白族 / Bai people -(全文)中英文维基百科词条融合

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0. 概述

白族中国西南地区少数民族,列中国第14大民族云南贵州湖南三省是现代白族聚居地,历史上曾建立大理国

白族自称“白伙”(白语:Baipho,白族)、“白子”(白语剑川方言:Baipzix,白语大理方言:Baipzi,白族男人)、“白尼”(剑川:Baipyvnx,大理:Baipnivx,白族女人),或者说白语的人(剑川:Baipngvpzix ho /pɛ̰˦˨ ŋv̰̩˦˨ ʦɿ˧ xo̰˦/,大理:Baipngvzzi ho)。史书上称为“白蛮”、“白人”,明代以后称为“民家”。在云南的历史舞台上有过重要影响。时期云南历史上一度曾经出现过白族化的过程[1]

The Bai or Pai (Bai: Baipho [pɛ̰˦˨xo̰˦], 白和; Chinese: 白族; pinyin: Báizú), are an East Asian ethnic group native to the Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture of Yunnan Province, Bijie area of Guizhou Province, and Sangzhi area of Hunan Province. The Bai constitute one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by China,[2] with a population of 2,091,543 (as of 2020).[1]
【参考译文】白族(白语:Baipho [pɛ̰˦˨xo̰˦],白和;汉语拼音:Bái Zú),是东亚的一个民族,原居地位于中国云南省的大理白族自治州、贵州省的毕节地区以及湖南省的桑植地区。白族是中国官方正式承认的56个民族之一,[2]截至2020年,其人口数量为2,091,543人。[1]

The Bai people hold the colour white in high esteem and call themselves “Baipzix” (pɛ˦˨ tsi˧, Baizi, 白子), “Bai’ho” (pɛ˦˨ xo˦, Baihuo, 白伙), “Bai yinl” (pɛ˦˨ ji˨˩, Baini, 白尼), or “Miep jiax”. Bai means “white” in Chinese. Because of their strong preference for white, in 1956 the Chinese authorities named this ethnic group the Bai nationality.[3]
【参考译文】白族人对白色极为尊崇,他们自称“白子”(白语:pɛ˦˨ tsi˧)、“白伙”(白语:pɛ˦˨ xo˦)、“白尼”(白语:pɛ˦˨ ji˨˩)或“民家”。在汉语中,“白”意为“白色”。由于白族人极为偏爱白色,1956年中国政府将这一民族命名为白族。[3]

The Bai were previously named the Minjia (民家) by the Chinese from the 14th century to 1949.[4]
【参考译文】从14世纪至1949年,中国人曾将白族称为“民家”。[4]

The Bai people are one of the most sinicized minorities in China. Although the Bai are technically one of China’s 56 official ethnic groups, it is difficult to qualify them as a distinct ethnic minority. As early as the 1940s, some rejected their non-Chinese origin and preferred to identify themselves solely as Chinese. The Bai ethnic label was not widely used or known until 1958. Today, the Bai people accept minority status for pragmatic reasons; however, they are culturally nearly indistinguishable from Han Chinese.[5]
【参考译文】白族是中国同化程度最高的少数民族之一。尽管从技术上讲,白族是中国官方承认的56个民族之一,但很难将其界定为一个独特的少数民族。早在20世纪40年代,一些人就拒绝承认自己的非汉族血统,而更愿意将自己仅视为中国人。直到1958年,“白族”这一民族标签才得到广泛使用或为人所知。如今,出于实用主义的考虑,白族人接受了自己作为少数民族的地位;然而,从文化上看,他们与汉族几乎难以区分。[5]

One prerequisite for creating a hybrid form of Chinese would be a unique cultural identity, distinct from the Han, but the Bai people have been said by the sinologist Charles Patrick Fitzgerald to have held no ‘strong national feeling’ even before 1949. Hence, Fitzgerald, author of an authoritative study on Bai (whom he called by their former Chinese name, the Min-kia [minjia 民家]), said that many travelers regarded them as an absorbed people hardly to be distinguished from Han Chinese.[6]
【参考译文】创造一种混合形式的汉语的一个先决条件是具有与汉族不同的独特文化身份,但据汉学家查尔斯·帕特里克·菲茨杰拉德所言,白族人在1949年之前甚至都没有“强烈的民族情感”。因此,菲茨杰拉德(其关于白族的权威性研究的作者,他称白族人为其先前的中文名称“民家”)表示,许多旅行者认为白族人是一个已被同化、几乎难以与汉族区分开来的人群。[6]

— Duncan Poupard

1. 族源与历史 | History

关于白族族源有两个方面:文化意义上的族源、考古意义上的族源。

文化意义上的族源,指白族人自己认为自己从哪里来的,反映的是特定历史条件下的族源价值取向。

考古意义上的族源,则反映的是一个族群在历史上的来龙去脉,是真实意义上的族源。

1.1 文化族源

白族最早的文化族源是九隆传说。这个传说认为白族的先祖是哀牢山一个叫沙壹的圣母。沙壹在水里碰到一根沉木而怀孕,生下10个孩子,其中一个孩子叫九隆,其后代就是白族人。所以明代保留下来的白族墓碑上常刻有“九隆族”的字样。

南诏开始白族受佛教影响很重。白族开始产生阿育王为白族祖先的说法。

明朝开始,白族人假冒是江南人后裔。产生了“南京人”的传说。

1.2 考古族源

白族起源于泛洱海地带的古代人群。苍山马龙峰4000年之久的洞穴人遗址——马龙遗址,其居民马龙人就是考古能发现的最古老的白族先人。按照林谦一郎的说法,叫做“洱海人”。洱海人包括泛洱海地区的苍山马龙人,宾川白羊人,祥云大波那人和剑川海门口人。他们是白族的先人。他们创造了云南最早的青铜文明。

