中国对美国知识产权和商业秘密的盗窃。[82]

不过自2018年以来中美之间爆发贸易战,几经波折的谈判也无法避免双方互征高关税两国关系严重恶化。

此后美国财长姆努钦和中国国务院副总理刘鹤先后于北京[83]、华盛顿进行贸易谈判。双方于5月19日在华盛顿就双边经贸磋商发表联合声明,两国达成不打贸易战、暂停互征关税的共识[84][85]

但特朗普依旧于6月15日宣布对价值500亿美元的中国产品征收25%的关税,被指针对中国国务院制定的“中国制造2025”计划[86]。中国随即反击,宣布向美国进口产品征收对等关税[87]。9月17日,特朗普政府宣布再对中国2000亿美元商品加征关税10%。9月18日,中国对美国原产的约600亿美元商品实施加征关税[88]

2019年11月22日,特朗普宣称他拯救了香港,让香港避过“在14分钟内被摧毁”的厄运。[322][323]

Trump said he resisted punishing China for its human rights abuses against ethnic minorities in Xinjiang for fear of jeopardizing trade negotiations.[345] In July 2020, his administration imposed sanctions and visa restrictions against senior Chinese officials, in response to expanded mass detention camps holding more than a million of the country’s Uyghur minority.[346]
【参考译文】特朗普表示,他拒绝因中国侵犯新疆少数民族人权而对中国进行惩罚,因为他担心这会危及贸易谈判。[345]2020年7月,他的政府对中国高级官员实施制裁和签证限制,以回应中国扩大大规模拘留营,拘禁了该国一百多万维吾尔族少数民族人口。[346]

此图片属于公共领域
图片题注:Trump and Chinese leader Xi Jinping at the G20 Buenos Aires summit, December 2018
参考译文:特朗普和中国国家主席习近平出席 2018 年 12 月 G20 布宜诺斯艾利斯峰会
图片来源:Dan Scavino

特朗普发起的中美贸易战对美国的农业造成了不小的影响。比如自2018年4月中国对美国进口农产品首次加征25%关税以后,4月和5月份美国出口中国的猪下水减少了三分之一。2018年6月,中国对美国的农产品再加征25%关税,迫使美国生产者转而将猪下水等以便宜得多的价格卖给宠物食品和畜牧饲料加工厂。估计为此2018年美国猪下水生产厂商将会损失8.6亿美元[89]。在此背景下,美国农业部长珀杜于2018年7月24日表示,美国农业部将对受关税影响的美国农牧场主提供120亿美元的支持[90]

2019年1月,中国国务院副总理刘鹤率领代表团访问美国,获特朗普接见。刘鹤表示为减少两国贸易逆差,中方愿意“当日购500万吨大豆”,特朗普对此表示赞赏。[91][92]

2019年5月6日凌晨,特朗普在其Twitter上宣布将2000亿美元的中国商品关税从10%上调到25%,并于5月11日生效[93][94]。特朗普并指“与中国的贸易协议(谈判)在继续,但他们试图重新谈判,这太慢了”[93]。美国贸易代表莱特希泽表示,“在过去一周左右的时间里,我们看到中国削弱了承诺,我想说的是,在我们看来,中国放弃了已经做出的承诺”。莱特希泽指,“直到近期,他还认为即将与中国达成一项历史性协议。然而在周末,会谈严重倒退”[95]

美东夏令时2019年5月10日0时01分,美国海关和边境保护局宣布正式对中国输往美国的价值2000亿美元的5700多种产品征收25%的关税。[96]

(2)朝鲜 | North Korea

See also: North Korea–United States relations § First Trump administration (2017–2021)2017–2018 North Korea crisis, and 2018–19 Korean peace process
【另见:“朝美关系”词条的“特朗普第一任政府时期(2017–2021)”章节、2017-2018年朝鲜危机以及2018-2019年朝鲜和平进程】

主条目:朝鲜核问题2017年朝鲜核试验2017年朝鲜导弹试验2018年朝美首脑会晤2019年朝美首脑会晤朝美关系

此图片属于公共领域
图片题注:Trump and North Korean leader Kim Jong Un at the Singapore summit, June 2018
参考译文:2018年6月,特朗普与朝鲜领导人金正恩在新加坡会晤
图片来源:Shaleah Craighead

In 2017, when North Korea’s nuclear weapons were increasingly seen as a serious threat,[347] Trump escalated his rhetoric, warning that North Korean aggression would be met with “fire and fury like the world has never seen”.[348][349] In 2017, he declared that he wanted North Korea’s “complete denuclearization”, and engaged in name-calling with leader Kim Jong Un.[348][350] After this period of tension, he and Kim exchanged at least 27 letters in which the two men described a warm personal friendship.[351][352] In March 2019, he lifted some U.S. sanctions against North Korea against the advice of his Treasury Department.[353]
【参考译文】2017年,当朝鲜核武器日益被视为严重威胁时,[347]特朗普升级了他的言辞,警告称朝鲜的挑衅将会遭遇“世界前所未见的怒火与狂怒”。[348][349]2017年,他宣称希望朝鲜实现“完全无核化”,并与朝鲜领导人金正恩互相谩骂。[348][350]在这一紧张时期过后,特朗普和金正恩至少互换了27封信件,在信中两人都表示拥有深厚的个人友谊。[351][352]2019年3月,他不顾美国财政部的反对,解除了一些对朝鲜的美国制裁。[353]

Trump, the first sitting U.S. president to meet a North Korean leader, met Kim three times: in Singapore in 2018, in Hanoi in 2019, and in the Korean Demilitarized Zone in 2019.[354] However, no denuclearization agreement was reached,[355] and talks in October 2019 broke down after one day.[356] While conducting no nuclear tests since 2017, North Korea continued to build up its arsenal of nuclear bombs and ballistic missiles.[357][358]
【参考译文】特朗普是第一位在任期间与美国领导人会面的美国总统,他与金正恩会晤了三次:2018年在新加坡,2019年在河内,以及2019年在朝鲜非军事区。[354]然而,双方并未达成无核化协议,[355]2019年10月的谈判在持续一天后破裂。[356]虽然自2017年以来没有进行核试验,但朝鲜仍在继续扩充其核弹和弹道导弹的武库。[357][358]

2019年6月,特朗普、金正恩韩国总统文在寅朝韩非军事区举行简短会谈;在板门店,特朗普越过三八线与金正恩握手,成为首位踏上朝鲜领土的美国现任总统。[331]特朗普和金正恩同意恢复谈判,但是同年10月的双边谈判任然没有成功。[332]由于朝美双方对于美国解除朝鲜的经济制裁和无核化谈判等关键议题上皆未能取得共识,朝鲜威胁将再度开启长程导弹的测试,朝美关系再度陷入僵局。[333]

(3)日本

特朗普在2016年的竞选活动中称,如果他当选会让日本和韩国建立本身的核武军备,以抗衡朝鲜中国的威胁,毋须再倚赖美国的核子保护伞。同时要求日本和韩国增加驻军开支,否则将撤走驻军。[334]2019年,特朗普继续对《美日安保条约》表示不满,称“当有事发生时,美国一定要保卫日本,但相反如果美国遇袭,日本人却可安坐家中开着他们的索尼电视机,隔岸观火”。[335]

7.8.4 中东 | Middle East

(1)阿富汗 | Afghanistan

U.S. troop numbers in Afghanistan increased from 8,500 in January 2017 to 14,000 a year later,[359] reversing Trump’s preelection position critical of further involvement in Afghanistan.[360] In February 2020, his administration signed the United States–Taliban deal, which called for the withdrawal of foreign troops in 14 months “contingent on a guarantee from the Taliban that Afghan soil will not be used by terrorists with aims to attack the United States or its allies” and for the U.S. to seek the release of 5,000 Taliban imprisoned by the Afghan government.[361][362][363] By the end of his term, 5,000 Taliban had been released, and, despite the Taliban continuing attacks on Afghan forces and integrating Al-Qaeda members into its leadership, U.S. troops had been reduced to 2,500.[363]
【参考译文】美国在阿富汗的驻军人数从2017年1月的8500人增加到一年后的14000人,[359]这与其竞选时反对美国进一步卷入阿富汗战争的立场相悖。[360]2020年2月,特朗普政府签署了《美国-塔利班协议》,该协议要求在14个月内“在塔利班保证阿富汗领土不会被恐怖分子用来攻击美国或其盟友”的前提下撤出外国军队,并要求美国寻求释放阿富汗政府囚禁的5000名塔利班成员。[361][362][363]在其任期结束时,已有5000名塔利班成员获释,尽管塔利班继续袭击阿富汗军队并将“基地”组织成员纳入其领导层,但美军已减至2500人。[363]

此图片属于公共领域
图片题注:U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo meeting with Taliban delegation in Qatar in September 2020
参考译文:2020年9月,美国国务卿迈克·蓬佩奥在卡塔尔会见塔利班代表团
图片来源:U.S. Department of State from United States 
(2)以色列 | Israel

Trump supported many of the policies of Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu.[364] Under Trump, the U.S. recognized Jerusalem as the capital of Israel[365] and Israeli sovereignty over the Golan Heights,[366] leading to international condemnation including from the UN General AssemblyEuropean Union, and Arab League.[367][368] 
【参考译文】特朗普支持以色列总理本雅明·内塔尼亚胡的许多政策。[364]在特朗普任内,美国承认耶路撒冷为以色列首都[365],并承认以色列对戈兰高地拥有主权,[366]这引发了包括联合国大会、欧盟和阿拉伯国家联盟在内的国际社会的谴责。[367][368]

2020年8月13日,在特朗普居中斡旋下,以色列与阿拉伯联合酋长国在白宫签署和平协议[286],成为第三个和以色列关系正常化的阿拉伯国家。同年9月11日,特朗普再次居中协调以色列与巴林签署和平协议[287]。10月23日,特朗普再次促成阿拉伯国家苏丹与以色列达成和平协议。这是继埃及、约旦、阿拉伯联合酋长国和巴林后与以色列达成和平协议的第五个阿拉伯国家。[288]

(3)沙特阿拉伯 | Saudi Arabia

Trump actively supported the Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen against the Houthis and in 2017 signed a $110 billion agreement to sell arms to Saudi Arabia.[370] In 2018, the U.S. provided limited intelligence and logistical support for the intervention.[371][372] Following the 2019 attack on Saudi oil facilities, which the U.S. and Saudi Arabia blamed on Iran, he approved the deployment of 3,000 additional U.S. troops, including two Patriot batteries and a Terminal High Altitude Area Defense system, to Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates.[373]
【参考译文】特朗普积极支持沙特阿拉伯领导的针对胡塞武装的也门干预行动,并于2017年签署了一项向沙特阿拉伯出售价值1100亿美元武器的协议。[370]2018年,美国为这次干预行动提供了有限的情报和后勤支持。[371][372]在2019年针对沙特石油设施的袭击事件后,美国和沙特指责伊朗是幕后黑手,特朗普批准向沙特阿拉伯和阿拉伯联合酋长国增派3000名美军,包括两套“爱国者”导弹系统和一套“萨德”反导系统。[373]

此图片属于公共领域
图片题注:Trump, King Salman of Saudi Arabia, and Egyptian president Abdel Fattah el-Sisi at the 2017 Riyadh summit in Saudi Arabia
参考译文:特朗普、沙特阿拉伯国王萨勒曼和埃及总统阿卜杜勒-法塔赫·塞西在2017年沙特利雅得峰会上
图片来源:The White House from Washington, DC 
(4)叙利亚 | Syria

Trump ordered missile strikes in 2017 and 2018 against the Assad regime in Syria, in retaliation for the Khan Shaykhun and Douma chemical attacks, respectively.[374][375] In December 2018, he declared “we have won against ISIS”, contradicting Department of Defense assessments, and ordered the withdrawal of troops from Syria.[376][377] Mattis resigned in protest, calling Trump’s decision an abandonment of the U.S.’s Kurdish allies who played a key role in fighting ISIS.[378]
【参考译文】2017年和2018年,特朗普分别针对叙利亚阿萨德政权发动了导弹袭击,以报复其在汗谢洪和杜马发动的化学武器袭击。[374][375]2018年12月,他宣布“我们已打败ISIS”,这与美国国防部的评估相矛盾,并下令美军从叙利亚撤军。[376][377]马蒂斯因抗议而辞职,称特朗普的决定是抛弃了美国在打击ISIS过程中发挥关键作用的库尔德盟友。[378]

In 2019, after Trump spoke to Turkish president Recep Tayyip ErdoğanU.S. troops in northern Syria were withdrawn from the area and Turkey invaded northern Syria, attacking and displacing American-allied Kurds.[379] The U.S. House of Representatives voted 354–60 to condemn Trump’s withdrawal from northern Syria.[380][381]
【参考译文】2019年,在与土耳其总统雷杰普·塔伊普·埃尔多安通话后,特朗普下令美军从叙利亚北部地区撤军,随后土耳其入侵叙利亚北部,袭击并驱逐了美国盟友库尔德人。[379]美国众议院以354票对60票通过决议,谴责特朗普从叙利亚北部撤军的决定。[380][381]

此图片属于公共领域
图片题注:Trump and Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan at the White House in May 2017
参考译文:2017 年 5 月,特朗普和土耳其总统雷杰普·塔伊普·埃尔多安在白宫
图片来源:Shaleah Craighead
(5)伊朗 | Iran

In May 2018, Trump withdrew the U.S. from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, the 2015 agreement that lifted most economic sanctions against Iran in return for restrictions on Iran’s nuclear program.[382][383] In August 2020, his administration unsuccessfully attempted to use the nuclear deal to have the UN reimpose sanctions against Iran.[384] Analysts determined that, after the U.S. withdrawal, Iran moved closer to developing a nuclear weapon.[385][386]
【参考译文】2018年5月,特朗普宣布美国退出《联合全面行动计划》(即2015年伊核协议),该协议曾解除对伊朗的大部分经济制裁,以换取伊朗限制其核计划。[382][383]2020年8月,特朗普政府试图利用核协议让联合国重新对伊朗实施制裁,但未获成功。[384]分析人士认为,美国退出后,伊朗离开发核武器更近了。[385][386]

On January 1, 2020, Trump ordered the assassination of Qasem Soleimani, who had planned nearly every significant Iranian and Iranian-backed operation over the preceding two decades.[387][388] Iran retaliated with missile strikes against two U.S. airbases in Iraq. Dozens of soldiers sustained traumatic brain injuries. Trump downplayed their injuries, and they were initially denied Purple Heart medals and the associated benefits.[389][385]
【参考译文】2020年1月1日,特朗普下令暗杀卡西姆·苏莱曼尼,此人过去20年里几乎策划了所有重要的伊朗及其支持的行动。[387][388]伊朗则通过袭击伊拉克境内的两处美军空军基地进行报复。数十名美军士兵遭受了创伤性脑损伤。特朗普淡化了他们的伤势,并最初拒绝向他们颁发紫心勋章及相关福利。[389][385]

(6)土耳其

土耳其为北约成员国,其身为美国的盟友并曾与美国有紧密的合作关系[294]。但在2016年土耳其政变后,由于土耳其指责有西方势力介入土耳其政变,美土关系逐渐恶化,土耳其和俄罗斯的关系则好转。[295]

2018年7月26日,特朗普在推特表示鉴于土耳其政府长期无理关押美国牧师布伦森,将会对土耳其实施重大制裁。8月10日,特朗普在推特宣布对土耳其出口到美国的钢和铝分别征收50%和20%关税后,加剧了2018年土耳其经济危机,引起土耳其不满并扬言反制。[296]布伦森于同年10月获释后,特朗普于2019年5月宣布将减半土耳其的钢铁进口关税至25%,美土关系得到和缓。[297]

2019年10月,特朗普与土耳其总统埃尔多安交谈后,特朗普允许了土耳其对叙利亚北部进行军事攻势,并于10月6日命令在叙利亚北部的美军撤出该地区,该声明还将对该地区被俘的伊斯兰国战斗人员的责任转交给了土耳其。结果土耳其随即于10月9日攻击了美国在叙北对抗伊斯兰国的盟军库尔德族。稍后美国众议院两党罕见达成共识以354票对60票谴责特朗普从叙利亚撤军,认为此举是放弃了美国盟友库尔德族和破坏了与伊斯兰国的斗争,并引发了人道主义灾难,欧洲各国也批评特朗普此举不负责任,[298]特朗普对此则表示库尔德族对抗伊斯兰国仅是为了保护自己而战,他们没有在诺曼底战役中帮助美国,因此美国也没有义务保护库尔德族,但特朗普也表示若土耳其意图使用非人道方式摧毁库尔德族的话他也将会用经济手段摧毁土耳其。[299]特朗普随后于10月14日对土耳其实施经济制裁,将把土耳其的钢铁关税重新提升至50%。[300]同一天特朗普在推特质疑库尔德族可能故意放走被监禁的伊斯兰国武装分子。[301]土耳其宣布于叙北停火后,特朗普随即宣布取消对土耳其的经济制裁。[302]

7.8.5 其他国家和地区

(1)法国

特朗普与法国总统马克龙在美国退出巴黎协定和北约“脑死”等诸多议题上有所争执,也曾讥讽马克龙支持巴黎协定导致黄背心运动的爆发。[307][308][309]

(2)印度

竞选期间,特朗普曾对美印经贸关系提出批评,认为美国对印度贸易存在太多逆差,要求进一步开放印度市场。执政后,特朗普更多从维护美国利益及“交易”角度看待美印关系。他对推行价值观外交兴味索然,并没有对纳伦德拉·莫迪政府的一些争议性举措做出负面评论。在印太地区地缘政治变化、联合反恐行动及平衡美印经贸关系的多重考虑下,特朗普政府延续了前任小布什和奥巴马总统时代开始的双边关系良好发展势头,并在一定程度上提升了印度在解决地区安全问题上的地位。[336]2020年初,特朗普访问印度,两国宣告建立“全面的全球战略伙伴关系”。[337]

