Rosatom（俄罗斯国家原子能公司）（全文） – 英文词条

By cathayvista企业, 全文在本站的词条, 区域：欧亚独联体国家（原沙俄苏联国家）

原文链接（无法从中国内地访问）：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosatom

辽观提供的译文仅供参考。原文和译文均遵守CC-BY-SA 4.0国际协议，在标注来源并遵守协议的情况下，您可以免费使用文章和图片内容，包括商用。

请注意：文中超链接可能导向中国内地无法访问的页面（如维基百科站内链接）。

封面图片为Rosatom的logo，来源：http://rosatom.ru/en/

This article is about a corporation established in 2007. For Rosatom government body in 2004–2008, see Rosatom (Federal Agency).
本文是关于一个成立于2007年的公司的介绍。对于2004年至2008年的Rosatom政府机构，请参阅Rosatom（联邦机构）。

Rosatom (Russian: Росатом, IPA: [rɐsˈatəm]), also known as Rosatom State Nuclear Energy Corporation, the State Atomic Energy Corporation Rosatom, or Rosatom State Corporation, is a Russian state corporation headquartered in Moscow that specializes in nuclear energy, nuclear non-energy goods and high-tech products. Established in 2007, the nonprofit organization comprises more than 350 enterprises, including scientific research organizations, a nuclear weapons complex, and the world’s only nuclear icebreaker fleet.[4]

参考译文：Rosatom（俄罗斯：Росатом），又称为Rosatom国家核能公司、俄罗斯国家原子能公司或Rosatom国家公司，是总部位于莫斯科的俄罗斯国家公司，专注于核能、非能源核产品和高科技产品。成立于2007年的这个非营利组织包括350多家企业，包括科研机构、核武器综合体以及世界上唯一的核动力破冰舰队。

The organization is the largest electricity generating company in Russia, producing 215.746 TWh of electricity, 20.28% of the country’s total electricity production. The corporation ranks first in overseas NPP construction, responsible for 76% of global nuclear technology exports: 35 nuclear power plant units, at different stages of development, in 12 countries, as of December 2020.[5] Rosatom also manufactures equipment, produces isotopes for nuclear medicine, carries out research, and conducts material studies. It also produces supercomputers and software as well as different nuclear and non-nuclear products. Rosatom plans to further develop renewable energy and wind power. Two nuclear power plants are being built in Russia at Kursk-2 NPP with plans announced for 2 more units at Kola NPP.[6] Rosatom has a 38% world market share and in 2019 led in global uranium enrichment services (36%) and covers 16% of the global nuclear fuel market.[7][8][9]

参考译文：该组织是俄罗斯最大的发电公司，产生215.746 TWh的电力，占全国总电力产量的20.28%。该公司在海外核电站建设方面排名第一，负责全球76%的核技术出口：截至2020年12月，在12个国家正在建设中的35个核电站单位处于不同的开发阶段。Rosatom还制造设备，生产用于核医学的同位素，进行研究和材料研究。它还生产超级计算机和软件，以及不同的核能和非核能产品。Rosatom计划进一步发展可再生能源和风能。俄罗斯正在库尔斯克-2核电站建设两座核电站，并计划在科拉核电站建设另外两个单位。Rosatom在全球市场占有38%的份额，并且在2019年在全球铀浓缩服务（36%）方面处于领先地位，覆盖了全球核燃料市场的16%。

In 2020 Rosatom approved an updated strategy with the intent to branch into 100 new business areas, including nuclear medicine, composites, wind energy, hydrogen, waste management, additive technology, and production of hydrogen.[3]

参考译文：在2020年，俄罗斯国家原子能公司（Rosatom）批准了一项更新的战略，旨在进入100个新的业务领域，包括核医学、复合材料、风能、氢能、废物管理、增材制造技术和氢的生产。

The state corporation is authorized on behalf of the state to fulfill Russia’s international obligations in the field of the use of nuclear energy and of non-proliferation of nuclear materials. Rosatom is also involved with large-scale projects such as ITER and FAIR.

参考译文：国家公司被授权代表俄罗斯履行在核能使用和核材料非扩散领域的国际义务。俄罗斯国家核能公司（Rosatom）还参与大型项目，如国际热核聚变实验堆（ITER）和国际加速器设施（FAIR）。

As of February 2021, the total portfolio orders of Rosatom reached $250 billion.[10][11] According to the 2020 corporate report, its 10-year foreign order portfolio stood at $138.3 billion, while revenue reached $7.5 billion. The 10-year order portfolio for new products stood at ₽1,602.1 billion while revenue reached ₽261.1 billion.[12][13]

参考译文：截至2021年2月，俄罗斯国家原子能公司的总投资组合订单达到2500亿美元。根据2020年的公司报告，其10年期外国订单组合达到了1383亿美元，而收入达到了75亿美元。新产品的10年订单组合达到1602.1亿卢布，而收入达到261.1亿卢布。

Rosatom logo。
图片来源：http://rosatom.ru/en/
Rosatom’s headquarters at Bolshaya Ordynka Street in Moscow
图片来源：Sergey Norin from Moscow, Russia – 1557
Native name 本土名称Государственная корпорация по атомной энергии «Росатом»
Type 类型State-owned 国有
Industry 产业Nuclear power 核能
Wind power 风能
Hydrogen fuel 氢燃料
Predecessor 前任Federal Agency on Atomic Energy 俄罗斯联邦原子能委员会
Founded 创立时间1 December 2007; 15 years ago[1] 2007年12月1日；15年前
Founder 创立者Vladimir Putin by signed law[2]弗拉基米尔·普京，通过签署法律
Headquarters 总部Moscow, Russia 俄罗斯莫斯科
Area served 服务地域Worldwide 全世界
Key people 主要人物Alexey Likhachev [ru](General Director) 阿列克谢·利哈切夫（总裁）
Products 产品Nuclear reactors 核反应堆
Nuclear fuel 核燃料
Uranium mining 铀矿开采
Uranium enrichment 铀浓缩
Nuclear decommissioning 核设施停运
Nuclear medicine 核医学
Wind power 风能
Hydrogen fuel 氢燃料
Additive manufacturing 增材制造
Composites 复合材料
Revenue 收入₽1,207.4 trillion[3] (2020) 1,207.4万亿卢布[3]（2020年）
Total assets 总资产₽4,722.4 trillion[3] (2020) ₽4,722.4万亿[3]（2020年）
Owner 所有者Russian government 俄罗斯政府
Number of employees 雇员数量276,100[3] (2020)
Subsidiaries 子公司See organization 参见“子公司”部分
Website 网站rosatom.ru/en/

目录

1. History 历史

Further information: Ministry of Nuclear Engineering and Industry of the Soviet Union and Federal Agency on Atomic Energy (Russia)
参考译文：进一步信息：苏联核工程和工业部以及俄罗斯原子能署

1.1 Origins & Establishment 起源与建立

Several Soviet and Russian government entities with different tasks are among the Rosatom predecessors. On 26 June 1953, the Council of Ministers transformed the First Main Directorate in charge of nuclear weapons program into the Ministry of Medium Machine Building (MinSredMash). The ministry was entrusted with the development of the civic nuclear power program. In 1989, Minsredmash and the Ministry of Atomic Energy merged to form the Ministry of Nuclear Engineering and Industry of the USSR.[14][15]

参考译文：苏联和俄罗斯的几个政府实体分别承担着不同的任务，并成为俄罗斯原子能署的前身之一。1953年6月26日，苏联国务院将负责核武器计划的第一总局转型为中型机械工业部（MinSredMash），该部被授权开展民用核能项目的开发。1989年，MinSredMash和原子能部合并为苏联核工程和工业部。

The Ministry for Atomic Energy of the Russian Federation [(Russian: Министерство по атомной энергии Российской Федерации, also known as Minatom (Russian: Минaтом)] was established as a successor to the Russian part of the Ministry of Nuclear Engineering and Industry of the USSR on 29 January 1992, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The newly created ministry received about 80% of the enterprises of the union department, including 9 nuclear power plants with 28 power units. Under this name, the ministry existed until 9 March 2004, when it was transformed into the Federal Agency on Atomic Energy.[14][15]

参考译文：俄罗斯联邦原子能部（俄语：Министерство по атомной энергии Российской Федерации，也被称为Minatom (俄语：Минатом)）于1992年1月29日建立，作为苏联核工程和工业部俄罗斯部分的继任者，苏联解体后成立。新成立的部门接管了约80%的联盟部门企业，包括9个核电站和28个核电机组。该部门在这个名字下存在直到2004年3月9日转变为俄罗斯联邦原子能署（Federal Agency on Atomic Energy）。

On 1 December 2007, Russian President Vladimir Putin signed a law adopted by the Federal Assembly under which the Federal Atomic Energy Agency were to be abolished, and its powers and assets were to be transferred to the newly created “State Atomic Energy Corporation Rosatom.” On 12 December of the same year, the agency transformed into a state corporation.[14][16]

参考译文：2007年12月1日，俄罗斯总统弗拉基米尔·普京签署了联邦议会通过的一项法律，根据该法律，俄罗斯联邦原子能署将被废除，其权力和资产将被转移给新成立的“俄罗斯国家原子能公司Rosatom”。同年12月12日，该机构转变为国家公司。

1.2 Closing Down Plutonium Production Plants 关闭钚生产厂

As part of a deal reached with the United States in 2003, Russia’s plutonium-producing reactors were shut down.[17] The reactors had originally been built during the nuclear arms race to provide weapons-grade plutonium, but some of the reactors had since been relied on to provide heat and power to cities. In 2005, work began on a coal plant to provide alternative power to Seversk and Tomsk, which had been relying on nuclear reactors originally built in the 1960s as part of the nuclear arms race. The coal plant was partially funded by the U.S., with construction concluding in 2008.[18]

参考译文：作为2003年与美国达成的协议的一部分，俄罗斯的钚生产反应堆被关闭。这些反应堆最初是在核军备竞赛期间建造的，用于生产武器级钚，但其中一些反应堆后来被用于为城市提供热力和电力。2005年，开始建设一座煤电厂，以为塞韦尔斯克和汤姆斯克提供替代能源，这两个城市最初依赖于上世纪60年代作为核军备竞赛的一部分建造的核反应堆。该煤电厂部分由美国提供资金支持，建设于2008年完成。

1.3 Involvement in International Markets 对国际市场的参与

Between 2000-2015, Rosatom “was the supplier in around half of all international agreements on nuclear power plant construction, reactor and fuel supply, decommissioning or waste”.[19] Russia has various diplomatic ties with different countries via nuclear energy diplomacy.[20] Some form of formalized agreement exists with 54 countries as of 2023, although some plans for Russian-built nuclear power plants were cancelled after the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[19]