The origin of the Bai people has been heavily debated over the past century, though those debates mainly focus on the groups of people who were assimilated. According to archaeological excavations around Lake Erhai, the Bai people may have originated in the area around the lake. The earliest human site, discovered in the early 20th century, was called the paleolithic Malong relics of Mt. Cangshan (苍山马龙遗址), dated circa 4000 BP. The late sites include Haimenkou of Jianchuan (剑川海门口, 3000 BP), Baiyangcun of Binchuan (宾川白羊村, 3500 BP), and Dabona of Xiangyun (祥云大波那, 2350 BP).
【参考译文】过去一个世纪以来,关于白族的起源一直存在着激烈的争论,尽管这些争论主要集中在被同化的族群上。根据洱海周边的考古发掘,白族人可能起源于洱海周边地区。20世纪初发现的最早人类遗址被称为苍山马龙旧石器时代遗址,距今约4000年。较晚的遗址包括剑川海门口遗址(距今3000年)、宾川白羊村遗址(距今3500年)和祥云大波那遗址(距今2350年)。

洱海人在漫长的历史长河中,融入了不少不同来源的人群。其中包括来自北方的氐羌系统的民族,也包括来自南方的濮人,以及自汉以来陆续迁入云南的汉人。这些不同来源的人群携带者他们本身的文化特点,丰富了白族文化。白族受汉文化影响很深。在晋朝时期,于今天大理州弥渡县境内的一个叫白崖的地方产生了一个国家性质的联盟,称为白子国。“白族”的族称“白”即源于此。白子国延续了400多年传了17代国王,后被崛起的南诏取代。在南诏时期,国力强盛,大量与汉文化互动,再加上佛教在南诏中期传入,白族作为一个新的、稳定的民族共同体得以形成[2][需要完整来源]

The Bai are mentioned in Tang dynasty texts as the ‘Bo (or Bai) People’. Assuming the Bo transcription is correct, the earliest mention of the Bai was in the third century BCE in a text called Lüshi Chunqiu (Spring and Autumn Annals of Master Lü Buwei). They were mentioned again in Sima Qian’s Records of the Grand Historian in the first century BCE.[12]
【参考译文】在唐代的文献中,白族被称为“僰(或白)人”。如果“僰”这一音译是正确的,那么关于白族的最早记载可追溯至公元前3世纪的《吕氏春秋》一书中。公元前1世纪的司马迁《史记》中也有再次提及白族。[12]

The Bai were one of the tribes that helped establish Nanzhao (649–902). In 937, the Dali Kingdom was founded by Duan Siping, a Bai man whose family had played a major role in the Nanzhao Kingdom, advocated for the “relief of corvée” (Chinese: 宽徭役) and joined 37 tribes in eastern Yunnan to instigate a rebellion. The Dali Kingdom persisted for about 300 years (937-1253), facilitating the Bai’s establishment of internal cohesion centered around the Erhai Lake.[13]
【参考译文】白族是帮助建立南诏国(649-902年)的部落之一。937年,段思平(一位白族人,其家族在南诏国中扮演了重要角色)创立了大理国,他倡导“宽徭役”(即减轻劳役),并联合了云南东部的37个部落发动叛乱。大理国持续了约300年(937-1253年),这有助于白族形成以洱海为中心的内部凝聚力。[13]

In 1253, the Mongols led by Kublai Khan conquered the Dali Kingdom.[14] The Yuan dynasty established Yunnan Province, created administrative districts in the Erhai region, and retained the Duan Family, the former rulers of Dali, to oversee the region.[15]
【参考译文】1253年,忽必烈率领的蒙古军队征服了大理国。[14]元朝设立了云南省,在洱海地区划分了行政区,并保留了前大理国的段氏家族来管理该地区。[15]

In 1381, the Ming dynasty army defeated the Yuan forces, deposed the former ruler of Dali, instituted Dali Prefecture, and subsequently migrated to the Dali region to cultivate the land.[16]
【参考译文】1381年,明朝军队击败了元军,废黜了大理的前统治者,设立了大理府,并随后迁入大理地区开垦土地。[16]

2. 分布 | Location

The Bai predominantly reside in Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province,[7] as well as in Gucheng District and Yulong County of Lijiang City, Nanhua County of Chuxiong Prefecture, Xishan District, Wuhua District, and Anning City (Taiping Town) of Kunming City, Lushui County of Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture, Longyang District of Baoshan City, Fengqing County of Lincang City, and portions of Zhenxiong County of Zhaotong City.[8][9]
【参考译文】白族主要居住在云南省的大理白族自治州,[7]以及丽江市的古城区和玉龙县、楚雄州的南华县、昆明市的西山区、五华区和安宁市(太平镇)、怒江傈僳族自治州的泸水县、保山市的隆阳区、临沧市的凤庆县,以及昭通市镇雄县的部分地区。[8][9]

The Bai also constitute a hereditary ethnic group in Guizhou, Hunan, and Hubei Provinces, specifically in Bijie City, Liuzhi Special District, and Shucheng County within Liupanshui City in Guizhou; Sangzhi County in Zhangjiajie City in Hunan; and Hefeng County in Enshi Prefecture in Hubei.[10][11]
【参考译文】白族也是贵州、湖南和湖北等省的传统民族群体,特别是在贵州省六盘水市的毕节市、六枝特区、水城县,湖南省张家界市的桑植县,以及湖北省恩施州的鹤峰县。[10][11]

根据2000年人口普查,中国大陆有白族人口1,861,895人,占少数民族人口的1.77%,其中云南有1,505,644人,占白族人口的80.87%;贵州有187,362人,占10.06%;湖南有125,597人,占6.75%;湖北有7,173人,占0.39%。除世居地外,因工作、婚姻迁徙,各个省市区及现役军人中均有白族人口分布[3]

2.1 支系

南诏以前,白族支系众多。分布在泛洱海地带。不相从属。南诏开始,连绵近600年的云南白族化进程,整合了白民族的各个分支,部落被统一起来,语言和文化被均质化,所以白族内部差异非常小。在相近人口规模的民族中,白族的支系非常少。

白族在南诏大理时代结束后失去了云南的支配地位。从明朝开始,汉人成为云南事务的主导。汉语变成云南的共同语。在这个背景下,因为地理隔绝产生了白族支系的分化。最先分化出来的是拉玛支系。他们是泛洱海地带的白族人先人在数次战争中迁往澜沧江流域留下的后代。比较重要的几次迁徙包括:

