俄罗斯石油 Rosneft – 辽观搬运的中英文维基百科词条

By cathayvista企业, 区域：欧亚独联体国家（原沙俄苏联国家）

英文百科的译文仅供参考。

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中文（黑色）原文链接（无法从中国内地访问）：https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E7%9F%B3%E6%B2%B9
英文（绿色）原文链接（无法从中国内地访问）：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosneft

俄罗斯石油公司（俄语：Росне́фть，罗马化：Rosnéft’，IPA：[ˌrosˈnʲeftʲ]、英语：ROSNEFT），是俄罗斯一家综合能源公司，总部位于俄罗斯首都莫斯科，专门从事勘探，开采，生产，提炼，运输， and sale of petroleum, natural gas, and petroleum products.（参考译文：以及原油、天然气和石油产品的销售）。该公司由俄罗斯政府通过Rosneftegaz控股公司控制。根据《Expert》杂志的数据，2012年该公司在俄罗斯公司中营业额排名第三，2014年位列世界500强公司第46位。2012年底公司员工数17万。[2]

Its name is a portmanteau of the Russian words Rossiyskaya neft (Russian: Российская нефть, lit. ’Russian oil’).[3][4] 

参考译文：该项目的名称是俄罗斯语中”Rossiyskaya neft”（俄罗斯石油）两个词的合成词。

Rosneft was founded in 1993 as a state enterprise and then incorporated in 1995, acquiring a number of state-controlled gas and oil assets. It became Russia’s leading oil company after purchasing assets of the former oil company Yukos at state-run auctions. After acquiring OJSC TNK-BP in 2013, then one of the largest oil companies in Russia, Rosneft became the world’s largest publicly traded petroleum company.[4][5]

参考译文：Rosneft成立于1993年，最初是一个国有企业，然后在1995年进行了并购，收购了一些由国家控制的天然气和石油资产。在国有拍卖中购买了前石油公司Yukos的资产后，它成为俄罗斯的领先石油公司。在2013年收购了俄罗斯最大的石油公司之一OJSC TNK-BP之后，Rosneft成为全球最大的公开交易的石油公司。

Rosneft is the third-largest Russian company and the second-largest state-controlled company (after Gazprom) in Russia in terms of revenue (₽4,134 billion).[6] Internationally, it is one of the largest oil companies, ranking 24 in terms of revenue.[citation needed] In the 2020 Forbes Global 2000, Rosneft was ranked as the 53rd-largest public company in the world.[7] The company operates in more than twenty countries around the world.[3][4]

参考译文：Rosneft是俄罗斯第三大公司，也是俄罗斯第二大国有控股公司（仅次于俄罗斯天然气工业股份公司）的收入（4134亿卢布）方面。在国际上，它是最大的石油公司之一，在收入方面位列第24位。在2020年的福布斯全球2000强排行榜中，Rosneft被列为全球第53大的上市公司。该公司在全球二十多个国家开展业务。

公司类型上市公司 (OAO)
股票代号MCX：ROSN LSE：ROSN
ISINRU000A0J2Q06
成立1993年，​29年前
创办人俄罗斯联邦政府 
代表人物伊格·伊瓦诺维奇·谢钦 (CEO)
格哈特·施罗德 (会长)
总部 俄罗斯莫斯科
产业石油产业
产品石油
天然气
汽车燃料 石油化工产品
营业额▲ US$647.49 亿 (FY 2016)
息税前利润1,504,000,000,000 俄罗斯卢布 (2021年) 
净利润▲ US$58.1 亿 (FY 2016)
总资产16,457,000,000,000 俄罗斯卢布 (2021年) 
资产净值6,489,000,000,000 俄罗斯卢布 (2021年) 
所有权者(2016年) 俄罗斯政府 (50%)
BP (19.75%，2022年俄罗斯入侵乌克兰后宣布退股[1])
未知 (19%)
卡塔尔和嘉能可 (0.54%)
员工人数261,500(2014)[2]
母公司Rosneftegaz​（俄语）
网站www.rosneft.com

1. 历史

1.1 Origins （起源）

Rosneft has played a major role in the history of Russia’s oil industry. The first use of the name Rosneft dates back to the late 19th century[citation needed], when exploration of oil fields in Sakhalin began in 1889. Most of Rosneft’s current assets were acquired during the Soviet era.[4]

参考译文：Rosneft在俄罗斯石油工业的历史中扮演了重要角色。Rosneft这个名称的最早使用可以追溯到19世纪末，当时在1889年在萨哈林岛进行石油田的勘探。Rosneft目前的大部分资产是在苏联时代获得的。

1.1 1990年代

1991年，在解散的苏联石油天然气工业部基础上成立了国家石油公司“ROSNEFTGAS”。

1993年，改为ROSNEFT。

Rosneft was established in 1993 as a unitary enterprise with assets previously held by Rosneftegaz, the successor to the Soviet Union‘s Ministry of Oil Industry. During the early 1990s, almost all Russian oil companies and refineries were extracted from Rosneft to form ten integrated companies. Later their number was halved as a result of acquisitions

参考译文：.Rosneft成立于1993年，最初是由Rosneftegaz（苏联石油工业部的继任者）持有的资产组成的一个单一企业。在20世纪90年代初，几乎所有的俄罗斯石油公司和炼油厂都从Rosneft中分离出来，形成了十家综合公司。后来，由于收购，这个数量减少了一半。

1995年，ROSNEFT实行股份制。

 On 29 September 1995, an Order of the Government of Russia No. 971 transformed Rosneft into an open joint stock company.[8]

参考译文：1995年9月29日，俄罗斯政府第971号令将Rosneft转变为一家公开股份有限公司。

In March 1996, Rosneft founded the Russian Regional Development Bank.[9][10]

参考译文：1996年3月，Rosneft创立了俄罗斯地方发展银行。

1990年代，从ROSNEFT中分离出：

1994-VNK,ONAKO和SIDANKO

1995-TNK,SIBNEFT

1997-克拉斯诺达尔和莫斯科的NPZ

1995-1997年间，SIDANKO和ROSNEFT争夺PURNEFTGAZ，由于1997年公司计划私有化，PURNEFTGAZ留在ROSNEFT中。

总理Е.М.普里马科夫主政期间，曾计划将ONAKO和SIDANKO合并到ROSNEFT并在此基础上成立国家石油集团。

Rosneft struggled financially and operationally during the 1998 Russian financial crisis with decreased production due to poor assets and lower retail sales with an underused refining capacity. In July 1998 the Russian government tried to sell Rosneft, but it failed.[11]