参考译文：在2000年至2015年期间，俄罗斯国家原子能公司Rosatom“在大约一半的国际核电站建设、反应堆和燃料供应、拆除或废物处理协议中充当供应方”。俄罗斯通过核能外交与不同国家建立了各种外交关系。截至2023年，该公司已与54个国家签订了形式上的协议，尽管在俄罗斯入侵乌克兰后，一些俄罗斯建造的核电站计划被取消。

1.4 Wind Power Investments 风能投资

This section may be confusing or unclear to readers. Please help clarify the section. There might be a discussion about this on the talk page. (July 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
本节可能对读者来说有些混乱或不清晰。请帮助澄清本节内容。在讨论页面上可能有关于此内容的讨论。（2023年7月）（了解如何在何时移除此模板消息）

（维基百科自带的提示）

In 2017, Rosatom decided to invest in wind power, believing that rapid cost reductions in the renewable industry will become a competitive threat to nuclear power, and started to build wind turbines. Rosatom was also concerned that nuclear export opportunities were becoming exhausted. In October, Rosatom was reported to be considering postponing commissioning new nuclear plants in Russia due to excess generation capacity and that new nuclear electricity prices are higher than for existing plant. The Russian government is considering reducing support for new nuclear under its support contracts, called Dogovor Postavki Moshnosti (DPM), which guarantee developers a return on investment through increased payments from consumers for 20 years.[21][22][23]

参考译文：在2017年，俄罗斯国家原子能公司Rosatom决定投资风能，并开始建设风力涡轮机，他们认为可再生能源行业的成本快速降低将对核能构成竞争威胁。此外，Rosatom也担心核能出口机会正在逐渐减少。据报道，由于发电能力过剩以及新建核电厂的电价较高，Rosatom考虑推迟在俄罗斯投入使用新的核电厂。俄罗斯政府正在考虑降低对新建核电的支持，根据其称为“Dogovor Postavki Moshnosti (DPM)”的支持合同，保证开发商通过消费者增加的支付获得20年的投资回报。

1.5 2017 Ruthenium Plume Controversy

Ruthenium, a byproduct of uranium-235 fission, is used by nuclear monitoring sites as an indicator of a nuclear accident.[24] In October 2017, a plume of ruthenium-106 was detected by multiple laboratories throughout Europe. Rosatom denied that there had been a leak or accident at its nuclear sites and suggested that the plume was caused by a satellite burning upon reentry.[25] A 2019 study ruled out the satellite hypothesis. By analyzing air sample data from multiple monitoring sites, the scientists determined that the most likely cause of the plume was a fire of explosion while attempting to process ruthenium into cerium-144.[25] Rosatom continues to deny that there was a leak or explosion.

参考译文：钌是铀-235裂变的副产物，核监测站将其用作核事故的指示物。在2017年10月，欧洲多个实验室检测到了钌-106的云团。Rosatom否认其核设施发生泄漏或事故，并表示该云团可能是由卫星再入大气层时燃烧引起的。然而，2019年的一项研究排除了卫星假设。通过分析多个监测站的空气样品数据，科学家确定该云团最可能由处理钌制成锗-144时的火灾或爆炸引起。Rosatom继续否认泄漏或爆炸的发生。

1.6 Other Events, 2017-2020 2017-2020年期间的其他事件

This section may be confusing or unclear to readers. Please help clarify the section. There might be a discussion about this on the talk page. (July 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
本节可能对读者来说有些混乱或不清晰。请帮助澄清本节内容。在讨论页面上可能有关于此内容的讨论。（2023年7月）（了解如何在何时移除此模板消息）

（维基百科自带的提示）

On 28 June 2017, The Financial Times criticized Rosatom for lack of transparency regarding an alleged expansionist agenda through its role as a “Kremlin-controlled company“.[26] On 20 March 2018, this criticism was underlined by the Bellona Foundation, who focused on the scarce data available on Rosatom’s progress in Sudan.[27]

参考译文：在2017年6月28日，英国《金融时报》批评俄罗斯国家原子能公司Rosatom缺乏透明度，指责其作为“克里姆林宫控制的公司”存在扩张主义议程。2018年3月20日，贝洛纳基金会也强调了对Rosatom在苏丹进展的稀缺数据的批评。

On 20 August 2020, Rosatom marked the 75th anniversary of the Russian nuclear industry. As part of the celebration, Rosatom launched its rebranding campaign “United Rosatom,” which made subsidiaries in the nuclear industry utilize the Rosatom’s Moebius strip logo. In 2020, Rosatom set a goal of tripling its revenue to ₽4 trillion by 2030, 40% of which is set to come from new lines of business, with primarily focus on sustainable tech.[28][5][29]

参考译文：2020年8月20日，Rosatom庆祝俄罗斯核能产业成立75周年。作为庆祝活动的一部分，Rosatom推出了其重新品牌的活动“联合Rosatom”，并要求核能行业的子公司使用Rosatom的Moebius带状徽标。2020年，Rosatom设定了到2030年将其收入增加到4万亿卢布的目标，其中40%将来自新业务领域，主要关注可持续技术。

1.7 2022 Invasion of Ukraine 入侵乌克兰

Nations supporting Ukraine following the 2022 Russian invasion sanctioned key Russian industries, including Rosatom and its subsidiaries. The Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office of the United Kingdom announced direct sanctions against Rosatom and its executives.[30] The United States Department of the Treasury Office of Foreign Assets Control sanctioned UMATEX Joint-Stock Company and its subsidiaries in Russia and the Czech Republic pursuant to Executive Order 14024, as part of a drive against Russia’s suppliers of carbon fibers.[31]

参考译文：在2022年俄罗斯入侵乌克兰后，支持乌克兰的国家对关键的俄罗斯产业实施了制裁，包括Rosatom及其子公司。英国外交、联邦和发展办公室宣布直接对Rosatom及其高管实施制裁。美国财政部外国资产控制办公室依据第14024号行政命令对UMATEX股份公司及其在俄罗斯和捷克共和国的子公司实施制裁，作为打击俄罗斯碳纤维供应商的一部分。

Within the next two days after Russian military forces occupied Ukraine’s Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant on 24 February 2022, Rosatom employees had gained an unauthorized access to the plant, threatened the Ukrainian personnel and demanded the plant’s manuals, procedures and other documentation.[32]

参考译文：在2022年2月24日俄罗斯军队占领乌克兰的切尔诺贝利核电站后的接下来的两天内，Rosatom的员工未经授权进入了该核电站，并威胁乌克兰人员，并要求获取该站的手册、程序和其他文件。

Since 12 March 2022,[33] once Russian military forces occupied Ukraine’s Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant, Rosatom employees have gained an access and set a base there without permission of the plant’s owner Energoatom. Rosatom engineers have demanded documentation and manuals on the plant’s operation. Rosatom spokeswoman said that its employees are present at Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant to ensure the safety of the plant and are not involved in its management or security.[34]

参考译文：自2022年3月12日起，俄罗斯军队占领乌克兰的扎波罗热核电站后，Rosatom的员工未经批准进入并在那里设立了一个基地，而没有得到该电站的所有者Energoatom的许可。Rosatom的工程师要求了该电站运营的文件和手册。Rosatom的发言人称，他们的员工在扎波罗热核电站是为了确保其安全，而不参与其管理或安全工作。

On 29 September 2022 the International Atomic Energy Agency was told by a Ukrainian ambassador that Rosatom had sent more officials to Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant to enforce the change in ownership from Ukraine to Russia and to give the plant employees two weeks to apply for work with Rosatom. Allowing Russia to claim ownership of Zaporizhzhia would represent the biggest nuclear theft in history.[35]

参考译文：2022年9月29日，乌克兰大使向国际原子能机构（IAEA）表示，Rosatom已经派遣了更多的官员到扎波罗热核电站，以实施将其所有权从乌克兰转移到俄罗斯，并给予该电站员工两周时间申请加入Rosatom工作。允许俄罗斯声称对扎波罗热核电站拥有所有权将代表着有史以来最大的核盗窃事件。

2. Organization 组织

As of early 2021, Rosatom included 356 of various organizational and legal forms. Some belong to the enterprises of the nuclear power complex, which comprises organizations of nuclear energy, nuclear engineering, and the nuclear fuel cycle, such as enterprises for the exploration and production of natural uranium, conversion and enrichment of uranium, production of nuclear fuel, electricity and equipment, development of new technologies for the nuclear fuel and gas centrifuge platform.[5] Others belong to the growing number of new businesses outside of nuclear power, including wind energy, composite materials, additive technologies, nuclear medicine, among others. The civilian assets of the Russian nuclear industry are concentrated within Rosatom’s holding company Atomenergoprom, which unites 204 enterprises as of December 2020.[12][36]

参考译文：截至2021年初，Rosatom拥有356个各种组织和法律形式。其中一些属于核能复合体的企业，包括核能、核工程和核燃料循环的组织，如开采和生产天然铀的企业，铀转化和浓缩企业，核燃料、电力和设备生产企业，以及开发核燃料和气体离心机平台的新技术的企业等[5]。其他一些企业属于核能之外日益增长的新业务领域，包括风能、复合材料、增材制造技术、核医学等。俄罗斯核能产业的民用资产集中在Rosatom的控股公司Atomenergoprom，截至2020年12月，该公司共有204家企业[12][36]。

The Rosatom companies are integrated into multiple divisions:[12][37]

参考译文：Rosatom的公司被分为多个部门[12][37]：

2.1 Mining division 采矿部门

The holding company of the Rosatom mining division is JSC Atomredmetzoloto, which consolidates Russian uranium mining assets. Key daughter companies include JSC Khiagda and JSC Dalur.

参考译文：Rosatom采矿部门的控股公司是JSC Atomredmetzoloto，该公司整合了俄罗斯的铀矿开采资产。重要的子公司包括JSC Khiagda和JSC Dalur。

Uranium One is a separate global mining company that operates directly under Rosatom with a diverse portfolio of assets in Kazakhstan, United States and Tanzania.

参考译文：Uranium One是一家独立的全球矿业公司，直接隶属于Rosatom，拥有在哈萨克斯坦、美国和坦桑尼亚的多样化资产组合。

2.2 Fuel division 燃料部门

Work on a fuel cassette of the nuclear power reactor at the Novosibirsk Chemical Concentrates Plant, a TVEL subsidiary。图片来源：RIA Novosti archive, image #132603 / Ruslan Krivobok / CC-BY-SA 3.0

The managing company of the Rosatom fuel division is JSC TVEL, which is a leading organization on the global nuclear fuel cycle front-end market and the only supplier of nuclear fuel for Russian NPPs and the nuclear-powered icebreaker fleet.