  • 1254年蒙古讨南宋。从云南征调爨白军到江南。战争结束后,部分白族人流落到湖南桑植定居繁衍至今。
  • 1381年,傅有德平定洱源佛光寨叛乱。引起大量白族人西迁。
  • 1449年-1550年,纳西族木氏土司迪庆藏族争夺滇西北霸权的百年战争。木氏治下有大量的白族人和傈僳族人。繁重的兵役造成大量白族人和傈僳族人逃往澜沧江地带。
  • 1673-1681年,吴三桂三藩之乱

勒墨人是从拉玛人中分化出来的。是在第四次大迁徙中从澜沧江流域中排木瓜邑迁到怒江流域的洛本卓一带。从语言上看,勒墨白语和拉玛白语非常接近。但是勒墨人受傈僳族影响很大,各方面呈现显著差异,所以他们被划为单独的分支。

当拉玛人和勒墨人从白族主体中分化出去以后,白族主体就被方便地称为民家人,以示区分。

95%的白族人属于民家支系。

云南省以外的白族都属于民家人。

贵州省的白族有18万左右人口(2000年),自称“民家”,汉族称其为“七姓民”,主要分布在毕节市威宁县,据认为是1090年大理时代驻扎边境白子军人的后裔。地方志资料证明,贵州白族迟至1940年代还在大量使用白语,但1949年后至今已经无人使用白语。贵州白族的民族身份于1982年获得政府承认,但同时有近一半来源可疑的“龙家人”被四舍五入划为的贵州白族。贵州与白族相关的族群除了龙家人外尚有蔡家人卢人,他们的语言比较彼此接近,虽然与过去贵州白族所讲的白语无法沟通,但也有一定比例的同源词,因此被一些专家划入汉白语族。但目前蔡家人属于未识别民族,卢人则被划入满族。

湖南省桑植县有白族人口12万多人(2000年),自称“白尼”,是700多年前由云南迁移过去的,1258年蒙古军灭了大理后,准备包抄攻打南宋。经过长途跋涉与战争后蒙军兵源不足,于是在年在当地征白族兵,史称“寸白军”(或作“爨白军”)。1261年战争结束后寸白军被遣返云南,有部分白族军人在这个过程中流散到洞庭湖周边地区。其中有姓谷、钟、王、熊和李的几个白族兵经江西最后流落到桑植,并定居下来,其后代繁衍至今。这些后裔一直到1984年才被识别为白族。湖南白族已不再使用白语,但其语言里保留了一些白语词汇[4][5]

此外,四川南部有少量白族村寨。另,黑龙江杜尔伯特蒙古族自治县的“站人”也是白族后裔,系清朝三藩之乱吴三桂麾下受牵连的白族官兵(1682年),被发配到北方戍边。[来源请求]

2.2 白族聚居地

2.3 各地白族人口分布

3. 语文

白族有自己的语言白语。大约124万居民操本族语言(占民族人口总数约68%),通用汉语文[6]

3.1 语言 | Language

主条目:白语 / Main article: Bai language

白语介乎藏缅语汉语之间,一般将其归类入属汉藏语系藏缅语族彝语支。但由于其基本词语大都是汉语借词,所以有学者认为白语其实并非彝语的分支,而应该是汉语的分支。另外,亦有少数西方学者根据基本语序的类似认为白语与缅甸克伦族克伦语很相近。白语词存在从汉语借用以及同源两方面的造成的相似性。很多基本词都被汉语所替换,所以造成谱系分类学上的困难。

As of 2004, only Bai people who lived in the mountains spoke Bai as their only language, but some Han Chinese in Dali also spoke Bai due to local influence. Among modern Bai people, Chinese is usually used for popular media such as radio, television, and news, while Bai is relegated to folk-arts related activities.[17] No book in the Bai language has been published as of 2005.[12]
【参考译文】截至2004年,只有居住在山区的白族人把白语作为他们的唯一语言,但大理的一些汉族人也由于当地的影响而会说白语。在现代白族人中,中文通常用于广播、电视和新闻等大众媒体,而白语则被局限于与民间艺术相关的活动。[17]截至2005年,还没有出版过白语书籍。[12]

The origins of the language have been obscured by many years of intensive Chinese influence. Several theories have been proposed, including categorizing it as a sister language of Chinese, a separate group within the Sino-Tibetan family, or in a category more related to the Thai language or Hmong language.[18] Superficially, the Bai lexicon and grammar are closer to Chinese languages, but they also share common vocabulary items with the Lolo-Burmese languages.[12]
【参考译文】由于多年来汉语的强大影响,白语的起源变得模糊不清。人们提出了几种理论,包括将其归类为汉语的姊妹语言、汉藏语系内的一个独立语群,或归类为与泰语或苗语更为相关的类别。[18]从表面上看,白语的词汇和语法更接近汉语,但它们也与洛洛-缅甸语族有共同的词汇项目。[12]

According to the Manshu (Book of Barbarians) by Fan Chuo (9th century), the Baiman’s pronunciation of Chinese was the most accurate out of all the tribes in the area.[19] Scriptures from Nanzhao unearthed in 1950s show that they were written in the Bai language (similar to Chữ Nôm and the Old Zhuang script) but it does not seem Nanzhao ever attempted to standardize or popularize the script. The same was true for its successor, the Dali Kingdom. During the Ming dynasty, the government began offering state examinations in Yunnan, which solidified Classical Chinese as the official language.[20]
【参考译文】根据范摅(9世纪)所著的《蛮书》,白蛮的汉语发音是该地区所有部落中最准确的。[19]20世纪50年代发掘的南诏文献显示,它们是用白语书写的(类似于喃字和古壮字),但南诏似乎从未试图使这种文字标准化或普及化。其继承者大理国也是如此。在明朝时期,政府开始在云南举办科举考试,从而确立了文言文为官方语言。[20]