参考译文：在1998年俄罗斯金融危机期间，Rosneft在财务和运营方面面临困境，由于资产不佳导致产量下降，并且由于炼油能力未充分利用，零售销售额也下降。1998年7月，俄罗斯政府试图出售Rosneft，但未能成功。

In October 1998, the Russian government appointed Sergey Bogdanchikov as president.[12] The company owned two obsolete refineries and several low-productive and poorly managed oil-producing assets. In the late 1990s, plans for Rosneft’s privatization in Russia were made, but due to competition with equally influential pretenders, they were not carried out.[4]

参考译文：1998年10月，俄罗斯政府任命谢尔盖·博格丹奇科夫为总裁。该公司拥有两座陈旧的炼油厂和几个生产低效、管理不善的油田资产。在上世纪90年代末，曾计划将Rosneft在俄罗斯进行私有化，但由于与同等影响力的竞争对手的竞争，这些计划并未得以实施。

1.2 2000年代

From 2002 to 2004, the company’s primary objectives were strengthening control over its assets, reducing the debt burden, and obtaining licenses in Eastern Siberia. The determining factor in enhancing the role of Rosneft in the Russian oil industry has been the support of the country’s top leadership.[vague] The company, during this time, managed to restore its status after its rough start in the 1990s with the acquisition of Krasnodar Oil and Gas Company in 2002 and Northern Oil Company in early 2003. In addition, in 2002, the company received a license for the development of the Sakhalin-IV and Sakhalin-V project,[13] and in 2003 a license for the development of the Sakhalin-III project.[citation needed]

参考译文：从2002年到2004年，该公司的主要目标是加强对其资产的控制，减轻债务负担，并在东西伯利亚获取许可证。提升Rosneft在俄罗斯石油行业中的地位的决定因素是该国的最高领导层的支持。在此期间，该公司成功恢复了在上世纪90年代艰难起步后的地位，于2002年收购了克拉斯诺达尔石油和天然气公司，以及2003年初收购了北方石油公司。此外，2002年，公司获得了萨哈林四号和五号项目的开发许可证，并于2003年获得了萨哈林三号项目的开发许可证。

2000年代开始，公司的主要任务是加强资产管理，减少负债，取得东西伯利亚矿权。来自国家高层领导的支持成为提升国家石油公司在俄罗斯石油领域地位的决定性因素。

2002年公司收回了1997年丢失的“克拉斯诺达尔油气”

2003年收购“北方石油”。

In 2005, Rosneft acquired a 25.94% stake in the company Verkhnechonskneftegaz[14] and became the leading oil company of Russia in terms of production.[4][15]

参考译文：2005年，俄罗斯国家石油公司（Rosneft）收购了公司Verkhnechonskneftegaz的25.94％股份，并成为俄罗斯生产量最大的石油公司。

2007年公司第一次进入巴伦周刊的世界一百家最受尊敬的公司榜单，位列99名。

In 2007, the company for the first time entered the annual list of one hundred most respected firms and companies in the world according to the weekly Barron’s, in 99th place.[16] By the same year, Rosneft produced 100 million barrels of oil, 20% of Russia’s output at the time.[4] In March 2007, Rosneft had announced it hoped to increase production from 80 million tonnes to 103 million tonnes from 2006 to the end of 2007, extract 140 million tonnes of oil by 2012, and become a global top three energy company.[17]

参考译文：在2007年，根据《巴伦周刊》的年度最受尊敬企业和公司百强榜单，该公司首次进入榜单，位列第99位。同年，Rosneft生产了1亿桶石油，占当时俄罗斯产量的20％。在2007年3月，Rosneft宣布希望从2006年到2007年底将产量从8000万吨增加到1.03亿吨，到2012年提取1.4亿吨石油，并成为全球前三大能源公司。

When the Great Recession struck Russia in late 2008, Rosneft was able to endure the economic pains by improving and strengthening business lines, management, and transparency, and as a result, became a leading oil company domestically and internationally.[4]

参考译文：当2008年底大衰退袭击俄罗斯时，Rosneft通过改进和加强业务线、管理和透明度，能够忍受经济痛苦，因此在国内和国际上成为一家领先的石油公司。

In February 2009, a number of agreements were negotiated between Russia and China that provided a 20-year contract for an annual supply of 15 million tons of oil between the Chinese National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) and Rosneft, cooperation between CNPC and Transneft to construct and operate a branch of the Eastern Siberia–Pacific Ocean (ESPO) oil pipeline to China, and the provision of loans for US$25 billion—US$15 billion from Rosneft and US$10 billion from Transneft—by the China Development Bank on the security of supplies.[18][19][20]

参考译文：在2009年2月，俄罗斯和中国之间进行了一系列协议的谈判，为中国国家石油公司（CNPC）和Rosneft之间的年度供应1500万吨石油提供了一份为期20年的合同，CNPC与Transneft合作修建和运营一条连接东西伯利亚-太平洋（ESPO）油管的支线到中国，并由中国开发银行提供250亿美元的贷款，其中150亿美元来自Rosneft，100亿美元来自Transneft，以确保石油供应的安全。

1.2.1 Acquisition of assets of Yukos （收购Yukos资产）

See also: Yukos 参见：Yukos词条（英文）

Starting in 2004, the Russian government organized a series of auctions to sell the assets of Yukos Oil Company, of which Rosneft won the majority. On 22 December 2004, Rosneft purchased Baikal Finance Group, which bought Yuganskneftegaz (Yugansk), a main asset of Yukos, three days earlier at a state-run auction for US$9.35 billion to satisfy tax debts.[21] According to some estimates,[who?] this operation was directed by Russian authorities in order to nationalize Russia’s oil and gas industry. In response to the deal, Andrei Illarionov, then a senior Putin economic advisor, denounced it as “fraud of the year”.[22]

