冰级 Ice Class（全文） – 中英文词条融合

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英文百科的译文仅供参考。如您仅要查看参考文献，请点击这里

中文（黑色）原文链接（无法从中国内地访问）：https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E7%BA%A7

英文（绿色）原文链接（无法从中国内地访问）：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_class

Viking XPRS，芬兰-瑞典冰级1A Super的船只，冬季在赫尔辛基港.
图片来源：şi punctum. from moscow, russia – ferry

冰级是指船级社或国家相关机构对船舶在各种海冰条件下航行能力的分类。

Ice class refers to a notation assigned by a classification society or a national authority to denote the additional level of strengthening as well as other arrangements that enable a ship to navigate through sea ice. Some ice classes also have requirements for the ice-going performance of the vessel.

参考译文：“冰级”是由分类社会或国家当局分配的一种注释，用于表示船舶具备额外的强化水平和其他安排，使其能够在海冰中航行。一些冰级还对船舶的冰上性能有要求。

长期以来存在多种冰级标准。

1. Significance of ice class （冰级的意义)

See also: Ice navigation vessel
另请参阅: 冰上导航船

Not all ships are built to an ice class. Building a ship to an ice class means that the hull must be thicker, and more scantlings must be in place. Sea chests may need to be arranged differently depending on the class. Sea bays may also be required to ensure that the sea chest does not become blocked with ice. Most of the stronger classes require several forms of rudder and propeller protection. Two rudder pintles are usually required, and strengthened propeller tips are often required in the stronger ice classes. More watertight bulkheads, in addition to those required by a ship’s normal class, are usually required. In addition, heating arrangements for fuel tanks, ballast tanks, and other tanks vital to the ship’s operation may also be required depending on the class.

参考译文：并非所有的船舶都建造成冰级船舶。对船舶进行冰级船舶的建造意味着船体必须更厚，必须有更多的结构横隔。根据不同级别的要求，海底停泊场可能需要进行不同的布置，以确保海底停泊场不会被冰块阻塞。大多数较高级别的船只需要采取多种舵和螺旋桨保护措施。通常需要安装两个舵针，并且在较高级别的冰级船舶中通常需要加固螺旋桨尖部。除了船舶正常级别要求的防水舱壁外，通常还需要更多的防水舱壁。此外，根据不同级别的要求，燃油舱、压载舱和其他对船舶运行至关重要的舱体可能还需要加热设备。

3. Different ice classes （不同冰级）

3.1 IACS Polar Class（国际船级社协会的分级）

Main article 主条目: Polar Class

Ships can be assigned one of seven Polar Classes (PC) ranging from PC 1 for year-round operation in all polar waters to PC 7 for summer and autumn operation in thin first-year ice based on the Unified Requirements for Polar Class Ships developed by the International Association of Classification Societies (IACS).[1] The IACS Polar Class rules were developed to harmonize the ice class rules between different classification societies and complement the IMO Guidelines for Ships Operating in Arctic Ice Covered Waters.

参考译文：船舶可以被分配为七个极地级别（PC），范围从PC 1适用于在所有极地水域全年运营，到PC 7适用于夏季和秋季在薄的一年生冰中运营，这是根据国际分类协会（IACS）制定的《极地级别船舶统一要求》所确定的。IACS的极地级别规则旨在协调不同分类社会之间的冰级规则，并补充国际海事组织（IMO）制定的《在北极冰覆盖水域操作船舶的指南》。

3.2 Finnish-Swedish ice class（芬兰-瑞典冰级）

Main article 主条目: Finnish-Swedish ice class

Product tanker Ternvik escorted to the port of Oulu by the Finnish icebreaker Sisu. During the winter months, ships calling Finnish or Swedish ports are given icebreaker escort based on their Finnish-Swedish ice class and traffic restrictions.
参考译文：在冬季，根据船舶的芬兰-瑞典冰级和交通限制，前往芬兰或瑞典港口的船舶将由芬兰冰船“Sisu”护送至奥卢港。
图片作者：Tuomas Romu

Traffic restrictions in the Baltic Sea during winter months are based on the Finnish–Swedish ice classes. These restrictions, imposed by the local maritime administrations, declare the minimum requirements for ships that are given icebreaker assistance, for example “ice class 1A, 2000 DWT“.[2]

参考译文：在冬季月份，波罗的海地区的交通限制是基于芬兰-瑞典冰级。这些限制由当地海事管理机构实施，规定了给予冰船协助的船舶的最低要求，例如“冰级1A，2000总吨位”。