7.8.6 政府间国际组织

特朗普在任期间退出了多个国际组织和协议。

(1)联合国教科文组织

美国国务院于2017年10月12日宣布退出联合国教科文组织,理由包括对欠款的关切、联合国教科文组织需要根本改革以及美国担忧持续教科文组织在巴勒斯坦问题上“反以色列”的偏见,未来将以永久观察员国身份继续在联合国教科文组织中活动。[338]

(2)联合国人权理事会

美国常驻联合国代表黑利与美国国务卿蓬佩奥于2018年6月19日在新闻发布会上宣布了退出人权理事会的决定,指责人权理事会并未能有效捍卫人权,并称该组织仍然存在“反以色列”的偏见。[339]

(3)世界卫生组织

2019冠状病毒病疫情在美国爆发后,特朗普多次批评世界卫生组织。特朗普在2020年4月14日宣布冻结对世卫的金援,认为世卫处理2019冠状病毒疫情扩散一事上严重失职,并声称世卫被中国把持,于同年5月18日致函给世卫秘书长谭德塞要求世卫在30天内完成改革否则退出。[340]同年5月29日,特朗普宣布美国“终止”其与世界卫生组织的关系。[341]

7.9 人事 | Personnel

Main articles: Political appointments of the first Trump administration and First cabinet of Donald Trump
【主要条目:特朗普第一届政府的政治任命和特朗普的第一届内阁】

The Trump administration had a high turnover of personnel, particularly among White House staff. By the end of his first year in office, 34 percent of his original staff had resigned, been fired, or been reassigned.[390] As of early July 2018, 61 percent of his senior aides had left[391] and 141 staffers had left in the previous year.[392] Both figures set a record for recent presidents—more change in the first 13 months than his four immediate predecessors saw in their first two years.[393] Notable early departures included National Security Advisor Michael Flynn (after just 25 days), and Press Secretary Sean Spicer.[393] Close personal aides to Trump including Bannon, Hope HicksJohn McEntee, and Keith Schiller quit or were forced out.[394] Some later returned in different posts.[395] He publicly disparaged several of his former top officials, calling them incompetent, stupid, or crazy.[396]
【参考译文】特朗普政府的人员流动率很高,尤其是白宫工作人员。在他上任的第一年年底,34%的原始工作人员已经辞职、被解雇或调职。[390]截至2018年7月初,61%的高级助手已经离职,[391]前一年有141名工作人员离职。[392]这两个数字都创下了近代总统的纪录——在前13个月内发生的变化比他的四位前任在头两年内发生的还要多。[393]早期离职的知名人物包括国家安全顾问迈克尔·弗林(仅任职25天后)和新闻发言人肖恩·斯派克。[393]特朗普的亲密私人助手,包括班农、霍普·希克斯、约翰·麦肯蒂和基思·席勒,也辞职或被迫离职。[394]其中一些人后来在不同的职位上复出。[395]他公开贬低了几位前高级官员,称他们无能、愚蠢或疯狂。[396]

Trump had four White House chiefs of staff, marginalizing or pushing out several.[397] Reince Priebus was replaced after seven months by retired Marine general John F. Kelly.[398] Kelly resigned in December 2018 after a tumultuous tenure in which his influence waned, and Trump subsequently disparaged him.[399] Kelly was succeeded by Mick Mulvaney as acting chief of staff; he was replaced in March 2020 by Mark Meadows.[397]
【参考译文】特朗普有四位白宫办公厅主任,其中几位被边缘化或排挤。[397]雷因斯·普里巴斯在任职七个月后被退役海军陆战队将军约翰·F·凯利取代。[398]凯利在2018年12月辞职,此前他的影响力减弱,任期动荡,特朗普随后对他进行了贬低。[399]凯利之后由米克·马尔瓦尼担任代理办公厅主任;2020年3月,马尔瓦尼被马克·米多斯取代。[397]

On May 9, 2017, Trump dismissed FBI director James Comey. While initially attributing this action to Comey’s conduct in the investigation about Hillary Clinton’s emails, Trump said a few days later that he was concerned with Comey’s role in the ongoing Trump-Russia investigations, and that he had intended to fire Comey earlier.[400] At a private conversation in February, he said he hoped Comey would drop the investigation into Flynn.[401] In March and April, he asked Comey to “lift the cloud impairing his ability to act” by saying publicly that the FBI was not investigating him.[401][402]
【参考译文】2017年5月9日,特朗普解雇了联邦调查局(FBI)局长詹姆斯·科米。虽然最初将此举归因于科米在希拉里·克林顿电子邮件调查中的行为,但特朗普几天后表示,他担心科米在持续的特朗普-俄罗斯调查中扮演的角色,而且他本打算更早地解雇科米。[400]在2月的一次私下谈话中,他表示希望科米能放弃对弗林的调查。[401]3月和4月,他要求科米“消除阻碍他行动的阴云”,公开表示联邦调查局没有调查他。[401][402]

Trump lost three of his 15 original cabinet members within his first year.[403] Health and Human Services secretary Tom Price was forced to resign in September 2017 due to excessive use of private charter jets and military aircraft.[403][394] Environmental Protection Agency administrator Scott Pruitt resigned in 2018 and Secretary of the Interior Ryan Zinke in January 2019 amid multiple investigations into their conduct.[404][405]
【参考译文】特朗普在上任的第一年内失去了15位原始内阁成员中的三位。[403]由于过度使用私人包机和军用飞机,卫生与公共服务部部长汤姆·普莱斯被迫于2017年9月辞职。[403][394]环境保护局局长斯科特·普鲁特于2018年辞职,内政部长瑞安·津凱于2019年1月辞职,当时对他们的行为进行了多项调查。[404][405]

Trump was slow to appoint second-tier officials in the executive branch, saying many of the positions are unnecessary. In October 2017, there were still hundreds of sub-cabinet positions without a nominee.[406] By January 8, 2019, of 706 key positions, 433 had been filled (61 percent) and he had no nominee for 264 (37 percent).[407]
【参考译文】特朗普在任命行政部门二级官员方面行动迟缓,称其中许多职位是不必要的。2017年10月,仍有数百个副部长级职位没有候选人。[406]截至2019年1月8日,在706个关键职位中,有433个职位已被填补(61%),另有264个职位(37%)没有候选人。[407]

7.10 司法部门 | Judiciary

Further information: List of federal judges appointed by Donald Trump and Donald Trump judicial appointment controversies
【更多信息:唐纳德·特朗普任命的联邦法官名单以及唐纳德·特朗普司法任命争议】

此图片属于公共领域
图片题注:Trump and his third Supreme Court nominee, Amy Coney Barrett
参考译文:特朗普和他的第三位最高法院候选人艾米·科尼·巴雷特
图片来源:The White House/Shealah Craighead 

Trump appointed 226 Article III judges, including 54 to the courts of appeals and three to the Supreme CourtNeil GorsuchBrett Kavanaugh, and Amy Coney Barrett.[408] His Supreme Court nominees were noted as having politically shifted the Court to the right.[409][410][411] In the 2016 campaign, he pledged that Roe v. Wade would be overturned “automatically” if he were elected and provided the opportunity to appoint two or three anti-abortion justices. He later took credit when Roe was overturned in Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization; all three of his Supreme Court nominees voted with the majority.[412][413]
【参考译文】特朗普任命了226名第三条款法官,其中包括54名上诉法院法官和3名最高法院法官:尼尔·戈萨奇、布雷特·卡瓦诺和艾米·科尼·巴雷特。[408]他的最高法院候选人因在政治上使法院向右转而受到关注。[409][410][411]在2016年的竞选中,他承诺,如果他当选并有机会任命两到三名反堕胎法官,《罗诉韦德案》将“自动”被推翻。后来,当《多布斯诉杰克逊妇女健康组织案》推翻《罗诉韦德案》时,他自称这是他的功劳;他的三位最高法院候选人都投票支持了多数意见。[412][413]

Trump disparaged courts and judges he disagreed with, often in personal terms, and questioned the judiciary’s constitutional authority. His attacks on the courts drew rebukes from observers, including sitting federal judges, concerned about the effect of his statements on the judicial independence and public confidence in the judiciary.[414][415]
【参考译文】特朗普贬低与他意见不合的法院和法官,往往使用人身攻击的言辞,并质疑司法部门的宪法权威。他对法院的攻击招致了包括在职联邦法官在内的观察者的谴责,他们担心他的言论会对司法独立和公众对司法部门的信任造成影响。[414][415]

7.11 新冠疫情 | COVID-19 pandemic

Main article: COVID-19 pandemic in the United States【主条目:美国新冠肺炎疫情】

Further information: U.S. federal government response to the COVID-19 pandemic and Communication of the Trump administration during the COVID-19 pandemic
【更多信息:美国联邦政府对新冠肺炎疫情的应对 以及 特朗普政府在新冠肺炎疫情期间的沟通】

See also: Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States
【另请参阅:新冠肺炎疫情对美国经济的影响】

7.11.1 最初的回应 | Initial response

The first confirmed case of COVID-19 in the U.S. was reported on January 20, 2020.[416] The outbreak was officially declared a public health emergency by Health and Human Services (HHS) Secretary Alex Azar on January 31, 2020.[417] Trump initially ignored persistent public health warnings and calls for action from health officials within his administration and Secretary Azar.[418] Throughout January and February he focused on economic and political considerations of the outbreak.[419] In February 2020 he publicly asserted that the outbreak in the U.S. was less deadly than influenza, was “very much under control”, and would soon be over.[420] On March 19, he privately told Bob Woodward that he was deliberately “playing it down, because I don’t want to create a panic”.[421]
【参考译文】2020年1月20日,美国报告了首例确诊的新冠肺炎病例。[416]2020年1月31日,美国卫生与公共服务部(HHS)部长亚历克斯·阿扎正式宣布疫情爆发为公共卫生紧急事件。[417]特朗普最初忽视了持续的公共卫生警告以及他政府内部卫生官员和阿扎部长要求采取行动的呼吁。[418]在整个1月和2月,他都把重点放在疫情的经济和政治考量上。[419]2020年2月,他公开声称,美国疫情的致死率低于流感,疫情“在很大程度上得到了控制”,很快就会结束。[420]3月19日,他私下告诉鲍勃·伍德沃德,他故意“淡化疫情,因为我不想引起恐慌”。[421]

By mid-March, most global financial markets had severely contracted in response to the pandemic.[422] On March 6, Trump signed the Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental Appropriations Act, which provided $8.3 billion in emergency funding for federal agencies.[423] On March 11, the World Health Organization (WHO) recognized COVID-19 as a pandemic,[424] and he announced partial travel restrictions for most of Europe, effective March 13.[425] That same day, he gave his first serious assessment of the virus in a nationwide Oval Office address, calling the outbreak “horrible” but “a temporary moment” and saying there was no financial crisis.[426] On March 13, he declared a national emergency, freeing up federal resources.[427] He claimed that “anybody that wants a test can get a test”, despite test availability being severely limited.[428] On March 27, he signed the CARES Act—a $2.2 trillion economic stimulus bill—into law following bipartisan negotiations in Congress, becoming the largest stimulus in U.S. history.[429][430]
【参考译文】截至3月中旬,大多数全球金融市场因疫情而严重萎缩。[422]3月6日,特朗普签署了《冠状病毒准备和应对补充拨款法案》,为联邦机构提供83亿美元的紧急拨款。[423]3月11日,世界卫生组织(WHO)宣布新冠肺炎疫情为大流行病,[424]而他宣布自3月13日起对欧洲大部分地区实施部分旅行限制。[425]同一天,他在白宫椭圆形办公室向全国发表讲话,首次严肃评估了病毒情况,称疫情“可怕”,但“只是暂时的”,并表示没有发生金融危机。[426]3月13日,他宣布全国进入紧急状态,以腾出联邦资源。[427]尽管检测机会严重受限,他却声称“任何想要检测的人都可以进行检测”。[428]3月27日,他在国会两党谈判后签署了《冠状病毒援助、救济和经济安全法案》(CARES Act)——一项价值2.2万亿美元的经济刺激法案,使其成为美国历史上最大的经济刺激计划。[429][430]

On April 22, Trump signed an executive order restricting some forms of immigration.[431] In late spring and early summer, with infections and deaths continuing to rise, he adopted a strategy of blaming the states rather than accepting that his initial assessments of the pandemic were overly optimistic or his failure to provide presidential leadership.[432]
【参考译文】4月22日,特朗普签署了一项行政命令,限制某些形式的移民。[431]晚春至初夏,随着感染和死亡人数持续上升,他采取的策略是归咎于各州,而不是承认他对疫情的初步评估过于乐观,或者他没有发挥总统的领导作用。[432]

7.11.2 白宫冠状病毒特别工作组 | White House Coronavirus Task Force

此图片属于公共领域
图片题注:Trump conducts a COVID-19 press briefing with members of the White House Coronavirus Task Force on March 15, 2020.
参考译文:2020年3月15日,特朗普与白宫冠状病毒应对小组成员一同举行了新冠肺炎疫情新闻发布会。
图片来源:The White House from Washington, DC

Trump established the White House Coronavirus Task Force on January 29.[433] Beginning in mid-March, he held a daily task force press conference, joined by medical experts and other administration officials,[434] sometimes disagreeing with them by promoting unproven treatments.[435] On March 16, he acknowledged for the first time that the pandemic was not under control and that months of disruption to daily lives and a recession might occur.[436] His repeated use of “Chinese virus” and “China virus” to describe COVID-19 drew criticism from health experts.[437][438]
【参考译文】特朗普于1月29日成立了白宫冠状病毒应对小组。[433]从3月中旬开始,他每天都会举行工作小组新闻发布会,医疗专家和其他政府官员也会参加,[434]有时他会推广未经证实的治疗方法,与他们意见相左。[435]3月16日,他首次承认疫情没有得到控制,日常生活可能会受到数月的干扰,并可能出现经济衰退。[436]他反复使用“中国病毒”和“中国瘟疫”来描述新冠肺炎,引起了健康专家的批评。[437][438]

By early April, as the pandemic worsened and amid criticism of his administration’s response, Trump refused to admit any mistakes in his handling of the outbreak, instead blaming the media, Democratic state governors, the previous administration, China, and the WHO.[439] The daily coronavirus task force briefings ended in late April, after a briefing at which he suggested the dangerous idea of injecting a disinfectant to treat COVID-19;[440] the comment was widely condemned by medical professionals.[441][442]
【参考译文】到4月初,随着疫情恶化,并受到对其政府应对措施的批评,特朗普拒绝承认自己在处理疫情方面有任何失误,反而指责媒体、民主党州长、上一届政府、中国和世界卫生组织。[439]在一次提出用消毒剂注射治疗新冠肺炎这一危险想法的新闻发布会后,[440]每日的冠状病毒应对小组新闻发布会于4月底结束;这一言论遭到了医疗专业人士的广泛谴责。[441][442]

In early May, Trump proposed the phase-out of the coronavirus task force and its replacement with another group centered on reopening the economy. Amid a backlash, he said the task force would “indefinitely” continue.[443] By the end of May, the coronavirus task force’s meetings were sharply reduced.[444]
【参考译文】5月初,特朗普提议逐步取消冠状病毒应对小组,并成立另一个以重启经济为中心的小组取而代之。在遭到强烈反对后,他表示应对小组将“无限期”继续存在。[443]到5月底,冠状病毒应对小组的会议大幅减少。[444]

7.11.3 世界卫生组织(WHO)| World Health Organization

Prior to the pandemic, Trump criticized the WHO and other international bodies, which he asserted were taking advantage of U.S. aid.[445] His administration’s proposed 2021 federal budget, released in February, proposed reducing WHO funding by more than half.[445] In May and April, he accused the WHO of “severely mismanaging” COVID-19, alleged without evidence that the organization was under Chinese control and had enabled the Chinese government’s concealment of the pandemic’s origins,[445][446][447] and announced that he was withdrawing funding for the organization.[445] These were seen as attempts to distract from his own mishandling of the pandemic.[445][448][449] In July 2020, he announced the formal withdrawal of the U.S. from the WHO, effective July 2021.[446][447] The decision was widely condemned by health and government officials as “short-sighted”, “senseless”, and “dangerous”.[446][447]
【参考译文】疫情前,特朗普批评世界卫生组织(WHO)和其他国际组织,称它们是在利用美国的援助。[445]2月发布的美国政府2021年联邦预算提案建议将世卫组织的资金削减一半以上。[445]4月和5月,他指责世卫组织在新冠肺炎疫情上“管理严重不善”,并毫无根据地声称该组织受中国控制,并放任中国政府隐瞒疫情的起源,[445][446][447]并宣布将撤回对该组织的资助。[445]这些举动被视为试图掩盖自己在疫情应对上的失误。[445][448][449]2020年7月,他宣布美国将于2021年7月正式退出世卫组织。[446][447]卫生和政府官员纷纷谴责这一决定“目光短浅”、“毫无意义”且“危险”。[446][447]