参考译文：从2004年开始，俄罗斯政府组织了一系列拍卖，出售Yukos石油公司的资产，其中Rosneft赢得了大部分资产。2004年12月22日，Rosneft以93.5亿美元购买了Baikal Finance Group，此前三天该集团以同样的价格在国家拍卖中购得了Yukos的主要资产Yuganskneftegaz（Yugansk），以偿还税务债务。据一些估计，这项交易是由俄罗斯当局主导，旨在国有化俄罗斯的石油和天然气行业。对于这笔交易，时任普京经济顾问的安德烈·伊拉里奥诺夫将其谴责为“年度欺诈行为”。

In 2005, Mikhail Khodorkovsky (former chairman of Menatep) and Platon Lebedev (business partner of Khodorkovsky) were sentenced to nine years in prison for fraud and tax evasion. In February 2007, they were charged again and accused of stealing $25 billion worth of oil from Yukos subsidiaries. They were convicted, but in 2013 Putin pardoned Khodorkovsky and 2014 the Russian supreme court announced that Lebedev should also be freed early.[21]

参考译文：在2005年，曼纳特普银行的前董事长弗拉基米尔·霍多尔科夫斯基和他的商业伙伴普拉顿·列别杰夫因欺诈和逃税被判处九年监禁。2007年2月，他们再次被起诉，指控从Yukos的子公司盗取价值250亿美元的石油。他们被判有罪，但在2013年，普京特赦了霍多尔科夫斯基，2014年，俄罗斯最高法院宣布列别杰夫也应当提前释放。

The purchase of Yugansk in 2005[23] greatly increase the number of assets and production for Rosneft. Subsequently, Rosneft filed a lawsuit against Yukos in connection with the use of the understated transfer prices for the purchase of oil from Yuganskneftegaz prior to its breakup. At the same time, Rosneft itself also purchases oil and gas from its subsidiary, Yuganskneftegaz, at transfer prices.[citation needed]

参考译文：2005年购买Yugansk使Rosneft的资产和产量大幅增加。随后，Rosneft对Yukos提起了诉讼，指控其在Yuganskneftegaz分拆之前使用低估的转让价格购买石油。与此同时，Rosneft自身也以转让价格从其子公司Yuganskneftegaz购买石油和天然气。

Major existing and planned natural oil and gas pipelines supplying Russian oil and gas to Europe. （供应俄罗斯石油和天然气到欧洲的主要现有和计划的天然气和石油管道。）图片作者：DOE – www.eia.doe.gov

In May 2007, Rosneft won a number of auctions for the sale of Yukos’ assets, including five refineries and oil companies Tomsk Oil Company and Samara Oil and Gas Company, making it the largest oil company in Russia. According to experts on the Russian newspaper Vedomosti, the assets of Yukos, bought by Rosneft at auction organized by the state, went to the company at a discount of 43.4% of the market price of this property. In 2007, the former assets of Yukos provided 72.6% of oil and gas condensate production and 74.2% of Rosneft’s primary refining.[24] In June, Rosneft paid $731 million for the transportation assets of Yukos, which had declared bankrupt in August 2006 after three years of litigation over tax arrears.[25] In August, Bogdanchikov said that although the Yukos acquisitions had increased Rosnefts debt to $US 26 billion, he planned to reduce debt to 30% of total assets by 2010 by tripling refining capacity and expand into China.[citation needed]

参考译文：2007年5月，Rosneft在一系列拍卖中赢得了Yukos的资产，包括五个炼油厂和Tomsk Oil Company和Samara Oil and Gas Company等石油公司，使其成为俄罗斯最大的石油公司。根据俄罗斯报纸《维多莫斯基报》上的专家分析，Rosneft在国家组织的拍卖中以43.4%的折扣购得了Yukos的资产，低于其市场价值。2007年，Yukos的前资产占Rosneft的原油和天然气凝析油产量的72.6%和主要炼油的74.2%。6月，Rosneft以7.31亿美元购得了Yukos的运输资产，该公司在2006年8月因税款欠缺进行了三年诉讼后宣告破产。8月，博甘奇科夫表示，尽管Yukos的收购使Rosneft的债务增加到260亿美元，但他计划通过将炼油能力扩大三倍并进军中国，将债务减少到总资产的30%。

1.2.2 Initial public offering of 2006 （2006年的首次公开募股（Initial Public Offering，IPO））

In July 2006, Rosneft placed 15% of its shares traded with a total value of US$10.7 billion in an initial public offering (IPO) at the London Stock Exchange, the Russian Trading System, and the Moscow Interbank Currency Exchange. Part of the shares were distributed among the Russian population through banks such as Sberbank and Gazprombank.[4][26][27]

参考译文：2006年7月，Rosneft在伦敦证券交易所、俄罗斯交易系统和莫斯科银行间货币交易所进行了总价值为107亿美元的15%股份的首次公开募股（IPO）。其中一部分股份通过俄罗斯的银行如Sberbank和Gazprombank分发给俄罗斯公众。

The Federal Service for Financial Markets authorized the placement and circulation outside the country of a 22.5% stake in Rosneft.[28]

参考译文：俄罗斯联邦金融市场监管局授权将Rosneft的22.5%股权进行境外的配售和流通。

Rosneft announced a placement value of US$5.85–7.85 per share and global depository receipt (GDR), based on the company’s capitalization after consolidation of US$60–80 billion. It planned to place shares for at least US$8.5 billion in order to repay loans to Western banks, including interest and taxes.[29]

参考译文：Rosneft宣布每股5.85-7.85美元以及全球存托凭证(GDR)的发行价值，该价格是基于公司在60-80亿美元的资本合并后的市值。它计划发行至少85亿美元的股份，以偿还西方银行的贷款，包括利息和税款。

On 14 July, the official results of the placement value were announced. Shares were priced at US$7.55, almost at the upper end of the price band, resulting in Rosneft’s capitalization—taking into account the upcoming consolidation of its subsidiaries—at a value of US$79.8 billion, making Rosneft surpass Lukoil as the largest oil company in Russia. Investors bought 1.38 billion shares for US$10.4 billion: 21% of the shares were bought by strategic investors, 36% from international investors from North America, Europe, and Asia, 39% from Russian investors, and 4% from Russian retail investors. 49.4% of the total IPO volume accounted for four investors, including BP for US$1 billion, Petronas for US$1.5 billion, and the CNPC for $0.5 billion. Individuals submitted applications for the purchase of 99,431,775 shares of the oil company, and as a result, most of the new shareholders were individuals; partly because of this IPO was given the unofficial name of “people’s.”[30][31]

