云南历史 / History of Yunnan（全文）- 中英文维基百科词条融合

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云南省，简称云或滇，是中华人民共和国西南部边疆地区的一个省份，省会是昆明。历史上东亚多民族在此建立过各种辉煌的文明。

1. 云南史前时代 | Prehistory

旧石器时代早期，约一百八十万年前，省内的元谋县已经有元谋猿人活动和生息。云南产生过有地域特色的中石器时代和新石器时代文化。

By the Neolithic period, human settlements existed in the area of Lake Dian, close to modern-day Kunming, Yunnan’s capital. The inhabitants used stone tools and constructed simple wooden structures.
【参考译文】到新石器时代，人类已在滇池地区定居，该区域毗邻云南省会昆明。当时的人们使用石器并建造简单的木结构房屋。

2. 上古时代(前221-738)

2.1 滇国 | The Kingdom of Dian

主条目：滇国 / Main articles: Dian Kingdom and Han campaigns against Dian

图2-1（发布于知乎想法）

The Dian culture was distributed around the Lake Dian area and dated, though controversially, between the 6th century BC and the 1st century AD.[citation needed] The culture is divided into an early and a late phase. Under Emperor Wu, a series of military campaigns were dispatched against the Dian during the southward expansion of the Han dynasty. In 109 BC, the kingdom officially became a vassal state of the Han empire.[1]
【参考译文】滇文化分布于滇池周边地区，尽管存在争议，但其时间可追溯至公元前6世纪至公元1世纪之间。[需要引文]该文化分为早期和晚期两个阶段。在汉武帝时期，汉朝向南扩张的过程中，对滇人发动了一系列军事征伐。公元前109年，滇国正式成为汉帝国的藩属国。[1]

2.2 汉朝 | Han dynasty

Main article: Southward expansion of the Han dynasty【主条目：汉朝的西南扩张】

参见：爨氏

图2-2和2-3（发布于知乎想法）
  • 前221年，秦始皇统一六国，在云南东北部设立郡县，并开五尺道自今曲靖联系内地。
  • 前109年，汉武帝派将军郭昌入滇征服西南夷，设立益州郡和24个县，郡治滇池县（今晋宁），开辟通往缅甸和印度的商道，又派唐蒙修复扩建五尺道，更名为“西南夷道”。汉朝征服西南夷时，发现当地有来自“身毒”的商人（今日巴基斯坦的信德省在梵语中称为“Sindhu”）。[2]
    • By this time, agricultural technology in Yunnan had markedly improved. The local people used bronze tools, plows and kept a variety of livestock, including cattle, horses, sheep, goats, pigs and dogs. They lived in tribal congregations, sometimes led by exile Chinese.[citation needed]
      【参考译文】到这时，云南的农业技术已经有了显著提高。当地人使用青铜农具、犁，并饲养多种牲畜，包括牛、马、羊、山羊、猪和狗。他们生活在部落群体中，有时由流放到此的中国人领导。[需要引文]
    • In the Records of the Grand Historian, Zhang Qian (d. 113 BC) and Sima Qian (145-90 BC) make references to “Sendhuk”, which may have been referring to an Indianised community taking the name from the Indus Valley (the Sindh province in modern Pakistan), originally known as “Sindhu” in Sanskrit. When Yunnan was annexed by the Han dynasty, Chinese authorities also reported a Sendhuk” (Indianised) community living in the area.[3]
      【参考译文】在《史记》中，张骞（卒于公元前113年）和司马迁（公元前145年—公元前90年）提到了“身毒”，这可能指的是一个从印度河流域（今巴基斯坦信德省）得名的印度化社群，该社群在梵语中原本被称为“印度”。当云南被汉朝吞并时，中国官方也报告了该地区有一个“身毒”（印度化）社群的存在。[3]
    • In 109 AD, the Han court established Yunnan county, a part of Yizhou (益州) commandery. Because the county seat was south of Mount Yun (云山), the county was named “Yunnan” – literally “south of Yun”.
      【参考译文】公元109年，汉朝朝廷设立了云南县，隶属于益州郡。因为县治位于云山以南，故得名“云南”，字面意思为“云山之南”。