In the Finnish-Swedish ice class rules, merchant ships operating in first-year ice in the Baltic Sea are divided into six ice classes based on requirements for hull structural design, engine output and performance in ice according to the regulations issued by the Swedish Maritime Administration and the Finnish Transport and Communications Agency (Traficom).[3] International classification societies have incorporated the Finnish-Swedish ice class rules to their own rulebooks and offer equivalent ice class notations that are recognized by the Finnish and Swedish authorities.[4]

参考译文：根据瑞典海事管理机构和芬兰交通和通信管理机构（Traficom）发布的规定，运营在波罗的海的一年生冰中的商船根据船体结构设计、发动机输出和在冰中的性能要求，分为六个冰级。国际分类协会已经将芬兰-瑞典冰级规则纳入自己的规则手册，并提供相应的冰级符号，被芬兰和瑞典当局认可。

Ships of the highest ice class, 1A Super, are designed to operate in difficult ice conditions mainly without icebreaker assistance while ships of lower ice classes 1A, 1B and 1C are assumed to rely on icebreaker assistance. In addition there are ice class 2 for steel-hulled ships with no ice strengthening that are capable of operating independently in very light ice conditions and class 3 for vessels that do not belong to any other class such as barges.[5] In official context and legislation, the ice classes are usually spelled with Roman numerals, e.g. IA.[3] Classification societies may sometimes use somewhat different distinguishing marks for Finnish-Swedish ice classes; for example, 1A Super is defined as Ice Class I AA by the American Bureau of Shipping (ABS) and ICE(1A*) by DNV GL.[4]

参考译文：最高冰级的船舶，即1A Super级别，被设计用于在恶劣冰况下独立操作，主要不需要冰船的协助。而较低的冰级别1A、1B和1C的船舶则假定需要依靠冰船的协助。此外，还有钢质船舶的2级冰级，它们没有冰强化，能够在非常轻微的冰况下独立操作；以及不属于其他任何类别（如驳船）的3级冰级。在官方背景和立法文件中，冰级通常用罗马数字拼写，例如IA。分类社会有时可能会对芬兰-瑞典冰级使用稍有不同的区分标志；例如，美国船级社（ABS）将1A Super定义为冰级I AA，DNV GL将其定义为ICE(1A*)冰级。

3.3 Classification societies（分类组织）

3.3.1 American Bureau of Shipping（美国船级社）

The American Bureau of Shipping has a system of ice classes which includes classes A5 through A0; B0, C0, and D0. A5 class is the strongest built of the classes, with D0 being the weakest. All other major classification societies have a similar system of ice classes, and converting between ice classes is relatively easy. In most cases only the names of the classes are changed and the specifics of the Arctic class are identical. ABS Class A5 is the only Arctic Class that may act independently in extreme Arctic waters with no limitations. Other classes are subject to limitations on time of year, required escort (always with a vessel of higher ice class) and ice conditions.

美国船级社（American Bureau of Shipping）有一个冰级系统，包括A5到A0级，以及B0、C0和D0级。A5级是最强大的级别，而D0级是最弱的级别。其他主要的分类社会也有类似的冰级系统，而且在不同的冰级之间转换相对容易。在大多数情况下，只是改变级别的名称，而北极级别的具体要求是相同的。ABS的A5级是唯一可以在极端北极水域独立行动且没有限制的北极级别。其他级别在时间、护航要求（始终与更高冰级的船舶同行）和冰况方面受到限制。

The ABS database includes hundreds of Arctic Ice Classed ships, including many Arctic Research Vessels,[6] and the entire productions of certain shipyards.

参考译文：美国船级社的数据库中包括数百艘北极级别船舶，包括许多北极科研船舶，以及某些船厂的整个产能。

3.3.2 Det Norske Veritas（挪威船级社）

Prior to the adoption of Unified Requirements for Polar Class Ships, Det Norske Veritas (today DNV GL) maintained its own set of requirements for ships operating independently in freezing sub-Arctic, Arctic and Antarctic waters. Ships operating in first-year winter ice with pressure ridges could be assigned class notation ICE-05, -10, or -15 where the number indicated nominal ice thickness used for structural design; for example, 0.5 metres (20 in) for ICE-05. Vessels expected to encounter multi-year sea ice and glacial ice inclusions could be assigned more stringent requirements class notation with POLAR-10, -20, or -30. Finally, vessels intended for icebreaking as their main purpose could be assigned an additional class notation “Icebreaker” after the ice class, e.g. POLAR-10 Icebreaker.[7]