参考译文：7月14日，官方公布了发行价值的正式结果。股票定价为7.55美元，几乎达到了价格区间的上限，使得Rosneft的市值（考虑到即将进行的子公司整合）达到了798亿美元，使其超过Lukoil成为俄罗斯最大的石油公司。投资者以104亿美元购买了13.8亿股股份：21%的股份被战略投资者购买，36%来自北美、欧洲和亚洲的国际投资者，39%来自俄罗斯投资者，4%来自俄罗斯零售投资者。总IPO量的49.4%由四家投资者占据，其中包括BP以10亿美元、Petronas以15亿美元和中国石油天然气集团公司以5亿美元的投资。个人提交了购买9943,1775股该石油公司的申请，因此大部分新股东是个人；部分原因是这次首次公开募股被非正式称为“人民”的名字。

Rosneft’s IPO became the largest in the history of Russia and the fifth in the world in terms of the amount of money raised at the time. The announced amount could increase by another US$400 million if the global placement coordinators realize the option of buying another 53 million GDRs of Rosneft at the price of placement within 30 days.[4]

参考译文：Rosneft的首次公开募股成为当时俄罗斯历史上规模最大的募资活动，也是全球第五大募资活动。如果全球配售协调人在30天内行使购买另外5300万股Rosneft全球存托凭证（GDR）的选择权，募集的金额可能再增加4亿美元。

1.2.3 On Abkhazia （关于阿布哈兹）

See also: Abkhazia 参见：阿布哈兹（英文词条）

On 26 May 2009, a five-year cooperation agreement was negotiated between Rosneft and the Abkhazia‘s Ministry of Economy. The parties stated their intention to develop mutually beneficial cooperation in areas as geological prospecting, development of oil and gas fields, production of hydrocarbons, and sale of oil, natural gas and oil products. Rosneft undertook exploration on the shelf in the Ochamchira area, discovering preliminary reserves estimated at 200 million to 500 million tons of oil equivalent. In addition to drilling and creating its own sales network, Rosneft also planned the construction of mini-refineries in Abkhazia.[32][33]

参考译文：2009年5月26日，Rosneft与阿布哈兹经济部达成了一项为期五年的合作协议。双方表示有意在地质勘探、油气田开发、烃类生产以及石油、天然气和石油产品销售等领域开展互利合作。Rosneft承担在Ochamchira地区的海上勘探工作，发现初步储量估计为2亿至5亿吨石油当量。除了进行钻探和建立自己的销售网络，Rosneft还计划在阿布哈兹建设迷你炼油厂。

According to Rosneft, the company provides more than half of the retail sales of oil products in Abkhazia. In 2014, Rosneft exported 47 thousand tons of oil products to Abkhazia. Since 2015, Rosneft started supplying aviation fuel for Sukhumi Babushara Airport.[34]

参考译文：据Rosneft称，该公司在阿布哈兹提供的零售石油产品销量超过一半。2014年，Rosneft向阿布哈兹出口了4.7万吨石油产品。自2015年起，Rosneft开始为苏呼米巴布沙拉机场提供航空燃料。

As part of the project to develop the Gudauta area on the Black Sea shelf, Rosneft will carry out a full range of geophysical and geochemical research, conduct 2D and 3D seismic surveys, and start preparations for exploratory drilling.[34] In June 2014, Rosneft extended the shelf study period to five years.

参考译文：作为在黑海海底发展古道塔地区的项目的一部分，Rosneft将进行全面的地球物理和地球化学研究，进行2D和3D地震勘测，并开始准备进行探井工作。2014年6月，Rosneft将海底研究期限延长至五年。

In July 2015, however, the new President of Abkhazia, Raul Khajimba, who replaced Alexander Ankvab after his resignation, spoke out against the exploration and production of oil on the offshore shelf of Abkhazia and asked the People’s Assembly to consider the possibility of establishing a “commission for the comprehensive study of issues related to the conclusion of contracts for exploration and production hydrocarbons by the previous Abkhaz leadership.”[35]

参考译文：然而，2015年7月，取代辞职的亚历山大·安克瓦布的阿布哈兹新总统劳尔·哈吉姆巴公开反对在阿布哈兹近海油田进行勘探和生产，并要求人民代表大会考虑成立一个“全面研究与前任阿布哈兹领导层签订勘探和生产油气合同相关问题的委员会”。

A group of deputies of the People’s Assembly drafted a bill banning the development of hydrocarbons in Abkhazia. Supporters of the bill demanded the prohibition of the development of the offshore shelf in Abkhazia for 30 years.[35]

参考译文：一群人民代表大会议员起草了一项禁止在阿布哈兹发展油气资源的法案。该法案的支持者要求在阿布哈兹近海油田的开发被禁止30年。

1.3 2010s （2010年代）

In September 2010, Eduard Khudainatov replaced Sergei Bogdanchikov as CEO of the company.[36]

参考译文：2010年9月，埃杜阿尔德·胡代纳托夫取代谢尔盖·博格丹奇科夫成为该公司的首席执行官。

On 15 October 2010, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev signed an agreement with President of Venezuela Hugo Chávez for the PDVSA to sell 50% of the shares of German company Ruhr Oel to Rosneft, giving Rosneft oil refining assets in Germany.“Stake in Ruhr Oel GmbH”. Rosneft.