7.11.4 放弃疫情缓解措施的压力 | Pressure to abandon pandemic mitigation measures

Further information: COVID-19 testing in the United States【更多信息:美国的新冠病毒检测】

In April 2020, Republican-connected groups organized anti-lockdown protests against the measures state governments were taking to combat the pandemic;[450][451] Trump encouraged the protests on Twitter,[452] although the targeted states did not meet his administration’s guidelines for reopening.[453] In April 2020, he first supported, then later criticized, Georgia Governor Brian Kemp‘s plan to reopen some nonessential businesses.[454] Throughout the spring he increasingly pushed for ending the restrictions to reverse the damage to the country’s economy.[455] He often refused to mask at public events, contrary to his administration’s April 2020 guidance to wear masks in public[456] and despite nearly unanimous medical consensus that masks are important to preventing spread of the virus.[457] His contradiction of medical recommendations weakened national efforts to mitigate the pandemic.[456][457]
【参考译文】2020年4月,与共和党有关联的团体组织了反对各州政府为抗击疫情所采取措施的“反封锁抗议”活动;[450][451]特朗普在推特上鼓励这些抗议活动,[452]尽管这些州并未达到其政府设定的重启指南标准。[453]2020年4月,他先是支持佐治亚州州长布赖恩·肯普重启部分非必要商业的计划,随后又予以批评。[454]整个春季,他越来越强烈地推动取消限制措施,以扭转疫情对美国经济造成的损害。[455]他经常在公开活动中拒绝佩戴口罩,这与其政府2020年4月发布的在公共场合佩戴口罩的指导方针相悖,[456]尽管几乎所有医学专家都认为佩戴口罩对防止病毒传播至关重要。[457]他违背医学建议的做法削弱了国家缓解疫情的努力。[456][457]

In June and July, Trump said several times that the U.S. would have fewer cases of coronavirus if it did less testing, that having a large number of reported cases “makes us look bad”.[458][459] The CDC guideline at the time was that any person exposed to the virus should be “quickly identified and tested” even if they are not showing symptoms, because asymptomatic people can still spread the virus.[460][461] In August 2020 the CDC quietly lowered its recommendation for testing, advising that people who have been exposed to the virus, but are not showing symptoms, “do not necessarily need a test”. The change in guidelines was made by HHS political appointees under Trump administration pressure, against the wishes of CDC scientists.[462][463] The day after this political interference was reported, the testing guideline was changed back to its original recommendation.[463]
【参考译文】6月和7月,特朗普多次表示,如果美国减少检测,那么新冠肺炎确诊病例就会减少,因为病例报告数量太多“会让我们看起来很糟糕”。[458][459]当时的美国疾病控制与预防中心(CDC)指南指出,任何接触过病毒的人,即使没有出现症状,也应“迅速识别并进行检测”,因为无症状者仍可传播病毒。[460][461]2020年8月,CDC悄然降低了检测建议,建议接触过病毒但没有出现症状的人“不一定需要检测”。这一指南变化是在特朗普政府压力下,由卫生与公共服务部(HHS)的政治任命官员做出的,违背了CDC科学家的意愿。[462][463]在这起政治干预被曝光的次日,检测指南又改回了原来的建议。[463]

Despite record numbers of COVID-19 cases in the U.S. from mid-June onward and an increasing percentage of positive test results, Trump largely continued to downplay the pandemic, including his false claim in early July 2020 that 99 percent of COVID-19 cases are “totally harmless”.[464][465] He began insisting that all states should resume in-person education in the fall despite a July spike in reported cases.[466]
【参考译文】尽管从6月中旬开始,美国新冠肺炎病例数不断创新高,且检测结果呈阳性的比例不断上升,但特朗普仍在很大程度上继续淡化疫情,包括在2020年7月初错误地声称99%的新冠肺炎病例“完全无害”。[464][465]尽管7月病例报告数量激增,他仍开始坚持要求所有州在秋季恢复面对面教学。[466]

7.11.5 对卫生机构的政治压力 | Political pressure on health agencies

Main article: Political interference with science agencies by the first Trump administration
【主条目:第一届特朗普政府对科学机构的政治干预】

Trump repeatedly pressured federal health agencies to take actions he favored,[462] such as approving unproven treatments[467][468] or speeding up vaccine approvals.[468] Trump administration political appointees at HHS sought to control CDC communications to the public that undermined his claims that the pandemic was under control. CDC resisted many of the changes, but increasingly allowed HHS personnel to review articles and suggest changes before publication.[469][470] Trump alleged without evidence that FDA scientists were part of a “deep state” opposing him and delaying approval of vaccines and treatments to hurt him politically.[471]
【参考译文】特朗普多次向联邦卫生机构施压,要求其采取他支持的行动,[462]比如批准未经证实的治疗方法[467][468]或加快疫苗审批。[468]特朗普政府中卫生与公共服务部(HHS)的政治任命官员试图控制疾病控制与预防中心(CDC)向公众传达的信息,因为这些信息削弱了他关于疫情已得到控制的断言。CDC抵制了许多改动,但越来越允许HHS人员在文章发表前进行审阅并提出修改建议。[469][470]特朗普毫无根据地声称,食品和药物管理局(FDA)的科学家是反对他的“深暗势力”的一部分,他们拖延疫苗和治疗方法的审批,是为了在政治上损害他。[471]

7.11.6 白宫疫情爆发 | Outbreak at the White House

Main article: White House COVID-19 outbreak【主条目:白宫新冠肺炎疫情爆发】

此图片属于公共领域
图片题注:Trump boards Marine One for COVID-19 treatment on October 2, 2020
图片来源:The White House from Washington, DC 

On October 2, 2020, Trump tweeted that he had tested positive for COVID-19, part of a White House outbreak.[472] Later that day he was hospitalized at Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, reportedly due to fever and labored breathing. He was treated with antiviral and experimental antibody drugs and a steroid. He returned to the White House on October 5, still infectious and unwell.[473][474] During and after his treatment he continued to downplay the virus.[473] In 2021, it was revealed that his condition had been far more serious; he had dangerously low blood oxygen levels, a high fever, and lung infiltrates, indicating a severe case.[474] In January 2021, he received a COVID-19 vaccination.[475]
【参考译文】2020年10月2日,特朗普在推特上发文称,他新冠病毒检测呈阳性,这是白宫疫情爆发的一部分。[472]当天晚些时候,他因发烧和呼吸困难被送往沃尔特里德国家军事医学中心接受治疗。他接受了抗病毒药物、实验性抗体药物和类固醇的治疗。10月5日,他仍具有传染性且身体不适,但返回了白宫。[473][474]在治疗期间和之后,他继续淡化疫情。[473]2021年,有消息透露,他的病情远比外界知道的严重;他的血氧含量极低,高烧不退,肺部出现浸润,表明病情严重。[474]2021年1月,他接种了新冠疫苗。[475]

7.11.7 对2020年总统大选的影响 | Effects on the 2020 presidential campaign

By July 2020, Trump’s handling of the COVID-19 pandemic had become a major issue in the presidential election.[476] Biden sought to make the pandemic the central issue.[477] Polls suggested voters blamed Trump for his pandemic response[476] and disbelieved his rhetoric concerning the virus, with an Ipsos/ABC News poll indicating 65 percent of respondents disapproved of his pandemic response.[478] In the final months of the campaign, he repeatedly said that the U.S. was “rounding the turn” in managing the pandemic, despite increasing cases and deaths.[479] A few days before the November 3 election, the U.S. reported more than 100,000 cases in a single day for the first time.[480]
【参考译文】到2020年7月,特朗普对新冠肺炎疫情的处理已成为总统大选中的一个主要问题。[476]拜登试图将疫情作为中心议题。[477]民意调查显示,选民认为特朗普对疫情的处理应承担责任,[476]不相信他关于疫情的言论,益普索/美国广播公司新闻民意调查显示,65%的受访者不赞成他对疫情的处理方式。[478]在大选最后几个月,尽管病例和死亡人数不断增加,他仍一再表示,美国在应对疫情方面“正在好转”。[479]11月3日大选前几天,美国首次报告单日新增病例超过10万例。[480]

7.12 调查 | Investigations

After he assumed office, Trump was the subject of increasing Justice Department and congressional scrutiny, with investigations covering his election campaign, transition, and inauguration, actions taken during his presidency, his private businesses, personal taxes, and charitable foundation.[481] There were ten federal criminal investigations, eight state and local investigations, and twelve congressional investigations.[482]
【参考译文】特朗普就职后,司法部和国会对他的审查越来越严格,调查范围涵盖他的竞选活动、过渡时期、就职典礼、总统任期内采取的行动、私营企业、个人税务和慈善基金会。[481]共有十项联邦刑事调查、八项州和地方调查以及十二项国会调查。[482]

7.12.1 财务方面 | Financial

In April 2019, the House Oversight Committee issued subpoenas seeking financial details from Trump’s banks, Deutsche Bank and Capital One, and his accounting firm, Mazars USA. He sued the banks, Mazars, and committee chair Elijah Cummings to prevent the disclosures.[483] In May, DC District Court judge Amit Mehta ruled that Mazars must comply with the subpoena,[484] and judge Edgardo Ramos of the Southern District Court of New York ruled that the banks must also comply.[485][486] Trump’s attorneys appealed.[487] In September 2022, the committee and Trump agreed to a settlement about Mazars, and the accounting firm began turning over documents.[488]
【参考译文】2019年4月,众议院监督委员会发出传票,要求特朗普的银行(德意志银行和第一资本银行)和他的会计师事务所(马扎尔美国会计师事务所)提供财务细节。特朗普起诉了这两家银行、马扎尔会计师事务所和委员会主席伊莱贾·卡明斯,以阻止信息披露。[483]5月,华盛顿特区地方法院法官阿米特·梅赫塔裁定,马扎尔会计师事务所必须遵守传票要求,[484]纽约南区地方法院法官埃德加多·拉莫斯也裁定,这两家银行也必须遵守传票要求。[485][486]特朗普的律师提起了上诉。[487]2022年9月,该委员会与特朗普就马扎尔会计师事务所的问题达成和解,该会计师事务所开始移交文件。[488]

7.12.2 俄罗斯选举干预 | Russian election interference

Main articles: Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections and Timelines related to Donald Trump and Russian interference in United States elections
【主条目:俄罗斯干预2016年美国大选、与唐纳德·特朗普和俄罗斯干预美国大选相关的时间线】

See also: Senate Intelligence Committee report on Russian interference in the 2016 United States presidential election and Steele dossier
【另见:参议院情报委员会关于俄罗斯干预2016年美国总统大选的报告、斯蒂尔文件】

In January 2017, American intelligence agencies—the CIA, the FBI, and the NSA, represented by the Director of National Intelligence—jointly stated with “high confidence” that the Russian government interfered in the 2016 presidential election to favor the election of Trump.[489][490] In March 2017, FBI Director James Comey told Congress, “[T]he FBI, as part of our counterintelligence mission, is investigating the Russian government’s efforts to interfere in the 2016 presidential election. That includes investigating the nature of any links between individuals associated with the Trump campaign and the Russian government, and whether there was any coordination between the campaign and Russia’s efforts.”[491]
【参考译文】2017年1月,美国国家情报总监代表美国中央情报局(CIA)、联邦调查局(FBI)和国家安全局(NSA)联合发表声明,称“有高度信心”认定俄罗斯政府干预了2016年美国总统大选,以支持特朗普当选。[489][490]2017年3月,FBI局长詹姆斯·科米告诉国会,“FBI作为我们反间谍任务的一部分,正在调查俄罗斯政府干预2016年总统大选的情况。这包括调查与特朗普竞选团队有关的人员与俄罗斯政府之间的任何联系的性质,以及竞选团队与俄罗斯的干预行动之间是否存在任何协调”。[491]

Many suspicious[492] links between Trump associates and Russian officials and spies were discovered and the relationships between Russians and “team Trump”, including Manafort, Flynn, and Stone, were widely reported by the press.[493][494][495][496] Members of Trump’s campaign and his White House staff, particularly Flynn, were in contact with Russian officials both before and after the election.[497][498] On December 29, 2016, Flynn talked with Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak about sanctions that were imposed that same day; Flynn later resigned in the midst of controversy over whether he misled Pence.[499] Trump told Kislyak and Sergei Lavrov in May 2017 he was unconcerned about Russian interference in U.S. elections.[500]
【参考译文】人们发现了特朗普的助手与俄罗斯官员和间谍之间的许多可疑[492]联系,媒体广泛报道了俄罗斯人与“特朗普团队”(包括马纳福特、弗林、斯通)之间的关系。[493][494][495][496]特朗普竞选团队的成员和白宫工作人员,特别是弗林,在大选前后都与俄罗斯官员有过接触。[497][498]2016年12月29日,弗林与俄罗斯大使谢尔盖·基斯利亚克谈论了当天实施的制裁;弗林后来因是否误导了彭斯而陷入争议并辞职。[499]2017年5月,特朗普告诉基斯利亚克和谢尔盖·拉夫罗夫,他不担心俄罗斯干预美国大选。[500]

Trump and his allies promoted a conspiracy theory that Ukraine, rather than Russia, interfered in the 2016 election—which was also promoted by Russia to frame Ukraine.[501]
【参考译文】特朗普及其盟友宣扬了一个阴谋论,称乌克兰而非俄罗斯干预了2016年美国大选——这一说法也被俄罗斯用来栽赃乌克兰。[501]

7.12.3 FBI“交叉火力飓风”行动与2017年反间谍调查 | FBI Crossfire Hurricane and 2017 counterintelligence investigations

In July 2016, the FBI launched an investigation, codenamed Crossfire Hurricane, into possible links between Russia and the Trump campaign.[502] After Trump fired FBI director James Comey in May 2017, the FBI opened a counterintelligence investigation into Trump’s personal and business dealings with Russia.[503] Crossfire Hurricane was transferred to the Mueller investigation,[504] but Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein ended the investigation into Trump’s direct ties to Russia while giving the bureau the false impression that the Robert Mueller‘s special counsel investigation would pursue the matter.[505][506]
【参考译文】2016年7月,FBI启动了一项名为“交叉火力飓风”的调查,以探究俄罗斯与特朗普竞选团队之间可能存在的联系。[502]2017年5月,特朗普解雇了FBI局长詹姆斯·科米后,FBI对特朗普与俄罗斯的个人和商业往来展开了反间谍调查。[503]“交叉火力飓风”行动被移交给穆勒调查组,[504]但司法部副部长罗德·罗森斯坦在结束对特朗普与俄罗斯直接联系的调查的同时,给FBI留下了错误的印象,即罗伯特·穆勒的特别检察官调查将继续追查此事。[505][506]

7.12.4 穆勒调查 | Mueller investigation

Main articles: Mueller special counsel investigationMueller report, and Criminal charges brought in the Mueller special counsel investigation
【主条目:穆勒特别检察官调查、穆勒报告、穆勒特别检察官调查中的刑事指控】

In May 2017, Rosenstein appointed former FBI director Mueller special counsel for the Department of Justice (DOJ), ordering him to “examine ‘any links and/or coordination between the Russian government’ and the Trump campaign”. He privately told Mueller to restrict the investigation to criminal matters “in connection with Russia’s 2016 election interference”.[505] The special counsel also investigated whether Trump’s dismissal of James Comey as FBI director constituted obstruction of justice[507] and the Trump campaign’s possible ties to Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, TurkeyQatar, Israel, and China.[508] Trump sought to fire Mueller and shut down the investigation multiple times, but backed down after his staff objected or after changing his mind.[509]
【参考译文】2017年5月,罗森斯坦任命前FBI局长穆勒为司法部(DOJ)特别检察官,指令他“调查‘俄罗斯政府与特朗普竞选团队之间的任何联系和/或协调’”。他私下里告诉穆勒,将调查范围限定在与俄罗斯2016年大选干预有关的刑事案件上。[505]特别检察官还调查了特朗普解除詹姆斯·科米FBI局长职务是否构成妨碍司法公正[507],以及特朗普竞选团队可能与沙特阿拉伯、阿拉伯联合酋长国、土耳其、卡塔尔、以色列和中国存在的联系。[508]特朗普曾多次试图解雇穆勒并终止调查,但在他的工作人员反对或他自己改变主意后,都退缩了。[509]

In March 2019, Mueller gave his final report to Attorney General William Barr,[510] which Barr purported to summarize in a letter to Congress. A federal court, and Mueller himself, said Barr mischaracterized the investigation’s conclusions and, in so doing, confused the public.[511][512][513] Trump repeatedly claimed that the investigation exonerated him; the Mueller report expressly stated that it did not.[514]
【参考译文】2019年3月,穆勒向司法部长威廉·巴尔提交了最终报告,[510]巴尔在给国会的一封信中对该报告进行了所谓的总结。一家联邦法院和穆勒本人都表示,巴尔对调查结论的描述有误,从而误导了公众。[511][512][513]特朗普一再声称,该调查证明他无罪;但穆勒报告明确指出,并未得出这样的结论。[514]

A redacted version of the report, publicly released in April 2019, found that Russia interfered in 2016 to favor Trump.[515] Despite “numerous links between the Russian government and the Trump campaign”, the report found that the prevailing evidence “did not establish” that Trump campaign members conspired or coordinated with Russian interference.[516][517] The report revealed sweeping Russian interference[517] and detailed how Trump and his campaign welcomed and encouraged it, believing it would benefit them electorally.[518][519][520][521]
【参考译文】2019年4月公开的一份经过删减的报告版本发现,俄罗斯在2016年大选期间进行了干预,以支持特朗普。[515]尽管“俄罗斯政府与特朗普竞选团队之间存在众多联系”,但报告认为,现有证据“并未证实”特朗普竞选团队成员与俄罗斯的干预行为有共谋或协调。[516][517]该报告揭示了俄罗斯大规模干预的事实,[517]并详细描述了特朗普及其竞选团队如何欢迎和鼓励这种干预,因为他们认为这将在选举中为他们带来好处。[518][519][520][521]

The report also detailed multiple acts of potential obstruction of justice by Trump, but “did not draw ultimate conclusions about the President’s conduct”.[522][523] Investigators decided they could not “apply an approach that could potentially result in a judgment that the President committed crimes” as an Office of Legal Counsel opinion stated that a sitting president could not be indicted,[524] and investigators would not accuse him of a crime when he cannot clear his name in court.[525] The report concluded that Congress, having the authority to take action against a president for wrongdoing, “may apply the obstruction laws”.[524] The House of Representatives subsequently launched an impeachment inquiry following the Trump–Ukraine scandal, but did not pursue an article of impeachment related to the Mueller investigation.[526][527]
【参考译文】报告还详细列举了特朗普可能妨碍司法的多项行为,但“没有就总统的行为得出最终结论”。[522][523]调查人员决定,他们不能“采取可能导致判断总统犯有罪行的方法”,因为法律顾问办公室的意见认为,在任总统不能被起诉,[524]而且,如果特朗普不能在法庭上证明自己的清白,调查人员也不会指控他犯罪。[525]报告得出结论,国会拥有对总统不法行为采取行动的权力,“可以适用妨碍司法公正的法律”。[524]随后,众议院在特朗普-乌克兰丑闻后启动了弹劾调查,但没有就与穆勒调查相关的弹劾条款进行追究。[526][527]