3.2 文字

主条目:方块白文

白族在历史上曾经仿造汉字创制过方块白文,并用方块白文编撰过大量的书籍。云南历史上著名的史书《白古通记》原本即用白文写成,后经四川人杨慎翻译为汉文流传至今。元末明初傅友德沐英在云南对白族文化实行残酷的文化灭绝政策,焚毁了所有官方和民间的藏书,以致于后世无法系统了解当时的历史和文字系统。从此白文基本上灭绝。流传于民间的白曲歌谱尚用汉字白读的方法来记录白语唱词,但是因为缺乏系统性和统一性而不能流传到其他领域。

1955年参照汉语拼音方案发明了以拉丁字母为基础的拼音白文。经过1992年的修订现在基本已经成形[7]。白文书籍在部分地区流传,但由于许多白族知识分子的民族意识淡漠而没有得到足够的重视和支持。

4. 宗教 | Religion

The habits of the Bai people in the Dali region closely resemble those of conventional Han Chinese culture. They are profoundly impacted by Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism.
【参考译文】大理地区的白族人的生活习惯与传统的汉族文化非常相似。他们深受佛教、道教和儒家思想的影响。

大理地区的白族民家人习俗跟传统汉族大致相同。文化上受佛教本主教道教儒教影响较深。尊重知识,重视教育;尊老尊师爱幼。

4.1 佛教 | Buddhism

Most Bai people adhere to a form of Buddhism known as Azhaliism.[12][21][22]
【参考译文】大多数白族人信奉一种名为阿吒力教的佛教形式。[12][21][22]

Historically, the Dali Kingdom was the first Buddhist nation in Yunnan, excluding the Tibetan people in northwestern Yunnan.[23] Buddhism was brought to the Bai people as early as the 8th century. The Bai people once practiced Mahayana Tantric Buddhism.[24] After Wu Sangui‘s Three Clans Rebellion, it was decisively quelled by the Qing Dynasty. Subsequently, the Buddhist beliefs of the Bai people were coercively supplanted by Chinese Hinayana Buddhism.[25] Furthermore, the Bai people exhibit a strong interest in transcribing Buddhist scriptures. Notable locations such as the Thousand Search Pagoda at Chongsheng Temple, Fengyi North Tangtian Fazang Temple, the Three Pagodas of Chongsheng Temple, and the Fotu Temple have yielded various Buddhist texts, including the Diamond Sutra, Lotus Sutra, and Large Prajñāpāramitā Sūtras, among others.[26]
【参考译文】历史上,大理国是云南地区(不包括滇西北的藏族)第一个佛教国家。[23]早在8世纪,佛教就被带到了白族地区。白族人曾信奉大乘密教。[24]吴三桂三藩之乱后,被清朝彻底平定。随后,白族人的佛教信仰被强制取代为汉传佛教小乘教。[25]此外,白族人对抄写佛经表现出浓厚的兴趣。崇圣寺千寻塔、风仪北唐田法藏寺、崇圣寺三塔和佛图寺等著名地点出土了各种佛经,包括《金刚经》、《法华经》和《大般若波罗蜜多经》等。[26]

白族人最早信奉的佛教是大乘密宗佛教。由印度僧人赞陀崛多(Candra Gupta,月护)传入。与白族文化结合形成了特殊的佛教流派:阿吒力派(滇密),和缅甸阿利僧派同源。阿吒力一词是梵文阿阇梨的音译,意思为导师,僧人的白语尊称为Svl Zix Bol,在民间享有崇高的声望和地位。阿吒力派信奉阿嵯耶观音

白族的阿吒力佛教在明初被礼遇过。当时明朝在云南设有阿吒力纲司,专门管理阿吒力佛教。但是密宗僧人历史上数次受战乱和造反牵连。吴三桂三藩之乱”以后,被清朝旗帜鲜明地打压了下去。以后,白族的佛教信仰在明清被强行用汉传显宗置换。现代的阿吒力教主要活动中心在云南剑川,呈衰落状态。显宗和尚在白族民间被蔑称为Gonp Ded Bol。

佛教信仰在勒墨人中不存在,但他们祭拜一个以佛菩萨为原型的鬼:大维摩鬼。

拉玛人地缘上离民家近。受民家人的影响,拉玛人也有信佛的。

20世纪是大理国写本佛经的集中发现时期,崇圣寺千寻塔、凤仪北汤天法藏寺崇圣寺三塔下关佛图寺塔陆续有发现,其中包括《金刚经》、《妙法莲华经》、 《大般若经》、《维摩诘经》、《无垢净光大陀罗尼经》、《自心印陀罗尼法》 等等[8]

《护国司南抄》是这批写经中对良贲《仁王经疏》的注释类书籍,其中全是汉地佛教的内容,证明汉地佛教也是构成南诏佛教的重要成分之一。周泳先提出写经中存在白文的观点, 关于大理国写经中是否存在白文的问题,在学者间并未达到共识。多数学者认为有,但杨延福、侯冲等学者否定。侯冲认为《护国司南抄》不存在白文,那些是以一些字的偏旁部首作注释之用[8][9]

4.2 本主教 | Benzhuism

Main article: Benzhuism / 主条目:本主教

Although most Bai people adhere to Azhaliism, a form of Buddhism that traces its history back to the Nanzhao Kingdom,[12][21][22] they also practice a native religion called Benzhuism: the worship of ngel zex (本主; běnzhǔ), local gods and ancestors.[27] Ngel zex could be any hero in history—the prince of the Nanzhao regime, a hero of folklore or even a tiger (for instance, Laojun Jingdi Chinese: 老君景帝 is a tiger).[28]
【参考译文】虽然大多数白族人信奉阿吒力教,这是一种可追溯到南诏王国的佛教形式,[12][21][22]但他们也信奉一种本土宗教,称为本主信仰:即崇拜本主(ngel zex;běnzhǔ)、地方神灵和祖先。[27]本主可以是历史上的任何英雄——南诏政权的王子、民间传说中的英雄,甚至是一只老虎(例如,老君景帝就是一只老虎)。[28]

白族的本土宗教是本主教。本主教本质上是一种原始的万物崇拜宗教。“本主”一词的含义是“本境土主”。白语称“ngel zex ”(字面义:我的主人),另称有ddaot baol。

白族村寨几乎都建有本主庙。庙内供奉泥塑或木雕的本主神像。据1990年统计,大理白族自治州境内共有本主庙986座。

白族的“本主”是“人神兼备”的护卫神, 渗入了祖先崇拜、英雄崇拜。本主作为神没有固定的身份和形象。很多本主是神话、传说、历史中的著名人物。有的本主是老虎。比如老君山的神叫“老君景帝”[注 1]

有的本主是现实中的人物。比如原籍剑川营头村的杨益谦将军,1930年代曾经利用职权从越南购得数千斤大米回剑川,接济当时的大饥荒,拯救了无数老百姓。杨死后,被营头村人尊为本主供奉。杨益谦是可考的最新的本主。[原创研究?]