参考译文：2010年10月15日，俄罗斯总统德米特里·梅德韦杰夫与委内瑞拉总统乌戈·查韦斯签署协议，委内瑞拉国家石油公司（PDVSA）将德国公司Ruhr Oel的50%股权出售给俄罗斯国家石油公司（Rosneft），使Rosneft获得了德国的石油精炼资产。

Since 23 May 2012, former Deputy Prime Minister Igor Sechin became the company’s CEO, succeeding Khudaninatov, who received the post of vice-president.[37]

参考译文：自2012年5月23日起，前副总理伊戈尔·谢钦接任公司首席执行官，接替胡代纳托夫，后者成为副总裁。

In the summer of 2012, Rosneft purchased a fuel oil terminal from the United Shipbuilding Corporation (USC) located on the territory of the Murmansk Ship Repair Plant No. 35. The transaction value is estimated at US$28 million. According to Kommersant, the Murmansk terminal can be used as a platform for Rosneft’s activities in the Arctic.[38]

参考译文：2012年夏天，Rosneft从俄罗斯联合造船公司（USC）购买了位于莫尔曼斯克船厂35号修船厂内的燃油码头。交易价值估计为2800万美元。据《商业人报》报道，莫尔曼斯克码头可以作为Rosneft在北极地区开展活动的平台。

2016年12月9日，俄罗斯政府以105亿欧元（113亿美元）的价格出售俄罗斯国营石油公司19.5%的股份给嘉能可及卡达主权基金，二者将各自拥有Rosneft9.75%的股权。

In October 2016, Rosneft bought a 49% stake in Essar Oil of India, along with Russian investment fund United Capital, in a deal worth $13 billion.[39]

参考译文：2016年10月，Rosneft以130亿美元的价格与俄罗斯投资基金联合资本一起，购买了印度Essar Oil 49%的股权。

On 7 December 2016, Rosneft signed a deal to sell 19.5% of the outstanding shares, or roughly US$11 billion, to the Anglo-Swiss multinational commodity trader Glencore and the Qatar Investment Authority.[40] Officially, the stake was split 50/50 between Glencore and Qatar, but Glencore contributed only €300 million and claims only a 0.54% stake. The ownership structure includes a Cayman Islands company, QHG Cayman Limited, whose ownership can not be traced.[41] After the transaction, Rosneft’s holding company Rosneftegaz retained 50% + 1 share of the company.[42]

参考译文：2016年12月7日，Rosneft签署了一项协议，将出售其19.5%的流通股份，约价值110亿美元，给英瑞瑞士跨国大宗商品交易商Glencore和卡塔尔投资局。正式上，该股权由Glencore和卡塔尔以50/50的比例分割，但Glencore只出资3亿欧元，仅占0.54%的股权。该所有权结构包括了一个无法追溯所有权的开曼群岛公司QHG Cayman Limited。交易完成后，Rosneft的控股公司Rosneftegaz仍然持有公司的50% + 1股份。

2017年8月21日，俄罗斯石油牵头的一个财团以129亿美元完成收购印度私人炼油商爱萨石油]]公司（Essar Oil），俄罗斯石油公司将持有爱萨公司49%的股份，其他两家投资者欧洲交易商Trafigura和俄罗斯基金UCP将持有另外49%的股份。

2017年9月8日，华信能源以90亿美元(702亿港元)收购嘉能可和卡达主权基金所持有的俄罗斯石油公司15.02亿股约占14.16％的股份，交易后，华信将成为俄罗斯石油第三大股东，仅次于俄罗斯政府的51%与英国石油的19.75%。

On 2 October 2017, the PLA-linked CEFC China Energy[43] bought a $9 billion stake in Rosneft.[44]

参考译文：2017年10月2日，与中国人民解放军有关的华信能源（CEFC China Energy）以90亿美元购买了Rosneft的股权。

On 26 September 2017, the Russian government controversially approved the former German chancellor Gerhard Schröder as chairman of Rosneft.[45]

参考译文：2017年9月26日，俄罗斯政府有争议地批准前德国总理格哈德·施罗德出任Rosneft的董事长。

2018年5月6日，嘉能可和其卡塔尔主权基金（QIA）组成的财团已经放弃以91亿美元向中国华信出售俄罗斯石油Rosneft的14.16%股权。

In May 2018, it was announced that the Qatar-Glencore consortium is cancelling the plan to sell a $9.1 billion (14%) stake of Rosneft to CEFC China Energy. With the dissolution of the consortium, the Qatar Investment Authority purchased the shares instead, thereby solidifying its position as one of the biggest shareholders (19%) of Rosneft.[46]

参考译文：在2018年5月，卡塔尔-嘉能可财团宣布取消向华信能源出售价值91亿美元（14%）的Rosneft股权的计划。随着财团的解散，卡塔尔投资局代替财团购买了这些股权，从而巩固了其作为Rosneft最大股东之一（19%）的地位。

2019年10月，俄罗斯石油公司表示，该公司的出口合约中结算的货币将不再使用美元，而改以使用欧元[3]。

In the 2010s, the extensive contact between Rosneft and ExxonMobil were further deepened, with Igor Sechin and Rex Tillerson getting to know each other personally.[47]

参考译文：在2010年代，Rosneft与埃克森美孚之间的广泛联系进一步加深，伊戈尔·谢钦和雷克斯·蒂勒森亲自相识。

1.3.1 Arctic shelf deals with BP and ExxonMobil （与英国石油和埃克森美孚的北极大陆架合作协议）

See also: East-Prinovozemelsky field

参考译文：参见：东普里诺沃泽梅尔斯基油田

Location of the EPNZ-1, EPNZ-2 and EPNZ-3 oil and gas areas in the Kara Sea
参考译文：EPNZ-1、EPNZ-2和EPNZ-3油气区在卡拉海的位置
图片来源： Kara_Sea_map.png: NormanEinstein

On 15 January 2011, Rosneft and British Petroleum (BP) announced a deal to develop the East-Prinovozemelsky field on the Russian arctic shelf between the Yamal Peninsula and Novaya Zemlya island.[48][47] As part of the deal Rosneft was to receive 5% of BP’s shares, worth approximately $7.8 billion, as of January 2011 and BP would get approximately 9.5% of Rosneft’s shares in exchange.[49][47] According to the deal, the two companies would create an Arctic technology centre in Russia to develop technologies and engineering practices for safe arctic hydrocarbons extraction.[50] AAR, which represents four billionaires of Russian origin and is BP’s Russian partner in the TNK-BP joint venture, blocked the BP–Rosneft deal in international courts, arguing it breached earlier contracts between BP and AAR.[51] The TNK-BP partners had previously signed a shareholding agreement which stipulated that their Russian joint venture would be the primary corporate vehicle for BP’s oil and gas operations in Russia.[52] On 30 August 2011, Rosneft announced that instead of BP the partner for EPNZ-1, EPNZ-2 and EPNZ-3 in the Kara Sea will be ExxonMobil. In exchange, subject to approval by U.S. regulators, in addition to a share in oil production in Russian fields, Rosneft was granted participation in U.S. fields in Texas and the Gulf of Mexico.[53][54]