参考译文：俄罗斯核能燃料部门的管理公司是JSC TVEL，这是全球核燃料前端市场的领先组织，也是俄罗斯核电站和核动力破冰船队唯一的核燃料供应商。

Key daughter companies include Bochvar National Research Institute for Inorganic Materials, Siberian Chemical Combine, and Chepetskiy Mechanical Plant.

参考译文：重要的子公司包括Bochvar国家无机材料研究所、西伯利亚化学联合企业和Chepetskiy机械厂。

The division’s tasks include the fabrication of nuclear fuel, conversion and enrichment of uranium, and the production of gas centrifuges.

参考译文：该部门的任务包括核燃料的制造、铀的转化和浓缩以及气体离心机的生产。

Uranium enrichment is carried out at four TVEL Fuel Company plants, including Angarsk Electrochemical Plant in Angarsk, Irkutsk oblast, Zelenogorsk Electrochemical Plant in Zelenogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Ural Electrochemical Plant in Novouralsk, Sverdlovsk oblast, and the Siberian Chemical Plant in Seversk, Tomsk oblast.[38] Uranium is enriched using an advanced gas centrifuge technology to separate uranium isotopes. Depleted uranium hexafluoride is converted to an oxide form at the W-ECP unit of Zelenogorsk Electrochemical Plant.[39][40]

参考译文：铀浓缩在四个TVEL燃料公司的工厂进行，包括安加尔斯克电化学厂（位于伊尔库茨克州安加尔斯克）、泽列诺戈尔斯克电化学厂（位于克拉斯诺亚尔斯克边疆区泽列诺戈尔斯克）、新乌拉尔电化学厂（位于斯维尔德洛夫斯克州新乌拉尔斯克）以及西伯利亚化学厂（位于托木斯克州塞韦尔斯克）。铀浓缩使用先进的气体离心机技术来分离铀同位素。废弃的六氟化铀在泽列诺戈尔斯克电化学厂的W-ECP装置中被转化为氧化物形式。

Nuclear fuel is produced at Rosatom’s Machine-building plant (JSC MSZ) and Novosibirsk Chemical Concentrates Plant (JSC NCCP). The plants produce UO2-based (enriched fresh and reprocessed uranium) nuclear fuel for all models of Russian power and research reactors, as well as for many foreign power and research reactor models and for Russian ship-based power installations. The development of accident tolerant fuel for VVER and PWR reactors has now entered the stage of testing.[41]

参考译文：核燃料在Rosatom的机械制造厂（JSC MSZ）和新西伯利亚化学浓缩厂（JSC NCCP）生产。这些工厂为所有型号的俄罗斯电力和研究反应堆，以及许多外国电力和研究反应堆型号以及俄罗斯舰载动力装置生产以UO2为基础的核燃料（富集的新鲜铀和再处理铀）。现在，针对VVER和PWR反应堆的事故容忍燃料的开发已经进入测试阶段。

MOX fuel for fast sodium reactors is produced at the Mining and Chemical Combine, while uranium-plutonium mixed fuel will be produced at the Siberian Chemical Plant, which is currently under construction. A uranium-plutonium fuel REMIX (regenerated mixture) being tested for VVER reactors; its commercial production is expected to take place at the Mining and Chemical Combine.

参考译文：快速钠冷堆使用的MOX燃料在矿化元素化学联合企业生产，而铀-钚混合燃料将在目前正在建设中的西伯利亚化学厂生产。对于VVER反应堆正在测试的铀-钚燃料REMIX（再生混合物），预计其商业生产将在矿化元素化学联合企业进行。

SNF reprocessing is carried out at the Mayak Production Association at the RT-1 plant. The plant is currently processing the spent nuclear fuel (of various compositions) from power reactors (BN-350, VVER-440, BN-600, RBMK-1000, VVER-1000; BN-MOX), from the research reactors of Russian and foreign scientific centres, and from the reactors of submarine and surface naval fleet transport power plants.[37]

参考译文：核燃料后处理在Mayak生产联合企业的RT-1工厂进行。该工厂目前正在处理来自电力反应堆（BN-350、VVER-440、BN-600、RBMK-1000、VVER-1000；BN-MOX）以及俄罗斯和外国科学中心的研究用反应堆以及潜艇和海军舰队运输动力装置的各种组成的废弃核燃料。

2.3 Mechanical engineering division 机械工程部

The managing company is JSC Atomenergomash. It is one of Russia’s largest groups of mechanical engineering enterprises offering a full range of solutions for the design, manufacture and supply of equipment for the nuclear power industry. The division comprises more than 10 production sites, including production enterprises, engineering centers and research organizations in Russia, Ukraine, the Czech Republic, and Hungary.

参考译文：管理公司是JSC Atomenergomash。它是俄罗斯最大的机械工程企业集团之一，提供核能行业设备设计、制造和供应的全套解决方案。该部门包括超过10个生产基地，包括俄罗斯、乌克兰、捷克共和国和匈牙利的生产企业、工程中心和研究机构。

According to the group’s own data, 14% of nuclear power plants in the world and 40% of thermal power stations in the CIS and the Baltic states use the holding equipment. In addition, the division is the largest producer of equipment for the VVER reactor and the world’s only producer of the fast-neutron reactor (BN reactor). Its enterprises are also responsible for design and manufacturing of reactors for SMR nuclear power plants, both onshore and offshore, as well as nuclear icebreakers.

参考译文：根据该集团提供的数据，全球14%的核电站和独联体以及波罗的海国家40%的热电站使用该集团的设备。此外，该部门是VVER反应堆设备的最大生产商，也是世界上唯一的快中子反应堆（BN反应堆）的生产商。该企业还负责设计和制造陆上和离岸小型模块化核电站的反应堆，以及核动力破冰船的反应堆。

Key daughter companies include OKB Gidropress, OKBM Afrikantov, JSC Machine-Building Factory of Podolsk, and AEM-technology.

参考译文：该集团的重要子公司包括OKB Gidropress、OKBM Afrikantov、Podolsk机械制造厂和AEM-technology。

2.4 Engineering division 工程部

The managing company is JSC ASE EC, which has extensive capabilities for managing the construction of complex engineering facilities. The main business areas of the division include design and construction of large NPPs in Russia and abroad, and developing digital technologies for managing complex engineering facilities based on the Multi-D platform.

参考译文：管理公司是JSC ASE EC，它具有广泛的能力来管理复杂工程设施的建设。该部门的主要业务领域包括在俄罗斯和国外设计和建设大型核电厂，并基于Multi-D平台开发用于管理复杂工程设施的数字技术。

Key companies include JSC Atomenergoproekt, and JSC ATOMPROEKT.

参考译文：重要公司包括JSC Atomenergoproekt和JSC ATOMPROEKT。

2.5 Power engineering division 动力工程部

The managing company is JSC Rosenergoatom. It is the only NPP operator in Russia and a key player in the Russian electricity market. Its main business areas include power and heat generation at NPPs and acting as the operator of nuclear facilities (nuclear power plants), radiation sources and facilities storing nuclear materials and radioactive substances

参考译文：管理公司是JSC Rosenergoatom。它是俄罗斯唯一的核电站运营商，也是俄罗斯电力市场的重要参与者。其主要业务领域包括在核电站发电和供热，并担任核设施（核电站）、辐射源和存储核材料和放射性物质设施的运营商。

Key companies include all Russian NPPs, JSC AtomEnergoRemont, JSC AtomEnergoSbyt, and TITAN-2 construction holding.

参考译文：重要公司包括所有俄罗斯的核电站、JSC AtomEnergoRemont、JSC AtomEnergoSbyt和TITAN-2建设集团。

2.6 Back-end division 后端部门

The managing company is JSC Federal Center for Nuclear and Radiation Safety. It is dedicated to a centralized system for management of spent nuclear fuel and radioactive waste, as well as decommissioning of hazardous nuclear and radiological facilities.

参考译文：管理公司是JSC联邦核与辐射安全中心。它致力于建立集中管理的核燃料废料和放射性废物系统，以及危险核与辐射设施的退役工作。

Key companies include FSUE Mining and Chemical Combine , FSUE Radon, NO RWM.

参考译文：重要公司包括FSUE矿冶化学联合企业，FSUE Radon和NO RWM。

2.7 R&D division 研发部

The managing company is JSC Science and Innovations. Key companies include Russian Scientific Center (RSC) – A.I. Leipunskiy IPPE, NII NPO Luch, and the Research Institute of Atomic Reactors.

参考译文：管理公司是 JSC Science and Innovations。 主要公司包括俄罗斯科学中心 (RSC) – A.I. Leipunskiy IPPE、NII NPO Luch 和原子反应堆研究所。

2.8 Northern Sea Route 北海航线

The development of the Northern Sea Route has become a Rosatom priority after the company was appointed its infrastructure operator in late 2018. Rosatom seeks to organize ship navigation within the NSR, develop the infrastructure of seaports, including energy, create a navigation safety system, as well as navigational and hydrographic support. In addition, several Rosatom entities are involved in the development of international transit sea freight traffic along the Northern Sea Transit Corridor.

参考译文：自 2018 年底被任命为基础设施运营商后，北海航线的开发已成为该公司的首要任务。Rosatom 致力于在北海航线内组织船舶航行、开发包括能源在内的海港基础设施、创建航行安全系统、 以及导航和水文测量支持。 此外，多个Rosatom实体参与了北海过境走廊沿线国际过境海上货运的开发。

Key companies include FSUE Atomflot, Directorate of the Northern Sea Route, Rusatom Cargo.

参考译文：主要公司包括 FSUE Atomflot、北海航线管理局、Rusatom Cargo。

2.9 Wind power division 风能部

In 2017, Rosatom decided to invest in wind turbine manufacturing, believing that rapid cost reductions in the renewable industry will become a competitive threat to nuclear power. Russia had recently offered subsidies for domestically built renewable technology.[21]

参考译文：2017年，Rosatom决定投资风力涡轮机制造，认为可再生能源行业成本的快速降低将成为核电的竞争威胁。 俄罗斯最近为国产可再生能源技术提供补贴。[21]

The managing company is JSC NovaWind. This Rosatom’s division concentrates its efforts in advanced areas of wind energy generation technology.

参考译文：管理公司是 JSC NovaWind。 Rosatom 的该部门主要致力于风能发电技术的先进领域。

Key companies include WindSGC, WindSGC-2, and Atompowerindustry Trade.