还有的本主是白族的敌人,比如下关将军洞祭拜的本主是公元754年唐与南诏战争中丧生的唐将李宓.这种现象与白族古老信仰中的“祭恶”习俗有关。

白族本主是单个神祇,但大多也有谱系可寻。各地或各个村寨本主庙内都塑有自己的本主神。也有的几个村寨甚至几十个村寨共同信奉一个本主。本主管的对象也不同,有管“阴间”和人间大小事务的,有管人间疾病的,有管牲畜的,等等。每年有两次按一套固定仪式祭祀本主的庙会。一次是春节期间迎送本主,另一次是庆祝本主诞辰或忌日。有祭祀礼仪和《本主经》,还有一套清规戒律和道德规范。要求人们忠于国家、孝敬父母长辈、尊老爱幼、勤俭劳动、不做坏事等。

勒墨人不拜本主。

4.3 基督宗教 | Christianity

George Clarke, who arrived in 1881, was the first Protestant missionary to the Bai population.[29] Few Bai individuals adhere to the Christian faith; yet, Christian churches exist in Dali.[30]
【参考译文】1881年到来的乔治·克拉克是白族中的第一位新教传教士。[29]很少有白族人信奉基督教;然而,大理地区有基督教教堂存在。[30]

4.4 伊斯兰教 | Islam

There are a few villages in Yunnan where residents are Muslims, but speak Bai as their first language. These people are officially classified by Chinese authorities as belonging to the Hui nationality and call themselves Bai Hui (“Bai-speaking Muslims”).[31] They usually say that their ancestors were Hui people, who came to Yunnan as followers of the Mongolian army in the 14th century.[32]
【参考译文】在云南的一些村庄里,居民是穆斯林,但他们的第一语言是白语。这些人被中国官方归类为回族,自称白回(“说白语的穆斯林”)。[31]他们通常说他们的祖先是回族人,14世纪时作为蒙古大军的追随者来到云南。[32]

有部分大理的回族人以白语为母语,即“白回”,主要分布在大理地区洱源县邓川坝子的士庞、鸡鸣、三枚三村,剑川县的桑岭、西凤村,人数约9800人。他们严格遵循穆斯林的生活习惯,而在住房建筑的形式、风格上,则是白族传统与伊斯兰特色相结合。

4.5 道教

道教传入白族比较早,但一直处于边缘地位。在晚近佛教信仰被淡化的情况下有所兴盛。常常和佛教信仰混杂。比如剑川白族传统节日“二月八太子会”盛典,佛教徒和道教徒都参与。

4.6 原始巫教

白族在外来宗教的冲击下,仍然保留了很多古白族的原始信仰。尤其以怒江勒墨白族保留的最多。怒江勒墨白族保留的宗教叫朵兮教。勒墨人的祭师叫朵兮博(ddaot xil dol),白语意为“大祭司”。朵兮崇拜是白族最古老的精神生活之一。即便在佛教盛行的地区也存在朵西活动,包括大理、剑川地区。勒墨人不信本主,不信佛教。他们认为人生受各种鬼支配,因而比较消极厌世。勒墨人的生活是围绕着各种禁忌和敬鬼的仪式来展开的。在怒江八个世居民族中,勒墨白族是唯一不信基督的民族。这个现象被人称为奇观。

5. 文化 | Culture

5.1 性别 | Gender

Gender roles were relatively equal in Bai society and women were not considered inferior to men. Having only daughters and no sons was not considered a tragedy.[33]
【参考译文】在白族社会中,性别角色相对平等,女性并不被视为男性的附属品。只有女儿而没有儿子并不被视为悲剧。[33]

5.2 农业 | Agriculture

Most Bai are agriculturalists. They cultivate many crops like rice, wheat, rapeseed, sugar, millet, cotton, cane, corn, and tobacco. However, some Bai also engage in fishing and selling local handicrafts to tourists.[34] Most Bai were subsistence rice farmers, but they also cultivated wheat, vegetables, and fruits. Unlike the Han and most other Chinese minority groups, the Bai ate cheese and made it from either cow or goat milk. The leftover whey from the process of cheese-making was fed to pigs. Those who lived around Erhai Lake fished.[35]
【参考译文】大多数白族人以农业为生。他们种植水稻、小麦、油菜、甘蔗、小米、棉花、甘蔗、玉米和烟草等多种作物。然而,也有一些白族人从事捕鱼业,并向游客出售当地的手工艺品。[34]大多数白族人都是自给自足的水稻种植者,但他们也种植小麦、蔬菜和水果。与汉族和大多数其他中国少数民族不同,白族人食用奶酪,这种奶酪是用牛奶或羊奶制成的。制作奶酪过程中剩下的乳清被用来喂猪。那些住在洱海附近的人以捕鱼为生。[35]

Bai fishermen have trained cormorants to fish since the 9th century. Lower water quality and high costs of cormorant training have resulted in recent disuse of the practice, though cormorant fishing is still done by local fishers today for tourists.[36]
【参考译文】自9世纪以来,白族渔民就开始训练鸬鹚捕鱼。近年来,由于水质下降和训练鸬鹚的成本高昂,这种做法已不再使用,尽管当地的渔民今天仍然会为了游客而进行鸬鹚捕鱼表演。[36]