参考译文：2011年1月15日，俄罗斯石油公司（Rosneft）和英国石油公司（BP）宣布达成一项协议，开发位于俄罗斯北极架卡拉海的东普里诺沃泽梅尔斯基油田，位于亚马尔半岛和诺瓦扬島之间。根据该协议，Rosneft将获得BP约78亿美元价值的5%股份，而BP将获得大约Rosneft9.5%的股份作为交换条件。根据协议，两家公司将在俄罗斯建立一个北极技术中心，开发安全的北极海洋碳氢化合物开采技术和工程实践。代表四位俄罗斯亿万富翁的AAR是BP在TNK-BP合资企业中的俄罗斯合作伙伴，他们在国际法庭上阻止了BP和Rosneft的交易，认为它违反了BP和AAR之间早期的合同。TNK-BP合作伙伴此前签署了一项股权协议，规定他们的俄罗斯合资企业将是BP在俄罗斯进行石油和天然气业务的主要机构。2011年8月30日，Rosneft宣布，卡拉海EPNZ-1、EPNZ-2和EPNZ-3的合作伙伴将是埃克森美孚，与此同时，Rosneft有望获得美国监管机构的批准，除了在俄罗斯油田的产量份额外，还获得了参与德克萨斯州和墨西哥湾的美国油田的权益。

1.3.2 Black Sea shelf deal with ExxonMobil 与埃克森美孚的黑海架油田协议

On 27 January 2011, Rosneft and the American company ExxonMobil signed a deal to establish a joint venture for the purpose of prospecting and extracting oil from the Tuapse field deepwater area on the Black Sea shelf, near the coast of the Krasnodar Krai.[47] The value of the deal is unknown, but ExxonMobil is expected to invest $1 billion in the project.[47] The venture will be shared 50–50 between the companies during prospecting phase, and two-thirds to one-third in Rosneft’s favour during the extraction phase. The Tuapse Trough is estimated to contain 7.2 billion barrels of oil equivalent. The first well could be drilled in 2012.[55] The deal also contains options for additional cooperation, such as extended exploration and production, deliveries to Rosneft’s oil refinery in Tuapse, development of transport infrastructure and research on offshore oil production technologies.[56] According to analysts, offshore areas are central to Rosneft’s expansionist plans, and the company is looking for foreign cooperation to bring in new technology and share risks.[55]

参考译文：2011年1月27日，Rosneft和美国埃克森美孚公司签署了一项协议，成立了一个合资企业，旨在在黑海沿岸的克拉斯诺达尔边疆区附近的图阿普斯油田深水区进行勘探和开采石油。该协议的价值未知，但预计埃克森美孚将在该项目上投资10亿美元。在勘探阶段，合资企业将以50-50的比例共享，而在开采阶段，比例将为2比1，有利于Rosneft。图阿普斯海槽估计含有72亿桶石油当量。第一口井可能在2012年钻探。该协议还包括额外合作的选项，如扩大勘探和生产、向Rosneft在图阿普斯的炼油厂供应、发展运输基础设施和研究离岸石油生产技术等。根据分析师的说法，离岸地区对于Rosneft的扩张计划至关重要，该公司正在寻求外国合作伙伴，引进新技术并分享风险。

In April 2017, the Trump administration denied ExxonMobil permission to continue a deal with Rosneft to drill for oil in Russia.[57]

参考译文：在2017年4月，特朗普政府拒绝了埃克森美孚与俄罗斯Rosneft继续在俄罗斯进行石油钻探的许可。

1.3.3 TNK-BP acquisition （TNK-BP收购)

On 22 October 2012, it was announced that Rosneft will take over TNK-BP International, a parent company of TNK-BP Holding, which is the third largest oil company in Russia.[58] BP will receive in exchange of its stake $12.3 billion of cash and 18.5% of Rosneft’s share, while ARR will receive $28 billion in cash.[59] According to Rosneft’s CEO Igor Sechin, no discussion had been held on a buyout of minority shareholders in TNK-BP Holding.[60] The deal was completed on 20 March 2013.[61]

参考译文：2012年10月22日，宣布Rosneft将接管TNK-BP International，该公司是俄罗斯第三大石油公司TNK-BP Holding的母公司。BP将以其所持股份获得123亿美元现金和Rosneft 18.5%的股份，而俄罗斯联邦的“全俄性能源公司”（ARR）将获得280亿美元现金。据Rosneft的首席执行官伊戈尔·谢津表示，尚未就购买TNK-BP Holding的少数股东进行讨论。该交易于2013年3月20日完成。

1.4 2020s （2020年代）

On 27 February 2022, BP announced that it would divest its 19.75% stake in Rosneft in response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine that took place in February 2022.[62]

参考译文：2022年2月27日，BP宣布将出售其在Rosneft的19.75%股份，以回应发生在2022年2月的俄罗斯入侵乌克兰。

The week beginning 19 April 2022, Rosneft attempted to sell millions of barrels of Urals, one of three main export-grade crude oils sold by Russia. The offer failed to attract any customers.[63]

参考译文：在2022年4月19日开始的那周，Rosneft试图出售数百万桶乌拉尔原油，乌拉尔原油是俄罗斯出口的三种主要原油之一。但这一出售未能吸引任何买家。

Following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine more than half of Rosneft’s 11-member board have quit, forcing the company into a major reshuffle at its annual general meeting on 30 June 2022. Taieb Belmahdi, a former executive at Qatar’s state-owned QE, has been elected chairman of the board to replace ex-German chancellor Gerhard Schröder who stepped down in May.[64]

参考译文：在2022年俄罗斯入侵乌克兰之后，超过半数的Rosneft董事会成员辞职，迫使该公司在2022年6月30日的年度股东大会上进行重大重组。前卡塔尔国有QE的高管Taieb Belmahdi被选为董事会主席，取代了于五月份辞职的前德国总理格哈德·施罗德。