Several Trump associates pleaded guilty or were convicted in connection with Mueller’s investigation and related cases, including Manafort[528] and Flynn.[529][530] Trump’s former attorney Michael Cohen pleaded guilty to lying to Congress about Trump’s 2016 attempts to reach a deal with Russia to build a Trump Tower in Moscow. Cohen said he had made the false statements on behalf of Trump.[531] In February 2020, Stone was sentenced to 40 months in prison for lying to Congress and witness tampering. The sentencing judge said Stone “was prosecuted for covering up for the president”.[532]
【参考译文】在穆勒的调查和相关案件中,几名特朗普的助手被判有罪或认罪,包括马纳福特[528]和弗林。[529][530]特朗普的前律师迈克尔·科恩承认向国会就特朗普2016年试图与俄罗斯达成协议在莫斯科建造特朗普大厦一事撒谎。科恩表示,他是代表特朗普作出的虚假陈述。[531]2020年2月,因向国会撒谎和干扰证人作证,斯通被判入狱40个月。宣判法官表示,斯通“因替总统掩盖罪行而被起诉”。[532]

7.13 第一次弹劾 | First impeachment

Main articles: First impeachment of Donald Trump and Trump–Ukraine scandal
【主条目:唐纳德·特朗普的第一次弹劾、特朗普-乌克兰丑闻】

此图片属于公共领域
图片题注:Members of House of Representatives vote on two articles of impeachment (H.Res. 755), December 18, 2019
参考译文:2019年12月18日,众议院议员就两项弹劾条款(H.Res. 755)进行投票
图片来源:United States House of Representatives 

In August 2019, a whistleblower filed a complaint with the Inspector General of the Intelligence Community about a July 25 phone call between Trump and Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy, during which Trump had pressured Zelenskyy to investigate CrowdStrike and Democratic presidential candidate Biden and his son Hunter.[533] The whistleblower said that the White House had attempted to cover up the incident and that the call was part of a wider campaign by the Trump administration and Trump attorney Rudy Giuliani that may have included withholding financial aid from Ukraine in July 2019 and canceling Pence’s May 2019 Ukraine trip.[534]
【参考译文】2019年8月,一名举报人向美国情报机构监察长举报了7月25日特朗普与乌克兰总统弗拉基米尔·泽连斯基之间的一次通话,通话中特朗普向泽连斯基施压,要求他调查CrowdStrike公司以及民主党总统候选人拜登及其子亨特。[533]举报人称,白宫曾试图掩盖此事,而这通电话是特朗普政府和特朗普的律师鲁迪·朱利安尼发起的一场更广泛行动的一部分,该行动可能包括在2019年7月暂停对乌克兰的财政援助,以及取消彭斯2019年5月的乌克兰之行。[534]

House Speaker Nancy Pelosi initiated a formal impeachment inquiry on September 24.[535] Trump then confirmed that he withheld military aid from Ukraine, offering contradictory reasons for the decision.[536][537] On September 25, his administration released a memorandum of the phone call which confirmed that, after Zelenskyy mentioned purchasing American anti-tank missiles, Trump asked him to discuss investigating Biden and his son with Giuliani and Barr.[533][538] The testimony of multiple administration officials and former officials confirmed that this was part of a broader effort to further Trump’s personal interests by giving him an advantage in the upcoming presidential election.[539] 
【参考译文】众议院议长南希·佩洛西于9月24日正式启动弹劾调查。[535]特朗普随后证实他暂停了对乌克兰的军事援助,并为此决定给出了相互矛盾的理由。[536][537]9月25日,美国政府公布了通话记录备忘录,证实了在泽连斯基提到购买美国反坦克导弹后,特朗普要求他与朱利安尼和巴尔讨论对拜登及其子的调查。[533][538]多名政府现任和前任官员的证词证实,这是特朗普为在即将到来的总统大选中占据优势,进一步推进个人利益而作出的更广泛努力的一部分。[539]

In October, William B. Taylor Jr., the chargé d’affaires for Ukraine, testified before congressional committees that soon after arriving in Ukraine in June 2019, he found that Zelenskyy was being subjected to pressure directed by Trump and led by Giuliani. According to Taylor and others, the goal was to coerce Zelenskyy into making a public commitment to investigate the company that employed Hunter Biden, as well as rumors about Ukrainian involvement in the 2016 U.S. presidential election.[540] He said it was made clear that until Zelenskyy made such an announcement, the administration would not release scheduled military aid for Ukraine and not invite Zelenskyy to the White House.[541]
【参考译文】10月,乌克兰事务特使威廉·B·泰勒二世在国会委员会前作证称,他在2019年6月刚到乌克兰后不久就发现,泽连斯基正承受着由特朗普指使、朱利安尼领导的施压。据泰勒和其他人表示,目的是迫使泽连斯基公开承诺调查雇佣亨特·拜登的公司,以及有关乌克兰卷入2016年美国总统大选的传言。[540]他说,已经明确表明,在泽连斯基作出此类宣布之前,政府不会发放原定的对乌克兰军事援助,也不会邀请泽连斯基访问白宫。[541]

On December 13, the House Judiciary Committee voted along party lines to pass two articles of impeachment: one for abuse of power and one for obstruction of Congress.[542] After debate, the House of Representatives impeached Trump on both articles on December 18.[543]
【参考译文】12月13日,众议院司法委员会以党派划线投票通过了两项弹劾条款:一项是滥用职权,另一项是阻碍国会。[542]经过辩论后,众议院于12月18日以两项弹劾条款弹劾了特朗普。[543]

此图片属于公共领域
图片题注:Trump displaying the headline “Trump acquitted”
参考译文:特朗普展示标题为“特朗普被无罪释放”的头条新闻
图片来源:The White House from Washington, DC

During the trial in January 2020, the House impeachment managers cited evidence to support charges of abuse of power and obstruction of Congress and asserted that Trump’s actions were exactly what the founding fathers had in mind when they created the impeachment process.[544]
【参考译文】2020年1月的审判期间,众议院弹劾管理人引用了证据来支持滥用职权和阻碍国会的指控,并声称特朗普的行为正是美国开国元勋在创立弹劾程序时所考虑的情况。[544]

Trump’s lawyers did not deny the facts as presented in the charges, but said that he had not broken any laws or obstructed Congress.[545] They argued that the impeachment was “constitutionally and legally invalid” because he was not charged with a crime and that abuse of power is not an impeachable offense.[545]
【参考译文】特朗普的律师并没有否认指控中所述的事实,但表示他并没有违反任何法律或阻碍国会。[545]他们辩称,弹劾是“违宪和非法的”,因为他没有被指控犯罪,而滥用职权也不是可弹劾的罪行。[545]

On January 31, the Senate voted against allowing subpoenas for witnesses or documents.[546] The impeachment trial was the first in U.S. history without witness testimony.[547]
【参考译文】1月31日,参议院投票反对允许发出传票传唤证人或文件。[546]这次弹劾审判是美国历史上第一次没有证人证言的弹劾审判。[547]

Trump was acquitted of both charges by the Republican majority. Senator Mitt Romney was the only Republican who voted to convict him on one charge, the abuse of power.[548] Following his acquittal, he fired impeachment witnesses and other political appointees and career officials he deemed insufficiently loyal.[549]
【参考译文】特朗普被共和党多数派就两项指控宣告无罪。参议员米特·罗姆尼是唯一一个就滥用职权这一指控投票认定他有罪的共和党人。[548]在被宣告无罪后,他解雇了弹劾证人和其他他认为不够忠诚的政治任命官员和职业官员。[549]

7.14 第二次弹劾 | Second impeachment

Main articles: Second impeachment of Donald Trump and Second impeachment trial of Donald Trump
【主要条目:唐纳德·特朗普第二次弹劾和唐纳德·特朗普第二次弹劾审判】

此图片属于公共领域
图片题注:Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi signing the second impeachment of Trump
参考译文:众议院议长南希·佩洛西签署对特朗普的第二次弹劾
图片来源:Nancy Pelosi, Speaker of the House

On January 11, 2021, an article of impeachment charging Trump with incitement of insurrection against the U.S. government was introduced to the House.[550] The House voted 232–197 to impeach him on January 13, making him the first U.S. president to be impeached twice.[551] Ten Republicans voted for the impeachment—the most members of a party ever to vote to impeach a president of their own party.[552]
【参考译文】2021年1月11日,众议院提出了一项弹劾条款,指控特朗普煽动针对美国政府的叛乱。[550]1月13日,众议院以232票对197票通过弹劾特朗普的决议,使他成为美国历史上第一位两次被弹劾的总统。[551]十位共和党人投票支持弹劾——这是历史上一个政党内部投票弹劾本党总统人数最多的一次。[552]

On February 13, following a five-day Senate trial, Trump was acquitted when the Senate vote fell ten votes short of the two-thirds majority required to convict; seven Republicans joined every Democrat in voting to convict, the most bipartisan support in any Senate impeachment trial of a president or former president.[553][554] Most Republicans voted to acquit him, although some held him responsible but felt the Senate did not have jurisdiction over former presidents (he had left office on January 20; the Senate voted 56–44 that the trial was constitutional).[555]
【参考译文】2月13日,经过五天的参议院审判,由于投票结果未达到定罪所需的三分之二多数(少了十票),特朗普被宣告无罪;七位共和党人与所有民主党人一同投票支持定罪,这是任何一次总统或前总统参议院弹劾审判中获得最多两党支持的一次。[553][554]大多数共和党人投票宣告他无罪,尽管一些人认为特朗普应承担责任,但认为参议院对前总统没有管辖权(他已于1月20日离职;参议院以56票对44票认定此次审判符合宪法)。[555]

8. 2020年美国总统选举 | 2020 presidential election

主条目:2020年美国总统选举

特朗普打破先例,在就职总统后几小时内就向联邦选举委员会(FEC)提交了竞选连任总统的材料,表达了自己参选连任的意愿。[122][123]这使得他的2016年选举委员会转变为2020年连任委员会。[124]特朗普在上任不到一个月时,就于2017年2月18日以在佛罗里达州墨尔本的一场竞选集会上正式开启了他的2020年竞选活动。[125]2017年2月1日,他的竞选活动已经筹集到超过700万美元的资金。[126]在任期前两年,特朗普的连任委员会就已筹集了6750万美元,使特朗普的竞选委员会在2019年初时手头就已有1930万美元的现金。[127]从2019年初到2020年7月,特朗普竞选团队和共和党为选举筹集了11亿美元,但他们很快就使用了其中的8亿美元,导致特朗普丧失了对民主党提名人、前副总统拜登的巨大竞选资金优势。[128]竞选活动的资金紧缩迫使特朗普的广告支出骤减。[129]特朗普竞选广告关注的重点是犯罪问题,声称如果他的对手拜登赢得总统职位,大城市将陷入无法无天的境地。[130]

8.1 被拜登击败 | Defeat to Biden

Main articles: 2020 United States presidential election and Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign
【主条目:2020年美国总统大选和2020年特朗普总统竞选】

Trump campaign advertisements focused on crime, claiming that cities would descend into lawlessness if Biden won.[562] He repeatedly misrepresented Biden’s positions[563][564] and shifted to appeals to racism.[565]
【参考译文】特朗普竞选广告的重点是犯罪问题,声称如果拜登获胜,城市将陷入无序状态。[562]他多次曲解拜登的立场[563][564],并转向利用种族主义进行诉求。[565]

自2020年春季,特朗普开始对本次选举提出质疑,在没有公开证据的前提下声称大选或将被“操纵”[131],并称“若广泛使用邮寄选票将导致大规模的选举舞弊”。[132][133]7月30日,特朗普提出推迟选举的想法,被《纽约时报》称之为“对总统礼教非同寻常的破坏”。[134]当8月众议院投票决定向美国邮政服务提供250亿美元的拨款,以提前应对预计会激增的邮寄选票时,特朗普否决了这笔拨款,称要阻止任何增加邮寄选票的行为。[135]2020年8月24日,美国共和党全国代表大会正式提名特朗普为共和党2020年美国总统选举的候选人。[136][137]

Biden won the election on November 3, receiving 81.3 million votes (51.3 percent) to Trump’s 74.2 million (46.8 percent)[571][572] and 306 Electoral College votes to Trump’s 232.[573]
【参考译文】拜登在11月3日赢得大选,获得8130万张选票(占51.3%),而特朗普获得7420万张(占46.8%)[571][572],并在选举人团中获得306票,而特朗普获得232票。[573]

拒绝接受结果 | Rejection of results

Further information: Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election2020–21 United States election protests, and Election denial movement in the United States
【更多信息:有关2020年美国总统大选结果颠覆的尝试、2020-2021年美国选举抗议活动以及美国选举否认运动的相关信息。】

因美国联邦各州的投票机制和计票速度皆不一致,加上本次大选投票人口出现暴增,选举结果在11月3号投票日后的几天都无法正式获得确认。而11月3号大选日结束后的凌晨2点,在计票结果尚不明确的情况下,特朗普即在白宫向支持者宣布自己已经胜选,并要求立即停止计票,称“…某些人企图偷走这次的选举结果”。[138]然而几天过后计票结果逐渐明朗,拜登被部分媒体和学术机构预测为赢家[139][140],面临败选的特朗普却扬言“这次选举远未结束”,并在没有提供确切证据的情况下声称选举舞弊。[141]特朗普竞选团队在至少5个州提起了16起不同的诉讼,随后他在推特上发布宣言,并说“我们会赢”。[142]法律专家表示,特朗普团队所提起之诉讼几乎没有改变选举结果的可能。[143]特朗普同时阻止其政府官员与拜登合作进行交接准备。[144][145]11月16日,特朗普再次发推称自己赢得了大选,但被推特官方贴上标签“与官方消息源对这场选举判定的结果不同”。[146]到2020年11月底,特朗普或其盟友在摇摆州提出了50多起诉讼,但大部分被法院驳回。[147]12月5日,拜登在全国普选票数上以8130万张(51.3%)对7420万张(46.8%)领先特朗普。[140][148]预计拜登将以306票对232票赢得选举人团的选举[148]

Trump withdrew from public activities in the weeks following the election.[580] He initially blocked government officials from cooperating in Biden’s presidential transition.[581][582] After three weeks, the administrator of the General Services Administration declared Biden the “apparent winner” of the election, allowing the disbursement of transition resources to his team.[583] Trump still did not formally concede while claiming he recommended the GSA begin transition protocols.[584][585]
【参考译文】选举结束后的几周内,特朗普退出了公共活动。[580]他最初阻止政府官员配合拜登的总统权力交接工作。[581][582]三周后,美国总务管理局局长宣布拜登为选举的“明显获胜者”,允许向其团队拨付交接资源。[583]特朗普虽然声称自己建议总务管理局启动交接程序,但仍未正式承认败选。[584][585]

特朗普关于大范围投票舞弊的指控被法官、州选举官员和他自己的政府的美国网络安全和基础设施安全局(CISA)局长驳斥。[149]在CISA局长克雷布斯反驳了特朗普的投票舞弊指控后,特朗普解雇了克雷布斯,称其对选举公正所作评论“非常不准确”。[150]

The Electoral College formalized Biden’s victory on December 14.[573] From November to January, Trump repeatedly sought help to overturn the results, personally pressuring Republican local and state office-holders,[586] Republican state and federal legislators,[587] the Justice Department,[588] and Vice President Pence,[589] urging various actions such as replacing presidential electors, or a request for Georgia officials to “find” votes and announce a “recalculated” result.[587] On February 10, 2021, Georgia prosecutors opened a criminal investigation into Trump’s efforts to subvert the election in Georgia.[590]
【参考译文】12月14日,选举人团正式确认了拜登的胜利。[573]从11月到1月,特朗普不断寻求帮助以推翻选举结果,他亲自向共和党地方和州级官员[586]、共和党州级和联邦立法者[587]、司法部[588]以及副总统彭斯[589]施压,敦促他们采取各种行动,比如更换总统选举人,或者要求佐治亚州官员“找到”选票并宣布一个“重新计算”的结果。[587]2021年2月10日,佐治亚州检察官对特朗普在佐治亚州颠覆选举的行为展开了刑事调查。[590]

由于大选后对选举结果的法律挑战基本失败[151],特朗普淡出了公开活动,引来批评。有媒体认为他的退缩是不负责任的生闷气的表现尤其是在美国冠状病毒病疫情激增的情况下。[152]联邦总务管理局(GSA)局长墨菲经过两周的抵抗后,宣布拜登看起来是选举的赢家,开始向拜登团队提供过渡资源。[153]11月23日,特朗普在推特上证实了“GSA局长当日致信拜登,表示将向后者提供大选后相应的资源和服务,吉尔伯特也致信美国联邦政府各部门,称墨菲确定拜登和哈里斯是‘显然成功的候选人’”这一信息,并称是自己建议GSA开始过渡进程,但他仍坚称自己会“获胜”。[154][155]