5.3 饮食 | Cuisine

  • 坝区白族主食为大米,山区白族多食粗粮,比如玉米、荞麦。
  • 口味偏川味,嗜酸辣。
  • 小吃比较多样,有米线、饵丝、饵块、冰粉、凉虾、卷粉、碗豆粉(凉、热)等,其中米线、饵丝和饵块,各地又有不同做法和吃法。
  • 有养和养山羊的传统,食物中乳制品较多。利用牛奶羊奶生产黄油和类似奶酪的食品乳扇乳饼
  • 有饮习俗、迎客时用三道茶
  • 白族有通过腌制、风干保存食品的习俗。饮食中包含大量腌、腊、干食品。比如腌猪肠(猪肝醡)(deip ganl tvnl)、腌梅(有雕梅、苏裹梅、炖梅等)(sul god meil)、腌梨(zvx xiop xuil lil)、腊肉、腊肠、鱼干、霉干菜、干蚕豆叶、干青菜、干豆腐皮(ganl lanl zix)豆豉、面酱、酸腌菜(过年要腌制五花腌菜)。
  • 在大理、洱源等地的白族有吃“生皮”的习俗,即生的猪皮和猪肉。《徐霞客游记》中也曾提到过。做法是将猪宰杀后用稻草烧去猪毛,然后开膛、清洗,将肉、皮切碎,直接沾蘸水食用。当然,现在猪肉都是经过化验,才会拿去生吃,避免会吃进寄生虫。

The Bai people enjoy sour, cold and spicy flavours and excel in preparing delicacies such as cured gammon, bowfish (Zacco taliensis), river snails sauce, fried termite mushrooms (Termitomyces) and pork liver.[37] The Bai people of Dali and surrounding regions enjoy a distinctive dish known as “raw meat” or “raw skin,” which consists of pork that is roasted to a medium doneness, then sliced or shredded, and served with ginger, green onions, vinegar, and chilli peppers to entertain guests.[38]
【参考译文】白族人喜欢酸、冷、辣的味道,擅长制作火腿、弓鱼(云南裂腹鱼)、田螺酱、炒蚁巢伞(松茸)和猪肝等美味佳肴。[37]大理及其周边地区的白族人有一道特色菜肴,称为“生肉”或“生皮”,这道菜由烤至七八分熟的猪肉制成,然后切片或切丝,配以生姜、小葱、醋和辣椒,用以招待宾客。[38]

Additionally, there are white wines produced from glutinous rice, “snow plums” crafted from stewed plums and sugar from Cang Mountain,[39] as well as Dengchuan’s distinctive “milk fan” and “milk cake”, all of which are exceptionally flavourful.[40][41]
【参考译文】此外,还有用糯米酿制的白酒、苍山炖梅和糖制作的“雪梅”,[39]以及邓川的特色“乳扇”和“乳饼”,这些食物都风味独特。[40][41]

5.4 白族扎染 | Bai tie-dye

Bai tie-dye (Chinese: 白族扎染) is extensively utilised in Bai apparel, everyday items, traditional folklore, religious ceremonies, and national celebrations. The primary stages of tie-dyeing consist of flower tying and dyeing, with the essential techniques being the twisting and tying approach along with the dyeing process. The essence of the technique is in the dying method and the proficiency in dyeing. The primary instruments for tie-dyeing include the dyeing jar, dyeing stick, sun rack, and stone mill.[42][43]
【参考译文】白族扎染(Chinese: 白族扎染)在白族服饰、日常用品、传统民俗、宗教仪式和民族庆典中得到了广泛应用。扎染的主要阶段包括扎花和染色,关键技术在于扎结方法和染色过程。这项技术的精髓在于染色方法和染色的熟练程度。扎染的主要工具包括染缸、染棍、晒架和石磨。[42][43]

Zhoucheng, Dali (Chinese: 大理周城) offers a diverse array of tie-dye items, featuring over 1,000 distinct patterns characterised by a broad spectrum of themes and profound meanings.[44][45]
【参考译文】大理周城提供了多种多样的扎染制品,拥有1000多种不同图案,这些图案主题广泛,寓意深刻。[44][45]

5.5 服饰 | Clothing

The Bai people, as their name would suggest, favor white clothes and decorations. Women generally wear white dresses, sleeveless jackets of red, blue, or black, embroidered belts, loose trousers, embroidered shoes of white cloth, and jewelry made of gold or silver. Women in Dali traditionally wear a white coat trimmed with a black or purple collar, loose blue trousers, embroidered shoes, silver bracelets, and earrings. Unmarried women wear a single pigtail on the top of their head, while married women roll their hair. The men wear white jackets, black-collared coats, and dark loose shorts. Their headwear and costume reflect the Bai symbols:[46] the snow, the moon, the flower, and the wind.
【参考译文】顾名思义,白族人偏爱白色衣物和装饰品。女性通常穿着白色连衣裙、红色、蓝色或黑色的无袖夹克、绣花腰带、宽松的裤子、白色布料的绣花鞋以及金银首饰。大理的女性传统上穿着白色外套,领口饰以黑色或紫色,搭配宽松的蓝色长裤、绣花鞋、银手镯和耳环。未婚女性将头发梳成一根高高的独辫,而已婚女性则把头发盘起来。男性则穿着白色夹克、黑色领口的外套和深色宽松的短裤。他们的头饰和服装反映了白族的象征:[46]雪、月、花、风。

Many Bai women style their hair in a long braid wrapped in a headcloth. This style is called “the phoenix bows its head”.[34]
【参考译文】许多白族女性将长发编成辫子,并用头巾包裹起来,这种发型被称为“凤凰低头”。[34]

5.6 艺术 | Arts

白族歌曲分为“曲 kv”和“调 dia”“腔”三类。曲类似于京剧,唱腔比较固定,缺乏变化,常用于对歌。调类似于民歌,唱词和曲调因歌而异。最享有盛名的为《泥鳅调》(seit qiainl ngvl dia),有曲母之称。腔主要是由内地传入的吹吹腔。无论曲还是调都喜欢用山花体格率,即“七七七五”式。白族传统上喜欢用曲对歌。剑川有著名的一年一度的“石宝山歌会”,歌会起源于南诏时期。白族对歌都是即兴的表演,遵从格律,但不适合流传。也不容易通俗化。相比于曲,调比较容易流行。

