空中客车 / Airbus – 中英文词条融合

By cathayvista企业, 制造业, 区域：欧洲西部（不含独联体国家）, 航空

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本文基于英文词条的线索，并补充部分来自中文词条的内容（在二者冲突时，以更晚更新者为准）。辽观搬运时进行了必要的合规化处理，以使其能够在中国内地上传。

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封面图片：The new logo of Airbus SE in 2017.（空中客车公司2017年的新标志。）
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1. 正文

1.1 主体部分（发布于知乎专栏）

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1.2 正文不便发布的部分

正文9. 争议 | Controversies

9.1 政府子公司 | Government subsidies

Boeing has continually protested over “launch aid” and other forms of government aid to Airbus, while Airbus has argued that Boeing receives illegal subsidies through military and research contracts and tax breaks.[88]
【参考译文】波音公司一直对”启动援助”和其他形式的政府援助空客提出抗议，而空客则认为波音通过军事和研究合同以及税收减免获得了非法补贴。[88]

In July 2004, former Boeing CEO Harry Stonecipher accused Airbus of abusing a 1992 bilateral EU-US agreement providing for disciplines for large civil aircraft support from governments. Airbus is given reimbursable launch investment (RLI), called “launch aid” by the US, from European governments, with the money being paid back with interest plus indefinite royalties, but only if the aircraft is a commercial success.[89] Airbus contends that this system is fully compliant with the 1992 agreement and WTO rules. The agreement allows up to 33% of the programme cost to be met through government loans, which are to be fully repaid within 17 years with interest and royalties. These loans are held at a minimum interest rate equal to the cost of government borrowing plus 0.25%, which would be below market rates available to Airbus without government support.[90] Airbus claims that since the signature of the EU-US agreement in 1992, it has repaid European governments more than U.S.$6.7 billion and that this is 40% more than it has received.
【参考译文】2004年7月，波音公司前首席执行官哈里·斯通塞弗指控空客滥用1992年欧盟与美国之间的双边协议，该协议规定了大型民用飞机政府支持的纪律。空客从欧洲政府获得可偿还的启动投资（RLI），在美国被称为“启动援助”，这些资金将在加上利息和无限期特许权使用费后偿还，但前提是飞机是商业成功。[89] 空客认为该系统完全符合1992年的协议和世贸组织的规则。该协议允许最多33%的项目成本通过政府贷款来满足，这些贷款将在17年内以利息和特许权使用费的形式全额偿还。这些贷款的最低利率等于政府借款成本加0.25%，这低于空客在没有政府支持的情况下可以获得的市场利率。[90] 空客声称自1992年签署欧盟-美国协议以来，它已向欧洲政府偿还了超过67亿美元的款项，这比它收到的款项多出40%。

Airbus argues that the military contracts awarded to Boeing, the second largest U.S. defence contractor, are in effect a form of subsidy, such as the controversy surrounding the Boeing KC-767 military contracting arrangements. The significant U.S. government support of technology development via NASA also provides significant support to Boeing, as do the large tax breaks offered to Boeing, which some people claim are in violation of the 1992 agreement and WTO rules. In its recent products such as the 787, Boeing has also been offered direct financial support from local and state governments.[91]
【参考译文】空中客车认为美国政府向波音公司颁发的军事合同实际上是一种补贴，例如围绕波音KC-767军事合同安排引发的争议。美国政府通过NASA对技术开发的重大支持也对波音提供了重要支持，此外，波音获得了大量的税收优惠，一些人声称这些税收优惠违反了1992年的协议和世贸组织规则。在波音最近的产品如787飞机中，波音还获得了来自地方和州政府的直接财政支持。

In January 2005 the European Union and United States trade representatives, Peter Mandelson and Robert Zoellick respectively, agreed to talks aimed at resolving the increasing tensions.[92][93] These talks were not successful with the dispute becoming more acrimonious rather than approaching a settlement.[94]
【参考译文】2005年1月，欧盟和美国的贸易代表彼得·曼德尔森和罗伯特·佐利克分别同意进行旨在解决日益紧张局势的谈判。 [92] [93]这些谈判没有成功，争端变得更加激烈，而不是接近解决。 [94]