参考译文：主要公司包括 WindSGC、WindSGC-2 和 Atompowerindustry Trade。

2.10 Nuclear medicine division 核医学部

The managing company is JSC Rusatom Healthcare. It has been historically developed at various enterprises of the Russian nuclear industry. In 2017, Rosatom established the division to bring together assets and expertise in healthcare. The nuclear medicine division is in charge of nuclear medicine, manufacturing and distribution of radioisotope products and radiation sterilisation equipment, as well as creation of integrated turnkey solutions for medicine.

参考译文：管理公司是 JSC Rusatom Healthcare。 历史上，它一直在俄罗斯核工业的各个企业中开发。 2017 年，Rosatom 成立了该部门，以整合医疗保健领域的资产和专业知识。 核医学事业部负责核医学、放射性同位素产品和辐射灭菌设备的制造和分销，以及创建医学综合交钥匙解决方案。

Key companies include JSC Isotope and NIITFA. In February 2022, Rusatom Healthcare acquired 25,001% of shares of Medscan group, the rest of shares still being hold by its major shareholder, Yevgeny Tugolukov.[42]

参考译文：主要公司包括 JSC Isotope 和 NIITFA。 2022年2月，Rusatom Healthcare收购了Medscan集团25,001%的股份，其余股份仍由其大股东Yevgeny Tugolukov持有。[42]

2.11 Advanced materials and technologies division 先进材料与技术事业部

The managing company is JSC UMATEX, which is engaged in production of carbon fiber and fiber-based items, as well as R&D and engineering support to its partners.

参考译文：管理公司是 JSC UMATEX，该公司从事碳纤维和纤维制品的生产，并为其合作伙伴提供研发和工程支持。

Key companies include JSC Khimprominzhiniring, R&D centre, and LLC ALABUGA-FIBRE.

参考译文：主要公司包括 JSC Khimprominzhiniring、研发中心和 LLC ALABUGA-FIBRE。

2.12 Digital products division 数码产品事业部

The managing company is the Digitalization Unit of Rosatom, which is engaged in solving tasks in three main areas:

参考译文：管理公司是 Rosatom 的数字化部门，致力于解决三个主要领域的任务：

The participation in the digitalization of Russia, as Rosatom is the center of competences of the Federal Project Digital Technologies within the National Program Digital Economy.

参考译文：参与俄罗斯数字化，因为 Rosatom 是国家数字经济计划中联邦数字技术项目的能力中心。

The development of digital products for nuclear power and beyond.

参考译文：核电及其他领域数字产品的开发。

The internal digitalization of the Russian nuclear industry, making it independent from foreign technologies in critical areas.

参考译文：俄罗斯核工业的内部数字化，使其在关键领域独立于外国技术。

Key companies include Cifrum and Rusatom Digital Solutions.

参考译文：主要公司包括 Cifrum 和 Rusatom Digital Solutions。

2.13 Infrastructure solutions division 基础设施解决方案事业部

The managing company is JSC Rusatom Infrastructure Solutions. It is responsible for the coordination of innovation and advanced technologies of Rosatom organizations for effective urban management, improving quality of life, creating a comfortable and safe urban environment as part of the “Smart City” program. Another area of expertise is the production of fresh water, which includes the development of solutions for desalination, water treatment, and water purification. The company develops, builds, modernizes, maintains water supply, water purification and water treatment facilities for energy, petrochemical, food, and other industries.

参考译文：管理公司是 JSC Rusatom 基础设施解决方案公司。 作为“智慧城市”计划的一部分，它负责协调Rosatom组织的创新和先进技术，以实现有效的城市管理、提高生活质量、创造舒适和安全的城市环境。 另一个专业领域是淡水生产，包括开发海水淡化、水处理和水净化解决方案。 该公司为能源、石化、食品和其他行业开发、建造、现代化、维护供水、水净化和水处理设施。

2.14 Additive manufacturing division

The managing company is Rusatom Additive Technologies. It connects together the scientific and production companies of Rosatom in order to develop the area of additive production in Russia. It controls design and production of 3D-printers, additive powders, complete sets, software, and 3D-printing services.

参考译文：管理公司是 Rusatom Additive Technologies。 它将 Rosatom 的科学和生产公司联合起来，以发展俄罗斯的添加剂生产领域。 它控制 3D 打印机、添加剂粉末、成套设备、软件和 3D 打印服务的设计和生产。

2.15 Energy storage systems division 储能系统事业部

The managing company is LLC RENERA, which is engaged in the development of lithium-ion traction batteries for electric transport and fixed systems for energy accumulation, as well as products for emergency and uninterruptible power supply and storage systems for renewable energy.

参考译文：管理公司是 LLC RENERA，致力于开发用于电力运输的锂离子动力电池和用于能量积累的固定系统，以及用于可再生能源的应急和不间断供电和存储系统的产品。

2.16 Process control systems and electrical engineering division 过程控制系统和电气工程部

The managing company is JSC Rusatom Automated Control Systems. It builds comprehensive solutions for automation of production processes, manufactures and supplies electrical equipment, designs and constructs electricity supply facilities.

参考译文：管理公司是 JSC Rusatom 自动控制系统公司。 它为生产过程自动化构建全面的解决方案，制造和供应电气设备，设计和建造供电设施。

2.17 Environmental solutions division 环境解决方案事业部

The managing company is FSUE Federal Environmental Operator.

管理公司是 FSUE 联邦环境运营商。

2.18 Sales and trading division 销售及贸易部

The managing company is Techsnabexport (TENEX), which is in charge of international export of uranium enrichment services and products. Techsnabexport was founded in 1963 as a foreign trade agent of the Soviet nuclear industry, the company is known on the foreign market under the trademark TENEX. In 1993, a Russian–American intergovernmental program, the Megatons to Megawatts Program, in which the aims were converting highly enriched uranium extracted from Russian nuclear warheads into low-enriched uranium for use by American nuclear power plants, was signed thanks to Techsnabexport’s efforts, and lasted until 2013. By the end of the agreement, about 500 tons of weapons-grade uranium were recycled from 20,000 Russian warheads. The fuel thus produced provided about half of all energy produced by US nuclear power plants (and about 10% of all electricity produced in the US).[40][43][44]

管理公司是Techsnabexport（TENEX），负责国际铀浓缩服务和产品的出口业务。Techsnabexport成立于1963年，作为苏联核工业的对外贸易代理商，该公司在国外市场上以TENEX商标而闻名。 1993年，由于Techsnabexport的努力，俄罗斯和美国签署了一项俄罗斯核弹头中提取出的高浓缩铀转换为用于美国核电站的低浓缩铀的俄美政府间项目“兆瓦特换兆顿计划”，该计划持续到2013年。在协议结束时，约有500吨武器级铀从2万枚俄罗斯弹头中回收利用。这种燃料提供了美国核电站产生的能源的大约一半（约占美国全部电力产量的10％）[40] [43] [44]。

3. Operations 运营

3.1 Nuclear power plants 核电站

The management company Rosenergoatom operates all of Russia’s nuclear power plants and represents the electric power division of the state corporation Rosatom. As of April 2021, 11 nuclear power plants (38 power units) operated in Russia with a total capacity of 30.5 GW, producing about 20.28% of all electricity produced in Russia.[45]

参考译文：Rosenergoatom 管理公司负责运营俄罗斯所有核电站，并代表国营公司 Rosatom 的电力部门。 截至2021年4月，俄罗斯有11座核电站（38台机组）运行，总容量为30.5吉瓦，发电量约占俄罗斯总发电量的20.28%。 [45]

3.1.1 In operation 在运行中的

See also: Nuclear power in Russia § Nuclear power reactors 另请参阅：俄罗斯的核能_ §_ 核电反应堆

As a result of reforms and reassignments in the period from 2012 to 2014, Rosatom’s engineering activities were concentrated within the management company Atomenergoproekt-Atomstroyexport (NIAEP-ASE), based in Nizhny Novgorod. Earlier, Atomstroyexport was engaged in foreign construction, and a number of independent engineering institutes with the name Atomenergoproekt were engaged in the design and construction of facilities in Russia: Moscow, St. Petersburg, and Nizhny Novgorod. Since October 2014 on the basis of NIAEP-ASE, Rosatom forms a unified engineering division, not including design company on nuclear power facilities and technologies Atomproekt. According to Kommersant, such a strategy is aimed at eliminating internal competition, deliberately created earlier. This measure can be effective from the economic point of view in view of a large number of domestic and foreign orders.[46]

参考译文：由于2012年至2014年期间的改革和重新分配，Rosatom的工程活动集中在位于下诺夫哥罗德的Atomenergoproekt-Atomstroyexport (NIAEP-ASE)管理公司内。 此前，Atomstroyexport从事国外建设，多家名为Atomenergoproekt的独立工程院在俄罗斯从事设施的设计和建设：莫斯科、圣彼得堡和下诺夫哥罗德。 自2014年10月起，Rosatom在NIAEP-ASE的基础上组建了统一的工程部门，不包括核电设施和技术设计公司Atomproekt。 据《生意人报》报道，这样的战略旨在消除早先故意创造的内部竞争。 鉴于大量的国内外订单，这一措施从经济角度来看是有效的。[46]

3.1.2 Floating nuclear power plants 浮动核电站

Akademik Lomonosov. 图片作者：Elena Dider

3.1.3 Under construction 在建的

Leningrad Nuclear Power Plant II under construction on 20 July 2010
 图片来源：Leningrad_Nuclear_Power_Plant_20JUL2010.jpg

Rosatom is one of the world leaders in the number of simultaneously constructed power units. As of late 2021, Rosatom is building two new power units in Russia at Kursk Nuclear Power Plant II, and there are 35 power units at different stages of implementation abroad.[47] Construction of a nuclear power plant in Kaliningrad started on 25 February 2010, but was suspended for the project to be redesigned.[48][49][50][51][52]

参考译文：俄罗斯国家原子能公司是同时建造的发电机组数量方面的世界领先者之一。 截至2021年底，Rosatom正在俄罗斯库尔斯克二号核电站建设两台新机组，国外还有35台机组处于不同实施阶段。 [47] 加里宁格勒核电站的建设于 2010 年 2 月 25 日开始，但因项目重新设计而暂停。[48][49][50][51][52]

There are also plans to build two more units at Leningrad NPP, two units at Smolensk NPP, two more units at Novovoronezh NPP and two more units at Kursk NPP.[53][54][55][56] In mid-June 2021, Rosatom announced that two 600 MW VVER reactors will be added to Kola NPP with the first coming online in 2034.[57] In early June 2021, construction of the BREST-OD-300 reactor started. It will be the world’s first experimental demonstration power unit featuring a lead-cooled fast neutron reactor.[58]

参考译文：还计划在列宁格勒核电站再建造两台机组、在斯摩棱斯克核电站再建造两台机组、在新沃罗涅日核电站再建造两台机组和在库尔斯克核电站再建造两台机组。 [53][54][55][56] 2021 年 6 月中旬，Rosatom 宣布将在科拉核电站添加两座 600 MW VVER 反应堆，第一座反应堆将于 2034 年上线。[57] 2021年6月初，BREST-OD-300反应堆开始建设。 它将是世界上第一个采用铅冷快中子反应堆的实验示范动力装置。[58]

Plant name
核电站名称		Location
位置		Unit number
单元编号		Reactor type
反应堆类型		Power (MW)
功率		Construction start
建设开始年份		Expected completion date
预计完工年份
Baltic NNPKaliningrad, Kaliningrad Oblast
加里宁格勒, 加里宁格勒州		1VVER-12001,1702021Project suspended
项目暂停
Kursk NPP IIMakarovka, Kursk Oblast
库尔斯克州马卡罗夫卡		1VVER-1300/5101,25520182025
2VVER-1300/5101,25520192026-7
As of 15 April 2021[59] 截至2021年4月15日
Tianwan Nuclear Power Plant in Lianyungang, China on 8 October 2010.
（2010年10月8日，中国连云港田湾核电站）图片作者：风之清扬

3.1.4 Abroad 海外的

Rosatom has the world’s largest portfolio of foreign NNP construction projects with a market share of 74%.[12] At the time of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, Rosatom had 73 projects in 29 countries.[19]

参考译文：Rosatom 拥有全球最大的国外 NNP 建设项目组合，市场份额为 74%。[12] 在俄罗斯入侵乌克兰时，Rosatom 在 29 个国家拥有 73 个项目。 [19]

37% of nuclear reactors under construction worldwide being built by Rosatom itself, usually the OKB Gidropress‘ VVER type. Rosatom received $66.5 billion of foreign orders in 2012, including $28.9 billion for nuclear plant construction, $24.7 billion for uranium products and $12.9 billion for nuclear fuel exports and associated activities. In 2020, Rosatom received $138.3 billion of foreign orders, including $89.1 billion for nuclear plant construction, $13.3 billion for uranium products and $35.8 billion for nuclear fuel exports and associated activities.[3] Nuclear power plants in China, India, and Iran, were either designed and built by Rosatom or with the corporation’s participation. Rosatom is involved with the construction of the Tianwan Nuclear Power Plant in China, the construction of Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant in India, and the construction of the Belarusian Nuclear Power Plant in Belarus.[60][61][62][63][64]

参考译文：全球在建核反应堆中有 37% 是由 Rosatom 自己建造的，通常是 OKB Gidropress 的 VVER 类型。 2012年，Rosatom收到了665亿美元的外国订单，其中289亿美元用于核电站建设，247亿美元用于铀产品，129亿美元用于核燃料出口及相关活动。 2020年，Rosatom收到了1383亿美元的外国订单，其中891亿美元用于核电站建设，133亿美元用于铀产品，358亿美元用于核燃料出口及相关活动。 [3] 中国、印度和伊朗的核电站要么是由Rosatom设计和建造的，要么是该公司参与的。 Rosatom参与了中国田湾核电站的建设、印度库丹库拉姆核电站的建设以及白俄罗斯白俄罗斯核电站的建设。[60][61][62][63][ 64]

Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant in Koodankulam, India on 6 January 2014
图片来源：indiawaterportal.org from India – The Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant (KKNPP)

In December 2013, Rosatom signed a €6.4 billion contract with Fennovoima in Finland of the single-unit Hanhikivi NPP using OKB Gidropress‘ VVER-1200 pressurized water reactor in the town of Pyhäjoki, with construction planned to start after 2021,[65] but the contract was cancelled in May 2022 by Finland for Russian invasion of Ukraine.[66] In December 2014, Rosatom and the MVM Group of Hungary signed an agreement for the construction of new station units of the Paks NPP with construction planned to start in 2022.[67] Rosatom also started construction of Turkey‘s Akkuyu NPP on 3 April 2018.[68] Rosatom has signed agreements with Egypt on construction of the El-Dabaa NPP and with Bangladesh on construction of the Rooppur NPP, with construction starting on 30 November 2017.[59][69][70][71][72][73][74][75] In the summer of 2023, Guinea showed interest in building its own nuclear power plant.[76]

参考译文：2013 年 12 月，Rosatom 与芬兰 Fennovoima 签署了一份价值 64 亿欧元的合同，建设位于 Pyhäjoki 镇的 OKB Gidropress 的 VVER-1200 压水堆，建设单机 Hanhikivi 核电站，计划于 2021 年之后开始建设，[65] 由于俄罗斯入侵乌克兰，芬兰于 2022 年 5 月取消了该合同。 [66] 2014年12月，Rosatom与匈牙利MVM集团签署了Paks核电站新电站建设协议，计划于2022年开始建设。[67] Rosatom 还于 2018 年 4 月 3 日开始建设土耳其阿库尤核电站。[68] Rosatom 已与埃及签署了建设 El-Dabaa 核电站的协议，并与孟加拉国签署了建设 Rooppur 核电站的协议，建设将于 2017 年 11 月 30 日开始。[59][69][70][71][72][73] [74][75] 2023年夏天，几内亚表现出了建设自己的核电站的兴趣。 [76]

Failed bids includes the cancellation of Units 3 and 4 of Khmelnytskyi NPP in Ukraine.[77][78]

参考译文：失败的投标包括取消乌克兰赫梅利尼茨基核电站 3 号和 4 号机组。[77][78]

International NPP projects in the Russian nuclear industry
俄罗斯核工业国际核电站项目

Plant name
核电站名称		Country
国家		Location
位置		Unit number
单元编号		Status
现时状态		Type
类型		Power (MW)
功率		Construction start
开工时间		Completion date
完成时间
AkkuyuTurkeyAkkuyu, Mersin1Under constructionVVER-1200/4911,200April 2018[68]2023 (planned)[79]
2April 2020[80]
3March 2021[81]
42022 (planned)[82]
BelarusianBelarusAstravets, Grodno Region1OperationalVVER-1200/4911,2006 November 2013November 2020 (first grid connection)2022 (planned)[83]
2Under construction
BushehrIranBushehr1[84]OperationalVVER-1000/4461,0001 May 1975; 199523 September 2013
2[85]Under constructionVVER-1000September 2019[86]August 2025[87]
El DabaaEgyptEl Dabaa, North Coast1ApprovedVVER-12001,2002022 (planned)–
2–
3
4
HanhikiviFinlandPyhäjoki, Northern Ostrobothnia1Suspended[88]VVER-12001,200––
KudankulamIndiaKoodankulam, Tamil Nadu1OperationalVVER-1000/41291731 March 200222 October 2013[89]
2August 201631 March 2017
3Under construction29 June 2017[90]–
4October 2017[91]
530 June 2021–
6
PaksHungaryPaks, Tolna County5Approved[92]VVER-12001,2002022–
6
RooppurBangladeshRooppur, Ishwardi1Under constructionVVER-12001,200November 20172023 (planned)
2July 20182024 (planned)
TianwanChinaLianyungang, Jiangsu1OperationalVVER-1000/42899020 October 199917 May 2007
220 October 200016 August 2007
3VVER-1000/428М1,05027 December 201215 February 2018[93]
427 September 201322 December 2018[94]
7Approved[95]VVER-12001,150May 2021–
82022–
XudabaoChinaXingcheng, Huludao, Liaoning3ApprovedVVER-12001,1502021–
42022–
MochovceSlovakiaMochovce, Nitra Region1OperationalVVER 440/213436November 198229 October 1998
211 April 2000
3Under constructionNovember 20082022 (planned)[96]
4November 20082022 (planned)[97]

3.1.5 Small reactors and floating nuclear plants 小反应堆和浮动核电站

Rosatom has practical experience operating small reactors in the Far North, including the four EGP-6 reactor-equipped power units of Bilibino NPP.[98] In 2019, the floating nuclear power plant Akademik Lomonosov, equipped with two KLT-40 reactors, was connected to the grid in the Russian town of Pevek. Akademic Lomonosov has an electric power capacity of 70 MW and a thermal power capacity of 50 Gcal/h. Rosatom’s new floating nuclear power plant projects will be equipped with RITM-200 reactors, which are used in Project 22220 icebreakers. Rosatom also has ground-based small nuclear power plant projects equipped with RITM-200 reactors. In November 2020, Rosatom announced plans to place a land-based RITM-200 SMR in the isolated town of Ust-Kuyga, Yakutia.[99] In early August 2021, the Russian nuclear regulator granted a license to Rusatom Overseas JSC, allowing the company to build nuclear installations at nuclear power plants within the framework of the project in Yakutia.[100]

参考译文：Rosatom 拥有在远北地区运营小型反应堆的实际经验，包括比利比诺核电站的四个配备 EGP-6 反应堆的动力装置。[98] 2019年，配备两台KLT-40反应堆的罗蒙诺索夫院士号浮动核电站在俄罗斯佩韦克镇并网。 罗蒙诺索夫学院的电力容量为 70 兆瓦，热电容量为 50 Gcal/h。 Rosatom 的新浮动核电站项目将配备 RITM-200 反应堆，用于 22220 号破冰船。 Rosatom 还拥有配备 RITM-200 反应堆的地面小型核电站项目。 2020 年 11 月，Rosatom 宣布计划在雅库特偏僻的乌斯季库伊加小镇部署陆基 RITM-200 SMR。[99] 2021年8月初，俄罗斯核监管机构向Rusatom Overseas JSC授予许可证，允许该公司在雅库特项目框架内建造核电站核设施。 [100]

Rosatom offers land, water, and submarine versions of the small modular reactor “Shelf” for consumers in the ≤ 10 MW power range. The company also developed the SVBR-100 lead-bismuth fast reactor for consumers in the ≤ 100 MW power range, though the latter project is currently frozen.[101]

参考译文：Rosatom 为 ≤ 10 MW 功率范围的消费者提供陆地、水上和海底版本的小型模块化反应堆“Shelf”。 该公司还为 ≤ 100 MW 功率范围的消费者开发了 SVBR-100 铅铋快堆，尽管后者项目目前已冻结。 [101]

3.1.6 Research reactors 研究用反应堆

According to the Research Reactor Database (RRDB), maintained by the IAEA, Russia has 54 research reactors, which are largely based at Rosatom enterprises and institutes.[102] Most of Russia’s research reactors were built in the USSR, in the early stages of the development of the nuclear energy sector. Today, Rosatom’s largest research reactor project is the Multipurpose Fast Neutron Research Reactor (MBIR), which is currently under construction.[103] Based in Dimitrovgrad, Ulyanovsk oblast, the reactor will be the world leader among high-flux research facilities.[104] Its unique physical characteristics are best suited for material science experiments, such as testing innovative fuel and new coolants.[104]

参考译文：根据 IAEA 维护的研究堆数据库 (RRDB)，俄罗斯拥有 54 座研究堆，其中大部分位于 Rosatom 企业和研究所。 [102] 俄罗斯的大部分研究堆建于苏联，处于核能领域发展的早期阶段。 如今，Rosatom 最大的研究堆项目是多用途快中子研究堆 (MBIR)，目前正在建设中。 [103] 该反应堆位于乌里扬诺夫斯克州季米特洛夫格勒，将成为高通量研究设施中的世界领先者。[104] 其独特的物理特性最适合材料科学实验，例如测试创新燃料和新型冷却剂。[104]

Rosatom provides support to its foreign partners in the creation of nuclear science and technology centres, including scientific laboratories and research reactors. The company is currently building the first centre of such type in Bolivia, which will be commissioned in 2024. Another contract to build similar facilities in Zambia was signed in 2018.[105]

参考译文：Rosatom 为其外国合作伙伴提供支持，以建立核科学技术中心，包括科学实验室和研究堆。 该公司目前正在玻利维亚建设第一个此类中心，将于 2024 年投入使用。另一份在赞比亚建设类似设施的合同已于 2018 年签署。[105]

3.1.7 Two-component structure of nuclear power 核电二元结构

In 2018, Rosatom adopted a long-term strategy through year 2100, for the development of nuclear energy in accordance with the following goals:[106]

参考译文：2018年，Rosatom通过了一项到2100年的长期战略，按照以下目标发展核能：[106]

  • To form the basis for the generation of carbon-free energy and be competitive in other forms of generation of electric and thermal energy;
    形成无碳能源生产的基础，并在其他形式的电能和热能生产中具有竞争力；
  • To promote the highest possible high-tech export of nuclear power plants, research reactors, nuclear fuel, equipment, and services in the nuclear technology market;
    促进核技术市场中核电站、研究堆、核燃料、设备和服务的尽可能高的高科技出口；
  • To ensure the conservation of organic uranium reserves for non-energy use;
    确保保存有机铀储备用于非能源用途；
  • To solve environmental problems and fulfill Russia’s international obligations of carbon dioxide emissions reduction.
    解决环境问题，履行俄罗斯二氧化碳减排国际义务。

In pursuit of achieving these goals, Rosatom is transitioning to a two-component nuclear power structure that operates in a closed-loop heavy metal (uranium, plutonium, and minor actinides) fuel cycle that simultaneously involves thermal and fast reactors. VVER reactors, with their improved adjustments, were selected as thermal reactors and BN (sodium-cooled) and BREST/BR (lead-cooled) reactors were selected as fast reactors. In such a system, spent nuclear fuel is considered a valuable raw material instead of nuclear waste, as it could be further used for fresh fuel fabrication. Rosatom is currently at the first stage of transitioning to a two-component structure.[106]

参考译文：为了实现这些目标，Rosatom正在过渡到双组件核电结构，该结构在闭环重金属（铀、钚和次锕系元素）燃料循环中运行，同时涉及热反应堆和快堆。 经过改进的调节的 VVER 反应堆被选为热反应堆，BN（钠冷）和 BREST/BR（铅冷）反应堆被选为快堆。 在这样的系统中，乏核燃料被认为是一种有价值的原材料，而不是核废料，因为它可以进一步用于制造新燃料。 Rosatom 目前正处于向两部分结构过渡的第一阶段。[106]

3.1.8 Icebreaker fleet 破冰船队

Since 2008, the structure of Rosatom includes the Russian nuclear icebreaker fleet, which is the largest in the world with five nuclear-powered icebreakers , a container ship, and four service vessels. Its tasks include navigation on the routes of the Northern Sea Route and rescue operations in ice.[107] Operation and maintenance of the fleet is carried out by FSUE Atomflot, also known as Rosatomflot, a company based in Murmansk.[108]

参考译文：自2008年以来，Rosatom的结构包括俄罗斯核破冰船队，该船队是世界上最大的，拥有五艘核动力破冰船、一艘集装箱船和四艘服务船。 其任务包括北海航线航线的航行和冰上救援行动。[107] 船队的运营和维护由总部位于摩尔曼斯克的 FSUE Atomflot（也称为 Rosatomflot）进行。[108]

Taymyr-class icebreaker Taymyr。图片作者：Tuomas Romu
Arktika-class icebreaker Yamal 图片作者：Pink floyd88 a
In operation/Under construction
运营中/建设中		Decommissioned
已退役
NameTypeYearNameTypeYearNotes
Sevmorput–1988–2007, 2016–presentArktikaArktika-class1975–2008Currently moored in Murmansk
TaymyrTaymyr-class1989–presentSibirArktika-class1977–1992Currently moored in Murmansk
VaygachTaymyr-class1990–presentRossiyaArktika-class1985–2013Laid up in Murmansk
YamalArktika-class1993–presentSovetskiy SoyuzArktika-class1989–2012Laid up in Murmansk; to be converted to a command ship[109]
50 Let PobedyArktika-class2007–present–
ArktikaProject 222202020
SibirProject 222202021
UralProject 222202022 (planned)
YakutiaProject 222202022
ChukotkaProject 22220–
RossiyaProject105102021–present

4. Corporate governance 公司治理

Russian President Vladimir Putin with the head of Rosatom, Sergey Kiriyenko, in January 2014
图片来源：Kremlin.ru

4.1 Supervisory Board 监事会

The highest executive body of Rosatom is the supervisory board, consisting of nine people, including the chairman. The board is headed since 2005 by chairman Sergey Kiriyenko. Other Board members are:[110]

参考译文：Rosatom的最高执行机构是监事会，由主席等九人组成。 自 2005 年起，董事会由董事长谢尔盖·基里延科 (Sergey Kiriyenko) 领导。 其他董事会成员是：[110]

4.2 Management Board 管理委员会

Strategies, policies and objectives of Rosatom are established by its management board, consisting of fourteen people, including the General Director. The board is headed since 2016 by General Director Alexey Likhachev.[111]

参考译文：Rosatom 的战略、政策和目标由其管理委员会制定，该委员会由包括总经理在内的 14 人组成。 自 2016 年起，董事会由总经理 Alexey Likhachev 领导。[111]

  • Alexey Likhachev – General Director of Rosatom
    Alexey Likhachev – Rosatom 总经理
  • Ivan Kamenskikh – First Deputy Director General for Nuclear Weapons
    伊万·卡缅斯基赫 – 核武器事务第一副总干事
  • Kirill Komarov – First Deputy Director General for Corporate Development and International Business
    基里尔·科马罗夫 – 企业发展和国际业务第一副总干事
  • Alexander Lokshin – First Deputy Director General for Operations Management
    Alexander Lokshin – 运营管理第一副总干事
  • Nikolay Solomon – First Deputy Director General for Corporate Functions and CFO
    Nikolay Solomon – 公司职能第一副总干事兼首席财务官
  • Konstantin Denisov – Deputy Director General for Security
    Konstantin Denisov – 安全副局长
  • Sergey Novikov – State Secretary – Deputy Director General for Execution of State Powers and Budgeting
    谢尔盖·诺维科夫 – 国务秘书 – 国家权力执行和预算副总干事
  • Nikolay Spassky – Deputy Director General for International Relations
    尼古拉·斯帕斯基 – 国际关系副总干事
  • Oleg Kryukov – Director for Public Policy on Radioactive Waste, Spent Nuclear Fuel and Nuclear Decommissioning
    Oleg Kryukov – 放射性废物、乏核燃料和核退役公共政策主任
  • Andrey Nikipelov – CEO of Atomenergomash
    Andrey Nikipelov – Atomenergomash 首席执行官
  • Sergey Obozov – Director for Rosatom Production System, Member of Rosenergoatom‘s Board of Directors
    Sergey Obozov – Rosatom 生产系统总监、Rosenergoatom 董事会成员
  • Yuri Olenin – Deputy Director General for Innovation Management
    Yuri Olenin – 创新管理副总干事
  • Andrei Petrov – Director General of Rosenergoatom
    Andrei Petrov – Rosenergoatom 总经理
  • Yuri Yakovlev – Deputy Director General for the State Safety Policy in the Defense Uses of Atomic Energy
    尤里·雅科夫列夫 – 国家原子能国防安全政策副总干事

4.3 General Director 总经理

The sole executive body of Rosatom is the General Director, who manages the day-to-day operations. Sergey Kiriyenko, who headed the Russian nuclear industry in 2005, became general director of Rosatom since its creation until he got replaced on 5 October 2016, by Alexey Likhachev, former Deputy Minister for Economic Development.[112]

参考译文：Rosatom 的唯一执行机构是总经理，负责管理日常运营。 2005 年领导俄罗斯核工业的谢尔盖·基里延科 (Sergey Kiriyenko) 自 Rosatom 创建以来一直担任总经理，直至 2016 年 10 月 5 日被前经济发展部副部长阿列克谢·利哈切夫 (Alexey Likhachev) 取代。 [112]

  • Sergey Kiriyenko (1 December 2007 – 5 October 2016)
  • Alexey Likhachev (5 October 2016–present)

4.4 Public Council 公共议会

The Public Council of Rosatom works with civic organizations to utilize nuclear power, protect the environment, and ensure nuclear and radiation safety. Objectives of the council are:

参考译文：Rosatom 公共委员会与民间组织合作，利用核电、保护环境并确保核与辐射安全。 理事会的目标是：

  • Raise public awareness of Rosatom’s activities
    提高公众对 Rosatom 活动的认识
  • Involve civic organizations in making policies on nuclear power
    让民间组织参与核电政策的制定
  • Negotiate nuclear issues with the general public
    与公众协商核问题
  • Communicate efficiently with stakeholders
    与利益相关者进行有效沟通

Council members are:[113]
理事会成员是：[113]