8.2 第一次总统任期尾声

特朗普在11月26日表示,如果选举人团投票给当选总统拜登,他将离开白宫。[156][157]但他及其盟友仍然努力地尝试使本次选举因“合法性问题”使之无效化。[147]12月2日,特朗普指责在选举期间“发生了很多糟糕的事情”。他指控总统选举被操纵,充斥着欺诈行为。[158]2020年12月11日,美国最高法院拒绝审理由得克萨斯州检察长提起的、得到特朗普及其共和党盟友支持的案件。原告曾要求法院推翻拜登赢得的四个州的选举结果。[159]12月14日,选举人团以306-232票正式确定拜登获胜。[160]2021年1月7日,他发布声明称不同意选举结果,不过仍将在1月20日“有序”交接权力[161][162]

Trump did not attend Biden’s inauguration.[591]
【参考译文】特朗普没有出席拜登的就职典礼。[591]

自2020年11月3日至2021年1月19日,特朗普政府的美国财政部外国资产管制办公室宣布了307项个人和实体黑名单认定。在此期间特朗普政府颁布的制裁数量高于前几届政府,也比他任期的其他时期更多,特朗普任期内平均每年约有1,000个实体和个人被列入黑名单[163]

2021年1月20日8时15分,特朗普与妻子梅拉尼娅搭乘海军陆战队一号离开白宫,前往安德鲁斯空军基地出席简短告别仪式[164]。并表示拒绝出席数小时后举行的拜登总统就职典礼[165],拜登亦回应特朗普不出席是好事[166]

8.3 1月6日国会大厦袭击事件 | January 6 Capitol attack

Main article: January 6 United States Capitol attack【主条目:1月6日美国国会大厦袭击事件】

For a chronological guide, see Timeline of the January 6 United States Capitol attack.
时间线参考:要了解此事件的时间顺序,请参阅1月6日美国国会大厦袭击事件的时间线。】

In December 2020, Newsweek reported the Pentagon was on red alert, and ranking officers had discussed what to do if Trump declared martial law. The Pentagon responded with quotes from defense leaders that the military has no role in the outcome of elections.[592]
【参考译文】2020年12月,《新闻周刊》报道称五角大楼处于红色警戒状态,高级军官们讨论了如果特朗普宣布实行军事管制该怎么办。五角大楼则引用国防部领导人的话回应称,军方在选举结果中不扮演任何角色。[592]

When Trump moved supporters into positions of power at the Pentagon after the November 2020 election, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Mark Milley and CIA director Gina Haspel became concerned about a possible coup attempt or military action against China or Iran.[593][594] Milley insisted that he should be consulted about any military orders from Trump, including the use of nuclear weapons.[595][596]
【参考译文】2020年11月大选后,特朗普将支持者安排到五角大楼担任要职,这让参谋长联席会议主席马克·米利和中央情报局局长吉娜·哈斯佩尔担心可能会发生政变企图或对中国或伊朗采取军事行动。[593][594]米利坚持认为,对于特朗普发出的任何军事命令,包括使用核武器,都应征求他的意见。[595][596]

On January 6, 2021, while congressional certification of the presidential election results was taking place in the U.S. Capitol, Trump held a noon rally at the Ellipse in Washington, D.C., where he called for the election result to be overturned and urged his supporters to “fight like hell” and “take back our country” by marching to the Capitol.[597][598] Many supporters did, joining a crowd already there. The mob broke into the building, disrupting certification and causing the evacuation of Congress.[599] During the violence, Trump posted messages on Twitter without asking the rioters to disperse. At 6 p.m., he tweeted that the rioters should “go home with love & in peace”, calling them “great patriots” and repeating that the election was stolen.[600] After the mob was removed, Congress reconvened and confirmed Biden’s win in the early hours of the following morning.[601] According to the Department of Justice, more than 140 police officers were injured, and five people died.[602][603]
【参考译文】2021年1月6日,当美国国会正在美国国会大厦对总统大选结果进行认证时,特朗普在华盛顿特区的椭圆形草坪上举行了中午集会,他呼吁推翻选举结果,并敦促支持者“拼死一搏”,“向国会大厦进军,夺回我们的国家”。[597][598]许多支持者照做了,加入了已经在那里的人群。暴徒闯入大楼,打断了认证过程,导致国会疏散。[599]在暴力事件期间,特朗普在推特上发布消息,但没有要求暴徒散去。下午6点,他发推称暴徒应该“带着爱和和平回家”,称他们是“伟大的爱国者”,并再次表示选举被窃取。[600]暴徒被驱散后,国会重新集会,并于次日凌晨确认了拜登的胜利。[601]据司法部称,有140多名警察受伤,5人死亡。[602][603]

In March 2023, Trump collaborated with incarcerated rioters on a song to benefit the prisoners. In June, he said that, if reelected, he would pardon many of them.[604]
【参考译文】2023年3月,特朗普与被监禁的暴徒合作创作了一首歌曲,以惠及囚犯。6月,他表示,如果再次当选,他将赦免其中许多人。[604]

9. 第一次卸任总统(2021年至今)| First post-presidency (2021–present)

See also: Personal and business legal affairs of Donald Trump and Legal affairs of Donald Trump as president【另请参阅:唐纳德·特朗普的个人和商业法律事务 以及 唐纳德·特朗普作为总统的法律事务】

Trump lives at his Mar-a-Lago club, having established an office there as provided for by the Former Presidents Act.[56][605][606] He is entitled to live there legally as a club employee.[607][608]
【参考译文】特朗普居住在他拥有的海湖庄园俱乐部内,并根据《前总统法案》在那里设立了一个办公室。[56][605][606]他作为俱乐部员工有权合法居住在那里。[607][608]

Trump’s false claims concerning the 2020 election were commonly referred to as the “big lie” in the press and by his critics. In May 2021, he and his supporters attempted to co-opt the term, using it to refer to the election itself.[609][610] The Republican Party used his false election narrative to justify the imposition of new voting restrictions in its favor.[610][611] As late as July 2022, he was still pressuring state legislators to overturn the 2020 election.[612]
【参考译文】特朗普关于2020年大选的虚假说法在媒体和批评者中通常被称为“弥天大谎”。2021年5月,特朗普及其支持者试图将这一说法据为己有,用它来指代大选本身。[609][610]共和党利用特朗普关于大选的虚假叙述,为对自己有利的新的投票限制措施辩护。[610][611]直到2022年7月,特朗普仍在向州议员施压,要求推翻2020年大选的结果。[612]

Unlike other former presidents, Trump continued to dominate his party; he has been described as a modern party boss. He continued fundraising, raising more than twice as much as the Republican Party itself, and profited from fundraisers many Republican candidates held at Mar-a-Lago. Much of his focus was on how elections are run and on ousting election officials who had resisted his attempts to overturn the 2020 election results. In the 2022 midterm elections he endorsed over 200 candidates for various offices, most of whom supported his false claim that the 2020 presidential election was stolen from him.[613][614][615]
【参考译文】与其他前总统不同,特朗普继续主宰着他的政党,他被称为现代的政党领袖。他继续筹集资金,筹得的资金是共和党本身的两倍多,并从许多共和党候选人在海湖庄园举行的募捐活动中获利。他大部分精力都集中在选举如何运作以及罢免那些抵制他推翻2020年大选结果的选举官员上。在2022年中期选举中,他支持了200多名竞选不同职位的候选人,其中大多数人支持他关于2020年总统大选被窃取的虚假说法。[613][614][615]

2021年1月25日,特朗普在美国佛罗里达州棕榈滩县设立前总统办公室[167]

2021年2月28日,特朗普在保守派政治行动大会发表演讲,暗示可能会再次竞选总统,这是他自卸任以来首次正式公开露面[168]

2021年9月11日,9.11事件20周年纪念日之际,特朗普访问了纽约市的一个消防站和警察局。[169]

2022年7月25日,特朗普前往华盛顿出席活动并发表演讲,这是他卸任后首次返回华盛顿[170]

9.1 商业活动 | Business activities

In February 2021, Trump registered a new company, Trump Media & Technology Group (TMTG), for providing “social networking services” to U.S. customers.[616][617] In March 2024, TMTG merged with special-purpose acquisition company Digital World Acquisition and became a public company.[618] In February 2022, TMTG launched Truth Social, a social media platform.[619] As of March 2023, Trump Media, which had taken $8 million from Russia-connected entities, was being investigated by federal prosecutors for possible money laundering.[620][621]
【参考译文】2021年2月,特朗普注册了一家新公司——特朗普媒体与科技集团(TMTG),为美国客户提供“社交网络服务”。[616][617]2024年3月,TMTG与特殊目的收购公司数字世界并购公司合并,成为一家上市公司。[618]2022年2月,TMTG推出了一个社交媒体平台Truth Social。[619]截至2023年3月,从与俄罗斯有关联的实体获得了800万美元的特朗普媒体公司正在接受联邦检察官的调查,涉嫌洗钱。[620][621]

9.2 媒体活动

9.2.1 成立自己的平台

2021年1月8日,Twitter发表声明表示,因认定特朗普违反煽动暴力政策,故把特朗普的推特账号永久冻结;其后FacebookInstagramYouTube跟进持续冻结特朗普的个人账号。3月21日,特朗普表示会成立自己的平台来对付Twitter等社群平台,预计在两三个月内会启用。3月29日,特朗普推出其官方网站“The Office of Donald J. Trump”[171]。5月4日,特朗普推出其个人平台“From The Desk of Donald J. Trump”。6月2日,其个人平台“From The Desk of Donald J. Trump”因被社群平台抵制分享其相关文章以及流量不如预期而决定关闭。

9.2.2 加入保守派社群平台

2021年1月6日,以不审查贴文和允许种族主义言论而闻名的新兴社群媒体平台Gab为特朗普的Twitter账户提供备份。而其女婿库许纳曾出面阻止助手们试图让特朗普加入边缘社群媒体平台,如Gab和Parler[172]

2021年6月27日,Rumble首席执行官暨创办人帕夫洛夫斯基证实特朗普已在其服务平台建立账号,但并未针对特朗普借由Rumble服务作为发言管道的作法评论。特朗普发言人哈林顿指出,将成为特朗普扩展自有线上社群平台的一部分,并非意味日后仅以Rumble作为线上发言主要管道。同时,哈林顿说明未来特朗普将持续借由Rumble服务与美国人民沟通互动。[173]

2021年7月4日,特朗普前团队经过一个月的试运作之后正式推出类似Twitter的新社群平台Gettr[174][175]

2021年10月20日,特朗普集团宣布将成立新社群平台Truth Social

9.3 调查、刑事起诉与定罪、民事诉讼 | Investigations, criminal indictments and convictions, civil lawsuits

Trump is the only U.S. president or former president to be convicted of a crime and the first major-party candidate to run for president after a felony conviction.[622] As of May 2024, he faces numerous criminal charges and civil cases.[623][624]
【参考译文】特朗普是唯一一位被定罪犯罪的美国总统或前总统,也是第一位在重罪定罪后作为主要政党候选人竞选总统的人。[622]截至2024年5月,他面临多项刑事指控和民事诉讼。[623][624]

9.3.1 美国联邦调查局调查 | FBI investigations

Main articles: FBI investigation into Donald Trump’s handling of government documentsFBI search of Mar-a-Lago, and Smith special counsel investigation
【主条目:FBI对唐纳德·特朗普处理政府文件的调查、FBI搜查海湖庄园,以及史密斯特别检察官的调查】

When Trump left the White House in January 2021, he took government materials with him to Mar-a-Lago. By May 2021, the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) realized that important documents had not been turned over to them and asked his office to locate them. In January 2022, they retrieved 15 boxes of White House records from Mar-a-Lago. NARA later informed the Department of Justice that some of the retrieved documents were classified material.[625] The Justice Department began an investigation[626] and sent Trump a subpoena for additional material.[625] Justice Department officials visited Mar-a-Lago and received some classified documents from his lawyers,[625] one of whom signed a statement affirming that all material marked as classified had been returned.[627]
【参考译文】2021年1月特朗普离开白宫时,将一些政府材料带到了海湖庄园。到2021年5月,美国国家档案与文件管理局(NARA)意识到一些重要文件并未上交,并要求其办公室进行查找。2022年1月,他们从海湖庄园取回了15箱白宫记录。NARA随后告知司法部,其中一些找回的文件属于机密材料。[625]司法部开始进行调查[626],并向特朗普发出传票,要求其提供更多材料。[625]司法部官员前往海湖庄园,并从其律师处获得了一些机密文件,[625]其中一名律师签署了一份声明,确认所有标有密级的材料都已归还。[627]

On August 8, 2022, FBI agents searched Mar-a-Lago to recover government documents and material Trump had taken with him when he left office in violation of the Presidential Records Act,[628][629] reportedly including some related to nuclear weapons.[630] The search warrant indicates an investigation of potential violations of the Espionage Act and obstruction of justice laws.[631] The items taken in the search included 11 sets of classified documents, four of them tagged as “top secret” and one as “top secret/SCI”, the highest level of classification.[628][629]
【参考译文】2022年8月8日,联邦调查局(FBI)特工搜查了海湖庄园,以追回特朗普在离任时违反《总统记录法》带走的政府文件和材料,[628][629]据报道,其中包括一些与核武器相关的文件。[630]搜查令表明,此次行动正在调查可能违反《间谍法》和妨碍司法公正法的行为。[631]搜查中带走的物品包括11套机密文件,其中四套被标记为“绝密”,一套被标记为“绝密/敏感隔离信息”(SCI),这是最高级别的机密分类。[628][629]

On November 18, 2022, U.S. attorney general Merrick Garland appointed federal prosecutor Jack Smith as a special counsel to oversee the federal criminal investigations into Trump retaining government property at Mar-a-Lago and examining Trump’s role in the events leading up to the Capitol attack.[632][633]
【参考译文】2022年11月18日,美国司法部长梅里克·加兰德任命联邦检察官杰克·史密斯为特别检察官,负责监督针对特朗普在海湖庄园保留政府财产以及调查特朗普在国会大厦袭击事件前所起作用而展开的联邦刑事调查。[632][633]

9.3.2 众议院1月6日委员会提出的刑事转介 | Criminal referral by the House January 6 Committee

Main article: United States House Select Committee on the January 6 Attack
【主条目:美国众议院1月6日袭击事件特别委员会】

On December 19, 2022, the United States House Select Committee on the January 6 Attack recommended criminal charges against Trump for obstructing an official proceeding, conspiracy to defraud the United States, and inciting or assisting an insurrection.[634]
【参考译文】2022年12月19日,美国众议院1月6日袭击事件特别委员会建议对特朗普提出刑事指控,罪名包括阻碍官方程序、共谋欺骗美国以及煽动或协助叛乱。[634]

9.3.3 州级刑事起诉书 | State criminal indictments

Main article: Georgia election racketeering prosecution【主条目:佐治亚州选举敲诈勒索案起诉】

In December 2022, following a jury trial, the Trump Organization was convicted on 17 counts of criminal tax fraud, conspiracy, and falsifying business records in connection with a tax-fraud scheme stretching over 15 years. In January 2023, the organization was fined the maximum $1.6 million, and its chief financial officer Allen Weisselberg was sentenced to jail and probation after a plea deal. Trump was not personally charged in the case.[635][636]
【参考译文】2022年12月,在经过陪审团审判后,特朗普集团被判定在17项与一项长达15年的税务欺诈计划相关的刑事税务欺诈、共谋和伪造商业记录指控中成立。2023年1月,该集团被处以最高160万美元的罚款,其首席财务官艾伦·魏塞尔伯格在达成认罪协议后被判处监禁和缓刑。特朗普本人并未因此案受到个人指控。[635][636]

Later in August, a Fulton County, Georgia, grand jury indicted Trump on 13 charges, including racketeering, for his efforts to subvert the election outcome in Georgia; multiple Trump campaign officials were also indicted.[637][638] He surrendered, was processed at Fulton County Jail, and was released on bail pending trial.[639] He pleaded not guilty.[640] On March 13, 2024, the judge dismissed three of the 13 charges against him.[641]
【参考译文】同年8月晚些时候,佐治亚州富尔顿县的一个大陪审团以13项指控起诉特朗普,其中包括通过努力颠覆佐治亚州选举结果而犯下的敲诈勒索罪;多名特朗普竞选官员也遭到起诉。[637][638]特朗普投降,在富尔顿县监狱接受了处理,随后在候审期间获准保释。[639]他对此表示不认罪。[640]2024年3月13日,法官驳回了针对他的13项指控中的3项。[641]

9.3.4 联邦刑事起诉书 | Federal criminal indictments

Main articles: Federal prosecution of Donald Trump (classified documents case) and Federal prosecution of Donald Trump (election obstruction case)
【主条目:唐纳德·特朗普的联邦起诉案(机密文件案)和唐纳德·特朗普的联邦起诉案(选举阻碍案)】

In June 2023, following a special counsel investigation, a federal grand jury in Miami indicted Trump on 31 counts of “willfully retaining national defense information” under the Espionage Act, one count of making false statements, and one count each of conspiracy to obstruct justice, withholding government documents, corruptly concealing records, concealing a document in a federal investigation and scheming to conceal their efforts.[642] He pleaded not guilty.[643] A superseding indictment the following month added three charges.[644] The judge assigned to the case, Aileen Cannon, was appointed to the bench by Trump and had previously issued rulings favorable to him in a past civil case, some of which were overturned by an appellate court.[645] She moved slowly on the case, indefinitely postponed the trial in May 2024, and dismissed it on July 15, ruling that the special counsel’s appointment was unconstitutional.[646] On August 26, Special Counsel Smith appealed the dismissal.[647]
【参考译文】2023年6月,在特别检察官调查后,迈阿密的一个联邦大陪审团以《间谍法》规定的“故意保留国防信息”31项罪名、作虚假陈述1项罪名以及共谋妨碍司法、扣留政府文件、腐败地隐藏记录、在联邦调查中隐藏文件以及策划隐藏其行动各1项罪名起诉特朗普。[642]他对此表示不认罪。[643]次月的一份补充起诉书又增加了三项指控。[644]负责审理此案的法官艾琳·坎农是由特朗普任命的,她之前在特朗普涉及的一起民事案件中做出了对他有利的裁决,其中一些裁决被上诉法院推翻。[645]她在处理此案时进展缓慢,将审判无限期推迟至2024年5月,并于7月15日做出裁决,认定特别检察官的任命违宪,从而驳回了此案。[646]8月26日,特别检察官史密斯对驳回裁决提起上诉。[647]