WTO ruled in August 2010 and in May 2011 that Airbus had received improper government subsidies through loans with below market rates from several European countries.[95] In a separate ruling in February 2011, WTO found that Boeing had received local and federal aid in violation of WTO rules.[96]
【参考译文】世贸组织在2010年8月和2011年5月裁定，空客接受了来自几个欧洲国家的不正当政府补贴，这些国家以低于市场利率的贷款形式向空客提供补贴。 [95]在2011年2月的另一项裁决中，世贸组织发现波音公司违反了世贸组织规则，接受了地方和联邦援助。 [96]

9.2 集束炸弹指控 | Cluster bomb allegation

In 2005 the Government Pension Fund of Norway recommended the exclusion of several companies producing cluster bombs or components. EADS and its sister company EADS Finance BV were among them, arguing that EADS manufactures “key components for cluster bombs”.
【参考译文】2005年，挪威政府养老基金建议排除几家生产集束炸弹或其组件的公司。其中就包括了欧洲航空防务与航天公司（EADS）及其姊妹公司EADS Finance BV，理由是EADS制造了“集束炸弹的关键部件”。

The criticism was centred around TDA, a joint venture between EADS and Thales S.A. TDA produced the mortar ammunition PR Cargo, which can be considered cluster ammunition, however this definition has since been successfully battled by EADS.
【参考译文】这些批评主要集中在TDA上，这是EADS和Thales S.A.的合资企业。TDA生产的PR Cargo是一种迫击炮弹药，可以被视为集束弹药，然而这个定义后来被EADS成功地反驳了。

EADS and its subsidiaries are now regarded as fulfilling all the conditions of the Ottawa Treaty. According to the new point of view,[by whom?] no product of EADS or its subsidiaries falls into the category of antipersonnel mines as defined by the Ottawa Treaty (“landmines under the Ottawa Treaty”). In April 2006, the fund declared that the basis for excluding EADS from investments related to the production of cluster munitions is no longer valid, however its shareholding of MBDA means the fund still excludes EADS due to its indirect involvement in nuclear weapons production.[97]
【参考译文】现在，EADS及其子公司被认为是满足了《渥太华公约》的所有条件。根据新的观点，[由谁提出的观点？]EADS或其子公司的任何产品都不属于《渥太华公约》所定义的杀伤人员地雷类别（”《渥太华公约》下的地雷”）。2006年4月，该基金宣布，排除EADS参与与集束弹药生产相关的投资的基础不再有效，但由于其间接参与了核武器的生产，该基金仍然因为其对MBDA的持股而排除了EADS。[97]

9.3 内幕交易调查 | Insider trading investigation

On 2 June 2006 co-CEO Noël Forgeard and Airbus CEO Gustav Humbert resigned following the controversy caused by the June 2006 announcement that deliveries of the A380 would be delayed by a further six months. Forgeard was one of a number of executives including Jean-Paul Gut who exercised stock options in November 2005 and March 2006. He and twenty-one other executives are[when?] under investigation as to whether they knew about the delays in the Airbus A380 project which caused a 26 % fall in EADS shares when publicised. The French government’s actions were also under investigation; The state-owned bank Caisse des Dépots et Consignations (CDC) bought part of Lagardère’s 7.5 % stake in EADS in April 2006, allowing that latter to partially escape the June 2006 losses.[98]
【参考译文】2006年6月2日，在2006年6月宣布的A380飞机交付将再延迟六个月的消息引发争议后，空中客车公司的联合首席执行官Noël Forgeard和首席执行官Gustav Humbert辞职。Forgeard是包括Jean-Paul Gut在内的一批于2005年11月和2006年3月行使股票期权的高管之一。他和另外21名高管因涉嫌是否知道A380项目延期而被调查，这一消息公布后，EADS股价下跌了26%。法国政府的行动也在调查之中；国有银行Caisse des Dépots et Consignations（CDC）于2006年4月购买了拉加德尔在EADS的7.5%股份，使后者部分避免了2006年6月的损失。[98]