  • Alexey Likhachev – General Director of Rosatom, Chairman of the Public Council
    Alexey Likhachev – Rosatom 总经理、公共委员会主席
  • Alexander Lokshin – First Deputy Director General for Operations Management
    Alexander Lokshin – 运营管理第一副总干事
  • Sergey Baranovsky – President of the Russian Green Cross, Chairman of the Russian Ecological Congress, Deputy Chairman of the Public Council
    谢尔盖·巴拉诺夫斯基 – 俄罗斯绿十字会主席、俄罗斯生态大会主席、公共委员会副主席
  • Rudolf Aleksakhin – Leading Ecologist of ROSATOM’s Proriv (Breakthrough) Project
    Rudolf Aleksakhin – ROSATOM Proriv（突破）项目的首席生态学家
  • Rafael Arutyunyan – First Deputy Director of the Institute for Safe Development of Nuclear Energy of Russian Academy of Sciences
    Rafael Arutyunyan – 俄罗斯科学院核能安全发展研究所第一副所长
  • Valery Bochkarev – Head of Radiation Safety Division, Federal Centre for Nuclear and Radiation Safety
    Valery Bochkarev – 联邦核与辐射安全中心辐射安全部门负责人
  • Natalia Davydova – Director of “Environmental Projects Consulting Institute”
    Natalia Davydova – “环境项目咨询研究所”主任
  • Mark Glinsky – First Deputy CEO of the Gidrospetsgeologia Geological Survey
    Mark Glinsky – Gidrospetsgeologia 地质调查局第一副首席执行官
  • Vladimir Grachev – Advisor to the ROSATOM CEO, Chairman of the Public Council with the Federal Nuclear, Industrial, and Environmental Regulatory Authority of Russia (Rostekhnadzor)
    Vladimir Grachev – ROSATOM 首席执行官顾问、俄罗斯联邦核、工业和环境监管局 (Rostekhnadzor) 公共委员会主席
  • Alexander Harichev – Head of Local Communities Relations Unit, Advisor to the ROSATOM CEO (Secretary of the Public Council)
    Alexander Harichev – 当地社区关系部门负责人、ROSATOM 首席执行官顾问（公共委员会秘书）
  • Viktor Ivanov – Deputy Director of the Russian Academy of Medicine Research Centre for Medical Radiology, Chairman of the Russian Federation Commission on Radiation Protection
    维克托·伊万诺夫 – 俄罗斯科学院医学放射学研究中心副主任、俄罗斯联邦辐射防护委员会主席
  • Valery Menschikov – Member of the council with the Russian Environmental Policy Centre
    Valery Menschikov – 俄罗斯环境政策中心理事会成员
  • Oleg Muratov – Executive Secretary of North-West Section of Russian Nuclear Society, Member of the Academy of Ecology, Safety of Human and Nature
    奥列格·穆拉托夫（Oleg Muratov）——俄罗斯核学会西北分会执行秘书、生态、人类与自然安全科学院院士
  • Alexander Nikitin – Chairman of the Bellona Foundation (Saint Petersburg office)
    Alexander Nikitin – 贝罗纳基金会主席（圣彼得堡办事处）
  • Vladimir Ognev – Chairman of the Interregional Public Movement of Nuclear Industry and Power Veterans
    弗拉基米尔·奥格涅夫 – 核工业和电力退伍军人区域间公共运动主席
  • Natalia Shandala – Deputy General Director of Burnazyan Federal Medical and Biophysical Centre
    Natalia Shandala – Burnazyan 联邦医疗和生物物理中心副主任
  • Yuriy Tebin – Vice-president of Chamber for Trade and Commerce of Moscow Oblast
    尤里·特宾 (Yuriy Tebin) – 莫斯科州商会副会长
  • Albert Vasiliev – Chief Scientific Officer at the Dollezhal Research and Design Institute for Power Engineering
    Albert Vasiliev – Dollezhal 电力工程研究设计院首席科学官
  • Valeriy Vassilyev – Мember of the Citizens’ Assembly of Krasnodarsk Area, Public Council of the Russian Federation
    瓦列里·瓦西里耶夫 (Valeriy Vassilyev) – 俄罗斯联邦公共委员会克拉斯诺达尔斯克地区公民议会成员
  • Andrey Vazhenin – Chief Doctor of Chelyabinsk Regional Clinical Oncologic Treatment Center, Сorresponding member of Russian Academy of Medical Science
    Andrey Vazhenin – 车里雅宾斯克地区临床肿瘤治疗中心主任医师、俄罗斯医学科学院通讯院士
  • Yan Vlasov – Chairman of the Public Council for Protection of Patients’ Rights at Roszdravandzor, Co-chairman of All-Russia Union of Patients’ Public Organizations
    Yan Vlasov – Roszdravandzor 患者权利保护公共委员会主席、全俄罗斯患者公共组织联盟联合主席
  • Sergey Zhavoronkin – Secretary of the Public Council for Nuclear Safety in Murmansk Oblast
    Sergey Zhavoronkin – 摩尔曼斯克州核安全公共委员会秘书
  • Elena Yakovleva – Chief Editor of the International Magazine Safety of Nuclear Technologies and Environment, Head of the Internet-project of Russian Nuclear Society
    Elena Yakovleva – 国际杂志《核技术与环境安全》主编、俄罗斯核学会互联网项目负责人
  • Sergey Yudintsev – Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Head of the Laboratory of Radiogeology and Radiogeoecology, Institute of Geology of Ore Deposits, Petrography, Mineralogy, and Geochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences[114]
    谢尔盖·尤金采夫 – 俄罗斯科学院通讯院士，俄罗斯科学院矿床地质、岩相学、矿物学和地球化学研究所放射地质学和放射地球生态学实验室主任[114]