参考译文：在采用统一极地船级要求之前，挪威船级社（今天的DNV GL）制定了自己的要求，用于在寒冷的亚北极、北极和南极水域独立运营的船舶。在操作具有压力脊的首年冬季冰层的船舶中，可以指定等级符号为ICE-05、-10或-15，其中数字表示结构设计所使用的名义冰厚度；例如，ICE-05表示0.5米（20英寸）。预计会遇到多年海冰和冰川冰矿物的船舶可以被指定具有更严格要求的等级符号，如POLAR-10、-20或-30。最后，主要用于破冰作业的船舶可以在冰级后附加一个等级符号”破冰船”，例如POLAR-10破冰船。

Following the merger of Det Norske Veritas and Germanischer Lloyd in 2013, the old Det Norske Veritas ice class rules have been superseded by new DNV GL ice classes.[8]

参考译文：在2013年Det Norske Veritas与Germanischer Lloyd合并后，旧的Det Norske Veritas冰级规则已被新的DNV GL冰级规则所取代。

3.3.3 DNV GL

DNV GL rules include requirements and additional class notations Ice(C) and Ice(E) for ships intended for service in waters with light ice conditions and localized drift ice, Ice(1C) through Ice(1A*) for vessels operating in northern Baltic Sea (corresponding to Finnish-Swedish ice classes 1C through 1A Super), an additional notation Ice(1A*F) for high-powered ships in regular traffic in heavy Baltic ice, and PC(1) through PC(7) for ships meeting the IACS Polar Class requirements. Ships engaged in icebreaking operations may be assigned an additional notation “Icebreaker” and ships designed to operate stern-first in ice an additional notation DAV.[8]

参考译文：DNV GL规则包括对船只的要求和额外的船级符号冰级（C）和冰级（E），用于在轻度冰情和局部漂流冰的水域中使用的船只，冰级（1C）到冰级（1A）用于在北波罗的海地区操作的船只（相当于芬兰-瑞典冰级1C到1A超级），额外的符号冰级（1AF）用于在重度波罗的海冰中进行常规航行的高功率船只，以及符合IACS极地级别要求的船只可以分配船级符号PC（1）到PC（7）。从事破冰作业的船只可能被指定额外的符号“破冰船”，而设计用于在冰中后向操作的船只可能被指定额外的符号DAV。

3.3.4 Russian Maritime Register of Shipping（俄罗斯海洋船级社）

The Russian Maritime Register of Shipping (RS), established in 1913, has a long history of classing icebreakers and ice-strengthened vessels, and today maintains its own set of ice class rules for vessels navigating in freezing non-Arctic and Arctic seas. Out of about 5,000 vessels classified by the RS, over 3,200 are strengthened for navigation in ice and 300 of these have an ice class intended for operations in Arctic waters.[9]

参考译文：俄罗斯海洋船级社（RS）成立于1913年，长期以来一直对破冰船和冰强化船只进行船级认证，并且如今为在非北极和北极海域航行的船只制定了自己的冰级规则。在大约5000艘由俄罗斯海洋船级社认证的船只中，超过3200艘经过了冰强化以用于在冰中航行，并且其中有300艘具备用于在北极水域进行作业的冰级认证。

The RS ice class rules have been revised and the class notations changed several times over the years. As of 2017, the ice classes are divided to non-Arctic, Arctic and icebreaker classes. The ice class notation is followed by a number which denotes the level of ice strengthening: Ice1 to Ice3 for non-Arctic ships, Arc4 to Arc9 for Arctic ships, and Icebreaker6 to Icebreaker9 for icebreakers. These ice classes can be assigned in parallel with the Finnish-Swedish ice class and/or the IACS Polar Class, provided the vessel complies with all applicable rules. The selection of ice class is based on the operating area in the Russian Arctic, time of year, ice conditions, operating tactics, and whether the vessel operates under icebreaker escort or independently. In addition, icebreaker classes have additional requirements for minimum shaft power and icebreaking capability.[10]

参考译文：多年来，俄罗斯海洋船级社的冰级规则已经多次修订，船级符号也发生了变化。截至2017年，冰级分为非北极、北极和破冰船级。冰级符号后面跟着一个数字，表示冰强化的级别：非北极船只为Ice1至Ice3，北极船只为Arc4至Arc9，破冰船为Icebreaker6至Icebreaker9。只要船只符合所有适用规则，这些冰级可以与芬兰-瑞典冰级和/或IACS极地级别并行应用。选择冰级是基于俄罗斯北极地区的操作区域、年份、冰情、操作策略以及船只是否在破冰船护航下或独立作业等因素。此外，破冰船级别还有最小轴功率和破冰能力的额外要求。