1. Sanctions（制裁）

On 16 July 2014, the Obama administration imposed sanctions through the US Department of Treasury‘s Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) by adding Rosneft and other entities to the Sectoral Sanctions List (SSL) in retaliation for the annexation of the Crimean Peninsula by the Kremlin and the ongoing Russian interference in Ukraine.[65]

参考译文：2014年7月16日，奥巴马政府通过美国财政部的外国资产控制办公室（OFAC）对Rosneft和其他实体实施了制裁，将其列入行业制裁名单（SSL），以对克里姆林宫吞并克里米亚半岛和俄罗斯对乌克兰持续干涉进行报复。

The Trump administration expanded further sanctions on its Swiss-incorporated company (Rosneft Trading S.A.) and its president Didier Casimiro on 18 February 2020, for supporting Venezuela’s Nicolás Maduro regime by operating in the oil sector of the Venezuelan economy.[66][67]

参考译文：特朗普政府于2020年2月18日进一步扩大了对Rosneft Trading S.A.（其总部设在瑞士的公司）和其总裁Didier Casimiro的制裁范围，原因是他们在委内瑞拉经济的石油部门支持尼古拉斯·马杜罗政权。

In March 2022, as a result of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine the EU imposed sanctions on Rosneft.[68]

参考译文：2022年3月，由于俄罗斯对乌克兰的入侵，欧盟对Rosneft实施了制裁。

Sanctioned by New Zealand.[69]

参考译文：被新西兰制裁。

2. Operations （业务）

Rosneft filling station in Moscow。俄罗斯石油位于莫斯科的加油站。
图片作者：A.Savin

Rosneft’s daily average crude oil production in 2010 increased by 6.4%, to 2.3 million barrels (370 thousand cubic metres). Total crude oil output reached 847.4 million barrels (134.73 million cubic metres) of oil and gas condensate. Rosneft is also among the largest natural gas producers in Russia, with a total gas production of 12.3 billion cubic metres (1.23×1010 cubic metres) in 2010. Rosneft is engaged in exploration and production across all key oil and gas regions of Russia: Western Siberia, Southern and Central Russia, Timan-Pechora, Eastern Siberia, the Far East, and the shelf of Russia’s Arctic Ocean. As of year-end 2010, Rosneft’s total proved oil and gas reserves under PRMS classification were 22.8 billion barrels (3.62 billion cubic metres) of oil equivalent, among the highest for a publicly traded petroleum company worldwide. Rosneft is also second-to-none in terms of total proved liquid hydrocarbon reserves.[70][71]

参考译文：2010年，Rosneft的日均原油产量增长了6.4%，达到230万桶（37万立方米）。总原油产量达到8.474亿桶（1.3473亿立方米）的石油和天然气凝析油。Rosneft也是俄罗斯最大的天然气生产商之一，2010年总天然气产量为123亿立方米。Rosneft在俄罗斯的所有关键油气区域进行勘探和生产，包括西伯利亚西部、俄罗斯南部和中部、蒂曼-佩乔拉、东西伯利亚、远东和俄罗斯北冰洋的架区。截至2010年年底，Rosneft根据PRMS分类的总探明油气储量为228亿桶（36.2亿立方米）的油当量，居全球上市石油公司之最。Rosneft在总探明液态碳氢化合物储量方面也是独一无二的。

In 2016, based on geological prospecting, 13 oil fields and 127 new deposits[15] with the reserves totaling 207 million tons of oil equivalent were discovered. The replacement of hydrocarbon reserves of industrial categories ABC1 amounted to 354 million TOE or 126% of the production in Russia. The replacement factor for new reserves has been significantly above 100% for over ten years.[72][third-party source needed]

参考译文：根据地质勘探，2016年发现了13个油田和127个新的沉积层，储量总计207亿吨石油当量。工业类别ABC1的碳氢化合物储量替代量达到了3.54亿吨石油当量，相当于俄罗斯产量的126%。过去十多年来，新储量的替代系数一直显著超过100%。

According to Rosneft, the reserves increment in Western Siberia amounted to 133 million tons of oil and condensate and 87 billion cubic metres (8.7×1010 cubic metres) of natural gas. 37 prospecting and exploration wells tests were completed with a success rate of 89%. 45 new deposits with the total reserve of 59 million tons of AB1С1 + В2С2 were discovered. In Eastern Siberia and the Far East, the total increase in reserves amounted to 21.2 million tons of oil and condensate and 29 billion cubic metres (2.9×1010 cubic metres) of gas. 11 exploration well tests were completed with a success rate of 55%. Five new deposits with reserves of 39 million tons of oil equivalent were discovered. In 2016, the total incremental 4.8 billion cubic metres (4.8×109 cubic metres) of gas. 37 well tests were completed with a success rate of 76%.[72][third-party source needed]

参考译文：根据Rosneft的数据，西伯利亚西部地区的储量增长量达到了1.33亿吨石油和凝析油，以及870亿立方米（8.7×10^10立方米）的天然气。完成了37口勘探和探测井的测试，成功率达到了89%。发现了45个新沉积层，总储量为5900万吨AB1С1 + В2С2。在东西伯利亚和远东地区，总储量增长量达到了2120万吨石油和凝析油，以及290亿立方米（2.9×10^10立方米）的天然气。完成了11口勘探井的测试，成功率为55%。发现了五个新的沉积层，储量为3900万吨石油当量。2016年，总增量为48亿立方米（4.8×10^9立方米）的天然气。完成了37口井的测试，成功率为76%。

Rosneft owns and operates seven large refineries in Russia with an aggregate annual capacity of 372 million barrels (59.1 million cubic metres) and four mini-refineries. The refineries are able to process about 45% of crude oil produced by Rosneft as a whole. Rosneft owns as well a 50% stake in Ruhr Oel GmbH,[71] the owner of stakes in four refineries in Germany with overall capacity of 23.2 million tonnes.[73] Rosneft is the second largest national oil company by retail network, which covers 41 regions of Russia and includes 1,800 filling stations.[70][74] In March 2020, the company stopped its operations in Venezuela and sold all of its assets in the country to another unnamed company that is owned by the Russian government.[75]