2.3 晋朝与南北朝时期 | Jin dynasty and the Northern and Southern dynasties period

Chinese dynasties of Jin, Liu Song, Southern Qi and Northern Zhou maintain their rules around the commandery in the Kunming area. Southwest Yunnan and the eastern rugged, mountainous areas were still enjoying relative independence, ruled by tribal kings and chieftains with little Chinese influence.
【参考译文】金朝、刘宋、南齐和北周等中国朝代在昆明地区的郡县周围维持着他们的统治。云南西南部以及东部崎岖多山的地区仍然保持着相对的独立，由部落首领和王公统治，受中国的影响很小。

  • 晋朝泰始七年（271年），改置宁州。太康三年（282年），复省入益州，置南夷校尉。太安二年（303年），复置宁州。东晋咸和八年（333年），李雄派李寿率兵攻占南中，李寿被封为“建宁王”，爨琛为交州刺史。咸康四年（338年），分置安州。咸康五年（339年），爨琛降晋，晋封爨琛为宁州刺史，并承认其世袭地位，从此彝族豪族爨氏统治云南400年。
  • 南朝梁在云南设立南宁州。
  • 隋朝开皇十七年（597年），在云南仍置南宁州，领羁縻数十州，后又领于益州都督府。
  • 唐朝武德四年（621年），置姚州管羁縻州三十二。贞观六年（633年），于戎州置都督府，督南中一十七州。707年，唐朝击败攻打洱海的吐蕃士兵。

3. 中古时代(738-1253)

主条目：南诏和大理国 / Main article: Kingdom of Nanzhao / Main article: Kingdom of Dali

3.1 南诏国 | Nanzhao Kingdom

In 649 AD the chieftain of the Yi Mengshe tribe, Xinuluo (細奴邏), founded a kingdom (大蒙國; Dàméngguó) in the area of Lake Erhai. In the year AD 737, Piluoge (皮羅閣) united the six zhaos in succession, establishing a new kingdom called Nanzhao.
【参考译文】公元649年，彝族蒙舍部落酋长细奴逻（Xinuluo）在洱海地区建立了一个王国（大蒙國；Dàméngguó）。公元737年，皮罗阁（Piluoge）相继统一六诏，建立了一个新王国，称为南诏。

  • 738年，洱海地区的蒙舍诏部落首领皮罗阁兼并其他五诏，建立南诏国，被唐朝封为云南王。次年建都太和城(今大理市)。

In 750, Nanzhao invaded the Tang dynasty. In retaliation, the Tang sent an army against Nanzhao in 751, but this army was soundly defeated at Xiaguan. In 754, another army was sent, this time from the north, but it too was defeated. Bolstered by these successes, Nanzhao expanded rapidly, first into Burma, then into the rest of Yunnan, down into northern Laos and Thailand, and finally, north into Sichuan. In 829, Chengdu was taken; it was a great prize, as it enabled Nanzhao to lay claim to the whole of Sichuan province, with its rich paddy fields.
【参考译文】750年，南诏入侵唐朝。为了报复，唐朝于751年派兵攻打南诏，但这支军队在西关惨败。754年，唐朝又从北方派遣另一支军队，但同样遭到失败。受到这些胜利的鼓舞，南诏迅速扩张，先是侵入缅甸，随后占领云南其余地区，南下进入老挝北部和泰国，最后北上四川。829年，南诏攻占了成都；这是一次重大胜利，使南诏得以宣称拥有整个四川省，包括其肥沃的水稻田。

The Tang dynasty retaliated and by 873, Nanzhao had been expelled from Sichuan, and retreated back to Yunnan. Taking Chengdu marked the high point of the Nanzhao kingdom, and it was a watershed: from then on, the Nanzhao Kingdom slowly declined. n 902, the Nanzhao dynasty was overthrown, and it was followed by three other dynasties in quick succession, until Duan Siping seized power in 937 to establish the Kingdom of Dali.
【参考译文】唐朝进行了反击，到873年，南诏被逐出四川，撤回云南。攻占成都是南诏王国的鼎盛时期，也是一个转折点：从那时起，南诏王国开始逐渐衰落。902年，南诏王朝被推翻，随后迅速经历了另外三个王朝，直到937年段思平（Duan Siping）夺取政权，建立大理国。