In August 2023, a Washington, D.C., federal grand jury indicted Trump for his efforts to overturn the 2020 election results. He was charged with conspiring to defraud the U.S., obstruct the certification of the Electoral College vote, and deprive voters of the civil right to have their votes counted, and obstructing an official proceeding.[648] He pleaded not guilty.[649] On November 25, the judge dismissed the case without prejudice after the prosecution filed a motion to dismiss citing Department of Justice policy.[650]
【参考译文】2023年8月,华盛顿特区的一个联邦大陪审团以特朗普试图推翻2020年选举结果的罪名起诉他。他被指控共谋欺骗美国、阻碍选举人团投票认证、剥夺选民投票计数的公民权利以及阻碍官方程序。[648]他对此表示不认罪。[649]11月25日,检方根据司法部政策,提出驳回起诉的动议后,法官裁定无条件驳回此案。[650]

On November 25, the prosecution, citing Department of Justice policy prohibiting the prosecution of a sitting president, requested the dismissal of the D.C. case and Trump’s removal as a co-defendant in the classified documents case. The D.C. case was dismissed without prejudice that same day. The next day, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit dropped Trump from the appeal.[651]
【参考译文】11月25日,检方援引司法部禁止起诉现任总统的政策,请求驳回特区案件,并将特朗普从机密文件案的共同被告名单中移除。特区案件于当天无条件驳回。次日,美国联邦第十一巡回上诉法院将特朗普从上诉中除名。[651]

9.3.5 2016年竞选欺诈案中的刑事定罪 | Criminal conviction in the 2016 campaign fraud case

Main articles: Prosecution of Donald Trump in New York and Stormy Daniels–Donald Trump scandal
【主条目:纽约对唐纳德·特朗普的起诉和斯托米·丹尼尔斯-唐纳德·特朗普丑闻】

See also: Personal and business legal affairs of Donald Trump § Payments related to alleged affairs, and Karen McDougal § Alleged affair with Donald Trump
【另见:“唐纳德·特朗普的个人和商业法律事务”词条的“与所谓情事相关的付款”章节,以及“凯伦·麦克杜格尔”词条的“与唐纳德·特朗普的所谓情事”】

During the 2016 presidential election campaign, American Media, Inc. (AMI), publisher of the National Enquirer,[652] and a company set up by Cohen paid Playboy model Karen McDougal and adult film actress Stormy Daniels for keeping silent about their alleged affairs with Trump between 2006 and 2007.[653] Cohen pleaded guilty in 2018 to breaking campaign finance laws, saying he had arranged both payments at Trump’s direction to influence the presidential election.[654] Trump denied the affairs and said he was not aware of Cohen’s payment to Daniels, but he reimbursed him in 2017.[655][656] Federal prosecutors asserted that Trump had been involved in discussions regarding nondisclosure payments as early as 2014.[657] Court documents showed that the FBI believed he was directly involved in the payment to Daniels, based on calls he had with Cohen in October 2016.[658][659] Federal prosecutors closed the investigation in 2019,[660] but in 2021, the New York State Attorney General’s Office and Manhattan District Attorney’s Office opened a criminal investigations into his business activities.[661] The Manhattan DA’s Office subpoenaed the Trump Organization and AMI for records related to the payments[662] and Trump and the Trump Organization for eight years of tax returns.[663]
【参考译文】在2016年总统大选期间,《国家询问者》的出版商美国媒体公司(AMI)和科恩创立的一家公司向《花花公子》模特凯伦·麦克杜格尔和成人电影演员斯托米·丹尼尔斯支付了费用,以换取她们对2006年至2007年间与特朗普所谓的情事保持沉默。[653]科恩于2018年对违反竞选财务法表示认罪,称他按照特朗普的指示安排了这两笔付款,以影响总统选举。[654]特朗普否认了这些情事,并表示他不知道自己向丹尼尔斯付款的事情,但他在2017年偿还了科恩的这笔钱。[655][656]联邦检察官称,特朗普早在2014年就参与了关于保密付款的讨论。[657]法庭文件显示,根据特朗普和科恩在2016年10月的通话,FBI认为他直接参与了向丹尼尔斯付款的事情。[658][659]联邦检察官于2019年结束了调查,[660]但纽约州总检察长办公室和曼哈顿地区检察官办公室于2021年对他的商业活动展开了刑事调查。[661]曼哈顿地区检察官办公室向特朗普集团和美国媒体公司发出了传票,要求他们提供与付款相关的记录,[662]并向特朗普和特朗普集团发出了传票,要求他们提供八年的纳税申报单。[663]

In March 2023, a New York grand jury indicted Trump on 34 felony counts of falsifying business records to book the hush money payments to Daniels as business expenses, in an attempt to influence the 2016 election.[664][665][666] The trial began in April 2024, and in May a jury convicted him on all 34 counts.[667] Sentencing is set for November 26, 2024.[668]
【参考译文】2023年3月,纽约一个大陪审团以34项重罪指控特朗普,罪名是他为影响2016年大选,将向丹尼尔斯支付的封口费作为商业开支入账,伪造商业记录。[664][665][666]审判于2024年4月开始,5月,陪审团裁定他34项罪名全部成立。[667]宣判日期定于2024年11月26日。[668]

9.3.6 民事判决 | Civil judgments

Main articles: New York business fraud lawsuit against the Trump Organization and E. Jean Carroll v. Donald J. Trump【主条目:纽约对特朗普集团提起的商业欺诈诉讼和E. Jean Carroll诉唐纳德·J·特朗普案】

In September 2022, the attorney general of New York filed a civil fraud case against Trump, his three oldest children, and the Trump Organization.[669] During the investigation leading up to the lawsuit, Trump was fined $110,000 for failing to turn over records subpoenaed by the attorney general.[670] In an August 2022 deposition, he invoked his Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination more than 400 times.[671] The presiding judge ruled in September 2023 that Trump, his adult sons, and the Trump Organization repeatedly committed fraud and ordered their New York business certificates canceled and their business entities sent into receivership for dissolution.[672] In February 2024, the court found him liable, ordered him to pay a penalty of more than $350 million plus interest, for a total exceeding $450 million, and barred him from serving as an officer or director of any New York corporation or legal entity for three years. He said he would appeal the verdict. The judge also ordered the company to be overseen by the monitor appointed by the court in 2023 and an independent director of compliance, and that any “restructuring and potential dissolution” would be the decision of the monitor.[673]
【参考译文】2022年9月,纽约州总检察长对特朗普、他的三个成年子女以及特朗普集团提起了一项民事欺诈诉讼。[669]在导致该诉讼的调查过程中,特朗普因未能交出总检察长发出的传票所要求的记录而被罚款11万美元。[670]在2022年8月的一次作证中,他援引了第五修正案的自证其罪特权超过400次。[671]2023年9月,主审法官裁定特朗普、他的成年子女以及特朗普集团多次实施欺诈行为,并下令吊销他们的纽约商业证书,将其商业实体置于接管状态进行解散。[672]2024年2月,法院认定特朗普负有责任,命令他支付超过3.5亿美元的罚款加上利息,总额超过4.5亿美元,并禁止他在三年内担任纽约任何公司或法律实体的官员或董事。他表示将对该判决进行上诉。法官还命令该公司由法院在2023年指定的监督员和一名独立的合规董事进行监督,并决定任何“重组和可能的解散”事宜。[673]

In May 2023, a New York jury in a federal lawsuit brought by journalist E. Jean Carroll in 2022 (“Carroll II”) found Trump liable for sexual abuse and defamation and ordered him to pay her $5 million.[674] He asked for a new trial or a reduction of the award, arguing that the jury had not found him liable for rape. He also separately countersued Carroll for defamation. The judge for the two lawsuits ruled against him,[675][676] writing that Carroll’s accusation of “rape” is “substantially true”.[677] He appealed both decisions.[675][678] In January 2024, the jury in the defamation case brought by Carroll in 2019 (“Carroll I”) ordered him to pay Carroll $83.3 million in damages. In March, he posted a $91.6 million bond and appealed.[679]
【参考译文】2023年5月,在记者E. Jean Carroll于2022年提起的一项联邦诉讼(“Carroll II”)中,纽约的一个陪审团认定特朗普对性虐待和诽谤负有责任,并命令他向Carroll支付500万美元。[674]他要求重新审判或降低赔偿金额,理由是陪审团并未认定他犯有强奸罪。他还另行对Carroll提起反诽谤诉讼。审理这两起诉讼的法官均做出了不利于他的裁决,[675][676]并写道,Carroll指控的“强奸”行为“基本属实”。[677]他对这两项裁决均提起上诉。[675][678]2024年1月,在Carroll于2019年提起的诽谤案(“Carroll I”)中,陪审团裁定特朗普向Carroll支付8330万美元的赔偿金。3月,他缴纳了9160万美元的保释金并提出上诉。[679]

10. 2024年总统大选 | 2024 presidential election

Main article: Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign / 主条目:2024年美国总统选举

Further information: 2024 Republican Party presidential primaries, 2024 United States presidential election, and Second presidential transition of Donald Trump
【更多信息:2024年共和党总统初选、2024年美国总统大选以及唐纳德·特朗普第二次总统权力交接】

See also: Attempted assassination of Donald Trump in Pennsylvania and Attempted assassination of Donald Trump in Florida
【另请参阅:宾夕法尼亚州特朗普遇刺未遂事件和佛罗里达州特朗普遇刺未遂事件】

2022年11月16日,特朗普提交竞选2024年美国总统候选人声明,这意味着其正式宣布参加2024年美国总统大选2024年美国总统选举共和党初选[180],他亦表示副手不会是迈克·彭斯[181]

2023年11月8日,明尼苏达州最高法院裁定特朗普保有在该州2024年共和党总统选举初选的参选资格。[182]12月19日,科罗拉多州最高法院以4比3裁定,根据美国宪法第14修正案第三款,撤销特朗普在该州2024年共和党总统选举初选的参选资格,法院在其意见中明确表示,“不得在2024年总统初选中列出特朗普总统的名字,也不得为他计算任何书面选票”,特朗普称是“选举干预”。[183][184]12月28日,缅因州州务卿裁定撤销特朗普在该州2024年共和党总统选举初选的参选资格。[185]隔年2月28日,伊利诺伊州库克郡巡回法院裁定撤销特朗普在该州2024年共和党总统选举初选的参选资格。但随后科罗拉多州最高法院的判决作法被联邦最高法院推翻,使与之相关的除名裁定亦一并无效。[186]

2024年3月4日,联邦最高法院以9比0裁定,特朗普不能被单方面从选票上除名。最高法院表示,只有国会才能执行该条款,而非各州[187][188]

During the campaign, Trump made increasingly violent and authoritarian statements.[681][682][683][684] He also said that he would weaponize the FBI and the Justice Department against his political opponents[685][686] and use the military to go after Democratic politicians and those that do not support his candidacy.[687][688] He used harsher, more dehumanizing anti-immigrant rhetoric than during his presidency.[689][690][691][692] His harsher rhetoric against his political enemies has been described by some historians and scholars as authoritarian, fascist,[Attributed to multiple references:[693][694][695][696]] and unlike anything a political candidate has ever said in American history.[697][688][698] Age and health concerns also arose during the campaign, with several medical experts highlighting an increase in rambling, tangential speech and behavioral disinhibition.[699]
【参考译文】在竞选期间,特朗普发表了越来越具有暴力和独裁色彩的言论。[681][682][683][684]他还表示,将把联邦调查局(FBI)和司法部作为武器来对付他的政治对手[685][686],并使用军队对付民主党政治人物和不支持他竞选的人。[687][688]与担任总统期间相比,他使用了更为严厉、更加泯灭人性的反移民言辞。[689][690][691][692]一些历史学家和学者将他对政治敌人的严厉言辞描述为独裁主义、法西斯主义[参考文献多处:[693][694][695][696]],并称这在美国历史上政治候选人的言论中前所未有。[697][688][698]在竞选期间,特朗普的年龄和健康状况也成为人们关注的问题,多名医学专家指出,他的言语变得冗长啰嗦、离题万里,且行为更加无拘无束。[699]

Trump mentioned “rigged election” and “election interference” earlier and more frequently than in the 2016 and 2020 campaigns and refused to commit to accepting the 2024 election results.[700][680] Analysts for The New York Times described this as an intensification of his “heads I win; tails you cheated” rhetorical strategy; the paper said the claim of a rigged election had become the backbone of the campaign.[680]
【参考译文】与2016年和2020年竞选时相比,特朗普更早、更频繁地提及“选举舞弊”和“选举干预”,并拒绝承诺接受2024年大选的结果。[700][680]《纽约时报》的分析人士将此描述为他“赢了我对,输了你作弊”的修辞策略的加剧;该报称,选举舞弊的说法已成为竞选活动的核心。[680]

On July 13, 2024, Trump’s ear was grazed by a bullet[701] in an assassination attempt at a campaign rally in Butler Township, Pennsylvania.[702][703] Two days later, the 2024 Republican National Convention nominated him as their presidential candidate, with Senator JD Vance as his running mate.[704] On September 15, 2024, he was targeted in another assassination attempt in Florida.[705] Trump was elected the 47th president of the United States in November 2024, defeating incumbent vice president Kamala Harris,[706] and making him the second president in U.S. history after Grover Cleveland in 1892 to be elected to a nonconsecutive second term.[707] The Associated Press and BBC News described it as an extraordinary comeback.[708][709]
【参考译文】2024年7月13日,在宾夕法尼亚州巴特勒镇的一次竞选集会上,特朗普在一次暗杀企图中耳朵被子弹擦伤。[701][702][703]两天后,2024年共和党全国代表大会提名他为总统候选人,参议员JD·万斯为他的竞选搭档。[704]2024年9月15日,特朗普在佛罗里达州再次成为暗杀目标。[705]2024年11月,特朗普击败现任副总统卡玛拉·哈里斯,当选为美国第47任总统,[706]成为继1892年的格罗弗·克利夫兰之后,美国历史上第二位非连续当选第二任期的总统。[707]美联社和英国广播公司新闻将其描述为一次非凡的东山再起。[708][709]

在选举开票时,特朗普率先在北卡罗来纳州佐治亚州两个摇摆州取得胜利[189],接着在其他摇摆州均明显领先,他在确信得到过半选举人票便自行宣布当选[190]。其后确认特朗普击败卡玛拉·哈里斯胜选第47任美国总统,成为继1892年格罗弗·克利夫兰以来第二次担任两次的非连任美国总统。[191]

10.1 起诉

参见:对唐纳德·特朗普的起诉纽约州人民诉唐纳德·特朗普案联邦调查局搜查海湖庄园联邦调查局对唐纳德·特朗普处理政府文件行为的调查

2023年3月30日,纽约的一个大陪审团决定起诉特朗普。起诉原因与他在2016年美国总统选举期间向丹尼尔斯支付封口费有关。由此特朗普成为第一位被刑事起诉的美国前总统和总统参选人。[192]

4月4日,特朗普因34项重罪指控而出席纽约曼哈顿刑事法院的传讯,并对所有指控进行无罪抗辩。随后,特朗普返回佛罗里达并向支持者发表讲话,再次称该起诉有政治动机[193]

6月8日,特朗普在他的社交媒体平台Truth Social上表示,他已被传召于6月13日在迈阿密的联邦法院出庭,成为美国历史上第一位面临联邦起诉的前总统。[194]联邦大陪审团起诉特朗普不当处理机密文件以及妨碍司法公正。[195][192]美国司法部于6月9日公布起诉书,指控特朗普干犯37项刑事罪行。[196][197]6月10日,特朗普指责美国总统拜登精心策划了对自己的指控。[198]6月13日,特朗普出席在迈阿密法院举行的听证会。他对案中的所有指控均不认罪。之后在无条件及无旅行限制、无须现金担保的情况下离开法庭。[199][200]

8月1日,特朗普因涉嫌试图推翻2020年总统选举结果而受到刑事指控,[201]包括密谋诈骗美国政府、密谋妨碍公务程序、密谋妨碍投票权、干扰证人等四项。[202]特朗普出庭时否认四项选举相关控罪,[203][204]并于8月6日表示应替换法官以令自己获得“公平的审判”[205]

8月14日,特朗普又因涉嫌干涉2020年总统选举佐治亚州的结果而被佐治亚法院起诉。[206]他于8月24日向该州亚特兰大富尔顿县监狱投案,他被采集指纹,并被拍“大头照”,当局随后将照片向公众发布,是特朗普首次被拍摄有关照片。而他对佐治亚州选举案中的同案被告表示同情,称“他们甚至不知道自己为何被带进来”。[207][208]特朗普在缴纳了20万美元的保释金后获释,并搭乘私人飞机返回新泽西州。[209]8月31日,特朗普宣布拒不认罪。[210]

9月26日,纽约州法官裁定特朗普及其公司存在长期财务欺诈。[211]10月2日,特朗普涉财务欺诈的民事诉讼案在纽约曼哈顿一家法院开审,特朗普出庭。[212]

12月1日,美国地区法官裁定,特朗普在2021年美国国会大厦袭击事件中不具备豁免权。[213]12月7日,特朗普就民事欺诈案在纽约出庭。[214]

2024年2月16日,纽约法院法官就特朗普民事欺诈裁决,裁定他欺诈性地抬高了他的财产价值,下令特朗普罚款约3.55亿美元以及近1亿美元利息,法官认为特朗普应对欺诈、阴谋以及释出虚假财务报表和虚假商业记录负有责任,并禁止他在纽约担任某公司董事三年,并认为特朗普无悔意。[215]3月25日,美国纽约市一家上诉法院裁决将特朗普及其他相关被告在财务欺诈案中的保证金金额从逾4亿美元下调至1.75亿美元[216],特朗普随后缴纳。[217]