See also 参见

References 参考文献

  1. ^ “Putin ratifies law on formation of Rosatom”. Archived from the original on 18 February 2011.
  2. ^ “World Nuclear Association – World Nuclear News”.
  3. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e “ГОСУДАРСТВЕННАЯ КОРПОРАЦИЯ ПО АТОМНОЙ ЭНЕРГИИ «РОСАТОМ» ИТОГИ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ 2020” (PDF) (in Russian).
  4. ^ Manaranche, Martin (4 May 2020). “Russia Signs Contract to Build World’s Largest Nuclear-Powered Icebreaker”. Naval News. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
  5. ^ Jump up to:a b c Astrasheuskaya, Nastassia (20 June 2021). “Russia’s Rosatom seeks to tap global transition to low-carbon fuels”. Financial Times. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
  6. ^ “Kola II construction to start in 2028 : New Nuclear – World Nuclear News”. world-nuclear-news.org. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
  7. ^ “About us”. rosatom.ru. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
  8. ^ Patel, Sonal (10 March 2022). “Pressure on U.S. Nuclear Power Could Mount if Sanctions Imposed on Russian Uranium”. POWER Magazine. Retrieved 7 July 2022.
  9. ^ Nouvelle, L’Usine (13 April 2022). “Pourquoi le nucléaire russe n’est pas visé par les sanctions occidentales”. L’Usine Nouvelle (in French).
  10. ^ “Rosatom’s 10-year foreign order portfolio at about $140 bln”. Interfax.com. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
  11. ^ “Rosatom claims its foreign business will double over the next five years”. Bellona.org. 13 May 2019. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
  12. ^ Jump up to:a b c d “STATE ATOMIC ENERGY CORPORATION ROSATOM. PERFORMANCE IN 2019” (PDF).
  13. ^ “Портфель зарубежных заказов “Росатома” на 10 лет превысил $100 млрд”. Interfax.ru (in Russian). 11 December 2014. Retrieved 8 February 2018.
  14. ^ Jump up to:a b c Росатом Archived 2014-12-19 at the Wayback Machine // РБК Инновации.
  15. ^ Jump up to:a b Отечественный локомотив экономического прогресса // Деловая газета. — Декабрь 2010. — С. 66—67.
  16. ^ “Putin ratifies law on formation of Rosatom”. www.world-nuclear-news.org. Retrieved 26 February 2018.
  17. ^ “Russia ends plutonium output at key weapons plant”. Reuters. 5 June 2008. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
  18. ^ “Russia set to turn off plutonium-producing reactor”. The New York Times. 20 April 2008. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
  19. ^ Jump up to:a b c Szulecki, Kacper; Overland, Indra (2023). “Russian nuclear energy diplomacy and its implications for energy security in the context of the war in Ukraine”. Nature Energy. 8 (4): 413–421. Bibcode:2023NatEn…8..413S. doi:10.1038/s41560-023-01228-5. ISSN 2058-7546. S2CID 257239333.
  20. ^ Szulecki, Kacper; Overland, Indra (April 2023). “Russian nuclear energy diplomacy and its implications for energy security in the context of the war in Ukraine”. Nature Energy. 8 (4): 413–421. Bibcode:2023NatEn…8..413S. doi:10.1038/s41560-023-01228-5. ISSN 2058-7546. S2CID 257239333.
  21. ^ Jump up to:a b Foy, Henry (28 June 2017). “Rosatom powers through nuclear industry woes”. Financial Times. Retrieved 2 July 2017.
  22. ^ Cottee, Matthew (2 August 2017). “China’s nuclear export ambitions run into friction”. Financial Times. Retrieved 6 August 2017.
  23. ^ “Rosatom considers delaying reactor commissioning”. Nuclear Engineering International. 30 October 2017. Retrieved 6 November 2017.
  24. ^ Fore, Meredith. “A Strange Radioactive Cloud Likely Came From Russia”. Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
  25. ^ Jump up to:a b Howes, Laura (29 July 2019). “What caused a plume of radioactive ruthenium in Europe in 2017?”. Chemical & Engineering News. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
  26. ^ Foy, Henry (28 June 2017). “Rosatom powers through nuclear industry woes”. Financial Times. Retrieved 4 September 2018.
  27. ^ “Rosatom reportedly offering unlikely floating nuclear power deal to Sudan”. Bellona.org. 20 March 2018. Retrieved 4 September 2018.
  28. ^ “Rosatom chief outlines commercial vision”. World Nuclear News. 8 March 2017. Retrieved 10 March 2017.
  29. ^ “Rosatom marks 75th anniversary of Russian nuclear industry : Corporate – World Nuclear News”. www.world-nuclear-news.org. Retrieved 21 August 2020.
  30. ^ “New sanctions ban every item Russia is using on the battlefield”. GOV.UK. Retrieved 24 February 2023.
  31. ^ “Targeting Key Sectors, Evasion Efforts, and Military Supplies, Treasury Expands and Intensifies Sanctions Against Russia”. U.S. Department of the Treasury. Retrieved 24 February 2023.
  32. ^ “Inside Chernobyl: We stole Russian fuel to prevent catastrophe”. BBC News. 9 April 2022. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
  33. ^ “Rosatom participates in raiding of Zaporizhia NPP – Energoatom head”.
  34. ^ Parkinson, Drew Hinshaw and Joe (17 June 2022). “Russians Hunt for Spies at Ukrainian Nuclear Power Plant”. Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 7 July 2022.
  35. ^ “Russia Forcing Ukraine Workers Into Rosatom After Nuclear Theft”. Bloomberg.com. 30 September 2022. Retrieved 2 October 2022.
  36. ^ “All enterprises”. www.rosatom.ru. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
  37. ^ Jump up to:a b “Radiochemical production”. po-mayak.ru. Federal State Unitary Enterprise “Mayak Production Association”. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
  38. ^ “Enriched Uranium Product”. TVEL. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
  39. ^ “Fuel and enrichment”. rosatom.ru. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
  40. ^ Jump up to:a b “Обогащение урана”. rosatom.ru. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
  41. ^ “Rosatom enters next stage of ATF development : Uranium & Fuel – World Nuclear News”. world-nuclear-news.org. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
  42. ^ “Росатом купил 25% в компании Медскан Евгения Туголукова” (in Russian). Forbes (Россия). 16 February 2022.
  43. ^ “Russian warhead fallout keeps America warm”. www.nuclearpowerdaily.com. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
  44. ^ “Половина атомной энергии США вырабатывалась российским оружейным ураном” (in Russian). Retrieved 15 February 2018.
  45. ^ “PRIS – Country Details”.
  46. ^ “Единый атомный подрядчик”. Газета “Коммерсантъ”. 14 October 2014. p. 11. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
  47. ^ “PRIS – Country Details”. pris.iaea.org. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
  48. ^ “”Росатом” начал строительство Балтийской АЭС”. РИА Новости (in Russian). 25 February 2010. Retrieved 4 September 2018.
  49. ^ “Балтийская АЭС: “примерно восемь реакторов мощностью 40 МВт каждый” - ?! – Bellona.ru”. Bellona.ru (in Russian). 13 June 2013. Retrieved 4 September 2018.
  50. ^ “Генподрядчик подтвердил приостановку проекта Балтийской АЭС мощностью 2ГВт”. Interfax.ru (in Russian). 13 June 2013. Retrieved 4 September 2018.
  51. ^ “Строящиеся АЭС”. rosatom.ru. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
  52. ^ “Атомный эксперт #1-2/2014”. Scribd. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
  53. ^ “Two more new units for Leningrad NPP – Nuclear Engineering International”. www.neimagazine.com. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
  54. ^ “Four New NPP Units Will be Built in Russia”. rosatom-europe.com. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
  55. ^ “На Нововоронежской АЭС в середине 2030-ых годов построят ещё два новых энергоблока”. Атомная энергия 2.0 (in Russian). 5 April 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
  56. ^ “КУРСКАЯ АЭС – 2”. ROSENERGOATOM. Archived from the original on 22 October 2020. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
  57. ^ “Kola II construction to start in 2028 : New Nuclear – World Nuclear News”. world-nuclear-news.org. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
  58. ^ “Rosatom State Atomiс Energy Corporation ROSATOM global leader in nuclear technologies nuclear energy”. rosatom.ru. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
  59. ^ Jump up to:a b “Строящиеся АЭС”. www.rosatom.ru. Archived from the original on 30 August 2018. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
  60. ^ “Пульс Тяньваньской АЭС-2”. Атомная энергия 2.0 (in Russian). 25 August 2014. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
  61. ^ “NPCIL: пуск реактора II блока АЭС “Куданкулам” сдвинут на 2015 год”. РИА Новости (in Russian). 30 October 2014. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
  62. ^ “На БелАЭС завершен монтаж самого мощного в Беларуси подъемного крана | Информационно-справочный портал Беларуси – interfax.by”. www.interfax.by (in Russian). Retrieved 20 February 2018.
  63. ^ “Fennovoima taps Russian supplier for nuke project”. Yle Uutiset. 3 September 2013. Retrieved 8 September 2013.
  64. ^ “The real front in US-Russia ‘Cold War’? Nuclear power”. CNBC. 23 March 2014. Retrieved 28 November 2014.
  65. ^ “Fennovoima Hanhikivi 1 Project”. Fennovoima. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
  66. ^ Kauranen, Anne (2 May 2022). “Finnish group ditches Russian-built nuclear plant plan”. Reuters. Retrieved 25 August 2022.
  67. ^ “В Росатоме заявили, что пандемия не повлияла на график строительства АЭС “Аккую””. TASS (in Russian). 10 March 2021.
  68. ^ Jump up to:a b “PRIS – Reactor Details (AKKUYU-1)”. pris.iaea.org. Retrieved 28 December 2021.
  69. ^ “Две трети местных жителей поддержали проект финской АЭС “Ханхикиви-1″”. РИА Новости (in Russian). 28 October 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
  70. ^ “Строительство турецкой АЭС по проекту РФ хотят начать весной 2015 г”. РИА Новости (in Russian). 11 October 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
  71. ^ “Россия и Иран договорились о строительстве восьми энергоблоков АЭС”. Атомная энергия 2.0 (in Russian). 11 November 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
  72. ^ “Парламент Венгрии одобрил соглашение с Россией по расширению АЭС “Пакш””. РБК. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
  73. ^ “Iran starts building unit 2 of Bushehr plant”. www.world-nuclear-news.org. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
  74. ^ “Rosatom aims for $72bn in foreign orders for 2013”. Nuclear Engineering International. 13 November 2013. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
  75. ^ “Россия и Иран расширяют сотрудничество в области мирного использования атомной энергии”. 11 November 2014. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
  76. ^ “Гвинея изучает возможность строительства АЭС при участии России”. RIA Novosti (in Russian). 10 July 2023.
  77. ^ “Яценюк: Украина достроит АЭС без участия россиян”. Росбалт. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
  78. ^ “Атомный эксперт #1-2/2014”. Scribd. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
  79. ^ “Construction licence issued for Akkuyu 4 : New Nuclear – World Nuclear News”. www.world-nuclear-news.org. Retrieved 28 December 2021.
  80. ^ “PRIS – Reactor Details (AKKUYU-2)”. pris.iaea.org. Retrieved 28 December 2021.
  81. ^ “PRIS – Reactor Details”. pris.iaea.org. Retrieved 28 December 2021.
  82. ^ “В Росатоме заявили, что пандемия не повлияла на график строительства АЭС “Аккую””. ТАСС (in Russian). Retrieved 28 December 2021.
  83. ^ Ostrovets unit 1 enters commercial operation
  84. ^ “Nuclear Power Reactor Details — BUSHEHR 1”. International Atomic Energy Agency. Archived from the original on 26 August 2010. Retrieved 13 August 2010.
  85. ^ “Nuclear Power Reactor Details — BUSHEHR 2”. International Atomic Energy Agency. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 13 August 2010.
  86. ^ “Iran and Russia celebrate start of Bushehr II”. World Nuclear News. 12 September 2016. Retrieved 23 January 2017.
  87. ^ “Официальный старт проекта АЭС “Бушер-2″ в Иране намечен на 10 сентября”. РИА Новости (in Russian). 1 September 2016. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
  88. ^ “Fennovoima pulls the plug on Russian-built nuclear plant”. Yle News. 2 May 2022. Retrieved 2 May 2022.
  89. ^ Kudankulam nuclear plant begins power generation. Mumbai Mirror (2013-10-22). Retrieved on 2013-12-06.
  90. ^ “Construction of Kudankulam NPP 2nd stage has commenced”. www.rosatom.ru. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
  91. ^ “Construction work for Kudankulam Nuclear Power Project 3,4 units to begin soon: Scientist”. The Indian Express. 26 January 2017. Retrieved 12 February 2017.
  92. ^ “Hungary, Russia sign 3 Paks implementation accords”. 9 December 2014. Retrieved 27 July 2016.
  93. ^ “China National Nuclear Corporation – Tianwan Unit 4 embraces first fuel loading”. Electric Energy Online. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
  94. ^ “Росатом Госкорпорация “Росатом” ядерные технологии атомная энергетика АЭС ядерная медицина”. www.rosatom.ru. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
  95. ^ “AtomStroyExport unveils schedule for China projects – World Nuclear News”. www.world-nuclear-news.org. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
  96. ^ “MOCHOVCE-3”. Power Reactor Information System (PRIS). IAEA. Retrieved 13 January 2020.
  97. ^ “MOCHOVCE-4”. Power Reactor Information System (PRIS). IAEA. Retrieved 13 January 2020.
  98. ^ “The world’s 10 smallest nuclear reactors”. Power Technology. 11 December 2013. Retrieved 28 December 2021.
  99. ^ “Rosatom plans ground-based SMR for Yakutia – Nuclear Engineering International”. www.neimagazine.com. Retrieved 28 December 2021.
  100. ^ “Rusatom Overseas received a licence for Yakutia NPP – Nuclear Engineering International”. www.neimagazine.com. Retrieved 28 December 2021.
  101. ^ “Advances in Small Modular Reactor Technology Developments” (PDF). International Atomic Energy Agency. September 2020.
  102. ^ “RRDB”. nucleus.iaea.org. Retrieved 28 December 2021.
  103. ^ “The floor slab of Russia’s MBIR research reactor installed – Nuclear Engineering International”. www.neimagazine.com. Retrieved 28 December 2021.
  104. ^ Jump up to:a b “Rosatom presents latest projects at European conference on research reactors – Nuclear Engineering International”. www.neimagazine.com. Retrieved 28 December 2021.
  105. ^ “Rosatom State Atomiс Energy Corporation ROSATOM global leader in nuclear technologies nuclear energy”. www.rosatom.ru. Retrieved 28 December 2021.
  106. ^ Jump up to:a b “План на 100 лет — “Росатом” принял долгосрочную стратегию развития ядерной энергетики” (in Russian). Retrieved 28 December 2021.
  107. ^ Henderson, Isaiah M. (18 July 2019). “Cold Ambition: The New Geopolitical Faultline”. The California Review. Retrieved 19 July 2019.
  108. ^ “The Nuclear icebreaker fleet”. www.rosatom.ru. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
  109. ^ “Old Russian icebreaker to become floating command center”. arctic.ru. Retrieved 4 September 2018.
  110. ^ “Supervisory Board”. www.rosatom.ru. Retrieved 14 February 2018.
  111. ^ “Management Board”. www.rosatom.ru. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
  112. ^ “Director General”. rosatom.ru. Retrieved 14 February 2018.
  113. ^ “Public Council”. www.rosatom.ru. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
  114. ^ “Public Council”. www.rosatom.ru. Retrieved 26 February 2018.

External links 外部链接

分享到：