3.3.5 Lloyd’s Register（劳埃德船级社）

Ice classification by Lloyd’s Register based on Baltic Sea and Arctic Ocean conditions.[11]

参考译文：劳埃德船级社（Lloyd’s Register）基于波罗的海和北冰洋的条件进行冰级分类。

3.4 Canadian ice classes 加拿大冰级

3.4.1 Arctic Class

A class attributed to a vessel under the Canadian Arctic Shipping Pollution Prevention Regulations regime, which indicates that the vessel met the requirements of those regulations. Up to December 2017, Canadian Arctic Shipping Pollution Prevention Regulations[12] establish 9 Arctic classes for ship (Arctic Class 1, 1A, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8 or 10) based on requirements for hull structural design, engine power, engine cooling water arrangement, propeller, rudder and steering gear and performance in ice.

参考译文：一个船只在加拿大北极航运防污染规定制度下获得的船级，表示该船满足了这些规定的要求。截至2017年12月，根据船体结构设计、发动机功率、发动机冷却水布置、螺旋桨、舵和舵机以及在冰中的性能要求，加拿大北极航运防污染规定确定了9个船级（北极级别1、1A、2、3、4、6、7、8或10）。

3.4.2 Canadian Arctic Class (CAC)[13]

A class attributed to a vessel under the Canada Shipping Act regime, which indicates that the vessel met the requirements of the applicable standards of TP 12260 Equivalent Standards for the Construction of Arctic Class Ships, published by the Department of Transport, on December 1, 1995.[14] This new system exists for determining how the most highly ice-strengthened vessels are classed by Transport Canada, Marine Safety. Four Canadian Arctic Classes (CAC) have now replaced the previous Arctic 1 – Arctic 10 Classes. Details of the new structural classifications are provided in the Transport Canada publication Equivalent Standards For The Construction Of Arctic Class Ships – TP 12260E; to summarize:

参考译文：加拿大航运法令体系下为船只所指定的船级，表示该船满足加拿大交通部于1995年12月1日发布的TP 12260《北极级别船舶建造等效标准》的适用标准要求。这个新系统用于确定交通部海事安全部门对最高级别冰强化船只的船级认证。四个加拿大北极级别（CAC）现在取代了以前的北极级别1至北极级别10。关于新的结构分类的详细信息可在加拿大交通部发布的《北极级别船舶建造等效标准 – TP 12260E》中找到；总结如下：

CAC 1 is seen as an icebreaker which can operate anywhere in the Arctic and can proceed through Multi-Year ice continuously or by ramming according to the owner’s performance requirements. A CAC 1 ship is capable of navigation in any ice regime found in the Canadian Arctic and unrestricted ramming of the heaviest ice features (except icebergs or similar ice formations) for the purpose of ice management.

参考译文：CAC 1被视为一种破冰船，在北极的任何地方都可以操作，并可以根据船东的性能要求持续穿越多年冰或以撞击的方式进行。CAC 1级船只能够在加拿大北极发现的任何冰区进行航行，并且可以无限制地对最严重的冰特征（除了冰山或类似冰形成物）进行撞击以进行冰管理。

CAC 2 is seen as a commercial cargo carrying ship which can trade anywhere in the Arctic, but would take the easiest route. It could proceed through Multi-Year ice continuously or by ramming according to the owner’s performance requirements. A CAC 2 ship is capable of navigation in any ice regime found in the Canadian Arctic and ramming of heavy ice feature restricted by its structural capability.

参考译文：CAC 2被视为一种商业货运船只，可以在北极的任何地方进行贸易，但会选择最容易的航线。它可以根据船东的性能要求持续穿越多年冰或以撞击的方式进行。CAC 2级船只能够在加拿大北极发现的任何冰区进行航行，并且其结构能力的限制下可以撞击重冰特征。

CAC 3 is seen as commercial cargo carrying ship which can trade in the Arctic where ice regimes permit. It would proceed through Multi-Year ice only when it is unavoidable and would do so in a controlled manner usually by ramming. It would be unrestricted in Second and heavy First-Year ice.