白族音乐比较发达,与宗教联系密切,并受中原传统影响很深。

舞蹈,白语称“跳舞”为dap go [IPA tɑ42 ko44],白族民家人的舞蹈形式并不丰富。著名的有“霸王鞭”、,是一种带娱乐性质的集体群舞,不适合舞台表演。在农村节日人们除了打”霸王鞭”还会耍“板凳龙”、跳“草帽舞”等。白族拉玛人的代表性歌舞称为“开益”(kaix niif,[IPA kʰɛ33 ȵi35])。勒墨人喜欢跳舞,每逢节日则跳舞狂欢数日。

The Bai have a traditional form of theater called Chuichuiqiang. However, this local tradition is endangered, as is traditional Bai culture in general.[12]
【参考译文】白族有一种传统戏剧形式,名为吹吹腔。然而,这一地方传统正处于濒危状态,白族传统文化总体上也是如此。[12]

5.7 建筑

白族民居多为庭院建筑群,依经济状况,有“两房一耳”、“三坊一照壁”、“四合五天井”等格局。白族人擅长木雕,建筑上使用很多木雕修饰,特别讲究门楼的装饰性。大宅多建有檐角上翘、斗拱重叠并具彩绘的精美门楼。

The Bai people have developed and preserved three distinctive architectural styles that reflect their unique traditions and craftsmanship. These styles include the “one house with two cottages,” “three rooms and one wall screening,” and “four houses and five courtyards.” Each of these architectural designs showcases not only the structural layout but also the intricate decorative elements that are characteristic of Bai architecture. The Bai homes, with their white walls, hexagonal tile patterns, colorful paintings, and elaborate decorations like carved wooden doors, exemplify the attention to detail and artistic flair that define Bai architectural aesthetics.
【参考译文】白族人民发展和保留了三种独特的建筑风格,这些风格反映了他们独特的传统和工艺。这些风格包括“一正两耳”、“三坊一照壁”和“四合五天井”。每一种建筑设计不仅展示了结构布局,还展示了白族建筑特有的精致装饰元素。白族民居以其洁白的墙壁、六边形的瓦片图案、色彩斑斓的绘画以及雕花木门等精美装饰为特点,体现了白族建筑美学中对细节的关注和艺术魅力。

The village of Xizhou is known for its preservation of Qing Dynasty-era Bai homes, with some of these structures repurposed into museums. The Three Pagodas of Chongsheng Temple, dating back to the period between 823 and 840 AD, are recognized as significant architectural landmarks attributed to the Bai people. The central pagoda, standing at a height surpassing 70 meters in Dali, ranks among the tallest structures of similar kind in China, highlighting the architectural achievements associated with the Bai community.[55]
【参考译文】喜洲村因其保存着清代白族民居而闻名,其中一些建筑已被改造成博物馆。崇圣寺三塔建于公元823年至840年间,是归属于白族的重要建筑地标。位于大理的中央佛塔高度超过70米,是中国同类建筑中最高的之一,凸显了白族在建筑方面的成就。[55]

6. 节日 | Festivals

6.1 绕三灵和赛马 | Raosanlin and Horse-racing

See also: Third Month Fair and Tea Horse Road【参见:三月街、茶马古道】

The three major Bai festivals are called the Raosanlin (Walking Around Three Souls). The most important one is the Third Month Fair, held annually at the foot of Mount Cang in Dali between the fifteenth and twentieth days of the third lunar month. Originally, it was a religious activity to rally and pay homage, but it gradually evolved into a fair that included performances of traditional sports and dance as well as the trade of merchandise from different regions. The second festival is the Shibaoshan Song Festival, and the third is the Torch Festival, held on the 25th day of the sixth lunar month to wish health and a good harvest. On that evening, the countryside is decorated with banners with auspicious words written upon them. Villagers then light torches in front of their gates and walk around the fields while holding yet more torches in order to catch pests.[33]
【参考译文】白族的三大节日被称为“绕三灵”(意为“绕三魂”)。其中最重要的是三月街,每年在农历三月十五至二十日之间,于大理苍山脚下举行。起初,它是一个聚集和祭拜的宗教活动,但逐渐演变成了一场集传统体育表演、舞蹈以及各地区商品交易于一体的盛会。第二个节日是石宝山歌会,第三个是火把节,于农历六月二十五日举行,以祈求健康和好收成。那一晚,乡村到处挂满了写有吉祥话语的横幅。村民们会在自家门前点燃火把,同时手持更多火把在田间绕行,以捕捉害虫。[33]

Horse racing is a customary practice of the Bai people, conducted not only during the Third Month Fair but also at the Mule-and-Horse Meeting in Jianchuan in July, the Fish Pone Meeting in Eryuan and Dengchuan in August, and in several villages. The origins of Bai horse racing date back over a millennium to the Tang Dynasty, coinciding with the introduction of Buddhism to Nanzhao.[47] The Guanyin Temple Fair, conducted at the base of Cang Mountain in March of the lunar calendar, has progressively transformed into the Third Month Fair and associated commercial activities. Initially, the market primarily focused on the exchange of medical herbs and cattle. To further their business, horse sellers arranged horse-riding competitions at the market to showcase the strength and speed of the horses. Horse racing has consequently become a significant aspect of Third Month Fair.[48] Annually, during the festival, the Bai and other ethnic groups, like the Tibetans and Nakhi, convene from across the globe in ceremonial clothing with their horses to engage in horse-racing.[49][50]
【参考译文】赛马是白族的一项传统习俗,不仅在三月街期间举行,还在七月剑川的骡马大会、八月洱源和邓川的渔潭会上,以及多个村庄中举行。白族赛马的起源可追溯至一千多年前的唐朝,与佛教传入南诏时期相吻合。[47]农历三月在苍山脚下的观音庙会,逐渐演变为三月街及其相关的商业活动。起初,市场主要以交换草药和牛为主。为了促进生意,马匹卖家在市场上安排骑马比赛,以展示马匹的力量和速度。因此,赛马成为了三月街的重要组成部分。[48]每年节日期间,白族以及其他民族,如藏族和纳西族,会从世界各地身着盛装,带着他们的马匹汇聚一堂,参加赛马活动。[49][50]