9.4 贿赂指控 | Bribery allegations

9.4.1 南非 | South Africa

In 2003 Tony Yengeni, former chief whip of South Africa’s African National Congress, was convicted of fraud worth around US$5 billion relating to an arms deal with South Africa, in which Airbus (formerly EADS) were major players.[99] It was claimed that Airbus had admitted that it had “rendered assistance” to around thirty senior officials, including defence force chief General Siphiwe Nyanda, to obtain luxury vehicles.[100] In March 2003, South Africa withdrew all charges of bribery against the former head of EADS South Africa,[101] and in September 2004, the prosecutor’s office dismissed the bribery charges against Yengeni.[citation needed]
【参考译文】2003年，南非非洲人国民大会前首席党鞭Tony Yengeni因涉及与南非的一起价值约50亿美元的军火交易欺诈案被定罪。在这起案件中，空中客车公司（前欧洲航空防务和航天公司）是主要参与者。[99]据称，空中客车公司承认曾向大约30名高级官员提供“协助”，包括国防部长西菲韦·尼亚达将军，以获取豪华车辆。[100]2003年3月，南非撤回了对前欧洲航空防务和航天公司南非分公司负责人的所有贿赂指控，[101]2004年9月，检察官办公室驳回了对Yengeni的贿赂指控。[102]

9.4.2 沙特 | Saudi Arabia

In August 2012 the UK’s Serious Fraud Office opened a criminal investigation into an EADS subsidiary, GPT Special Project Management Ltd, regarding bribery allegations made by GPT’s former programme director, Ian Foxley. Foxley alleged that luxury cars were bought for senior Saudis, and that millions of pounds sterling were paid to mysterious Cayman Islands companies, possibly to secure a £2 billion contract to renew the Saudi Arabian National Guard‘s military telecommunications network.[102] Foxley’s allegations were supported by two other GPT employees.[103] The later agreement between Airbus and the SFO on 31 January 2020 excluded the settlement of this case.[104]
【参考译文】2012年8月，英国严重欺诈办公室（SFO）对欧洲航空防务和航天公司（EADS）的子公司GPT特殊项目管理有限公司（GPT Special Project Management Ltd）展开了一项刑事调查，原因是该公司前项目总监伊恩·福克斯利（Ian Foxley）提出了贿赂指控。福克斯利声称，为沙特高级官员购买了豪华轿车，并向神秘的开曼群岛公司支付了数百万英镑，可能是为了确保价值20亿英镑的合同，以更新沙特阿拉伯国家警卫队的军用通信网络。[102]福克斯利的指控得到了另外两名GPT员工的支持。[103]后来，空中客车公司与SFO于2020年1月31日达成的协议不包括解决此案。[104]

9.4.3 英国和法国的调查 | British and French investigations

The French National Financial Prosecutor’s Office (PNF), the UK Serious Fraud Office (SFO) and the US Department of Justice (DoJ) had been jointly investigating irregularities in Airbus marketing practices since 2016, in particular the activities of agents Saudi Arabia, Kazakhstan, the Philippines, Indonesia and Austria,【注】 but also China, the United Arab Emirates, South Korea, Japan, Saudi Arabia, Taiwan, Kuwait, Turkey, Russia, Mexico, Brazil, Vietnam, India, Colombia and Nepal.[104]
【参考译文】法国国家金融检察官办公室（PNF）、英国严重欺诈办公室（SFO）和美国司法部（DoJ）自2016年以来一直在联合调查空客营销行为的违规行为，特别是沙特阿拉伯、哈萨克斯坦、菲律宾、印度尼西亚和奥地利等国家的代理商的活动【注】，但也包括中国、阿拉伯联合酋长国、韩国、日本、沙特阿拉伯、台湾、科威特、土耳其、俄罗斯、墨西哥、巴西、越南、印度、哥伦比亚和尼泊尔。[104]

【注】”The reports identified problematic transactions in the sale of civil aircraft in several countries, including Saudi Arabia, Kazakhstan, the Philippines, Indonesia and Austria. This list is far from exhaustive”[105]

【参考译文】”报告指出在包括沙特阿拉伯、哈萨克斯坦、菲律宾、印度尼西亚和奥地利等多个国家的民用飞机销售中存在问题交易。此清单并非详尽无遗。”

In July 2016, SFO opened a criminal investigation into “suspicions of fraud, bribes and corruption” after Airbus informed British authorities of a failure to disclose the role played by some intermediaries facilitating the sale of aircraft. Airbus was required to provide this information in order to benefit from export credits, which the British, French and German governments had suspended. In March 2017, the PNF subsequently opened a preliminary investigation into “suspicions of fraud and corruption in civil aviation activities” in cooperation with the SFO.[104]
【参考译文】2016年7月，英国严重欺诈办公室（SFO）在空客向英国当局通报未能披露一些中介机构在飞机销售中所扮演的角色后，对“欺诈、贿赂和腐败的嫌疑”展开了刑事调查。空客需要提供这些信息才能享受出口信贷，而英国、法国和德国政府已暂停了这些信贷。2017年3月，意大利国家金融检察官办公室（PNF）随后与SFO合作，对“民用航空活动中的欺诈和腐败嫌疑”展开了初步调查。[104]