  • 902年，南诏国权臣郑买嗣夺位自立，改国号大长和。
  • 929年，赵善政灭大长和国，建立大天兴国。
  • 930年，东川节度使杨干贞灭大天兴，改国号大义宁。

3.2 大理国 | Dali Kingdom

  • 937年，白族段思平灭大义宁，建立大理国，都城大理。疆域包括现在的云南省，贵州省，四川省西南部，缅甸北部地区，以及老挝与越南的少数地区。

Dali was a Buddhist Bai kingdom. Established by Duan Siping in 937, it was ruled by a succession of 22 kings until the year 1253, when it was destroyed by an invasion of the Mongol Empire. The capital city was at Dali. In 1274 the Province of Yunnan was created, and the region has since been incorporated within China.
【参考译文】大理是一个信奉佛教的白族王国。它由段思平于937年建立，历经22位国王的统治，直到1253年被蒙古帝国入侵所毁灭。其都城设在大理。1274年，云南省成立，自此该地区成为中国的一部分。

4. 蒙古帝国时代 / Yuan dynasty

主条目：梁王政权和大理世袭总管

1253年，忽必烈受蒙哥派遣率领蒙古帝国军队征服大理国。1276年元朝正式建立云南行省，省会中庆路（昆明），自此昆明取代大理成为云南的政治中心。色目人赛典赤·赡思丁任平章政事，同时亦有宗王梁王出镇云南。期间曾爆发元缅战争。云南开发重要的铜矿和银矿，产量占全国一半以上。直到清朝，云南是中国白银的主要产区。大批色目人及少量蒙古人移居云南，形成后世的云南回族和蒙古族。

The Mongols established regular and tight administrative control over Yunnan. In 1253 Möngke of the Mongol Empire dispatched the prince Kublai (the eventual founder of the Yuan dynasty) to take Yunnan. The Mongols swept away numerous native kingdoms, including the Dali Kingdom. Later Yunnan became one of the ten provinces set up by Kublai. Kublai Khan appointed Turkmen Sayyid Ajjal Shams al-Din Omar governor in Yunnan in 1273.[4] Before that, the area had been ruled by a local king and a Mongol prince under the Great Khan. The Yuan provincial authorities conferred various titles on many native chieftains, who were obliged to pay taxes. When the Mongols were expelled from China proper in 1368, Yunnan was thrown into chaos and anarchy for a number of years. The Ming dynasty defeated the last of the Yuan loyalists in 1381.
【参考译文】蒙古人对云南实行了正规且严格的行政管辖。1253年，蒙古帝国大汗蒙哥派遣皇子忽必烈（元朝的最终建立者）攻占云南。蒙古人推翻了包括大理国在内的众多土著王国。后来，云南成为忽必烈设立的十个行省之一。1273年，忽必烈任命土库曼人赛义德·阿吉·沙姆斯丁·奥马尔为云南行省长官。[4]在此之前，该地区由一位当地国王和一位隶属于大汗的蒙古王子统治。元朝省级官府授予许多土著首领各种头衔，这些首领有义务纳税。1368年，蒙古人被逐出中原后，云南陷入了数年的混乱和无政府状态。1381年，明朝击败了最后一批元朝忠臣。

5. 明帝国时代 / Ming dynasty

参见：段功、段世、孔雀胆 (话剧)、麓川之役和明缅战争

明朝洪武十四年（1381年），朱元璋派大将傅友德、沐英率军队攻占云南，灭元朝梁王并统治云南。次年改中庆路为云南府[3]，并筑砖城，周长九里三分（约合今4443米），高二丈九尺二寸（约合今9米），设六门。此后，沐英负责镇守云南。为加强对云南地区的控制，朱元璋实行改土归流，大批汉族军民向云南移民，改变了云南的人口结构。从明初到明末，云南人口由20余万增加到140余万[3]。随着大批汉族人口移民云南，使云南的经济和文化纳入中原，而原有的土著文化则受到破坏。

The newly proclaimed Ming dynasty did not send armies into Yunnan until 1381. The central government allowed the general Mu Ying, foster son of dynastic founder Zhu Yuanzhang, to set up a hereditary feudatory system in the province. Throughout the Ming, the Mu family developed tremendous influence in Yunnan.
【参考译文】新成立的明朝直到1381年才向云南派兵。中央政府允许开国皇帝朱元璋的养子沐英在该省建立世袭的封建制度。在整个明朝时期，沐氏家族在云南拥有巨大的影响力。

From the end of the 15th century, the Toungoo Dynasty in Myanmar began encroaching on Yunnan. In the 16th century Chen Yongbin, the governor of Yunnan, held back a Myanmar invasion. After the war, he built eight passes along the border in Tengyue subprefecture to mark the demarcation between the two countries.
【参考译文】从15世纪末开始，缅甸的东吁王朝开始侵占云南。16世纪，云南总督陈用宾抵御了一次缅甸的入侵。战后，他在腾越州边境沿线修建了八座关隘，以标志两国之间的边界。

明朝末年，南明永历皇帝一度逃亡入滇，昆明称滇都，继续抗清。

6. 清帝国时代 | Qing dynasty

参见：咒水之难、无夏之年、嘉庆云南大饥荒和重九起义

图6-1（发布于知乎想法）
图6-2（发布于知乎想法）

After the fall of the Ming in northern China, Yunnan became the last Southern Ming regime headed by Zhu Youlang. Supported by rebel loyalists, he persisted in resistance against the Qing conquest even after the Qing capture of Kunming in 1659. Zhu and his men then fled into Myanmar to seek refuge in Ava, but were treated as prisoners. Zhu’s armed followers savaged Upper Myanmar in an attempt to rescue him. General Wu Sangui, then still loyal to the Qing, invaded Myanmar in 1662 with a sizable army, and demanded Zhu’s surrender. Although he hesitated, King Pye finally decided to hand Zhu over to avoid hostility. Wu Sangui later turned against the Manchus but died in 1678. Yunnan finally fell to the Qing army in 1681.
【参考译文】明朝在中国北方灭亡后，云南成为了由朱由榔领导的最后一个南明政权所在地。即使在1659年昆明被清军攻占后，他仍得到叛军忠臣的支持，坚持抵抗清朝的征服。朱由榔及其部下随后逃入缅甸，在阿瓦寻求避难，但却被当作囚犯对待。为了营救朱由榔，他的武装追随者在缅甸上缅甸地区大肆破坏。当时仍效忠于清朝的吴三桂于1662年率领大军入侵缅甸，并要求朱由榔投降。尽管朱由榔犹豫不决，但缅甸国王裴茵最终决定交出朱由榔以避免敌视。吴三桂后来转而反对满族人，但于1678年去世。1681年，云南最终落入清军之手。

  • 清世祖顺治十六年（1659年），派平西王吴三桂追捕永历。1662年，吴三桂从缅甸抓回永历皇帝，在昆明绞死。吴三桂驻守云南。1673年（康熙十二年），康熙决定削藩，吴三桂在昆明出兵反清。1681年（康熙二十年），清军攻破昆明，吴三桂之孙吴世璠自杀，三藩之乱失败。
  • 1816年受到印尼坦博拉火山爆发的影响，北半球天气出现严重反常，云南全省严重饥荒[4]。是云南近代有记载以来规模最大、最严重的一次饥荒。据云南《邓川县志》记载，嘉庆二十一年(1816年)“是岁大饥，路死枕籍”。面临灾荒，有些饥民被迫卖儿卖女以求活命，昆明诗人李于阳在《卖儿叹》中写道：“三百钱买一升粟，一升粟饱三日腹。穷民赤手钱何来，携男提女街头卖。明知卖儿难救饥，忍被鬼伯同时录……”（无夏之年）
  • 晚清时期，英国征服缅甸，法国征服越南，两国势力对云南产生一定影响。边境地区开放了几处通商口岸：腾冲、蒙自、思茅。1910年，法国投资的’滇越铁路’（中国境内部分今名昆河铁路）通车,从此昆明可以通过越南转经海路，到达中国其他省份。同年，商办耀龙电灯公司引进德国水轮发电机2台共480千瓦，聘请德国工程师，在滇池惟一出水口螳螂川石龙坝，修建中国第一座水力发电站——石龙坝水电站。
  • 1909年，清朝实行新政，云南编立新军，成立云南陆军讲武堂。

6.1 杜文秀政权 / Pingnan Sultanate

主条目：杜文秀

Main article: Panthay Rebellion【主条目：潘塞叛乱】

  • 1856年－1873年，云南回民以大理为中心建立了杜文秀穆斯林政权，几乎占领昆明城以外的云南全境。大理国杜文秀曾经数次围困昆明孤城。后来清廷镇压了各地回乱，战后，云南回族人口大量减少。

Waves of conflict between the Muslim Hui people in Yunnan and the Qing government escalated into an all out rebellion in 1856. The rebels in western Yunnan under the leadership of Du Wenxiu became the major military and political center of opposition to the Qing government. They turned their fury on the local mandarins and ended up challenging the central government in Beijing. The rebellion successfully captured the city of Dali, which became the base for the rebels’ operations, and they declared themselves a separate political entity from China. The rebels identified their nation as Pingnan Guo (平南国; ‘Pacified Southern Kingdom’) and Du Wenxiu was styled Qa´id Jami al-Muslimin (‘Leader of the Community of Muslims’), but is usually referred to in foreign sources as Sultan, and ruled 1856 – 26 December 1872. The sultanate reached the high-water mark of their power and glory in 1860.
【参考译文】1856 年，云南回民与清政府之间的冲突不断升级，最终演变成一场全面叛乱。由杜文秀领导的云南西部叛军成为反清政府的主要军事和政治中心。他们将怒火发泄在当地官员身上，并最终挑战北京的中央政府。叛军成功占领大理市，大理市成为叛军行动的基地，叛军宣布自己是独立于中国的政治实体。叛军将自己的国家称为平南国，杜文秀被称为 Qa´id Jami al-Muslimin（“穆斯林社区领袖”），但在外国资料中通常被称为苏丹，他在 1856 年至 1872 年 12 月 26 日期间统治。苏丹国在 1860 年达到了权力和荣耀的顶峰。

The Sultanate’s power declined after 1868. The Chinese Imperial Government had succeeded in reinvigorating itself. By 1871, it was directing a campaign for the annihilation of the obdurate Hui Muslims of Yunnan. Though largely forgotten, the bloody rebellion caused the deaths of up to a million people in Yunnan. Many adherents to the Yunnanese Muslim cause were persecuted by the imperial Manchus. Wholesale massacres of Yunnanese Muslims followed.
【参考译文】1868 年后，苏丹国的权力开始衰落。清朝政府成功重振旗鼓。到 1871 年，清朝政府发起了一场消灭云南顽固回族穆斯林的运动。尽管人们大多忘记了这场血腥的叛乱，但这场叛乱却导致云南多达一百万人死亡。许多支持云南穆斯林事业的信徒遭到满族人的迫害。随后，云南穆斯林遭到大规模屠杀。

For a period of perhaps ten to fifteen years following the collapse of the Panthay Rebellion, the province’s Hui minority was widely discriminated against by the victorious Qing, especially in the western frontier districts contiguous with Burma. During these years the refugee Hui settled across the frontier within Burma gradually established themselves in their traditional callings – as merchants, caravaneers, miners, restaurateurs and (for those who chose or were forced to live beyond the law) as smugglers and mercenaries and became known in Burma as the Panthay.
【参考译文】在潘塞起义失败后的大约 10 到 15 年时间里，该省的回族少数民族遭到了胜利的清朝的广泛歧视，尤其是在与缅甸接壤的西部边境地区。在这些年里，流亡在缅甸边境的回族逐渐确立了自己的传统职业——商人、商队、矿工、餐馆老板，以及（对于那些选择或被迫生活在法律之外的人来说）走私者和雇佣兵，并在缅甸被称为潘塞。

7. 中华民国时代 | Republican China

主条目：云南省 (中华民国) / See also: Yunnan Province, Republic of China

Main article: Yunnan clique【主条目：滇军】

图7-1（发布于知乎想法）
  • 1911年10月30日（重阳节），蔡锷、唐继尧率新军发动重九起义，脱离清朝。1912年4月，电站正式向昆明供电。

Following the collapse of the Qing dynasty in 1911, Yunnan came under the control of local warlords, who had more than the usual degree of autonomy due to Yunnan’s remoteness. They financed their regime through opium harvesting and traffic.
【参考译文】1911年清朝灭亡后，云南落入了地方军阀的控制之中，由于云南地处偏远，这些军阀拥有了超乎寻常的自治权。他们通过鸦片种植和贩卖来为其政权提供资金。

In Second Sino-Japanese War, Yunnan served as, among other things, a home base for the Flying Tigers and a refuge for people, especially university faculty and students, from the east. These had originally retreated to Changsha, but as the Japanese forces were gaining more territory they eventually bombed Changsha in February 1938. The 800 staff faculty and students who were left had to flee and made the 1,000-mile journey to Kunming. It was here that the National Southwest Associated University (commonly known as Lianda) was established. In these extraordinary wartime circumstances for eight years, staff, professors and students had to survive and operate in makeshift quarters that were subject to sporadic bombing campaigns by Japan. There were dire shortages of food, equipment, books, clothing and other essential needs, but they did manage to conduct the running of a modern university. Over those eight years of war (1937–1945), Lianda became famous nationwide for having and producing many, if not most, of China’s most prominent academics, scholars, scientists and intellectuals. Both of China’s only Nobel laureates in physics studied at Lianda.[citation needed]
【参考译文】在第二次中日战争中，云南除了其他作用外，还是飞虎队的基地以及来自东部人们的避难所，特别是大学和学院的教职员工和学生。他们最初撤退到长沙，但随着日军占领更多领土，他们最终在1938年2月轰炸了长沙。剩下的800名教职员工和学生不得不逃离，踏上了前往昆明的一千英里旅程。正是在这里，国立西南联合大学（俗称联大）成立了。在这八年非同寻常的战时环境中，教职员工和学生不得不在临时住所中生存和学习，而这些住所经常遭受日军的轰炸。食物、设备、书籍、衣物和其他必需品严重短缺，但他们还是设法维持了一所现代大学的运作。在八年抗战期间（1937年至1945年），联大因其拥有和培养了中国众多（如果不是大多数的话）杰出学者、科学家和知识分子而闻名全国。中国仅有的两位诺贝尔物理学奖得主都曾在联大学习。[需要引文]

8. 中华人民共和国时代 | People’s Republic of China

参见：昆明世界园艺博览园和1970年通海地震

图8-1（发布于知乎想法）

The establishment of the PRC brought gradual but definite consolidation to China’s southwestern borders, solidifying what were previously murky claims to various regions.
【参考译文】中华人民共和国的成立，使中国西南边境逐渐但确实地得到了巩固，巩固了对之前模糊不清的各个地区的领土主张。

For example, Colonial French and English had been active at sites in neighbouring northern Laos, Vietnam and Burma, and even inside of modern Yunnan at sites like Tengchong and Gejiu. In fact, between 1904 and 1909 the French had built the 885 km (550 mi)long Sino-Vietnamese Railway which ran from Hanoi to Kunming via Hekou, with an offshoot to Gejiu. The English tried to match the French effort with the Yunnan–Burma Railway, but failed to complete it prior to the outbreak of war, with the project ultimately abandoned.
【参考译文】例如，法国和英国的殖民者曾在邻近老挝北部、越南和缅甸的地区活动，甚至在如今的云南腾冲和个旧等地也有他们的足迹。事实上，法国在1904年至1909年间修建了长达885公里（550英里）的中越铁路，该铁路从河内经河口至昆明，并有一条支线通往个旧。英国试图通过修建滇缅铁路来与法国抗衡，但战争爆发前未能完成该项目，最终该项目被废弃。

The PRC also saw a bitter Sino-Vietnamese War fought along Yunnan’s south eastern border, which was properly demarcated only on 23 February 2009,[5] with renewed agreements taking effect as late as 14 July 2010.[6]
【参考译文】中华人民共和国还经历了中越边境战争，战争发生在云南东南部边境，直到2009年2月23日才正式划定边界，[5]而新的协议直到2010年7月14日才生效。[6]

In the southern region of Xishuangbanna, little or no Han dominance was felt as late as the end of the 19th century. This is illustrated by Otto E. Ehlers‘ (1855–1895) account of his walk from Rangoon to Jinghong, recording upon his arrival that the annual Chinese tribute mission from northerly Simao was in town and, whilst they were happy to allow him to stay on the south of the Mekong river, he was not to be lent assistance in crossing over. He had no trouble crossing with the aid of a local, regardless.[7]
【参考译文】在西双版纳南部地区，直到19世纪末，汉族的影响力仍然微乎其微。奥托·E·埃勒斯（Otto E. Ehlers，1855-1895）在从仰光步行到景洪的记述中说明了这一点，他到达时记录说，来自北方的思茅的年度中国朝贡使团正在镇上，他们很高兴允许他留在湄公河南岸，但不会帮助他过河。不过，他在当地人的帮助下还是顺利过河了。[7]

  • 20世纪60年代三线建设时期，修通了联系云南与内地的铁路，1966年3月贵昆铁路建成（1970年12月交付运营），1970年7月1日成昆铁路全线竣工运营。
  • 1970年通海县发生7.5级地震，造成15621人死亡，受伤人数超过32431人，500万至2500万美元的经济损失，受灾面积达到8781多平方千米。是中华人民共和国建国以来第三大地震。

A. 英文词条参考文献 | References

  1. ^ Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (2010). The Cambridge Illustrated History of China. Cambridge University Press. p. 83. ISBN 978-0-521-12433-1.
  2. ^ Kong, Zhiguo (25 October 2016). The Making of a Maritime Power : China’s Challenges and Policy Responses. Springer. ISBN 9789811017865. OCLC 965039831.
  3. ^ Tan Chung (1998). A Sino-Indian Perspective for India-China Understanding. Archived 6 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  4. ^ John Man Kublai Khan, p.80
  5. ^ “China-Vietnam border demarcation finished”. Xinhua News Agency. 23 February 2009. Retrieved 19 August 2010.
  6. ^ “China-Vietnam land border demarcation agreements take effect Wednesday”. Xinhua News Agency. 14 July 2010. Retrieved 19 August 2010.
  7. ^ Ehlers, Otto E. (2002). On Horseback through Indochina. Vol. 2: Burma, North Thailand, the Shan States and Yunnan. White Lotus Press. ISBN 974-7534-74-6.

B. 中文词条参考文献

  1. ^ 《后汉书·西南夷》：“初，楚顷襄王时，遣将庄豪（庄𫏋）从沅水伐夜郎，军至且兰，椓船于岸而步战。既灭夜郎，因留王滇池。…滇王者，庄𫏋之后也。”
  2. ^ Tan Chung (1998). A Sino-Indian Perspective for India-China Understanding. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
  3. ^《明史·志第二十二 地理七》
  4. ^ 1816年的低温如何影响全世界 – 先锋话题 – 中国经营网_中国经营报. www.cb.com.cn. [2020-06-22]. （原始内容存档于2020-09-25）.

C. 延伸阅读 | Further reading

  • Giersch, Charles Patterson (2006): Asian borderlands. The transformation of Qing China’s Yunnan frontier. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard Univ. Press.
  • Yang, Bin (2009): Between winds and clouds. The making of Yunnan (second century BCE to twentieth century CE). New York, Chichester: Columbia University Press.

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