5月31日,在12名陪审员经过两天商议后对“封口费”刑事案达成一致裁决,特朗普被控的34项罪名全部成立。由此特朗普成为第一位被判有罪的美国前总统和总统参选人[218]。特朗普的判刑聆讯原定在2024年7月11日进行[219],后顺延至11月26日,之后又被无限期推迟[220][221]

10.2 遇刺

参见:2024年7月唐纳德·特朗普遇刺案2024年9月唐纳德·特朗普遇刺案

2024年7月13日,特朗普在宾夕法尼亚州的一次竞选集会上遭遇枪击,耳朵受伤流血。一名观众在枪击中被杀,另有两人受重伤。这起事件的枪手是20岁的托马斯·马修·克鲁克斯,被特勤局狙击手当场击毙。[222]枪击发生后,特朗普在特勤局护送离开时举起右拳并向观众连喊“战斗!”。他在当地医疗机构接受治疗,宣布伤势并不严重。特勤局对这起暗杀未遂事件展开调查。[223]

9月15日,特朗普再次遇到暗杀,但暗杀者尚未行动即被发现及逮捕。[224]

11. 政治实践与言论 | Political practice and rhetoric

Further information: Trumpism, Political positions of Donald Trump, and Rhetoric of Donald Trump
【更多信息:特朗普主义、唐纳德·特朗普的政治立场和唐纳德·特朗普的言论】

主条目:特朗普主义

Beginning with his 2016 campaign, Trump’s politics and rhetoric led to the creation of a political movement known as Trumpism.[710] Professor Mary Stuckey identified his rhetoric as using vitriol: “demeaning language, false equivalency, and exclusion”.[711] Professor Gary Jacobson found he used fearmongering about immigrants and minorities[712] that other researchers found were essential to his support.[713] His political base has been compared to a cult of personality.[e] Trump’s political positions are populist,[721][722] more specifically described as right-wing populist.[723][724] Politico described them as “eclectic, improvisational and often contradictory”.[725] He helped bring far-right fringe ideas and organizations into the mainstream.[726] The alt-right movement coalesced around and supported his candidacy, due in part to its opposition to multiculturalism and immigration.[727][728][729] He has a strong appeal to evangelical Christian voters. He appeals to Christian nationalists,[730] and his rallies take on the symbols, rhetoric and agenda of Christian nationalism.[731]
【参考译文】自2016年竞选活动开始以来,特朗普的政治和言论催生了一种被称为“特朗普主义”的政治运动。[710]玛丽·斯塔基教授认为他的言论使用了刻薄的语言:“贬低性的言辞、虚假的等价性和排斥性”。[711]加里·雅各布森教授发现,他利用对移民和少数族裔的恐惧煽动情绪[712],其他研究人员发现这是其获得支持的关键。[713]他的政治基础被比作个人崇拜。[e]特朗普的政治立场是民粹主义的,[721][722]更具体地说,是右翼民粹主义的。[723][724]《政客》杂志(Politico)将其描述为“五花八门、即兴发挥且往往自相矛盾”。[725]他帮助将极右翼边缘思想和组织带入了主流。[726]由于反对多元文化主义和移民,另类右翼运动(alt-right movement)围绕并支持他的候选资格。[727][728][729]他对福音派基督教选民具有很强的吸引力。他迎合了基督教民族主义者[730],他的集会采用了基督教民族主义的象征、言论和议程。[731]

Further information: Rhetoric of Donald Trump § Violence and dehumanization
【更多信息:“唐纳德·特朗普的言论”词条的“暴力和非人化”章节】

Research suggests Trump’s rhetoric is associated with an increased incidence of hate crimes.[732][733] During his 2016 campaign, he urged or praised physical attacks against protesters or reporters.[734][735] Numerous defendants investigated or prosecuted for violent acts and hate crimes, including participants in the storming of the U.S. Capitol, cited his rhetoric in arguing that they were not culpable or should receive leniency.[736][737] A nationwide review by ABC News in May 2020 identified at least 54 criminal cases from August 2015 to April 2020 in which he was invoked in direct connection with violence or threats of violence mostly by white men and primarily against minorities.[738]
【参考译文】研究表明,特朗普的言论与仇恨犯罪的增加有关。[732][733]在2016年竞选期间,他怂恿或赞扬对抗议者或记者的身体攻击。[734][735]包括参与美国国会大厦骚乱者在内的许多因暴力行为和仇恨犯罪而被调查或起诉的被告,在辩称自己无罪或应得到宽大处理时,都援引了他的言论。[736][737]美国广播公司新闻(ABC News)于2020年5月进行的一项全国性审查发现,从2015年8月至2020年4月,至少有54起刑事案件直接涉及与暴力或暴力威胁相关的特朗普言论,其中大多数是白人男性针对少数族裔。[738]

11.2 真实性 | Truthfulness

Main article: False or misleading statements by Donald Trump
【主条目:唐纳德·特朗普的虚假或误导性言论】

As a candidate and as president, Trump frequently made false statements in public remarks[742][149] to an extent unprecedented in American politics.[742][743][744] His falsehoods are a distinctive part of his political identity[743] and have been described as firehosing.[745] His false and misleading statements were documented by fact-checkers, including at The Washington Post, which tallied 30,573 false or misleading statements made by him during his first presidency,[739] increasing in frequency over time.[746]
【参考译文】作为候选人和总统,特朗普在公开讲话中频繁发表虚假言论[742][149],这在美国政治史上前所未有。[742][743][744]他的虚假言论是其政治身份的一个显著特征[743],并被称为“信息轰炸”。[745]包括《华盛顿邮报》在内的事实核查人员记录了特朗普的虚假和误导性言论,该报统计称,在他第一任总统任期期间,他共发表了30,573条虚假或误导性言论,[739]并且随着时间的推移,频率越来越高。[746]

Some of Trump’s falsehoods were inconsequential, such as his repeated claim of the “biggest inaugural crowd ever“.[747][748] Others had more far-reaching effects, such as his promotion of antimalarial drugs as an unproven treatment for COVID-19,[749][750] causing a U.S. shortage of these drugs and panic-buying in Africa and South Asia.[751][752] Other misinformation, such as misattributing a rise in crime in England and Wales to the “spread of radical Islamic terror”, served his domestic political purposes.[753] His attacks on mail-in ballots and other election practices weakened public faith in the integrity of the 2020 presidential election,[754][755] while his disinformation about the pandemic delayed and weakened the national response to it.[756][757][758] Trump habitually does not apologize for his falsehoods.[759] Until 2018, the media rarely referred to Trump’s falsehoods as lies, including when he repeated demonstrably false statements.[760][761][762]
【参考译文】特朗普的一些虚假言论无关紧要,比如他反复声称拥有“史上最大的就职典礼人群”。[747][748]而其他一些虚假言论则产生了更深远的影响,比如他宣传抗疟疾药物作为未经证实的COVID-19治疗方法,[749][750]导致美国这些药物短缺,并在非洲和南亚引发恐慌性抢购。[751][752]其他虚假信息,如将英格兰和威尔士犯罪率上升归咎于“激进伊斯兰恐怖主义的蔓延”,则服务于他的国内政治目的。[753]他对邮寄投票和其他选举做法的攻击削弱了公众对2020年总统选举公正性的信任,[754][755]而他关于疫情的虚假信息则推迟并削弱了国家对疫情的应对。[756][757][758]特朗普习惯于不对自己的虚假言论道歉。[759]直到2018年,媒体在特朗普重复明显虚假的言论时,也很少将其称为谎言。[760][761][762]

11.3 阴谋论 | Conspiracy theories

Main article: List of conspiracy theories promoted by Donald Trump
【主条目:唐纳德·特朗普宣扬的阴谋论列表】

Before and throughout his presidency, Trump promoted numerous conspiracy theories, including Obama birtherism, the Clinton body count conspiracy theory, the conspiracy theory movement QAnon, the Global warming hoax theory, Trump Tower wiretapping allegations, that Osama bin Laden was alive and Obama and Biden had members of Navy SEAL Team 6 killed, and alleged Ukrainian interference in U.S. elections.[763][764][765][766][767] In at least two instances, Trump clarified to press that he believed the conspiracy theory in question.[765] During and since the 2020 presidential election, Trump promoted various conspiracy theories for his defeat.[768][769][770]
【参考译文】在担任总统前后,特朗普宣扬了众多阴谋论,包括奥巴马出生地阴谋论、克林顿死亡名单阴谋论、QAnon阴谋论运动、全球变暖骗局理论、特朗普大厦窃听指控、本·拉登还活着以及奥巴马和拜登下令海豹突击队第六分队杀害本·拉登的阴谋论,以及所谓乌克兰干预美国选举的说法。[763][764][765][766][767]在至少两个场合,特朗普向媒体澄清,他相信相关阴谋论。[765]在2020年总统大选期间及之后,特朗普为了解释自己的败选,宣扬了各种阴谋论。[768][769][770]

11.4 社交媒体 | Social media

Main article: Social media use by Donald Trump【主条目:唐纳德·特朗普的社交媒体使用】

Trump’s social media presence attracted worldwide attention after he joined Twitter in 2009. He tweeted frequently during his 2016 campaign and as president until Twitter banned him after the January 6 attack.[771] He often used Twitter to communicate directly with the public and sideline the press.[772] In June 2017, the White House press secretary said that his tweets were official presidential statements.[773]
【参考译文】特朗普自2009年加入推特以来,他在社交媒体上的存在吸引了全世界的关注。他在2016年竞选期间和担任总统期间频繁发推,直到2021年1月6日袭击事件后被推特封禁。[771]他经常利用推特直接与公众沟通,并排挤媒体。[772]2017年6月,白宫新闻发言人表示,他的推特是官方的总统声明。[773]

After years of criticism for allowing Trump to post misinformation and falsehoods, Twitter began to tag some of his tweets with fact-checks in May 2020.[774] In response, he tweeted that social media platforms “totally silence” conservatives and that he would “strongly regulate, or close them down”.[775] In the days after the storming of the Capitol, he was banned from Facebook, Instagram, Twitter and other platforms.[776] The loss of his social media presence diminished his ability to shape events[777][778] and prompted a dramatic decrease in the volume of misinformation shared on Twitter.[779] In February 2022, he launched social media platform Truth Social where he only attracted a fraction of his Twitter following.[780] Elon Musk, after acquiring Twitter, reinstated his Twitter account in November 2022.[781][782] Meta Platforms‘ two-year ban lapsed in January 2023, allowing him to return to Facebook and Instagram,[783] although in 2024, he continued to call the company an “enemy of the people“.[784]
【参考译文】多年来,推特因允许特朗普发布虚假信息和错误言论而受到批评,并于2020年5月开始对一些推特进行事实核查标记。[774]作为回应,他发推称社交媒体平台“完全沉默”保守派的声音,并表示他将“严厉监管或关闭它们”。[775]在国会大厦遭袭后的几天里,他被脸书、照片墙、推特等平台封禁。[776]他失去社交媒体的存在削弱了他影响事件的能力[777][778],并导致推特上分享的虚假信息量急剧减少。[779]2022年2月,他推出了社交媒体平台Truth Social,但只吸引了一小部分推特粉丝。[780]埃隆·马斯克在收购推特后,于2022年11月恢复了他的推特账号。[781][782]Meta Platforms对其两年的封禁于2023年1月到期,允许他重返脸书和照片墙,[783]尽管在2024年,他仍称该公司为“人民的敌人”。[784]

11.5 与媒体的关系 | Relationship with the press

Further information: First presidency of Donald Trump § Relationship with the news media
【更多信息:“唐纳德·特朗普的第一任期”词条的“与新闻媒体的关系”章节】

Trump sought media attention throughout his career, sustaining a “love-hate” relationship with the press.[785] In the 2016 campaign, he benefited from a record amount of free media coverage, elevating his standing in the Republican primaries.[146] The New York Times writer Amy Chozick wrote in 2018 that his media dominance enthralled the public and created “must-see TV”.[786] As a candidate and as president, Trump frequently accused the press of bias, calling it the “fake news media” and “the enemy of the people“.[787] In 2018, journalist Lesley Stahl said that he had privately told her that he intentionally discredited the media “so when you write negative stories about me no one will believe you”.[788]
【参考译文】特朗普在其整个职业生涯中都在寻求媒体的关注,与媒体保持着一种“爱恨交加”的关系。[785]在2016年的竞选活动中,他受益于前所未有的大量免费媒体报道,从而在共和党初选中提升了地位。[146]2018年,《纽约时报》作家艾米·乔齐克写道,特朗普对媒体的掌控力吸引了公众,创造了“必看电视”。[786]作为候选人和总统,特朗普经常指责媒体存在偏见,称之为“假新闻媒体”和“人民的敌人”。[787]2018年,记者莱斯利·斯塔尔说,他私下告诉她,他故意诋毁媒体,“这样,当你写关于我的负面报道时,就不会有人相信你了”。[788]

As president, Trump mused about revoking the press credentials of journalists he viewed as critical.[789] His administration moved to revoke the press passes of two White House reporters, which were restored by the courts.[790] The Trump White House held about a hundred formal press briefings in 2017, declining by half during 2018 and to two in 2019.[790] Trump also deployed the legal system to intimidate the press.[791] The Trump campaign sued The New York Times, The Washington Post, and CNN for defamation in opinion pieces about Russian election interference. All the suits were dismissed.[792] By 2024, he repeatedly voiced support for outlawing political dissent and criticism he considers misleading or challenges his claims to power,[793] and that media companies should be investigated and prosecuted for treason for displaying “bad stories” about him and possibly lose their broadcast licenses if they refuse to name confidential sources.[794]
【参考译文】作为总统,特朗普曾考虑过吊销他认为持批评态度的记者的采访证。[789]他的政府曾试图吊销两名白宫记者的采访证,但随后被法院恢复。[790]特朗普政府在2017年举行了大约一百场正式记者会,2018年减半,2019年减少到两场。[790]特朗普还利用法律系统恐吓媒体。[791]特朗普竞选团队曾起诉《纽约时报》、《华盛顿邮报》和CNN,原因是这些媒体在关于俄罗斯选举干预的评论文章中对其进行诽谤。所有这些诉讼都被驳回。[792]到2024年,他多次表示支持将他认为具有误导性或质疑其权力主张的政治异议和批评定为非法,[793]并主张对媒体公司进行叛国罪调查和起诉,因为这些公司发布了关于他的“负面报道”,如果拒绝透露消息来源,还可能被吊销广播执照。[794]

12. 评估 | Assessments

12.1 公众形象 | Public image

Main article: Public image of Donald Trump【主条目:唐纳德·特朗普的公众形象】

See also: Donald Trump in popular culture【另请参阅:流行文化中的唐纳德·特朗普】

A Gallup poll in 134 countries comparing the approval ratings of U.S. leadership between 2016 and 2017 found that Trump led Obama in job approval in only 29 countries, most of them non-democracies;[795] approval of U.S. leadership plummeted among allies and G7 countries.[796] By mid-2020, only 16 percent of international respondents to a 13-nation Pew Research poll expressed confidence in him, lower than China’s Xi Jinping and Russia’s Vladimir Putin.[797]
【参考译文】一项在134个国家进行的盖洛普民意调查比较了2016年至2017年间美国领导人的支持率,发现特朗普仅在29个国家(其中大多数为非民主国家)的支持率高于奥巴马;[795]而在盟友和七国集团国家中,对美国领导人的支持率大幅下滑。[796]截至2020年中,在皮尤研究中心对13个国家进行的民意调查中,只有16%的国际受访者表示对他有信心,这一比例低于中国的习近平和俄罗斯的弗拉基米尔·普京。[797]

During his first presidency, research from 2020 found that Trump had a stronger impact on popular assessments towards American political parties and partisan opinions than any president since the Truman administration.[798] In 2021, Trump was identified as the only president never to reach a 50 percent approval rating in the Gallup poll, which dates to 1938, partially due to a record-high partisan gap in his approval ratings: 88 percent among Republicans and 7 percent among Democrats.[799] His early ratings were unusually stable, ranging between 35 and 49 percent.[800] He finished his term with a rating between 29 and 34 percent—the lowest of any president since modern polling began—and a record-low average of 41 percent throughout his presidency.[799][801] In Gallup’s annual poll asking Americans to name the man they admire the most, he placed second to Obama in 2017 and 2018, tied with Obama for first in 2019, and placed first in 2020.[802][803] Since Gallup started conducting the poll in 1946, he was the first elected president not to be named most admired in his first year in office.[804]
【参考译文】在其第一任总统任期期间,2020年的研究发现,特朗普对公众对美国政党和党派意见的看法的影响比自杜鲁门政府以来的任何一位总统都要大。[798]2021年,特朗普被认定为自1938年以来盖洛普民意调查中唯一一位从未达到50%支持率的总统,部分原因是他的支持率中出现了创纪录的党派差距:共和党人中的支持率为88%,民主党人中的支持率仅为7%。[799]他的早期支持率异常稳定,在35%至49%之间波动。[800]他任期结束时的支持率在29%至34%之间,这是现代民意调查开始以来总统支持率的最低水平,而他整个总统任期的平均支持率也创下了41%的最低纪录。[799][801]在盖洛普每年进行的让美国人选出他们最钦佩的人的民意调查中,他在2017年和2018年位列奥巴马之后,2019年与奥巴马并列第一,2020年位居第一。[802][803]自盖洛普1946年开始进行这项民意调查以来,他是第一位在第一年任期内未被列为最受钦佩的当选总统。[804]

12.2 学术评估 | Scholarly

Further information: Historical rankings of presidents of the United States § 2021 C-SPAN
【更多信息:“美国总统历史排名”词条的“2021年C-SPAN”章节】