The allegations included that from 2012 onwards Airbus was responsible for recruiting and remunerating intermediaries to influence the award of civil and military contracts. Payments worth hundreds of millions of euros in alleged secret commissions were made and numerous sales including in Saudi Arabia, Kazakhstan, Philippines, Indonesia, Austria, China and Mauritius were under suspicion of bribery.[105][verification needed][106]
【参考译文】这些指控包括，从2012年开始，空客公司负责招募和支付中介费用，以影响民用和军事合同的授予。据称，数百万欧元的秘密佣金被支付，许多销售，包括在沙特阿拉伯、哈萨克斯坦、菲律宾、印度尼西亚、奥地利、中国和毛里求斯的销售，都涉嫌贿赂。[105][需要核实][106]

The investigation focussed on the Airbus, Strategy and Marketing Organization (SMO), the department responsible for negotiating sales contracts and which, La Tribune reported as having “a network and an incredible influence around the world.” Directed successively by Jean-Paul Gut and Marwan Lahoud, the SMO was dissolved in 2016 under the new executive director, Thomas Enders, as part of a “clean hands” operation.[107]
【参考译文】调查的重点是空客公司的战略和营销组织（SMO），该部门负责谈判销售合同，据《论坛报》报道，该部门在世界各地拥有“一个网络和令人难以置信的影响力”。SMO先后由让-保罗·古特和马尔万·拉胡德领导，2016年在新执行董事托马斯·恩德斯的领导下解散，作为“干净之手”行动的一部分。[107]

In 2014, in a case referred to as the Kazakhgate affair, a search at Airbus Helicopters by French authorities found emails confirming that Airbus had agreed in principle to pay €12 million in bribes to the Prime Minister of Kazakhstan to facilitate the sale of helicopters. Officers from the Central Anti-Corruption Office (OCLCIFF) then searched the home of Marwan Lahoud on 8 February 2016.【注1】 This revealed that two Turkish intermediaries had claimed payment of commissions due in connection with the sale of 160 aircraft to China valued at US$10 billion. A message by Lahoud suggested that the commissions could reach US$250 million. The SMO was to conceal these commissions as false invoices for a fictitious Caspian pipeline project.【注2】
【参考译文】在2014年，被称为“哈萨克斯坦门”的事件中，法国当局对空中客车直升机公司进行搜查，发现了确认空中客车已同意支付1200万欧元贿赂哈萨克斯坦总理以促进直升机销售的电子邮件。随后，中央反腐败办公室（OCLCIFF）的官员于2016年2月8日搜查了马尔万·拉胡德的住所。这揭示了两名土耳其中介声称已收到与向中国出售价值100亿美元的160架飞机相关的佣金。拉胡德的一条信息表明，这些佣金可能达到2.5亿美元。SMO将把这些佣金作为虚假里海管道项目的虚假发票来隐瞒。

注1：”In February 2016, French police officers from the Central Anti-Corruption Office searched the homes of both Lahoud, Airbus’s former second-in-command”[105]

【参考译文】2016年2月，法国中央反腐败办公室的警察搜查了拉胡德和空中客车公司前第二号人物的住所。

注2：”They revealed, too, the tricks the SMO used to hide the alleged commissions on the sale of 34 Airbuses to Turkey, thanks to false invoices in relation to a fictitious pipeline project in the Caspian Sea”[105]

【参考译文】他们还透露，SMO使用了一些伎俩来掩盖向土耳其出售34架空客飞机的所谓佣金，这要归功于与里海虚构管道项目有关的虚假发票。

In January 2020, French, British and American courts validated three agreements between Airbus and the PNF,[108] the UK SFO,[104][109] and the US DoJ.[110][111] Airbus recognised the charges and agreed to pay fines of €3.6 billion in France, €984 million in the United Kingdom and €526 million in the United States. The penalties were the highest ever issued by the French and British bodies.[112][113][114]
【参考译文】2020年1月，法国、英国和美国的法院确认了空中客车公司与PNF、英国SFO和美国DoJ之间的三项协议。[108] 空中客车承认指控并同意在法国支付36亿欧元的罚款，在英国支付9.84亿欧元，在美国支付5.26亿美元。这些罚款是法国和英国机构有史以来开出的最高罚款。[112][113][114]

These settlements close the prosecution of Airbus regarding the Kazakhstan case but not allegations of misconduct in Saudi Arabia, China and Turkey, which Airbus denies.[115] Airbus managers may still be pursued as private individuals.【注】
【参考译文】这些和解协议结束了空客公司关于哈萨克斯坦案件的起诉，但并未涉及沙特阿拉伯、中国和土耳其的不当行为指控，空客公司否认了这些指控。[115] 空客公司的管理人员可能仍会以个人身份被追究责任。【注】

【注】”The Agreement does not provide any protection against prosecution of any natural ‘ persons”[104]

【参考译文】该协定没有提供任何保护，使任何自然人免于被起诉[104]。

2. 参见 see also（维基百科的相关词条）

Companies portal（公司主题）

Aviation portal（航空主题）

European Union portal（欧洲联盟主题）

flagFrance portal（法国主题）

flagGermany portal（德国主题）

flagUnited Kingdom portal（英国主题）

flagSpain portal（西班牙主题）

flagNetherlands portal（荷兰主题）

Engineering portal（工程主题）

3. 参考文献 References

3.1 中文词条引用列表

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  25. A320 Family （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Flight International, 1997.
  26. （Pierre Muller 1989，p.121）
  27. （Pierre Muller 1989，p.128）
  28. Fly-by-wire (1980-1987)互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2015年10月11号，., Airbus.
  29. Expansion (1991-1992)互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2013年5月9号，., Airbus.
  30. TA是英文“Twin Aile”的缩写，意思是“两组座位”。
  31. History: The family grows (1988-1991)互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2013年10月30号，., Airbus.
  32. （Bill Gunston 2009，p.204）
  33. （Bill Gunston 2009，p.205）
  34. Airbus supplement: A320 family （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, flightglobal.com, 29 octobre 1997.
  35. （Tim Laming 2000，p.22-23）
  36. （Tim Laming 2000，p.26-28）
  37. （Tim Laming 2000，p.29-30）
  38. Airbus Group Sets Goal of Stand-Alone Status （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, The New York Times, 9 juillet 1996.
  39. Premiers Airbus conçus en ingénierie simultanée （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, L’Usine nouvelle, 17 septembre 1998
  40. Airbusiness as usual （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, The Economist, 17 juin 1999.
  41. BAe et Dasa auraient bouclé leur fusion. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Libération, 4 décembre 1998.
  42. La fusion BAe-GEC Marconi crée le troisième groupe mondial de défense （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Les Échos, 20 janvier 1999.
  43. Business: The Company File GEC spoils Dasa/BAe party? （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, BBC News, 20 décembre 1998
  44. The giant on the runway （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, The Economist, 11 octobre 2007
  45. （Guy Norris 2010，p.16）
  46. A380 launch official – EADS welcomes the decision of Airbus supervisory board （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Lagardère, 19 décembre 2000
  47. Airbus in 2000: Record turnover and deliveries while achieving A380 launch （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, EADS, 29 janvier 2001
  48. The A380 enters production （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Airbus, 23 janvier 2002
  49. Présentation officielle à Toulouse du plus grand avion de transport civil du monde （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Le Soir, 18 janvier 2005
  50. A380 : Premier vol d’essai réussi （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, La Dépêche, 27 avril 2005
  51. A380 powers on through flight-test （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Flight Global, 20 décembre 2005
  52. Airbus, la revanche de Hambourg （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Le Figaro, 11 mars 2008
  53. EADS : conforter le champion européen （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Rapport d’information fait au nom de la commission des Affaires économiques sur la situation d’EADS et ses perspectives d’évolution, 27 juin 2007.
  54. Centre d’excellence électrique : programme A380 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Benoît Defforge, EADS, juillet 2006.
  55. 法文全称Conception Assistée Tridimensionnelle Interactive Appliquée，意思是“电脑辅助三维概念互通应用程序”。
  56. A380, quand la CAO s’emmêle （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, L’Usine nouvelle, 26 mars 2007.
  57. L’A380 entravé, Streiff déterminé （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Aérocontact, 4 octobre 2006
  58. Nouveau retard d’un an pour l’Airbus A380 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Le Devoir, 4 octobre 2006
  59. Chronologie: les principaux événements d’octobre 2006 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Les Échos, 9 novembre 2006
  60. Emirates a reçu 110 millions de dollars pour le retard de l’A380互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2014-02-01., Le Point, 30 avril 2008