参考译文：CAC 3被视为一种商业货运船只，可以在冰情允许的情况下在北极进行贸易。它只会在不可避免的情况下以受控的方式穿越多年冰，通常是通过撞击进行。它在第二年冰和重第一年冰中没有限制。

CAC 4 is seen as commercial cargo carrying ship which can trade in the Arctic where ice regimes permit. It would be capable of navigating in any thickness of First-Year ice found in the Canadian Arctic, including First-Year ridges. It would avoid Multi-Year ice and when this is not possible it would push or ram at very low speeds.

参考译文：CAC 4被视为一种商业货运船只，可以在冰情允许的情况下在北极进行贸易。它能够在加拿大北极发现的任何厚度的第一年冰中航行，包括第一年冰脊。它会避免多年冰，但当情况不允许时，会以非常低的速度推进或撞击。

Vessels CAC 1, 2, 3, and 4 may also be considered suitable escorts, capable of escorting ships of lower classes. Canada has developed structural standards for each of these classes. Ships built to polar standards of other Classification Societies and national authorities can apply for CAC equivalency on a case-by-case basis, as can owners of vessels previously classified under the existing Canadian system for Arctic Class vessels.

参考译文：CAC 1、2、3和4级船只也可以被认为是适合的护航船只，能够护送低级别船只。加拿大已为每个级别制定了结构标准。按照情况，按照其他船级社和国家机构的极地标准建造的船舶，以及之前按照现有加拿大北极级别船只体系对船只进行分类的船东，可以申请CAC等效认证。

Note: The CAC categories are equivalent to the Arctic Classes as shown in table. These nominal equivalencies are not reciprocal.

参考译文：注意：CAC级别与表中显示的北极级别是等效的。这些名义上的等效性不是互相的。

参考文献

中文

  1. ^ Daley, Claude. Ice Class Rules: Description and Comparison (PDF). 2014-04-01 [2017-09-28]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-08-26）.
  2. ^ Nyseth, Håvard; Bertelsen, Karsten. Ice Classes in Brief (PDF). DNV GL. 2014 [2017-09-28]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2018-02-18）.
  3. ^ * Eyres, David J. Ship Construction. 1st ed. Elsevier, 2007. 36-39.
  4. ^ Ice classes of ships. Finnish Transport Safety Agency. [2017-09-28]. （原始内容存档于2017-07-23）.
  5. ^ Maritime Safety Regulation: List of Equivalences, 2010 (PDF). Finnish Transport Safety Agency. 2010-11-23 [2017-09-28]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2016-04-18）.

英文

  1.  Unified Requirements for Polar Class ships Archived 2012-06-20 at the Wayback Machine. International Association of Classification Societies (IACS), April 2016. Retrieved 2017-03-11.
  2. ^ Aro, Ilmari: Icebreaking management on Finnish coast Archived 2011-07-20 at the Wayback Machine. Finnish Maritime Administration. Retrieved 2010-06-22.
  3. ^ Jump up to:a b “Ice Classes of Ships”. Traficom. 28 June 2019. Retrieved 28 September 2019.
  4. ^ Jump up to:a b “Finnish ice classes equivalent to class notations of recognized classification societies and the determination of the ice classes of ships” (PDF). Finnish Transport Safety Agency (Trafi). 14 November 2017. Retrieved 19 November 2019.
  5. ^ “Ice Class Regulations and the Application Thereof” (PDF). Traficom. 14 November 2017. Retrieved 28 September 2019.
  6. ^ Research Vessels, Ice Classed[dead link]
  7. ^ Rules for Ships, Part 5 Chapter 1 Section 4: Vessels for Arctic and Ice Breaking Service, Det Norske Veritas, July 2016
  8. ^ Jump up to:a b Rules for classification: Ships – DNVGL-RU-SHIP Pt.6 Ch.6: Cold Climate, DNV GL, July 2020
  9. ^ Press Release. Russian Maritime Register of Shipping, 16 December 2016. Retrieved 2017-03-19.
  10. ^ Rules for the Classification and Construction of Sea-Going Ships Part I: Classification[permanent dead link]. Russian Maritime Register of Shipping, 2017.
  11. ^ Braithwaite, RC; Khan, D. (2014). “Implications of ice class for an offshore patrol vessel”. Journal of Marine Engineering & Technology. 13 (3): 17–27. doi:10.1080/20464177.2014.11658118. S2CID 114827141.
  12. ^ Arctic Shipping Pollution Prevention Regulations (C.R.C., c. 353)
  13. ^ User Assistance Package for the Implementation of Arctic Ice Regime Shipping System – AIRSS (1998) – TP 12819 E
  14. ^ TP 12260 Equivalent Standards for the Construction of Arctic Class Ships

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