In the C-SPAN “Presidential Historians Survey 2021”,[805] historians ranked Trump as the fourth-worst president. He rated lowest in the leadership characteristics categories for moral authority and administrative skills.[806][807] The Siena College Research Institute‘s 2022 survey ranked him 43rd out of 45 presidents. He was ranked near the bottom in all categories except for luck, willingness to take risks, and party leadership, and he ranked last in several categories.[808] In 2018 and 2024, surveys of members of the American Political Science Association ranked him the worst president.[809][810]
【参考译文】在C-SPAN的“2021年总统历史学家调查”中,[805]历史学家将特朗普列为第四差的总统。他在道德权威和管理技能这两个领导力特征类别中的评分最低。[806][807]锡耶纳学院研究所在2022年的调查中将他列为45位总统中的第43位。他在除运气、承担风险的意愿和党派领导力以外的所有类别中都排名靠后,并在几个类别中排名最后。[808]2018年和2024年,美国政治学协会成员的调查将他列为最差的总统。[809][810]

12.3 中国

特朗普的施政注重短期的商业利益,他宣称要“让美国再次伟大”,但从结果上看却往往损害了美国的利益[415]彭博社引述2019年的一项研究指出,特朗普对中国进行的贸易战并没有使美国整体受益,虽然美国从进口产品中获得了更多税收,但美国的消费者和企业却负担了关税策略的大部分成本。[416]特朗普经常吹嘘与中共中央总书记习近平交情深厚,不回应如果解放军攻击台湾,他会否下令美军支援[417],之后特朗普否认会出兵援助台湾,只表示如果中国“进入”台湾,他将对中国征收额外关税[418][419]。中国人甚至给他取了个绰号“川建国”,讽刺他是帮助建设中国的同志[235]

12.4 俄罗斯

俄罗斯总统弗拉基米尔·普京对特朗普的评价极高,普京于2015年12月17日在莫斯科举行的年度新闻发布会上,他对共和党总统候选人特朗普给予热烈的支持,并表明:“毫无疑问,他是一个非常杰出和才华横溢的人。正如我们今天所看到的,他是总统竞选的绝对领导者。他说他希望与俄罗斯建立更深层次的关系。我们怎么能不欢迎呢?我们当然欢迎它”[420]。2021年6月11日,尽管特朗普已经卸任美国总统职位,普京在接受NBC新闻独家访问时点评特朗普是一名非凡的能力者:“即使是现在,我依然相信美国前总统特朗普先生是一个出众而非凡的人,否则他不会成选美国总统。他是一个多才多艺的人。你可能喜欢他,也可能不喜欢他,而且他不是来自美国的机构。他过去不曾参与重大的政治活动,有人喜欢,有人不喜欢,但这是事实。”[421]

12.5 马来西亚

2020年2月8日,马来西亚首相马哈迪在圣城议员联盟第三届年会致词时表明,马来西亚不支持美国在未谘询巴勒斯坦之下,与以色列共同推动“中东和平计划”,他为此促请特朗普辞职。他说落实该计划之前应事先谘询巴勒斯坦,而美国和以色列就擅自推动该计划,此举犹如非法行为[422][423][424]。同年6月13日,马哈迪接受香港南华早报》访问时认为,若特朗普在2020年美国总统选举中连任,将会是一场“灾难”,同时,他也批评特朗普激化美中对立,马哈迪批评特朗普在2019冠状病毒病疫情爆发初期,漠不关心;又动用军队对付示威者、对伊朗实施制裁、与欧洲中华人民共和国对抗,以及解雇白宫内持异议的职员[425][426][427]

12.6 荣誉

12.7 涉嫌刑事犯罪

12.7.1 特朗普封口费丑闻和伪造商业纪录罪

主条目:特朗普封口费丑闻

2018年8月21日,特朗普前私人律师科恩主动就8项罪名认罪。最终被判处有期徒刑3年,并被吊销律师资格。[342] 其中一项为受特朗普指使,动用竞选资金向特朗普婚外情对象丹尼尔斯支付至少两笔封口费,以免影响特朗普2016年大选前景。然而特朗普否认与该女有染,且表示他是在科恩向对方支付了封口费之后才得知此事。[343]22日,特朗普接受福克斯新闻专访时表示,自己的前律师科恩“封口费”并不违法,因为这笔钱不是来自竞选资金,而是他自己的钱。[344] 然而特朗普又被指控为掩盖封口费一事在34项起诉书中伪造了公司业务记录。2024年5月31日,特朗普在“封口费”刑事案中被控的34项罪名全部成立。[345]

12.7.2 性侵女作家案

女作家卡罗尔(E. Jean Carroll)在她出版的回忆录中控诉美国前总统特朗普于1996年在曼哈顿的百货公司更衣室内性侵她,特朗普对此矢口否认,并反批卡洛尔说谎提告诽谤。卡罗尔随后向纽约最高法院起诉特朗普。[346] 2023年5月9日,陪审团裁定特朗普对她的诽谤和性虐待负有责任。陪审员驳回有关卡罗尔被强奸的说法,但认为特朗普犯有较轻程度的性虐待。最后判决特朗普赔偿她500万美元。[347]特朗普随后在他的社交媒体上进行猛烈抨击,声称他不认识卡罗尔,并回应将上诉。卡洛尔因此再对特朗普提出诽谤诉讼,并要求赔偿1000万美元。2024年1月26日,纽约曼哈顿联邦陪审团裁定特朗普诽谤罪名成立,被令支付8330万美元作为损害她名誉的赔偿,特朗普表示将继续上诉。[348]

12.7.3 逃税指控

2018年10月,《纽约时报》调查发现,特朗普家族疑似利用空壳公司转移资产,在其父亲弗雷德去世后向政府申报资产时,低报了价值数亿美元的资产。该调查报导称:通过一系列疑似逃税措施,特朗普的父母向子女们转移了超过10亿美元的财富,这可能产生至少5.5亿美元的税收,而特朗普总共仅支付了5220万美元。[349][350]2020年9月,《纽约时报》再度报道特朗普有11年没有缴纳联邦所得税。而他在2017年的税单只有750美元[351]。2022年11月22日,美国最高法院驳回特朗普不交出报税表的请求。[352]12月20日,美国众议院筹款委员会投票决定,要求公开特朗普近6年的纳税申报表的详细内容。[353]12月22日,美国众议院公布了特朗普的纳税报表,显示特朗普在担任总统的前三年总共缴纳了110万美元的联邦所得税,但后来由于家族企业的收入渐减,甚至到了2020年变成亏损,就没有缴联邦税。[354][355]

12.7.4 金融欺诈案

2022年9月,纽约州检察长起诉特朗普及其家族事业在2011年至2021年间,伪造超过200份财务报表,将名下净资产灌水,藉以诈取优惠的贷款条件。2024年2月,纽约法院判决,特朗普需缴3亿5400万美元的不法所得、2个儿子各被判罚约400万元,并都要加计利息(约4亿6400万美元),特朗普及其在诉讼中提到的公司3年内也禁止向任何在纽约注册的金融机构申请贷款。特朗普家族必须支付保证金(与罚金相同)才能在提出上诉期间,让法院暂缓执行判决,特朗普家族目前仍无法筹到全额保证金,希望中级上诉法院能暂缓纽约法院对保证金的要求。[356]

12.8 相关言论争议

12.8.1 犹太相关言论

2016年7月,特朗普在他的推特账户上发布了一张民主党对手希拉里的照片,并称希拉里是“历来最贪污的参选人”,但他用百元美钞为底并放上象征犹太人的大卫之星,被批评反犹而招致挞伐。[357] 之后特朗普发布了一张修改版,将大卫星改成了红圈。[358]

2023年10月7日,哈玛斯以色列发动名为阿克萨洪水行动的攻击,该攻击针对以色列平民和外国人进行了多起的暴力和绑架事件,被许多国家视为恐怖袭击。然而特朗普在10月11日宣称获伊朗支持且作为以色列政敌的黎巴嫩武装团体真主党“很聪明”,并批评以色列总理尼坦雅胡没准备好因应巴勒斯坦哈玛斯武装分子的攻击。该言论被同党的竞选对手批评,而白宫则形容特朗普的言论是“危险、发神经”。[359]

12.8.2 侮辱女性言论

2015年8月6日,在福克斯新闻频道举行的首次共和党总统初选电视辩论中,对特朗普尖锐提问的福斯新闻女主播凯利在辩论会中质问他这种男人是否适合参选总统,双方起了争执,该场辩论会有2,400万观众观看,打破美国非体育类有线电视节目最高收视率。翌日,特朗普受访时称对凯利“不怎么尊敬”、“你可以看到血从她眼睛、从她身上其他地方流出”,暗指其月经来潮,由于特朗普过去便曾多次在推特贴文侮辱女性,而贬抑女性可能造成的伤害令共和党人焦虑不已。[360][361]之后他与凯利达成和解并出席其节目。

2016年10月7日,《华盛顿邮报》发布了一支录于2005年的影片,片中特朗普和比利小布什的堂弟,老布什为他的伯父)高谈对女性极不尊重的言论。特朗普在片中说他会直接亲吻女性,身为明星的他可以对女性做任何事、甚至抓她们的“”,并说到他如何约一名已婚女性去买家具,以试图和对方发展关系。之后特朗普说他只是在开玩笑,公开为此道歉。[362]影片造成各方的强烈批评,包括部分共和党员——共和党全国委员会主席普里巴斯、特朗普的副总统参选人彭斯和参议院共和党领袖麦康奈尔等人都表示他们不同意特朗普的言论,但仍表示会继续支持特朗普竞选总统[363],前总统参选人马侃进一步表示不再支持特朗普[364]共和党全国委员会随即取消对特朗普的选举支援,但继续支持其竞选[365][366]。众议院议长莱恩停止为特朗普拉票,自此一直没有为他站台[363][367][368][369][370]参议院中接近三分之一的共和党员表示不会投给特朗普[371],但也有许多共和党的议员仍然支持特朗普[372]。有数十位共和党议员要求特朗普退选,让他的副总统参选人彭斯接手[373]

12.8.3 网路言论

2016年10月23日,《纽约时报》整理刊登了特朗普用推特至少批评过282个特定对象,包含希拉里、美国英国掩饰穆斯林的问题、伊朗在背后搞一堆事情、沙特阿拉伯共和党民主党政要、批评默克尔针对难民的政策毁灭德国,不只如此批评政客,还不乏批评奥运选手“不是好人”、演员挥高尔夫球杆“不够运动风”等等。部分也成为极右派的有利说词。[374]

12.8.4 种族主义言论

2016年9月,NFL黑人球员科林·卡普尼克在奏国歌时拒绝起立,并称此举是为了抗议美国压迫黑人有色人种而引起轰动,后来有更多球员效仿科林的行为。特朗普曾经声称“叫那个家伙去找个更好的国家吧”,“如果有人不喜欢美国,不必祈求改变,直接滚出去最快了”。2017年9月22日晚,特朗普在亚拉巴马州的集会演讲时再次提及此事,并辱骂该球员是“狗娘养的”[375]

2017年团结右翼集会发生骚乱,事后特朗普抨击双方的暴力举动,但是被自由派媒体认为含糊其词[376]

2019年7月14日,特朗普在Twitter上指责4名少数族裔民主党女众议员应该回到自己犯罪猖獗的祖籍国,不要对如何治理美国指手画脚。7月16日,众议院以240票赞成、187票反对,谴责总统特朗普种族主义言论[377]。之后特朗普在Twitter上攻击众议院监督和改革委员会主席康明斯是一个“野蛮恶徒”,并称康明斯所在的众议院马里兰州第七选区是“一个令人作呕、满是老鼠一类啮齿动物的混乱之地”,特朗普这一言论被民主党人批评为种族主义者[378]

12.8.5 2019冠状病毒病疫情相关

2020年3月17日,特朗普称2019冠状病毒为“中国病毒”引发争议,有人留言批评特朗普是“美国病毒”、是种族歧视[379],亦有在美华人担忧特朗普的言论将推动美国国内的种族仇视情绪[380]中华人民共和国外交部发言人耿爽就此公开回应,表示“敦促美方立即纠正错误,并停止对中国的无端指责”[381]。同月,特朗普表示自己服用“羟氯喹”药,然而研究显示此药与较高的死亡风险有联系。[382][383]4月23日,特朗普在白宫疫情通报会上称“把很强的紫外线照进身体内”、“注射消毒剂”可以治疗病毒,引起民众愤怒,随后特朗普改口称其为“冷笑话”[384]

12.9 社交媒体被冻结

参见:社交媒体中的唐纳德·特朗普2021年美国国会大厦遭冲击事件

2021年1月6日发生了特朗普支持者冲击国会的事件。特朗普在同日下午2点38分发推特称:“请支持我们的国会警察和执法人员。他们是真正站在我们国家这边的人。保持和平!”[386]他在之前几周都在宣传“拯救美国”集会。[387]特朗普后来在下午3点13分发推文说:“我要求美国国会大厦里的所有人保持和平。不要有暴力!记住,我们是讲法律和秩序的党——尊重法律和我们伟大的蓝衣男女(指警察)。谢谢!”[388]下午4点22分,特朗普发布视频信息,敦促他的支持者“和平地回家”,并告诉他们称“我们爱你们,你们很特别。”[389]特朗普随后在推特上写道“永远记住这一天”。[390]一名白宫顾问表示,特朗普不想为平息骚乱做更多的事情,并补充说:“如果我们能把他扔给愤怒的暴徒的话,我们现在就会把他扔给愤怒的暴徒们”。[391]

特朗普发布了,上传后不久,特朗普的视频信息就被TwitterFacebookYouTube删除,原因是违反了网站关于“公民诚信”和选举错误信息的政策。[392]Facebook高管盖罗森表示,视频被删除的原因为“它助长了而不是减少了持续的暴力风险。”[393]当晚,Twitter将特朗普的账户锁定12小时,并且表示如果“多次严重违反我们的公民诚信政策”将被永久禁言,还要求他删除三条推文。[394]特朗普在Facebook和Instagram的个人账号也被封锁24小时。[395]稍后,Facebook和Instagram于1月7日宣布封锁特朗普个人账号,至少会封锁至1月20日美国总统就职典礼结束[396]

在国会正式确认拜登胜选后不久,特朗普发言人斯卡维诺代表特朗普发表声明,承认其总统任期即将“结束”,承诺在“1月20日有序过渡”,同时坚称“完全不同意选举结果,真相与我同在。”[397]

代表特朗普的白宫新闻发言人麦肯阿尼在骚乱结束的翌日在新闻发布会上形容“昨天在我们国家的国会上发生的暴力事件是让人反感、应当受到批判及违反美国的价值观。总统与我们对此事予以最强烈的谴责,这是绝不能被容忍的。那些犯法的人应该受到全面的法律起诉。”[398]

2021年1月8日,推特宣布永久封禁特朗普的个人账号以及其团队所使用的账号[399]。2021年1月13日,YouTube发表声明表示特朗普的频道因违反煽动暴力的政策将暂停一个星期,同时Snapchat也宣布永久冻结特朗普的账号。其后YouTube将其持续封锁,至2023年3月17日才宣告解封。2021年5月5日,Facebook经审议后宣布持续冻结其个人账号[400]。6月4日,Facebook宣布自封锁日起算至少为期两年。2023年1月25日,Facebook和Instagram解封特朗普账号。

2022年11月20日,推特所有者马斯克发起了一项投票,特朗普的推特账号得到解冻。[401]

12.10 其他批评

12.10.1 违反古巴贸易禁运

美国《新闻周刊》的报导指特朗普的公司秘密地在古巴做生意,打破了美国对古巴的贸易禁运。报道称,该公司于1998年至少在古巴投资6万8千美元。特朗普的发言人康威称该笔钱未付,特朗普本人也反对在古巴做生意。《商业周刊》称特朗普的高级行政人员以一个天主教慈善机构的名义隐藏这些钱的来历,并让该咨询公司的哈瓦那执行看起来名正言顺,与该机构有关。[402]

12.10.2 特赦罪犯

2020年12月22日,特朗普运用总统职权赦免15人,并为另外5人减刑或免刑。其中包括黑水公司巴格达枪击案中杀害伊拉克15名平民的黑水公司4名雇员。民主党人众议院情报委员会主席希夫指责特朗普滥用总统赦免权庇护政治盟友[403]联合国人权办公室就特朗普赦免杀人犯表示非常关切[404]。伊拉克外交部则对此表示遗憾。[405]

13. 著作

特朗普写出了多本畅销书:《让你赚大钱》《跟亿万富翁学徒》《如何致富》《交易的艺术》等。

自传

  • 《做生意的艺术》(Trump: The Art of the Deal)1987,中文版1991企业管理出版社;又名《特朗普自传:从20万到30亿》2011中国青年出版社
  • 《创·美国商界巨子特朗普的商业法则:TRUMP 10堂成功培训课》(Think Big and Kick Ass),与比尔·赞克合著,中文版2008中华工商联合出版社
  • 《特朗普自述:永不放弃》(Never Give Up: How I Turned My Biggest Challenges into Success),中文版2010上海译文出版社
  • 《我们共同的旅程》(Our Journey Together)2021,300多幅的图文自传。无中文版

小说

  • 《特朗普大厦》(Trump Tower)2011年Vanguard Press出版社,初版时,封面上的作者名字是特朗普,“幽灵写手”是杰弗里·罗宾逊。但2012年再版时,杰弗里·罗宾逊成了唯一作者,特朗普为小说写的评论文章加在书尾。本书故事发生在虚构的纽约特朗普大厦内,特朗普本人也作为一个角色出现在书中,以及以克林顿总统和其他社会名流为原形的角色。本属于情色类小说,但书的后半部分却风格突变,成了谋杀悬疑小说。[432]

参见、参考文献、外部链接

请点击这里访问(辽观网站)

分享到: