彝族 / Yi people -(全文)中英文维基百科词条融合

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0. 概述

彝族彝语北部方言:ꆈꌠ,拉丁转写:Nuo Su),主要居住于中国西南地区,少数分布在越南老挝东南亚地区,总人口约900多万人(2010年)。中国大陆现有彝族9830327人(2020年),为中国第七大少数民族。中国彝族聚居区和人口主要分布于云南四川贵州三省,其余各省市区也均有散居分布。在越南的彝族支系被称为“倮倮族”(越南语:Người Lô Lô),人口3307人(1999年),为官方承认的54个民族之一,分布在靠近中越边境的河江高平老街缅甸老挝泰国等地亦有少量彝族人,部分居住地还留存有少许指路经和古彝文

The Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture is home to the largest population of Yi people within China, with two million Yi people in the region.
【参考译文】在中国,凉山彝族自治州是彝族人口最多的地区,有两百万彝族人口。

The Yi speak various Loloish languages, closely related to Burmese. The prestige variety is Nuosu, which is written in the Yi script.
【参考译文】彝族讲各种倮倮语,与缅甸语关系密切。其中最具声望的方言是诺苏语,使用彝文书写。

彝族内部有“尼苏(崇尚黑色)”、“纳苏”(凉山彝族,纳苏颇)、“罗武”、“米撒泼”、“撒尼”、“阿西”、“倮倮”等多种称谓,部分不同称谓代表不同支系,各个支系族群之间主要以方言和服饰区别。彝族语言缅彝语群彝语支,有六种方言。越南的倮倮族大多数属于说彝语南部方言的尼苏人。彝语原有一种表意文字,史称爨文,也有人认为它是音节文字,其中比较通用的有一千多个。1975年的四川《彝文规范试行方案》确定了819个规范彝字,该方案1980年被中华人民共和国国务院批准,在四川凉山彝族自治州推行。

彝族文化艺术源远流长,用彝文记载的历史文学医学历法等著作中,不乏价值极高的珍贵文献。

1. 分布 | Location

Of the more than 9 million Yi people, over 4.5 million live in Yunnan Province, 2.5 million live in southern Sichuan Province and 1 million live in the northwest corner of Guizhou Province. Nearly all the Yi live in mountainous areas,[citation needed] often carving out their existence on the sides of steep mountain slopes far from the cities of China.
【参考译文】在900多万彝族人口中,450多万人居住在云南省,250万人居住在四川省南部,100万人居住在贵州省西北部。几乎所有的彝族都生活在山区,[需要引证]他们常常在远离中国城市的陡峭山坡旁谋生。

中国彝族主要分布于云南四川贵州,少数分布于广西。彝族分布上呈现大分散,小聚居,主要聚居区包括四川凉山彝族自治州云南楚雄彝族自治州红河哈尼族彝族自治州贵州毕节市六盘水市。彝族也是云南四川的第二大、贵州第六大广西第十二大民族。海外彝族大约有百万,主要分布在缅甸、泰国、老挝、越南。

The altitudinal differences of the Yi areas directly affect the climate and precipitation of these areas. These striking differences are the basis of the old saying that “The weather is different a few miles away” in the Yi area. Yi populations in different areas are very different from one another, making their living in completely different ways.[2]
【参考译文】彝族地区的海拔差异直接影响这些地区的气候和降水。这些显著的差异正是彝族地区“相隔几里,天气各异”这句老话的基础。不同地区的彝族人口差异很大,他们的生活方式也截然不同。[2]

1.1 聚居地

1.1.1 自治州

1.1.2 自治县

1.1.3 民族乡镇

1.2 中国彝族人口分布

2000年第五次人口普查各地彝族人口列表(普查时点人口,单位:人)

位次
地区
总人口
彝族人口
占全国彝族
人口比重(%)
占地区少数民族
人口比重(%)
占地区总
人口比重(%)
合计1,245,110,8267,765,8581007.370.62
31省份合计1,242,612,2267,762,27299.957.380.62
G1西南地区193,085,1727,676,41998.8521.303.98
G2华东地区358,849,24432,7320.421.310.01
G3中南地区350,658,47730,6050.390.100.01
G4华北地区145,896,93310,9820.140.130.01
G5东北地区104,864,1796,9540.090.060.01
G6西北地区89,258,2214,5800.060.030.01
1云南42,360,0894,705,65860.5933.2311.11
2四川82,348,2962,122,38927.3351.532.58
3贵州35,247,695843,55410.866.332.39
4广西43,854,5389,7120.130.060.02
5广东85,225,0078,7000.110.690.01
6江苏73,043,5778,2440.113.170.01
7浙江45,930,6516,3440.081.600.01
8山东89,971,7896,2080.080.980.01
9安徽58,999,9485,6070.071.410.01
10河南91,236,8545,3640.070.470.01
11重庆30,512,7634,5310.060.230.01
12湖南63,274,1734,1160.050.060.01
13河北66,684,4193,7210.050.130.01
14辽宁41,824,4122,6410.030.040.01
15福建34,097,9472,6150.030.450.01
16山西32,471,2422,4730.032.400.01
17江西40,397,5982,2710.031.810.01
18吉林26,802,1912,2530.030.090.01
19湖北59,508,8702,1170.030.080.004
20内蒙23,323,3472,0890.030.040.009
21黑龙江36,237,5762,0600.030.120.006
22北京13,569,1941,9190.020.330.014
23甘肃25,124,2821,7220.020.080.007
24新疆18,459,5111,5930.020.010.009
25上海16,407,7341,4430.021.390.009
26陕西35,365,0728540.010.480.002
27天津9,848,7317800.010.290.008
28海南7,559,0355960.010.050.008
29西藏2,616,3292870.0040.010.011
30青海4,822,9632740.0040.010.006
31宁夏5,486,3931370.0020.010.003
现役军人2,498,6003,5860.143.210.144

1.3 分县彝族人口分布

2000年人口普查数据

(只统计彝族人口大于>1% 的县。)

县(市)彝族占比 %彝族人口总人口
隆林各族自治县1.033,563347,462
四川省2.582,122,38982,348,296
攀枝花市10.11110,3261,091,657
东区1.253,945315,707
西区1.843,148170,862
仁和区19.0638,907204,170
米易县13.2127,381207,300
盐边县19.0836,945193,618
乐山市3.53117,3553,324,139
金口河区10.155,37352,916
峨边彝族自治县30.6543,269141,166
马边彝族自治县39.1566,723170,425
屏山县2.005,004250,620
雅安市2.0431,0131,522,845
汉源县4.5115,686347,471
石棉县11.1713,769123,261
甘孜藏族自治州2.5622,946897,239
泸定县4.403,42477,855
九龙县37.0118,80650,816
凉山彝族自治州44.431,813,6834,081,697
西昌市16.48101,369615,212
木里藏族自治县27.7134,489124,462
盐源县47.67149,568313,765
德昌县23.1843,810188,980
会理县17.3375,064433,185
会东县6.9124,279351,310
宁南县21.8537,134169,962
普格县76.55106,521139,156
布拖县95.44132,285138,604
金阳县78.42109,813140,028
昭觉县96.75200,951207,712
喜德县85.74118,048137,676
冕宁县33.39108,289324,332
越西县72.54172,505237,800
甘洛县68.66120,445175,426
美姑县97.81172,356176,214
雷波县51.36106,757207,873
贵州省2.39843,55435,247,695
白云区1.041,961187,695
清镇市1.657,761471,305
六盘水市9.56262,3082,744,085
钟山区5.6425,549453,293
六枝特区11.3261,319541,762
水城县11.7079,339678,228
盘州市8.9796,1011,070,802
黔西南布依族苗族自治州2.0558,7662,864,920
兴义市2.0214,521719,605
兴仁县2.4410,372425,091
普安县2.666,905259,881
晴隆县6.7617,436258,031
安龙县2.289,094399,384
毕节市7.41468,8006,327,471
七星关区4.2648,0941,128,230
大方县10.8492,295851,729
黔西县8.6760,420697,075
金沙县4.1720,696496,063
织金县3.8131,420825,350
纳雍县5.7237,840661,772
威宁彝族回族苗族自治县9.0695,6291,056,009
赫章县13.4882,406611,243
云南省11.114,705,65842,360,089
昆明市6.65384,5315,781,294
五华区2.5610,580413,420
盘龙区1.595,468344,754
官渡区3.3847,3111,398,305
西山区5.0730,617603,363
东川区3.268,984275,564
呈贡区1.222,202180,685
晋宁区7.6420,443267,739
富民县7.4410,422140,046
宜良县6.0624,051396,677
石林彝族自治县32.4972,779223,978
禄劝彝族苗族自治县22.4596,388429,355
寻甸回族彝族自治县8.9142,934481,721
安宁市3.349,872295,173
曲靖市3.85210,3515,466,089
麒麟区2.1614,041648,956
沾益区2.168,406389,838
马龙县3.416,326185,766
师宗县6.2121,718349,770
罗平县6.4433,159515,211
富源县7.1647,076657,474
会泽县2.0016,910844,485
宣威市4.4657,7081,292,825
玉溪市19.32400,4122,073,005
红塔区9.0236,905409,044
江川区5.4814,087257,078
澄江县1.822,726149,748
通海县5.8216,017275,063
华宁县21.2941,844196,519
易门县26.7545,362169,581
峨山彝族自治县52.3679,289151,426
新平彝族傣族自治县46.20122,259264,615
元江哈尼族彝族傣族自治县20.9741,923199,931
昭通市3.23148,5214,592,388
昭阳区2.5818,758727,959
鲁甸县2.518,686345,740
巧家县2.8613,183461,034
大关县1.984,667235,802
永善县4.7217,130362,943
镇雄县5.7863,4631,097,093
彝良县4.2420,269477,811
楚雄彝族自治州26.31668,9372,542,530
楚雄市19.0595,959503,682
双柏县43.1066,110153,403
牟定县22.0343,032195,322
南华县36.0782,223227,970
姚安县25.3850,526199,071
大姚县29.5282,620279,838
永仁县49.4451,223103,606
元谋县24.2549,179202,779
武定县30.1879,254262,601
禄丰县16.6168,811414,258
红河哈尼族彝族自治州23.57973,7324,130,463
蒙自市29.3899,917340,051
个旧市20.2791,902453,311
开远市33.0996,647292,039
弥勒市30.92153,235495,642
屏边苗族自治县18.5127,596149,088
建水县29.02149,071513,712
石屏县53.67148,987277,580
泸西县7.9929,202365,585
元阳县24.0187,137362,950
红河县14.2338,086267,627
金平苗族瑶族傣族自治县11.9737,837316,171
绿春县4.929,894201,256
河口瑶族自治县4.424,22195,451
文山壮族苗族自治州10.62347,1943,268,553
文山市17.2874,255429,639
砚山县21.1192,356437,508
西畴县3.959,332236,120
麻栗坡县2.256,036267,986
马关县9.1632,056350,002
丘北县18.0578,327434,009
广南县5.8442,675730,376
富宁县3.1712,157382,913
普洱市16.58411,1202,480,346
思茅区15.1234,904230,834
宁洱哈尼族彝族自治县19.4536,589188,106
墨江哈尼族自治县9.2332,812355,364
景东彝族自治县39.92140,556352,089
景谷傣族彝族自治县20.5959,476288,794
镇沅彝族哈尼族拉祜族自治县27.2856,119205,709
江城哈尼族彝族自治县13.4713,503100,243
孟连傣族拉祜族佤族自治县2.404,999208,593
澜沧拉祜族自治县6.7431,255464,016
西盟佤族自治县1.0590786,598
西双版纳傣族自治州5.6155,772993,397
景洪市5.5624,673443,672
勐海县2.287,175314,068
勐腊县10.1523,924235,657
大理白族自治州12.94426,6343,296,552
大理市2.9515,385521,169
漾濞彝族自治县46.0948,565105,380
祥云县7.2631,733437,371
宾川县6.2720,332324,412
弥渡县8.3524,791296,860
南涧彝族自治县47.2499,159209,887
巍山彝族回族自治县34.07100,879296,124
永平县26.5647,391178,438
云龙县5.4510,739196,978
洱源县3.009,443315,003
剑川县2.884,771165,900
鹤庆县5.4013,446249,030
保山市3.2375,8772,348,315
隆阳区4.6139,025846,865
施甸县3.6211,360314,187
龙陵县1.834,758260,097
昌宁县6.0420,123333,241
丽江市18.68210,4311,126,646
古城区+玉龙纳西族自治县2.428,871366,705
永胜县12.4346,703375,769
华坪县8.2612,808154,968
宁蒗彝族自治县61.97142,049229,204
怒江傈僳族自治州1.999,805491,824
泸水市2.283,915171,974
兰坪白族普米族自治县2.915,727196,977
迪庆藏族自治州3.2911,616353,518
香格里拉市6.509,586147,416
维西傈僳族自治县1.382,016146,017
临沧市15.77367,8802,332,570
临翔区5.4315,478285,163
凤庆县27.61117,883426,943
云县37.96158,099416,507
永德县8.6829,521339,918
镇康县17.1931,334182,258
双江拉祜族佤族布朗族傣族自治县1.572,605165,982
耿马傣族佤族自治县3.5711,193313,220

2. 名称和子族群 | Names and subgroups

See also: List of lesser-known Loloish languages【另请参阅:鲜为人知的倮倮语列表】

Although different groups of Yi refer to themselves in different ways (including Nisu, Sani, Axi, Lolo, and Acheh) and sometimes speak mutually unintelligible languages, they have been grouped into a single ethnicity by the Chinese and the various local appellations can be classified into three groups:
【参考译文】尽管不同的彝族群体自称方式不同(包括尼苏、撒尼、阿细、倮倮、阿昌等),有时使用的语言也彼此难以理解,但在中国,他们被归为一个单一的民族,而这些各种地方称谓可以归为三类:

  • Ni (ꆀ). The appellations of Nuosu,[3] Nasu, Nesu, Nisu and other similar names are considered derivatives of the original autonym Nip (ꆀ) appended with the suffix -su, indicating ‘people’. The name Sani is also a variety of this group. Further, it is widely believed that the Chinese name (both 夷 and 彝) were derived from Ni.
    【参考译文】尼(ꆀ)。诺苏、[3]纳苏、涅苏、尼苏等类似称谓被认为是原自称“尼普”(ꆀ)加上后缀“-苏”,表示“人”的衍生词。撒尼也是这一群体的一个变种。此外,人们普遍认为,中国的“夷”和“彝”这两个名字都是从“尼”衍生而来的。
  • Lolo. The appellations of Lolo, Lolopu, etc. are related to the Yi people’s worship of the tiger, as lo in their dialects means ‘tiger’.[4] Lo is also the basis for the Chinese exonym Luóluó (猓猓, 倮倮 or 罗罗). The original character (猓), with the “dog radical” (犭) and a guǒ (果) phonetic, was a graphic pejorative,[5] comparable to the Chinese name guǒran (猓然, ‘a long-tailed ape’). Languages reforms in the PRC replaced the character in Luóluó twice—first by Luó (倮), with the “human radical” (亻) and the same phonetic, but that was a graphic variant for luǒ (裸, ‘naked’), and later by Luó (罗, ‘net for catching birds’). Paul K. Benedict noted, “a leading Chinese linguist, has remarked that the name ‘Lolo’ is offensive only when written with the ‘dog’ radical.”[6]
    【参考译文】罗罗。罗罗、罗罗颇等称谓与彝族对虎的崇拜有关,因为在他们的方言中,“罗”意为“虎”。[4]“罗”也是汉语中外来词“猓猓”(或写作“倮倮”、“罗罗”)的基础。原字“猓”由“犬”字旁和表示读音的“果”组成,是一种贬义的图形文字,[5]与中国名字“猓然”(意为“长尾猿”)相似。中华人民共和国的语言改革曾两次替换了“猓猓”中的“猓”字——第一次是用“倮”,由“人”字旁和相同的读音组成,但它是“裸”(意为“裸露”)的异体字;后来是用“罗”(意为“捕鸟的网”)。保罗·K·本尼迪克特指出,“一位中国语言学权威曾指出,‘罗罗’这个名字只有在用‘犬’字旁书写时才具有冒犯性。”[6]
  • Other. This group includes various other appellations of different groups of Yi. Some of them may be of other ethnic groups but are recognised as Yi by the Chinese. The “Pu” may be relevant to an ancient ethnic group Pu (濮). In the legends of the Northern Yi, the Yi people conquered Pu and its territory in the northeastern part of the modern Liangshan.
    【参考译文】其他。这一类别包括彝族不同群体的其他各种称谓。其中一些可能属于其他民族,但在中国被认定为彝族。“濮”可能与古代民族濮有关。在北部彝族的传说中,彝族征服了濮及其位于现代凉山东北部的领土。

Groups listed below are sorted by their broad linguistic classification and the general geographic area where they live. Within each section, larger groups are listed first.
【参考译文】以下群体按其广泛的语言分类和他们居住的大致地理区域进行排序。在每个部分中,较大的群体首先列出。

Classification【分类】Approximate total population
【大约总人口数】
Groups【族群】
Southern【南部】1,082,120【108万2120人】Nisu, Southern Nasu, Muji, A Che, Southern Gaisu, Pula,
Boka, Lesu, Chesu, Laowu, Alu, Azong, Xiuba
Southeastern【东南部】729,760【72万9760人】Poluo, Sani, Axi, Azhe, Southeastern Lolo, Jiasou, Puwa,
Aluo, Awu, Digao, Meng, Xiqi, Ati, Daizhan, Asahei, Laba,
Zuoke, Ani, Minglang, Long
Central【中部】565,080【56万5080人】Lolopo, Dayao Lipo, Central Niesu, Enipu, Lopi, Popei
Eastern【东部】1,456,270【145万6270人】Eastern Nasu, Panxian Nasu, Wusa Nasu, Shuixi Nosu,
Wuding Lipo, Mangbu Nosu, Eastern Gepo, Naisu, Wumeng,
Naluo, Samei, Sanie, Luowu, Guopu, Gese, Xiaohei Neisu,
Dahei Neisu, Depo, Laka, Lagou, Aling, Tushu, Gouzou,
Wopu, Eastern Samadu
Western【西部】1,162,040【116万2040人】Mishaba Laluo, Western Lolo, Xiangtang, Xinping Lalu,
Yangliu Lalu, Tusu, Gaiji, Jiantou Laluo, Xijima, Limi, Mili,
Lawu, Qiangyi, Western Samadu, Western Gepo,
Xuzhang Lalu, Eka, Western Gaisu, Suan, Pengzi
Northern【北部】2,534,120【253万4120人】Shengba Nosu, Yinuo Nosu, Xiaoliangshan Nosu, Butuo Nosu,
Suodi, Tianba Nosu, Bai Yi, Naruo, Naru, Talu, Mixisu, Liwu,
Northern Awu, Tagu, Liude, Naza, Ta’er
Unclassified【未分类】55,490【5万5490人】Michi (Miqie), Jinghong Nasu, Apu, Muzi, Tanglang, Micha,
Ayizi, Guaigun

中华人民共和国成立前,由于地区和方言不同,彝族支系繁多,有许多不同的他称和自称,主要的他称有“夷”、“黑彝”、“白彝”、“红彝”、“甘彝”、“花腰”、“密岔”、“㑩㑩”、“濮”等。[1]

主要的自称中,云南昭通、武定、禄劝、弥勒、石屏,四川大、小凉山的彝族自称“诺苏”、“纳苏”、“聂苏”,这部分彝族约占总人口的1/2。云南哀牢山、无量山及开远、文山、马关一带的彝族自称“密撒(泼)”、“腊苏(泼)”、“濮拉泼”、“尼濮”等。贵州的彝族自称“糯苏”、“纳”、“诺”、“聂”等。[1]

据明代类书《天中记》:“云南蛮人呼虎为罗罗” 。又《南诏野史》:“爨蛮,卢鹿之裔,猓猡其讹音也。以五月为春,信鬼尚巫,巫有大觋皤、拜祃、白马之号。卜用雄鸡两髀骨,骨有细窍,刺以竹签,视多寡向背之势,定吉凶。其部长妻曰耐得,勇士曰苴可。每岁六月廿四日,名火把节,燃松炬,照村砦、田庐。男椎髻,镊须,耳环,佩刀;妇披发,短衣,桶裙,披羊皮。”

张其昀(1929 年)的《中国民族志》记载㑩㑩又称为爨蛮(爨为彝族历史上之一的外族氏族名),四川建昌南部为居住中心,尚巫鬼。以是否纳粮缴税,区分为生夷、熟夷,而生夷所指为四川大凉山地区。[2]

根据中华人民共和国官方资料表示:中华人民共和国成立后,经过民族识别,按照广大彝族人民的共同意愿,以鼎彝之“彝”作为统一的民族名称。[1]

3. 历史 | History

彝族为藏缅语族的一支,自古以来就居住在中国的西南,主要源自分布于中国西部的古羌人,经过人类发展的不同阶段而成为现今的彝族。[1]中华人民共和国学者冯时认为,龙山文化发现的丁公陶文属于古彝文系统,殷商甲骨文中的人方,以及西周所称的东夷,即为彝族[3]

史书上说的西昌地区的邛蕃和云南地区的滇蕃等便是彝族的先民。三千年前彝族已广泛分布于西南地区,即史书中常出现的所谓“越巂夷”、“侮”、“昆明”、“劳浸”、“靡莫”、“叟”、“”等部族。汉朝称“西南夷”。隋唐以来,彝族先民地区有乌蛮与白蛮的分化,并与其他民族融合而成。彝族先民在长期形成与发展中,活动范围曾遍及今云南、四川、贵州三省腹心地带及广西的一部分,其核心地区应是三省毗连的广大地区。[4]

公元前2世纪的西汉及其以前,彝族先民社会已出现游牧部落与定居农业部落的分化。东汉至魏晋时期,各彝族先民地区继续分化出一批叟帅、夷王。昆明部落已基本完成从原始部落转向具有统治阶级的社会型态。8世纪30年代,蒙舍诏统一六诏,云南彝族先民联合各族上层建立了南诏政权,统治中心在今云南西部大理一带,统治范围达到今云南东部、贵州西部与四川南部,基本上控制了彝族先民的主要分布地区。南诏王朝曾长期统治彝族先民地区,不能不对当地社会的存在发展产生深远的影响。唐天复二年(902年),南诏王朝覆灭。 两宋300多年中,戎(宜宾)、泸(泸县)、黎(汉原)3州的彝族先民,处在宋王朝与大理政权的相互争取之中,出现了经济相对繁荣的局面。与之相配合,出现了强大部落奴役小部落的情况。蒙古蒙哥汗三年(1253年),蒙古骑兵自四川云南贵州分三道进攻云南,经彝族地区,促使处于分裂状态的各彝族地区出现了反蒙联盟,开始统一于“罗罗”族称之下。而蒙古贵族也加强了对各地彝族兹莫(即土司)的争取工作,发展为在部分边疆民族地区分封各族首领世袭官职以统治当地人民的土司制度。自1263~1287年,相继在今越西、西昌、屏山、大方、昭通、威宁等地设立彝族土司。罗罗这个名称一直沿用至中华人民共和国成立,因被认为有歧视之意,后废止。[5]

明朝时,地跨云、贵、川三省的彝族土司相互联合,大体实行相同的社会阶级制度,基本分为土司及黑骨、白骨与家奴3个等级。在天启年间,土司举兵反明,彝族称为阿哲起兵

清朝康熙雍正年间在彝族地区推行“改土归流”,土司、土目等部落首领遭到打击。国民政府时期曾在西康省的彝族自治区设立政治指导区

3.1 起源神话 | Origin myth

According to Yi legend, all life originated in water and water was created by snowmelt, which as it dripped down, created a creature called the Ni. The Ni gave birth to all life. Ni is another name for the Yi people. It is sometimes translated as black because black is a revered color in Yi culture.[7] Yi tradition tells us that their common ancestor was named Apu Dumu ꀉꁌꅋꃅ or ꀉꁌꐧꃅ (Axpu Ddutmu or Axpu Jjutmu). Apu Dumu had three wives, each of whom had two sons. The six sons migrated to the area that is now Zhaotong and spread out in the four directions, creating the Wu, Zha, Nuo, Heng, Bu, and Mo clans.[8] The Yi practiced a lineage system where younger brothers were treated as slaves by their elders, which resulted in a culture of migration where younger brothers constantly left their villages to create their own domains.[7]
【参考译文】据彝族传说,所有生命都起源于水,而水则是由融雪创造的,融雪滴落时,创造了一种名为“尼”的生物。“尼”孕育了所有生命。“尼”也是彝族人的另一个名字。它有时被翻译为“黑”,因为在彝族文化中,黑色是一种受尊崇的颜色。[7]彝族传统告诉我们,他们的共同祖先名叫阿普笃慕(Apu Dumu,彝文:ꀉꁌꅋꃅ)或阿普居木(Axpu Jjutmu,彝文:ꀉꁌꐧꃅ)。阿普笃慕有三个妻子,每个妻子都生了两个儿子。这六个儿子迁徙到现在的昭通地区,并向四个方向扩散,形成了武、乍、糯、恒、布、默六个部落。[8]彝族实行的是宗法制度,年轻兄弟被长辈当作奴隶对待,这导致了一种迁徙文化,即年轻兄弟不断离开村庄去开创自己的领地。[7]

3.2 贵州诸王国 | Guizhou kingdoms

See also: Mu’ege and Ziqi【另见:穆阿革和自杞】

此图片遵循CC BY-SA 4.0协议
图片题注:Mu’ege and other Yi kingdoms contemporary to Southern Song
参考译文:与南宋同时期的穆阿革及其他彝族王国
图片来源:Qiushufang

The Heng clan divided into two branches. One branch, known as the Wumeng, settled along the western slope of the Wumeng Mountain range, extending their control as far west as modern day Zhaotong, Yunnan. The other branch, known as the Chele, moved along the eastern slope of the Wumeng Mountain range and settled to the north of the Chishui River. By the Tang dynasty (618–907), the Chele occupied the area from today Xuyong county in Sichuan to Bijie city in Guizhou. The Bu clan fragmented into four branches. The Bole branch settled in Anshun, the Wusa branch settled in Weining, the Azouchi branch settled in Zhanyi, and the Gukuge branch settled in northeast Yunnan. The Mo clan, descended from Mujiji (慕齊齊), split into three branches. One branch known as the Awangren, led by Wualou, settled in southwest Guizhou and formed the Ziqi Kingdom. Wuake led the second branch, the Ayuxi, to settle near Ma’an Mountain south of Huize. Wuana led the third branch to settle in Hezhang. In the 3rd century AD, Wuana’s branch split into the Mangbu branch in Zhenxiong, led by Tuomangbu, and Luodian (羅甸) in Luogen, led by Tuoazhe. By 300, Luodian covered over much of the Shuixi region. Its ruler, Moweng (莫翁), moved the capital to Mugebaizhage (modern Dafang), where he renamed his realm the Mu’ege kingdom, otherwise known as the Chiefdom of Shuixi.[8]
【参考译文】恒部落分为两支。一支被称为乌蒙,定居在乌蒙山脉的西坡,其控制范围向西延伸至今日云南省昭通市。另一支被称为扯勒,沿着乌蒙山脉的东坡迁移,并在赤水河以北定居。到唐朝(618-907年)时,扯勒占据了从今日四川省叙永县到贵州省毕节市的地区。布部落分裂为四支。博勒支定居在安顺,乌撒支定居在威宁,阿租支定居在沾益,姑姑支定居在云南东北部。莫部落是慕齐齐(Mujiji)的后裔,分裂为三支。一支由乌楼领导,被称为阿旺人,定居在贵州西南部,建立了自杞王国。乌克领导第二支阿芋西,定居在会泽以南的马安山附近。乌那领导第三支定居在赫章。公元3世纪时,乌那的支系分裂为秃磨布领导的镇雄芒部支和托阿哲领导的罗甸(位于罗衮)。到公元300年时,罗甸覆盖了水西的大部分地区。其统治者莫翁(Moweng)将都城迁至慕葛拜硖(今大方),并将其王国改名为穆阿革王国,亦称水西酋长国。[8]

Kingdom【王国】Ruling clan【统治氏族】Modern area【现代区域】
BadedianMangbuZhenxiong【镇雄县】
Luodian/LuoshiBoleAnshun【安顺市】
Mu’egeLuoDafang【大方县】
Ziqi/YushiAwangrenSouthwest Guizhou【黔西南】

After the Eastern Han dynasty, the Shu of the Three Kingdoms conducted several wars against the ancestors of Yi under the lead of Zhuge Liang. They defeated the king of Yi, ꂽꉼ (Mot Hop, 孟获) and expanded their conquered territory in Yi area. After that, the Jin Dynasty succeeded Shu as the suzerain of Yi area but with weak control.
【参考译文】东汉以后,三国时期的蜀汉在诸葛亮的领导下,与彝族的祖先进行了多次战争。他们击败了彝族国王孟获(彝文:ꂽꉼ,Mot Hop),并扩大了在彝族地区的征服领土。此后,晋朝继承了蜀汉,成为彝族地区的宗主国,但其控制力较弱。

To further solidify a buffer zone between itself and the expansionistic Nanzhao kingdom, in 846 the Tang bestowed upon the patriarch of the Bole patriclan the hereditary title King of the Luodian kingdom (Luodian guo wang). In the same year the Tang forged a relationship with the Awangren branch of the Mo patriclan, which had settled in the Panxian–Puan area of southwest Guizhou, and recognized the Awangren as leaders of the Yushi kingdom. A year later, in 847, the Tang acknowledged the formation of the Badedian kingdom located in northeast Yunnan and headed by the Mangbu branch of the Azhe patriclan. These four kingdoms, Zangge (Mu’ege), Luodian, Yushi, and Badedian formed an initial Tang defensive perimeter between Nanzhao-controlled territory to the southwest and Tang China.[9]

— John E. Herman

为了进一步巩固其与扩张主义的南诏王国之间的缓冲区,唐朝于846年授予博勒父系家族的族长罗甸王国(罗甸国王)的世袭头衔。同年,唐朝与定居在贵州西南部盘县-普安地区的莫父系家族的阿旺人分支建立了关系,并承认阿旺人为于矢王国的领袖。一年后,即847年,唐朝承认了位于云南东北部的霸甸王国的成立,该王国由阿遮父系家族的芒部支系领导。这四个王国——藏戈(穆阿革)、罗甸、于矢和霸甸,在西南方向的南诏控制领土和唐朝中国之间构成了初步的防御圈。[9]
——约翰·E·赫尔曼

3.3 云南诸王国 | Yunnan kingdoms

Main articles: Cuanman, Nanzhao, and Dali kingdom【主条目:爨蛮、南诏、大理国】

Some historians believe that the majority of the kingdom of Nanzhao were of the Bai people,[10] but that the elite spoke a variant of Nuosu (also called Yi), a Tibeto-Burman language closely related to Burmese.[11] The Cuanman people came to power in Yunnan during Zhuge Liang’s Southern Campaign in 225. By the fourth century they had gained control of the region, but they rebelled against the Sui dynasty in 593 and were destroyed by a retaliatory expedition in 602. The Cuan split into two groups known as the Black and White Mywa.[12] The White Mywa (Baiman) tribes, who are considered the predecessors of the Bai people, settled on the fertile land of western Yunnan around the alpine fault lake Erhai. The Black Mywa (Wuman), considered to be predecessors of the Yi people, settled in the mountainous regions of eastern Yunnan. These tribes were called Mengshe (蒙舍), Mengxi (蒙嶲), Langqiong (浪穹), Tengtan (邆賧), Shilang (施浪), and Yuexi (越析). Each tribe was known as a zhao.[13] In academia, the ethnic composition of the Nanzhao kingdom’s population has been debated for a century. Chinese scholars tend to favour the theory that the rulers came from the aforementioned Bai or Yi groups, while some non-Chinese scholars subscribed to the theory that the Tai ethnic group was a major component, that later moved south into modern-day Thailand and Laos.[14]
【参考译文】一些历史学家认为,南诏王国的大部分人口是白族,[10]但精英阶层讲的是纳西语(也被称为彝语)的一种变体,这是一种与缅甸语密切相关的藏缅语系语言。[11]爨蛮在公元225年诸葛亮南征期间开始在云南掌权。到了四世纪,他们已经控制了这个地区,但在593年反抗隋朝,并在602年被一场报复性远征所摧毁。爨蛮分裂为两个被称为黑蛮和白蛮的群体。[12]白蛮(白蛮)部落被认为是白族的前身,他们定居在云南西部的高山断层湖洱海周围的肥沃土地上。黑蛮(乌蛮),被认为是彝族的前身,定居在云南东部的山区。这些部落被称为蒙舍(孟舍)、蒙嶲(蒙嶲)、浪穹(浪穹)、邆賧(滕赕)、施浪(施浪)和越析(越析)。每个部落都被称为一个诏。[13]在学术界,关于南诏王国人口的民族构成问题,已经争论了一个世纪。中国学者倾向于认为统治者来自上述的白族或彝族群体,而一些非中国学者则认同泰族是主要组成部分的理论,他们后来向南迁移到今天的泰国和老挝。[14]

In 649, the chieftain of the Mengshe tribe, Xinuluo (細奴邏), founded the Great Meng (大蒙) and took the title of Qijia Wang (奇嘉王; “Outstanding King”). He acknowledged Tang suzerainty.[15] In 652, Xinuluo absorbed the White Mywa realm of Zhang Lejinqiu, who ruled Erhai Lake and Cang Mountain. This event occurred peacefully as Zhang made way for Xinuluo of his own accord. The agreement was consecrated under an iron pillar in Dali. Thereafter the Black and White Mywa acted as warriors and ministers respectively.[13]
【参考译文】公元649年,蒙舍部落酋长细奴逻建立了大蒙国,并自封奇嘉王(“杰出的国王”)。他承认唐朝的宗主权。[15]公元652年,细奴逻吞并了统治洱海和苍山一带的白蛮首领张乐进求的领地。这一事件是和平发生的,因为张乐进求自愿为细奴逻让路。该协议在大理的一根铁柱下得到神圣化。此后,黑蛮和白蛮分别担任战士和大臣。[13]

In 704 the Tibetan Empire made the White Mywa tribes into vassals or tributaries.[12]
【参考译文】公元704年,吐蕃帝国将白蛮部落变为属国或进贡国。[12]

In the year 737 AD, with the support of the Tang dynasty, the great-grandson of Xinuluo, Piluoge (皮羅閣), united the six zhaos in succession, establishing a new kingdom called Nanzhao (Mandarin, “Southern Zhao”). The capital was established in 738 at Taihe, (the site of modern-day Taihe village, a few miles south of Dali). Located in the heart of the Erhai valley, the site was ideal: it could be easily defended against attack and it was in the midst of rich farmland.[16] Under the reign of Piluoge, the White Mywa were removed from eastern Yunnan and resettled in the west. The Black and White Mywa were separated to create a more solidified caste system of ministers and warriors.[13]
【参考译文】公元737年,在唐朝的支持下,细奴逻的玄孙皮罗阁相继统一了六诏,建立了一个新王国,称为南诏(普通话中意为“南赵”)。738年,都城建立在太和(今大理以南数英里处的太和村),位于洱海谷地的中心地带,地理位置十分理想:既易于防御外敌进攻,又处于肥沃农田之中。[16]在皮罗阁统治时期,白蛮被从云南东部迁出,重新安置到西部。黑蛮和白蛮被分开,以形成更加稳固的由大臣和武士构成的种姓制度。[13]

Nanzhao existed for 165 years until A.D. 902. After 35 years of tangled warfare, Duan Siping (段思平) of the Bai birth founded the Kingdom of Dali, succeeding the territory of Nanzhao. Most Yi of that time were under the ruling of Dali. Dali’s sovereign reign lasted for 316 years until it was conquered by Kublai Khan. During the era of Dali, Yi people lived in the territory of Dali but had little communication with the royalty of Dali.
【参考译文】南诏存在了165年,直到公元902年。经过35年的纷乱战争后,白族后裔段思平建立了大理国,继承了南诏的领土。当时的大多数彝族都处于大理的统治之下。大理的独立统治持续了316年,直到被忽必烈征服。在大理时代,彝族生活在大理的领土上,但与大理王室几乎没有交流。

Kublai Khan included Dali in his domain. The Yuan emperors remained firmly in control of the Yi people and the area they inhabited as part of Kublai Khan’s Yunnan Xingsheng (云南行省) at current Yunnan, Guizhou and part of Sichuan. In order to enhance its sovereign over the area, the Yuan dynasty set up a dominion for Yi, Luoluo Xuanweisi (罗罗宣慰司), the name of which means local appeasement government for Lolos. Although technically under the rule of the Yuan emperor, the Yi still had autonomy during the Yuan dynasty. The gulf between aristocrats and the common people increased during this time.
【参考译文】忽必烈将大理纳入其统治范围。元朝皇帝牢牢控制着彝族及其居住的地区,作为忽必烈云南行省(今云南、贵州和四川部分地区)的一部分。为了加强对该地区的统治,元朝为彝族设立了一个统治机构,即罗罗宣慰司,其名称意为“安抚罗罗人的地方政府”。虽然在技术上受元朝皇帝的统治,但在元朝时期,彝族仍然享有自治权。在此期间,贵族和平民之间的鸿沟不断加深。

3.4 明朝和清朝 | Ming and Qing dynasties

See also: She-An Rebellion【参见:奢安之亂】

Beginning with the Ming dynasty, the Chinese empire expedited its cultural assimilation policy in Southwestern China, spreading the policy of gaitu guiliu (改土歸流, ‘replacing tusi (local chieftains) with “normal” officials’).[17] The governing power of many Yi feudal lords had previously been expropriated by the successors of officials assigned by the central government. With the progress of gaitu guiliu, the Yi area was dismembered into many communities both large and small, and it was difficult for the communities to communicate with each other as there were often Han-ruled areas between them.
【参考译文】从明朝开始,中国朝廷加速了在中国西南地区的文化同化政策,推行“改土归流”(即用“正规”官员取代土司(地方酋长))政策。[17]许多彝族封建领主的统治权之前已被中央政府派遣的官员的继任者剥夺。随着“改土归流”的推进,彝族地区被分割成许多大大小小的社区,由于它们之间往往有汉族统治的地区,因此这些社区之间很难相互沟通。

The Kangxi Emperor of the Qing dynasty defeated Wu Sangui and took over the land of Yunnan and established a provincial government there. When Ortai became the Viceroy of Yunnan and Guizhou during the era of Yongzheng Emperor, the policy of gaitu guiliu and cultural assimilation against Yi were strengthened. Under these policies, Yi who lived near Kunming were forced to abandon their convention of traditional cremation and adopt burial, a policy which triggered rebellions among the Yi. The Qing dynasty suppressed these rebellions.
【参考译文】清朝康熙皇帝击败吴三桂,夺取了云南的土地,并在那里建立了省政府。当鄂尔泰在雍正皇帝时期成为云贵总督时,针对彝族的“改土归流”和文化同化政策得到了加强。在这些政策下,居住在昆明附近的彝族被迫放弃传统的火葬习俗,转而采用土葬,这一政策引发了彝族的反抗。清朝镇压了这些反抗。

1840年鸦片战争后,鸦片在彝区大肆泛滥。凉山彝族的统治阶级利用鸦片换得大批枪支、白银,有了枪支,他们又进一步向四周扩展势力,掳掠各族人民。由于有了枪支,彝族内部的冤家械斗日益频繁,许多彝族被迫背井离乡,向安宁河以西至丽江地区迁移。

After the Second Opium War (1856–1860), many Christian missionaries from France and Great Britain visited the area in which the Yi lived. Although some missionaries believed that Yi of some areas such as Liangshan were not under the ruling of Qing dynasty and should be independent, most aristocrats insisted that Yi was a part of China despite their resentment against Qing rule.
【参考译文】第二次鸦片战争(1856-1860)后,许多来自法国和英国的基督教传教士访问了彝族居住的地区。尽管一些传教士认为凉山等地区的彝族不受清朝统治,应该独立,但大多数贵族坚持认为,尽管他们对清朝统治感到不满,但彝族是中国的一部分。

清咸丰年间,哀牢山彝族李文学领导的起义声势浩大,坚持达23年之久(1853—1876年)。19世纪末,金平、元阳等地彝族、哈尼族人民曾多次联合反抗入侵中国边疆地区的法国侵略者。滇南的彝、汉各族人民,曾多次反对修筑滇越铁路。光绪二十五年(1899年)蒙自爆发了彝民杨自元带头火烧法国“海关”的事件。辛亥革命和护国运动中,许多彝族志士参加了推翻帝制的革命。1913年至1916年间,在凉山州的冕宁、越雟一带爆发了彝族人反抗统治阶级的起义(彝族分成兹莫、诺和、曲伙、阿加与呷西五个等级[6]。兹莫为土司,相当于首领,诺和为黑彝,相当于贵族,两者为统治阶级。曲伙为白彝,相当于平民,阿加为仆役,呷西为奴隶。)。由于起义的高潮在1914年,这一年为彝历的虎年(彝语称虎为拉,称年为库),故史称“拉库起义

3.5 现代时期 | Modern era

Long Yun, a Yi, was the military governor of Yunnan, during the Republic of China rule on mainland China.
【参考译文】在中华民国统治中国大陆时期,彝族人士龙云曾任云南省军政长官。

The Fourth Front Army of the CCP encountered the Yi people during the Long March and many Yi joined the communist forces.[18]
【参考译文】中国共产党领导的红军在长征途中遇到了彝族人民,许多彝族加入了共产党领导的军队。[18]

1927年,蒙自县五六百汉、彝族人,加入中国共产党,提出了土地革命的口号,并在山区建立了苏维埃政权。1935年至1936年,红军一、二方面军两次经过彝区,在滇东北、滇北和凉山彝区宣传其民族政策,许多彝族人参加了红军,还成立了彝民民族自卫委员会。在冕宁,红军打开监狱,放出“坐质换班”的彝民。冕宁拖乌彝族果基家头人小叶丹[7],与红军总参谋长刘伯承按照彝族的传统习俗在冕宁彝海结盟,使得红军顺利通过彝族居住区。

After the establishment of the PRC, several Yi autonomous administrative districts of prefecture or county level were set up in Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou. With the development of automotive traffic and telecommunications, the communications among different Yi areas have been increasing sharply.
【参考译文】中华人民共和国成立后,在四川、云南和贵州设立了几个彝族自治州或自治县。随着汽车交通和电信的发展,不同彝族地区之间的交流急剧增加。

Yi people face systematic discrimination and abuse as migrant laborers in contemporary China.[19]
【参考译文】在当代中国,彝族人在作为外来务工人员时面临着系统性的歧视和虐待。[19]

3.6 彝族历史上的政权 | Yi polities throughout history

  • Cuanmans【爨蛮】
  • Mu’ege Kingdom (circa 300–1279), afterwards known as the Chiefdom of Shuixi from 1279 to 1698
    【参考译文】穆阿革王国(约300-1279年),1279年至1698年后被称为水西土司
  • Nanzhao Empire (738–937)
    【参考译文】南诏帝国(738-937年)
  • Luodian Kingdom (羅甸國) of the Bole clan in present-day Luodian County, Yunnan
    【参考译文】位于今云南罗甸县的博勒氏罗甸国
  • Badedian Kingdom of the Mangbu Azhe clan in present-day Zhenxiong[20]
    【参考译文】位于今镇雄的芒部阿哲氏八甸国[20]
  • Luogui Kingdom (羅鬼國) (10th century–1278) in Guizhou
    【参考译文】10世纪至1278年间位于贵州的罗鬼国
  • Ziqi Kingdom (Yushi) (自杞國) (1100–1260) of the Awangren clan in present-day Xingyi, Guizhou
    【参考译文】1100年至1260年间位于今贵州兴义的阿旺部自杞国
  • Kingdom of Shu (1621–1629), a short-lived state during the She-An Rebellion
    【参考译文】蜀国(1621-1629年),奢安叛乱期间的短命政权

4. 文化

4.1 语言 | Language

主条目:彝语

彝族人说彝族语言,彝语属汉藏语系藏缅语族缅彝语支,有北部、东部、南部、东南部、西部、中部6种方言,其中包括5个次方言,25个土语。

The Chinese government recognizes six mutually unintelligible Yi languages, from various branches of the Loloish family:[21]
【参考译文】中国政府承认六种互通的彝语,它们属于彝语系的不同分支:[21]

  • Northern Yi (Nuosu 诺苏)【北部彝语(诺苏语)】
  • Western Yi (Lalo 腊罗)【西部彝语(腊罗语)】
  • Central Yi (Lolopo 倮倮泼)【中部彝语(倮倮泼语)】
  • Southern Yi (Nisu 尼苏)【南部彝语(尼苏语)】
  • Southeastern Yi (Sani 撒尼)【东南部彝语(撒尼语)】
  • Eastern Yi (Nasu 纳苏)【东部彝语(纳苏语)】

北部方言分布在四川云南宁蒗等县,东部方言分布在贵州和云南东北部,南部方言分布在云南和广西,其余3个方言分布在云南。

Northern Yi is the largest with some two million speakers and is the basis of the literary language. It is an analytic language.[22] There are also ethnically Yi languages of Vietnam which use the Yi script, such as Mantsi.
【参考译文】北部彝语的使用者人数最多,约有二百万人,并且是彝语文学的基础。它是一种分析型语言。[22]越南也有使用彝文书写的民族彝语,如曼茨语。

Many Yi in Yunnan, Guizhou and Guangxi know Standard Chinese and code-switching between Yi and Chinese is common.
【参考译文】云南、贵州和广西的许多彝族人都通晓普通话,彝语和普通话之间的语码转换很常见。

凉山州的彝族在和汉族等其他民族的交流中形成了彝族语言发音、词汇和语法影响的西南官话口音,被称为“团结话”[8][9][10]

4.2 文字 | Script

彝族原有一种表意文字,史称爨文,也有人认为它是音节文字,其中比较通用的有一千多个。经由对于丁公陶文龙山文化的研究,中国学者冯时认为,丁公陶文属于古彝文系统[3]

The Yi script was originally logosyllabic like Chinese and dates to at least the 13th century, but seems to be completely independent of any other known script. Until the early 20th century, usage of this script was primarily the domain of bimo priests for transmitting ritual texts from generation to generation. It was not until the mid-twentieth century that elite families in Liangshan began to use the script for non-religious purposes, such as letter writing.[23]
【参考译文】彝文最初像汉字一样属于表意音节文字,其历史可追溯至至少13世纪,但似乎完全独立于任何其他已知文字。直到20世纪初,这种文字的使用主要局限于毕摩(彝族祭司)之间,用于代代相传宗教经文。直到20世纪中叶,凉山地区的精英家庭才开始将这种文字用于非宗教目的,如书写信件。[23]

There were perhaps 10,000 characters, many of which were regional, since the script had never been standardized across the Yi peoples. A number of works of history, literature and medicine, as well as genealogies of the ruling families, written in the Old Yi script are still in use and there are Old Yi stone tablets and steles in the area.
【参考译文】彝文可能有10,000个字符,其中许多具有地区性,因为这种文字在彝族人民中从未实现过标准化。用古彝文书写的历史、文学和医学作品,以及统治家族的家谱至今仍在使用,该地区还有古彝文石碑和石刻。

关于爨文的来源也有其传说,其一:在贵州彝族文献《西南彝志》中说是一位名为伊阿武的人发明了彝族文字,他是一位极为聪明、知天象地理的人,他创造了文字,并撰写了很多书籍。但在同一书中,又记载了一位恒本阿鲁,他创造了供奉祖先、彝族的象形文字。其二:彝文《帝王世纪‧人类历史》中提到,创造文字的是一名祭司─密阿叠者,他造文字、立典章,文化由他开始。而在贵州毕节的彝族传说认为是一位吉禄老人从刻划六种家禽、六种野兽的形象中得到启示,进而演化成了彝文。其三:云南红河县彝族则认为,有个叫做尼莳的天上人,他种了两棵树木,分别是银树与金树,待花开了,金树开了3,500朵花,成了3,500个彝文字,银树也开了3,500朵花,也成了彝文字。于是,7,000个彝文字便如此诞生了。 还有一种说法,云南元江、新平等哀牢山彝家山寨中,有智慧老人伯博耿根据鸟兽的足迹和形象来造字。[11]

An attempt to romanize the script was made in the 1950s but it failed to gain traction. In the 1970s and 1980s, the traditional script was standardized into a syllabary. Syllabic Yi is widely used in books, newspapers, street signs, and education, although with increasing influence from Chinese.[24]
【参考译文】20世纪50年代曾尝试过将彝文拉丁化,但未能获得推广。20世纪70年代和80年代,传统彝文被规范为音节文字。音节彝文在书籍、报纸、路标和教育领域得到广泛使用,尽管汉字的影响越来越大。[24]

为使彝文能更好地为广大群众服务,1975年,四川凉山彝族自治州喜德语音为标准音,以“圣乍”话为基础方言,制订了四川《彝文规范试行方案》,确定了819个规范文字,并设计出“彝语拼音符号”,便于注音学习。1980年国务院批准该方案。已在四川彝族地区推广使用。

4.3 性别 | Gender

Descent and inheritance in Yi society was traditionally patrilineal and men were generally considered superior to women. Men practiced polygamy and levirate marriage. Women were excluded from oral genealogies.[25] In certain locales, Yi women still lag behind men in terms of primary education and very few Yi women become educational instructors or political leaders. Yi women noticeably drank and smoked more than Han Chinese women.[26]
【参考译文】彝族社会传统上是父系社会,财产和地位通常是由男性继承,男性也被普遍认为地位高于女性。男性可以一夫多妻,并有娶嫂制(即兄死后弟娶其嫂为妻的习俗)。女性则被排除在口头家谱之外。[25]在某些地区,彝族女性在初等教育方面仍然落后于男性,很少有彝族女性成为教育工作者或政治领导人。彝族女性的饮酒和吸烟程度明显高于汉族女性。[26]

4.4 姓名 | Names

彝族历史上曾使用父子连名制,后来发展成姓名制。传统文化中,彝族姓名遵循“姓、名、性别标志词”的结构。其中姓和名多为两个或以上音节,其中姓氏的来源包括祖先名字、祖先职业、祖先社会等级。其中名又分为“本名”和“尊名”两部分,本名主要用于族谱、宗教仪式和长辈的称呼;尊名又称作雅名,则用于晚辈对长辈的称呼[14]。命宫、生肖、族名、器具、五谷、数量、家庭排行、星座都可成为彝族姓名命名的依据[15]。而性别标志词具体体现为男性为“惹”、女性为“莫”[16]

The Yi use a son-father patronymic naming system. The last character of the father’s name transfers to become the first character of the son’s name. The last character of the son’s name is then used as the first character of the grandson’s name. A complete Yi name is composed of the clan name, the branch clan name, the father’s name, and the person’s own name (ex. Aho Bbujji Jjiha Lomusse). Aho is the name of a tribe, Bbuji is the name of a clan, Jjiha is the father’s name, and Lomusse is a personal name. The name therefore means Lomusse the son of Jjiha of the Bbujji clan of the Aho tribe. Within the clan he would just be called Lomusse and within the tribe he would be called Jjiha Lomusse. Yi names use the suffixes –sse and –mo to express maleness and femaleness respectively.[27]
【参考译文】彝族采用子承父名的命名系统。父亲名字中的最后一个字,会成为儿子名字中的第一个字。儿子名字中的最后一个字,又会成为孙子名字中的第一个字。一个完整的彝族姓名由部落名、支系名、父名和本名组成(例如:阿侯布博吉吉哈洛木色)。其中,“阿侯”是部落名,“布博”是支系名,“吉吉哈”是父名,“洛木色”是本名。因此,这个名字的意思是“洛木色,阿侯部落布博支系吉吉哈之子”。在支系内部,他只会被称为“洛木色”,在部落内部,他则会被称为“吉吉哈洛木色”。彝族姓名使用“-色”和“-莫”作为后缀,分别表示男性和女性。[27]

中国境内的彝族需将其姓名基于普通话读音音译转写为汉字,此类转写通常采用记音为主的原则而忽略其汉字音译名在汉字中的含义。近年来有汉语水平较高彝族人在汉译姓名时会考虑其汉字含义,如彝族作家琼梦石加的姓“琼梦”通常被汉译为“曲木”或“邱莫”;亦有彝族选择将自己姓名冠汉姓、汉名或完全使用汉名[16]:如琼梦石加的汉名为邱志忠[17]

This system can also be seen in the names of Nanzhao’s rulers:[28]
【参考译文】这种命名系统在南诏统治者的名字中也有所体现:[28]

  • Xinuluo【细奴逻】
  • Luosheng【逻盛】
  • Shengluopi【盛逻皮】
  • Piluoge【皮逻阁】
  • Geluofeng【阁罗凤】
  • Fengjiayi【凤迦异】
  • Yimouxun【异牟寻】
  • Xungequan【寻阁劝】
  • Quanfengyou – sought to imitate Chinese practices and only went by Fengyou; broke tradition and named his son Shilong[29]
    【参考译文】劝龙晟——试图模仿汉人的做法,只以“龙晟”为名;打破传统,为儿子取名为“世隆”[29]
  • Shilong【世隆】
  • Longshun【隆舜】
  • Shunhuazhen【舜化贞】

This is a tradition closely tied to Tibeto-Burman traditions and suggests that the rulers of Nanzhao were not Tai people.[28]
【参考译文】这是一种与藏缅语族传统紧密相连的习俗,表明南诏的统治者并非泰族人。[28]

4.5 奴隶制 | Slavery

Traditional Yi society was divided into four castes, the aristocratic nuohuo/nzymo Black Yi, the commoner qunuo/quho White Yi, the ajia/mgajie, and the xiaxi/gaxy. The Black Yi made up around 7 per cent of the population while the White Yi made up 50 per cent of the population. The two castes did not intermarry and the Black Yi were always considered of higher status than the White Yi, even if the White Yi was wealthier or owned more slaves. The White and Black Yi also lived in separate villages. The Black Yi did not farm, which was traditionally done by White Yi and slaves. Black Yi were responsible only for administration and military activities. The White Yi were not technically slaves but lived as indentured servants to the Black Yi. The Ajia made up 33 per cent of the population. They were owned by both the Black and White Yi and worked as indentured laborers lower than the White Yi. The Xiaxi were the lowest caste. They were slaves who lived with their owners’ livestock and had no rights. They could be beaten, sold, and killed for sport. Membership of all four castes was through patrilineal descent.[30][31][32][33][34][35] The prevalence of the slave culture was so great that sometimes children were named after how many slaves they owned. For example: Lurbbu (many slaves), Lurda (strong slaves), Lurshy (commander of slaves), Lurnji (origin of slaves), Lurpo (slave lord), Lurha, (hundred slaves), Jjinu (lots of slaves).[27]
【参考译文】传统彝族社会分为四个阶层:贵族诺伙/尼苏(黑彝)、平民曲诺/曲伙(白彝)、阿加/呷基,以及夏西/嘎西。黑彝约占人口的7%,而白彝则占50%。这两个阶层之间不通婚,且黑彝总是被认为地位高于白彝,即使白彝更加富裕或拥有更多奴隶。白彝和黑彝也分别居住在不同的村庄。黑彝不从事农耕,这一传统工作由白彝和奴隶承担。黑彝只负责行政和军事活动。白彝虽非严格意义上的奴隶,但实际上是黑彝的契约仆人。阿加阶层占人口的33%,他们既为黑彝所有,也为白彝所有,作为契约劳工,其地位低于白彝。夏西是地位最低的阶层,他们是与主人牲畜同住的奴隶,没有任何权利。他们可以被打、被卖,甚至被当作娱乐的靶子杀害。这四个阶层的成员身份都是父系传承的。[30][31][32][33][34][35]奴隶文化如此盛行,以至于有时人们会根据所拥有的奴隶数量来给孩子起名。例如:鲁布布(意为“许多奴隶”)、鲁达(意为“强壮的奴隶”)、鲁舍(意为“奴隶指挥官”)、鲁吉(意为“奴隶的来源”)、鲁坡(意为“奴隶主”)、鲁哈(意为“百名奴隶”)、吉怒(意为“大量奴隶”)。[27]

Cases of the caste slavery system’s influence could be found as late as the 1980s and early 1990s, when nuohuo clans prevented marriage with qunuo or punished members who did.[36]
【参考译文】直到20世纪80年代和90年代初,仍能发现种姓奴隶制影响的事例,当时诺伙(黑彝)氏族阻止与曲诺(白彝)通婚,或惩罚那些违反规定的成员。[36]

I once asked a nuoho friend, a highly educated man completely at home in the Chinese scholarly world, what he would do if his daughter, then about fourteen, were to want to marry a quho. He said he would oppose it. I asked him if this were not an old-fashioned attitude. He admitted that it was, but gave two explanations. First, he said, he just wouldn’t feel right inside. More important, other nuoho might boycott his family for marrying out, and they would thenceforth have trouble marrying within the nuoho caste. This had happened to some of his affinal relatives in another county.
It is important to point out at the same time, however, that caste stratification in Liangshan has never, as far as I can tell, included notions of pollution or automatic deference, which are so important in the Indian caste system. In areas where there are both nuoho and quho, they socialize freely with one another, eating at each other’s houses and often becoming close friends. None of this, however, breaks down the marriage barrier; only among highly educated urbanites is intermarriage ever considered, and then it is usually decided against; most nuoho would rather have their daughters marry a Hxiemga (Han Chinese) than a quho.[37]

— Stevan Harrell

我曾经问过一个诺伙(黑彝)朋友,他是一位在中国学术界游刃有余、受过高等教育的人,如果当时大约十四岁的女儿想嫁给一个曲伙(白彝),他会怎么做。他说他会反对。我问他这是否是一种老派的观念。他承认是的,但给出了两个解释。首先,他说,他心里会不舒服。更重要的是,其他诺伙可能会因为他家与外人通婚而联合抵制,这样一来,他家以后再想在诺伙阶层内部联姻就难了。他的一位远亲在另一个县就遭遇过这种事。
然而,同时需要指出的是,就我所知,凉山地区的种姓分层从未包含印度种姓制度中如此重要的“污染”或“自动顺从”等观念。在诺伙和曲伙共存的地区,他们自由交往,互相到家里吃饭,经常成为亲密的朋友。然而,这一切都没有打破婚姻障碍;只有在受过高等教育的城市居民中,才会考虑通婚,但通常还是会被反对;大多数诺伙宁愿让女儿嫁给西南官话族群(汉族),也不愿嫁给曲伙。[37]
——史蒂文·哈雷尔

4.6 民间传说 | Folklore

The most famous hero in Yi mythology is Zhyge Alu. He was the son of a dragon and an eagle who possessed supernatural strength, anti-magic, and anti-ghost powers. He rode a nine-winged flying horse called “long heavenly wings.” He also had the help of a magical peacock and python. The magical peacock was called Shuotnyie Voplie and could deafen the ears of those who heard its cry, but if invited into one’s house, would consume evil and expel leprosy. The python, called Bbahxa Ayuosse, was defeated by Zhyge Alu, who wrestled with it in the ocean after transforming into a dragon. It was said to be able to detect leprosy, cure tuberculosis, and eradicate epidemics. Like the Chinese mythological archer, Hou Yi, Zhyge Alu shoots down the suns to save the people.[38] In the Yi religion Bimoism, Zhyge Alu aids the bimo priests in curing leprosy and fighting ghosts.[39]
【参考译文】彝族神话中最著名的英雄是支格阿鲁。他是龙与鹰之子,拥有超凡的力量、抗魔法和抗鬼魂的能力。他骑着一匹名为“龙天翼”的九翼飞马。他还得到了一只神奇的孔雀和一条蟒蛇的帮助。这只神奇的孔雀名叫硕特尼耶沃普列,它的叫声能震聋人的耳朵,但如果被邀请到家里,就会吞噬邪恶,驱除麻风病。那条蟒蛇名叫巴夏阿尤塞,在与支格阿鲁在海中搏斗时被其打败,当时支格阿鲁已化身为龙。据说,它能检测出麻风病,治愈肺结核,消除流行病。与中国神话中的射日英雄后羿一样,支格阿鲁也射下了太阳来拯救人民。[38]在彝族的毕摩宗教中,支格阿鲁帮助毕摩祭司治愈麻风病,对抗鬼魂。[39]

Jiegujienuo was a ghost that caused dizziness, slowness in action, dementia and anxiety. The ghost was blamed for ailments and exorcism rituals were conducted to combat the ghost. The bimo erected small sticks considered to be sacred, the kiemobbur, at the ritual site in preparation.[39]
【参考译文】解古解诺是一种导致眩晕、行动迟缓、痴呆和焦虑的鬼魂。人们认为这种鬼魂是疾病的根源,因此会举行驱邪仪式来对抗它。毕摩会在仪式地点竖起被认为神圣的小棍子,即“且莫布”,作为准备。[39]

4.7 节庆

参见:彝历

彝族过去崇拜万物有灵和崇拜祖先。彝历使用十月太阳历。民间传统节日很多,主要节日有彝族年跳公节插花节火把节二月八年节祭龙(祈雨)等。[12]

彝族年:彝族年是川、滇、黔彝族隆重的传统节日,彝语称“库施”。各地过年时间不一,一般在每年农历十月至十一月中、下旬选吉日过年。

The Torch Festival is one of the Yi people’s main holidays. According to Yi legend, there were once two men of great strength, Sireabi and Atilaba. Sireabi lived in heaven while Atilaba on earth. When Sireabi heard of Atilaba’s strength, he challenged Atilaba to a wrestling match. After suffering two defeats, Sireabi was killed in a bout, which greatly angered the bodhisattavas, who sent a plague of locusts to punish the earth. On the 24th day of the 6th month of the lunar calendar, Atilaba cut down many pine trees and used them as torches to kill the locusts, protecting the crops from destruction. The Torch Festival is thus held in his honor.[40]
【参考译文】火把节是彝族人的主要节日之一。根据彝族传说,曾有两个力大无穷的人,一个叫斯热阿比,一个叫阿提拉巴。斯热阿比住在天上,而阿提拉巴住在人间。当斯热阿比听说阿提拉巴的力气很大时,他便向阿提拉巴发起摔跤挑战。在连败两场后,斯热阿比在一场比赛中被杀,这极大地惹怒了菩萨们,于是他们派蝗虫来惩罚人间。在农历六月二十四日这天,阿提拉巴砍下许多松树,用作火把来消灭蝗虫,从而保护了庄稼免遭破坏。为了纪念他,人们便举行火把节。[40]

火把节:为彝族的传统节日,日期为每年农历的六月二十四日,历时三天。节日期间,人们身着盛装,集中在村寨附近的平坝或缓坡上,唱歌、跳舞、赛马、斗牛、斗羊、摔跤、选美等,活动的内容丰富多彩,热闹非凡。早上,人们要杀牲祭祖;晚上,要举着火把在庄稼地中转游,意为烧死害虫,祈求庄稼丰收。此外,黔西、滇东彝族在农历的三月三要过祭山节;云南石屏、元阳、巍山一带的彝族每年要过两次祭龙节,第一次在夏历二月第一个属龙日,第二次在秋收前,称“赔龙”,意为感谢龙王爷的雨露之恩;云南楚雄的彝族每年农历的二月初八要举行插花节,以祝愿幸福安康,六畜兴旺、五谷丰登;广西那坡、云南富宁一带的彝族在农历四月要举办跳弓节,农历三月三为广西隆林彝族的护林节。[13]

4.8 音乐 | Music

The Yi play a number of traditional musical instruments, including large plucked and bowed string instruments,[41] as well as wind instruments called bawu (巴乌) and mabu (马布). The Yi also play the hulu sheng, though unlike other minority groups in Yunnan, the Yi do not play the hulu sheng for courtship or love songs (aiqing). The kouxian, a small four-pronged instrument similar to the Jew’s harp, is another commonly found instrument among the Liangshan Yi. Kouxian songs are most often improvised and are supposed to reflect the mood of the player or the surrounding environment. Kouxian songs can also occasionally function in the aiqing form. Yi dance is perhaps the most commonly recognized form of musical performance, as it is often performed during publicly sponsored holidays and/or festival events.
【参考译文】彝族演奏多种传统乐器,包括大型的弹拨和拉弦乐器,[41]以及称为巴乌(一种葫芦丝)和马布的风鸣乐器。彝族人也吹奏葫芦笙,但与云南其他少数民族不同,彝族吹奏葫芦笙不是为了求偶或唱情歌(爱情歌曲)。口弦,一种类似犹太竖琴的小型四簧乐器,也是凉山彝族中常见的另一种乐器。口弦歌往往是即兴创作的,旨在反映演奏者或周围环境的心情。口弦歌有时也会以情歌的形式出现。彝族舞蹈可能是最常见的音乐表演形式,因为它经常在公众赞助的节日和/或庆典活动中表演。

4.9 文学 | Literature

Artist Colette Fu, great-granddaughter of Long Yun has spent time from 1996 till present photographing the Yi community in Yunnan Province. Her series of pop-up books, titled We are Tiger Dragon People, includes images of many Yi groups.[42][43]
【参考译文】艺术家龙云的重孙女傅柯雯自1996年至今,一直在云南省拍摄彝族社区。她的一系列立体书作品《我们是龙虎民族》中包含了多个彝族群体的形象。[42][43]

4.10 饮食

彝族的主食为土豆、玉米、荞麦、大米等。副食型食物有肉食类、豆类、蔬菜类、调料类、饮料类。肉食类以牛、羊、猪、鸡为主,待客需杀牲,以杀牛为贵,羊、猪次之。豆类多为黄豆、胡豆、碗豆等,黄豆的一种食法彝族称为“都拉巴”,即将黄豆磨成浆,连糟加酸菜煮吃。

调料类主要采集三种野生植物,一为“哈拉古”树叶,一为乔木“穆库”的根和花,一为草本植物“切批切克”的根。这三种植物均有奇特的香味。

饮料类主要为,彝族待客以酒为主,彝族谚语说“汉人贵在茶,彝人贵在酒”、“有酒便是宴,无酒杀猪宰羊不成席”,说明对酒的重视。彝族的酒主要有坛坛酒(又称咂酒)、桶酒水酒等。

凉山彝族喜吸兰花烟,其它地区彝族喜吸叶子烟。许多彝族地区有饮茶的习惯,茶从汉区输入,但也有自种的,如贵州水城玉舍一带彝族就擅长种茶,饮前将茶放在一个小罐中烤香,而后再放水煮开食用,称为“烤茶”。

彝族常吃的典型食品有:荞粑,彝族风味主食;面糊酸菜肉,彝族农家家常菜;白水煮乳猪,云南彝族传统佳肴,用乳猪水煮后蘸食;锅巴油粉,云南彝族风味名小吃,用金豌豆(即小扁豆)淀粉制成。

4.11 婚俗

男女青年订婚之后,便要进行婚宴的准备;若悔婚,提出悔婚方需付出一定代价。以前彝族分黑白两种,以黑为贵,互不通婚。彝族人通婚要求比较严格,多为本民族内通婚。彝族男女经过成人礼后,便具有婚恋的权利,而婚嫁前后都有相应的宗教仪式。男女联姻组成新家庭,需要得到祖先的同意,否则将得不到保佑。为了确保男女关系上的合法性、稳定性,以及后代繁衍的健康,彝族拥有许多婚俗上的禁忌:在彝族的观念中,阿姨等同母亲,姨表兄妹、姐弟则等于亲兄妹、亲姐弟,因此严禁姨表兄妹、姐弟间通婚;辈分不同的亲戚禁婚,通常姊妹不能嫁给辈分不同的两个男子。

云南大理州彝族在说亲、订亲、接亲时都要祭祖。男方聘请的媒人初到女方家提亲时,要带上香火与茶酒,进门后第一件事为敬拜女方神堂上的祖灵;订亲时要将男方带来的大公鸡拿到祖灵前献祭;迎亲时,男方要带祭祖饭箩,供于女方家的祖堂;举行婚礼的第一天晚上,男女双方要在各自祖宗神堂前拜祖。

彝族婚姻尤其注重生辰八字,若生辰相克则禁止结婚。云南小凉山彝族忌讳女子于偶数年龄结婚,尤其是二十二岁结婚会给男方带来不祥。同时也忌讳在每月的十三和十九日结婚,此时被认为是“虎口日”,将会有较多的灾难。

云南巍山县彝族认为穿白衣等于穿孝服,因此结婚的新人不能穿白衣,新婚妇女被禁止爬上楼上的月台。

川滇彝族认为在接新娘的途中,新娘会附上鬼,因此衍生出独特的为新娘消灾免难仪式。新娘到夫家后,毕摩会为新娘除邪,取树枝和茅草扎成人形代表新娘,彝语称其“锅日”或“恶日”,将人形插于地,用醋汤蒸熏后念经诵咒,同时取数粒豆子放在主人家打死的猪上。当新娘进屋,毕摩令家中男子以一根红线栓在头上、女性用蓝线栓头、小孩用红线栓手,毕摩割断栓于所有人身上的线,改系在“锅日”头上,将其抛于荒野外。送走时需开枪逐鬼,经过此仪式后,由新娘带来的鬼邪就会由“锅日”带走,保全家中平安。[11]

4.12 宗教 | Religion

4.12.1 毕摩教 | Bimoism

This section is an excerpt from Bimoism.
【参考译文】本节内容摘自“毕摩教”词条。

Bimoism[44] (Chinese: 毕摩教; pinyin: Bìmójiào, Yi: ꀘꂾbi mox) is the indigenous religion of the Yi people, the largest ethnic group in Yunnan after the Han Chinese. It takes its name from the bimo, shamanpriests who are also masters of Yi language and scriptures, wearing distinctive black robes and large hats.
【参考译文】毕摩教[44](中文:毕摩教;拼音:Bìmójiào;彝文:ꀘꂾ bi mox)是彝族人的原生宗教,彝族是云南省仅次于汉族的第二大民族。毕摩教得名于毕摩,他们是彝族的语言和经文大师,同时也是萨满祭司,身着独特的黑袍和大帽。

4.12.2 其他宗教 | Other religions

In Yunnan, some of the Yi have adopted Buddhism as a result of exchanges with other predominantly Buddhist ethnic groups present in Yunnan, such as the Dai and the Tibetans. The most important god of Yi Buddhism is Mahākāla, a wrathful deity found in Vajrayana and Tibetan Buddhism. In the 20th century, many Yi people in China converted to Christianity, after the arrival of Gladstone Porteous in 1904 and, later, medical missionaries such as Alfred James Broomhall, Janet Broomhall, Ruth Dix and Joan Wales of the China Inland Mission. According to missionary organization OMF International, the exact number of Yi Christians is not known. In 1991 it was reported that there were as many as 1,500,000 Yi Christians in Yunnan Province, especially in Luquan County where there are more than 20 churches.
【参考译文】在云南,由于与云南境内其他主要信奉佛教的民族(如傣族和藏族)的交往,部分彝族人也信奉了佛教。在彝族佛教中,最重要的神祇是大黑天(Mahākāla),这是金刚乘佛教和藏传佛教中的一位愤怒相的神祇。20世纪,在格拉德斯通·波特斯(Gladstone Porteous)于1904年到来之后,以及后来的中国内地会的阿尔弗雷德·詹姆斯·布鲁姆霍尔(Alfred James Broomhall)、珍妮特·布鲁姆霍尔(Janet Broomhall)、露丝·迪克斯(Ruth Dix)和琼·威尔士(Joan Wales)等医疗传教士的影响下,中国许多彝族人都皈依了基督教。据宣教组织国际宣教团(OMF International)称,彝族基督徒的确切人数尚不清楚。1991年有报道称,云南省有多达150万名彝族基督徒,尤其是在禄劝县,那里有多达20余间教堂。

4.13 医药 | Medicine

The Yi are known for the extent of their inter-generational transmission of traditional medicine through oral tradition and written records. Their traditional medicine system has been academically inventoried.[45] Since the prefecture the Yi medicinal data was collected from also contains the cave containing human-infectable SARS clades and it is known that people living in the vicinity SARS caves show serological signs of past infection,[46][47] it has been suggested that the Yi were repeatably exposed to coronavirus over their history, passively learned to medicinally fend off coronavirus infection centuries ago, and committed the results into their inter-generational record of medicinal indications.[48]
【参考译文】彝族因其通过口头传统和文字记录代代相传的广泛传统医学而闻名。他们的传统医学体系已被学术界记录在案。[45]由于收集彝族医药数据的自治州也包含有人类可感染的SARS病毒谱系的洞穴,并且已知居住在SARS洞穴附近的人们显示出既往感染的血清学迹象,[46][47]因此有人提出,彝族在历史上曾反复暴露于冠状病毒,早在几个世纪前就已被动学会用药物来抵御冠状病毒感染,并将结果记录在代代相传的药物适应症记录中。[48]

5. 名人


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