  61. 存档副本. [2019-03-15]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-19）.
  62. Panorama 2006[永久失效链接], EADS, 2006
  63. Fabrice Brégier : «Airbus a largement dépassé ses objectifs d’économies» （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Les Échos, 22 avril 2011
  64. Power8 prepares way for “New Airbus” （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Airbus, 27 février 2007
  65. Document d’Enregistrement 2010[永久失效链接], EADS.
  66. EADS : Power 8 Plus met l’accent sur les délocalisations （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Investir, 9 septembre 2008
  67. Airbus accélère ses implantations hors d’Europe （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Le Figaro, 9 septembre 2008
  68. Future EADS : Louis Gallois vise 350 millions d’économies （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, La Tribune, 9 mars 2010.
  69. Airbus négocie avec cinq groupes pour la reprise de 6 sites industriels （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Le Nouvel Observateur, 24 septembre 2009.
  70. Airbus vend son site Laupheim au tandem franco-allemand Diehl/Thales （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, La Dépêche, Template:1er août 2008.
  71. EADS se réorganise互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2014年8月3号，., 20 minutes, 16 décembre 2008.
  72. Recent Chronology in the Airbus WTO Case （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Bureau du Représentant américain au commerce, 2004.
  73. Noël Forgeard dévoile le projet A350 et annonce une augmentation des livraisons （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, La Dépêche du Midi, 18 octobre 2004.
  74. L’’A350 reçoit son autorisation d’offre （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Airbus, 10 décembre 2004.
  75. Airbus to launch Boeing 7E7 rival （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, BBC News, 10 décembre 2004
  76. The Board favorably reviewed the new A350 Airliner family program （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, EADS, 8 juin 2005.
  77. Airbus lance son nouvel A350 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, EADS, 6 octobre 2005.
  78. “XWB”是英文“Xtra-Wide Body”的缩写，意思是“超阔机身”
  79. Airbus Presents A350 XWB: New Extra Wide Body Family for the 21st Century[永久失效链接], EADS, 17 juillet 2006.
  80. Airbus débute l’assemblage final du premier A350 XWB （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, EADS, 12 avril 2012.
  81. Premier pli du panneau composite A350 XWB fabriqué à Nantes （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, EADS, 4 décembre 2009.
  82. “Premier vol d’essai pour l’A350, dernier long-courrier d’Airbus”, Le Monde, 2013-06-14. [2019-03-15]. （原始内容存档于2020-10-24）.
  83. “NEO”是英文“New Engine Options”的缩写，意思是“新发动机选择”；另一方面，neo-也是许多种欧洲语言里面表示“新”的前缀
  84. Airbus propose en option pour la famille A320 de nouveaux réacteurs permettant une réduction de carburant （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, EADS, Template:1er décembre 2010.
  85. Bourget 2011 : l’heure du bilan （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, L’Usine nouvelle, 24 juin 2011.
  86. Airbus Group SE Financial Statements 2020 (PDF). Airbus. [28 May 2021].
  87. Airbus SE Unaudited Condensed IFRS Consolidated Financial Information for the year ended 31 December 2021 (PDF). Airbus. [18 March 2022].
  88. 引用错误：没有为名为A340-ceases-production的参考文献提供内容
  89. Airbus delivers first A330-900 to launch operator TAP Air Portugal. Airbus, 26 November 2018. [2019-11-09]. （原始内容存档于2019-01-10）.
  90. Airbus official O&D. www.airbus.com. Airbus. [2019-11-09]. （原始内容存档于2019-02-10）.
  91. 刘冠杰 (编). 民航年鑑2020/21. 飞翔出版社. : 136.
  92. A400M (Future Large Aircraft) Tactical Transport Aircraft, Europe. airforce-technology.com. [2009-10-01]. （原始内容存档于2010-06-20）.
  93. A400M Programme: A Brief History. Airbus. [2009-10-01]. （原始内容存档于2009-07-08）.
  94. Strategic airlift agreement enters into force. NATO. 2006-03-03 [2011-05-22]. （原始内容存档于2006-04-07）.
  95. O’Connell, Dominic. RAF transport aircraft delay. The Times (London). 2009-01-11 [2011-05-22]. （原始内容存档于2011-08-17）.
  96. Hoyle, Craig. Hercules support deal transforms RAF operations. Flight International. 2008-04-28 [2011-05-22]. （原始内容存档于2011-08-10）.
  97. Air tanker deal provokes US row. BBC News. 2008-03-01 [2010-01-01]. （原始内容存档于2008-03-05）.
  98. Boeing Protests U.S. Air Force Tanker Contract Award. Boeing. 2008-03-11. （原始内容存档于2012-05-15）.
  99. Statement regarding the bid protest decision resolving the Aerial Refueling Tanker protest by the Boeing Company (PDF). United States Government Accountability Office. 2008-06-18 [2011-05-22]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2018-10-02）.
  100. 空客交付第500架A320系列飞机，最新一代A350宽体机明年一季度末亮相. [2020-10-30]. （原始内容存档于2020-12-19）.