6.2 茶仪式 | Tea ceremony

The Bai tea ceremony, San Dao Cha 三道茶 (Three Course Tea), is most popular among the Bai in the Dali area and is a common sight at festivals and marriages. It is both a cultural ceremony and a method of honouring a guest.[51] The ceremony is often described in Mandarin as ‘Yiku, Ertian, sanhuiwei’ 一苦二甜三回味 (First is bitter, Second is sweet, Third brings reflection (aftertaste)).[52]
【参考译文】白族的茶道“三道茶”(San Dao Cha)在大理地区的白族中最为流行,是节日和婚礼上的常见景象。它既是文化仪式,也是敬客之道。[51]这道仪式通常用普通话描述为“一苦二甜三回味”(First is bitter, Second is sweet, Third brings reflection (aftertaste))。[52]

The first tea course starts with baking the tea leaves in a clay pot over a small flame, shaking the leaves often while they bake. When they turn slightly brown and give off a distinct fragrance, heated water is added to the pot. The water should immediately begin bubbling. When the bubbling ceases, a small amount of bitterly fragrant, concentrated tea remains. Due to the sound the hot water makes when it enters the clay pot, the first course tea was, in previous times, also known as Lei Xiang Cha 雷响茶 (Sound of Thunder Tea).[51]
【参考译文】第一道茶始于用小火在陶罐中烘烤茶叶,烘烤过程中需不断抖动茶叶。当茶叶略微变黄并散发出独特的香气时,向罐中加入热水。水应立即开始冒泡。当冒泡停止后,罐中便剩下少量苦香浓郁的浓茶。由于热水倒入陶罐时会发出声响,第一道茶在以前也被称为“雷响茶”(Lei Xiang Cha,意为“雷鸣茶”)。[51]

The second course is sweet tea. Pieces of walnut kernel and roasted rushan (乳扇, lit. milk fan), a dried cheese specific to the Dali region,[53] are put into a tea cup with brown sugar and other ingredients. Boiling water is added and the tea is then offered to the guest. This tea is sweet without being oily, so the guest can easily drink it.[54]
【参考译文】第二道茶是甜茶。将核桃仁和烤乳扇(一种大理地区特有的干酪制品[53])以及红糖等其他配料放入茶杯中。加入沸水后,将茶端给客人。这种茶甜而不腻,客人可以轻松地饮用。[54]

The third tea is made by mixing honey, Sichuan pepper, slices of ginger, and cassia together in a china cup with hot Cangshan Xue green tea.[54] The product is a tea that is sweet, coarse and spicy all at once. This Dali specialty has a noticeable aftertaste, which meant it was known as Hui Wei Cha 回味茶 (Reflection Tea).[51]
【参考译文】第三道茶是在瓷杯中混合蜂蜜、花椒、姜片、桂皮,再加入热的“苍山雪”绿茶制成。[54]成品茶甜、粗、辣并存。这种大理特产具有明显的回味,因此被称为“回味茶”(Hui Wei Cha)。[51]

The 18 procedures of the tea ceremony are governed by strict etiquette, which follows the principles of etiquette, honesty, and beauty. As such, the tea ceremony is considered by some to perfectly embody the hospitable Bai people’s current customs.[52]
【参考译文】茶道的18道工序遵循严格的礼仪规范,这些规范遵循礼仪、真诚和美的原则。因此,一些人认为茶道完美地体现了白族人民热情好客的风俗习惯。[52]

6. 社会发展

6.1 1949年前

  • 大理:经济相对发达。喜洲当年有很多著名的商会和国际马帮贸易组织。
  • 碧江: 处在带有奴隶社会性质的土司统治状态;土司自己家里拥有奴隶。社会发展低下。
  • 其他:普通的封建社会。

6.2 1949年后

与云南汉区发展程度大抵相同。

7. 知名白族人物 | Notable Bai

  • Duan Siping (段思平) – founder of the Dali Kingdom
    【参考译文】段思平——大理国的创立者
  • Shen Yiqin (谌贻琴) – Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary of Guizhou
    【参考译文】谌贻琴——中共贵州省委书记
  • Wang Xiji (王希季) is an aerospace engineer, designer of the Long March 1 rocket
    【参考译文】王希季——航天工程师,长征一号火箭的设计师
  • Xu Lin (徐琳) is a linguist and one of the two founders of modern grammar of Bai language
    【参考译文】徐琳——语言学家,现代白语语法的两位创始人之一
  • Yang Chaoyue (杨超越) – actress, pop music singer, former member of Rocket Girls 101
    【参考译文】杨超越——演员,流行乐歌手,前“火箭少女101”成员
  • Yang Liping (杨丽萍) – dancer
    【参考译文】杨丽萍——舞蹈家
  • Yang Rong (楊蓉) – actress
    【参考译文】杨蓉——演员
  • Yang Yuntao (楊雲濤) – dancer
    【参考译文】杨云涛——舞蹈家
  • Zhang Le Jin Qiu (张乐进求) – legendary ancestor of the Bai
    【参考译文】张乐进求——白族的传说祖先
  • Zhang Lizhu (张丽珠) – gynecologist
    【参考译文】张丽珠——妇科医生
  • Zhang Jiebao (张结宝) was a famous bandit leader, active in the 1920s in northwestern Yunnan
    【参考译文】张结宝——20世纪20年代活跃在云南西北部的著名匪首
  • Zhao Fan (趙藩) – scholar, calligrapher, and poet
    【参考译文】赵藩——学者、书法家、诗人
  • Zhao Shiming (赵式铭) – scholar, the first one who studied the Bai language the most systematically
    【参考译文】赵式铭——学者,第一位最系统地研究白语的学者
  • Zhao Yansun (赵衍荪) – linguist, one of two founders of modern grammar of Bai language
    【参考译文】赵衍荪——语言学家,现代白语语法的两位创始人之一
  • Zhou Baozhong (周保中) – military general, who led the battles against the Japanese invasion in northeastern China
    【参考译文】周保中——军事将领,领导了中国东北抗击日本侵略的战斗
  • Fiona Ma (馬世雲) – American politician
    【参考译文】马世云——美国政治家
  • Dianxi Xiaoge (滇西小哥) – YouTuber

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