3.2 英文词条引用列表

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  4. “René Obermann”. Airbus. 14 June 2022.
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  32. “SecDEF announces return of KC-X program”. Secretary of the Air Force Public Affairs. 16 September 2009.
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  45. “Airbus Crisa”. Airbus Crisa.
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  48. “Airbus subsidiary UP42 unveils data, analytics platform”. Spacenews. 17 September 2019. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
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  55. “Airbus delivers first China-assembled A320 jet”. Sify News. 23 June 2009. Archived from the original on 31 October 2014. Retrieved 1 October 2009.
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  58. Kogan, Eugene (8 February 2008). “China’s commercial aviation in take-off mode”. Asia Times. Archived from the original on 14 June 2007.
  59. “Airbus starts $350 million Harbin plant construction”. China Daily. 1 July 2009.
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    sells remaining equity interest in EADS: On 27 March 2013, the
    extraordinary shareholders’ meeting of EADS approved a new management
    and shareholder structure. Subsequently, on 2 April 2013, the
    shareholders’ pact concluded in the year 2000 was dissolved and replaced
    with a new shareholders’ pact without the participation of Daimler.”
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  95. Schneider, Howard (19 May 2011). “U.S. claims victory in Airbus-Boeing case”. The Washington Post, Bloomberg. Retrieved 19 May 2011.
  96. “WTO Rules Boeing Got Improper U.S. Subsidies”. The Wall Street Journal. 1 February 2011.
  97. “The exclusion of EADS from the investment universe of the Government Pension Fund – Global has been reviewed”. Regjeringen.no. 10 May 2006.
  98. “Inside story; Share scandals in France”. The Economist. 13 October 2007.
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  103. “Third insider blows whistle on ‘corrupt’ Saudi defence deal”. Exaro. 9 July 2012.
  104. “R v Airbus SE – Deferred Prosecution Agreement”. Serious Fraud Office (United Kingdom). 2 March 2020.
  105. Martine Orange and Yann Philippin (1 August 2017). “The huge corruption scandal threatening Airbus”. Mediapart.
  106. “Airbus ran ‘massive’ bribery scheme to win orders”. Financial Times. 31 January 2020.
  107. “Airbus Corruption Scandal May Lead Straight to the Top”. Der Spiegel. 9 October 2017. “Hence,
    the message from Enders to all those who haven’t yet got the message,
    to those who think they can just carry on as before, including the
    bribery: “Leave this company rather than make us take you out of the
    company. Because we’re in a dead serious situation, dear colleagues.””
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  110. “USA v. Airbus SE deferred prosecution agreement”. District court for the district of Columbia. 31 January 2020.
  111. “Airbus Agrees to Pay over $3.9 Billion in Global Penalties to Resolve Foreign Bribery and ITAR Case”. justice.gov. 31 January 2020.
  112. “Airbus to pay SFO €1bn in corruption settlement”. BBC. 31 January 2020.
  113. “Airbus fined billions in global bribery settlement”. Deutsche Welle. 1 February 2020.
  114. “Airbus bribery investigation highlights power of international cooperation in tackling corruption”. Transparency International. 3 February 2020.
  115. “Bribery Scandal(s): Airbus rocked by corruption allegations”. Handelsblatt. 10 September 2017.[permanent dead link]

4. 延伸阅读 Further Reading

5. 外部链接

维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源：空中客车
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Airbus.

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