参考译文：Rosneft在俄罗斯拥有和运营着七个大型炼油厂，年处理能力达到3.72亿桶（5910万立方米），还拥有四个小型炼油厂。这些炼油厂能够处理Rosneft整体产量的约45%的原油。此外，Rosneft还拥有Ruhr Oel GmbH公司50%的股份，该公司在德国拥有四个炼油厂，总产能为2320万吨。Rosneft是俄罗斯第二大国家石油公司，拥有覆盖俄罗斯41个地区的零售网络，包括1800个加油站。2020年3月，该公司停止在委内瑞拉的业务，并将在该国的所有资产出售给一家未公开具体名称的俄罗斯政府所有的公司。

1. Corporate affairs （公司事务）

4.1 Shareholders （股东）

Prior to the initial public offering (IPO) in 2006, all of Rosneft’s shares were owned by the Russian government through its holding company JSC Rosneftegaz. After the placement of the company’s shares on the stock exchange and the consolidation of shares of 12 subsidiaries (including Yuganskneftegaz) of Rosneft, the share of Rosneftegaz decreased to 75.16%. As of September 2012, Rosneft had over 160,000 shareholders. By December 2016, the number of individual shareholders was 138,000, with Rosneftegaz owning only 50% of the shares, BP owning 19.75%, and 30.25% owned by other shareholders.[76][77] In August 2021 Igor Sechin increased his own share at Rosneft from 0.1273% up to 0.1288%.[78]

参考译文：在2006年首次公开募股（IPO）之前，Rosneft的所有股份都由俄罗斯政府通过其控股公司JSC Rosneftegaz持有。在公司股票在股票交易所上市和Rosneft的12个子公司（包括Yuganskneftegaz）股份的整合后，Rosneftegaz的股份降至75.16%。截至2012年9月，Rosneft拥有超过16万股东。到2016年12月，个人股东人数为13.8万，Rosneftegaz仅持有50%的股份，BP持有19.75%，其余30.25%由其他股东持有。2021年8月，伊戈尔·谢钦将自己在Rosneft的股份从0.1273%增加至0.1288%。

4.2 Management （管理）

4.2.1 Board of directors （董事会）

Gerhard Schröder: former German chancellor and currently chairman of Rosneft, which brought some controversy in western countries as a result 
参考译文：Gerhard Schröder：前德国总理，目前担任Rosneft的董事长，这引起了西方国家的一些争议。
图片作者：Olaf Kosinsky

Members of the board of directors (as of June 2022):[79]
参考译文：截至2022年6月董事会成员如下：

Taieb Belmahdi – Chairman[80] 主席

Igor Sechin – CEO, Deputy Chairman 副主席

Aleksander Nekipelov – Deputy Chairman, Independent director 副主席，独立董事

Andrey Akimov

Hamad Rashid Al-Mohannadi

Faisal Alsuwaidi

Pedro А. Aquino, Jr.

Vladimir Litvinenko

Alexander Novak

Maxim Oreshkin

Aleksandr Uss

4.2.2 Management board （管理委员会）

Members of the management board:[81]

参考译文：管理委员会成员：

Igor Sechin – CEO, Chairman

Yuri Kalinin – Deputy Chairman, Vice President

Eric M. Liron – First Vice President

Gennady Bukaev – Vice President, Head of Internal Audit

Didier Casimiro – Vice President for Refining, Petrochemical, Commerce, and Logistics

Peter Lazarev – Financial director

Yury Narushevich – Vice President for Internal Services

Zeljko Runje – Vice President for Offshore Projects

Yuri Kurilin – Vice President, Chief of Staff

Andrey Shishkin – Vice President for Energy, Localization, and Innovation

Vlada Rusakova – Vice President

4.3 Social policy （社会政策）

In 2011, according to Rosneft, the company had donated $422 million to charity, 4 times than the previous year, becoming the leading Russian company devoted to philanthropy that year. At the same time, the composition of the beneficiaries were not disclosed as it was known that the oil company had previously committed to pay $180 million for the right to be the general sponsor of the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi.[82]

参考译文：根据俄罗斯石油公司的数据，2011年该公司向慈善事业捐赠了4.22亿美元，是前一年的4倍，成为当年致力于慈善事业的领先俄罗斯公司。与此同时，受益人的构成并未公开，因为众所周知这家石油公司此前已承诺支付1.8亿美元成为2014年索契冬季奥运会的总赞助商。[82]

Since 2012, Rosneft, along with Gazprom, is the title sponsor of the association football team FC Tom Tomsk based in Tomsk.[83]

参考译文：自2012年起，俄罗斯石油公司与俄罗斯天然气工业股份公司联合成为位于托木斯克的足球俱乐部汤姆斯克足球俱乐部的冠名赞助商。[83]

Rosneft has been ranked as among the 13th best of 92 oil, gas, and mining companies on indigenous rights and resource extraction in the Arctic.[84]

参考译文：俄罗斯石油公司在与原住民权利和北极资源开采相关的92家石油、天然气和矿业公司中，被评为第13名。[84]

1. Controversies （争议）

5.1 Violations of anti-monopoly legislation （违反反垄断法律）

In October 2009, the Federal Antimonopoly Service (FAS) imposed on Rosneft a record fine of ₽5.3 billion ($175M) for violating anti-monopoly legislation. The fine was imposed for the abuse of power in the petroleum market recorded in the first half of 2009, which was expressed in the “seizure of goods from circulation, which led to higher prices in the wholesale segment of the oil products market, creating discriminatory conditions for the sale of oil products to individual counter-parties.” As FAS has calculated, these actions led to an increase in prices in the wholesale markets of motor gasoline, diesel fuel, and aviation kerosene in the first half of 2009.[85]

参考译文：在2009年10月，俄罗斯联邦反垄断局（FAS）对俄罗斯石油公司违反反垄断法律的行为处以创纪录的53亿卢布（1.75亿美元）罚款。这笔罚款是因为该公司在2009年上半年在石油市场上滥用权力，导致“从流通中没收货物，从而导致油品批发市场价格上涨，并对某些交易对手的油品销售创造了歧视性条件”。根据FAS的计算，这些行为导致2009年上半年汽油、柴油和航空煤油批发市场价格上涨。[85]

5.2 Western claims from Yukos Capital （西方向Yukos Capital的索赔）

On August 9 2010, a former subsidiary of Yukos, Yukos Capital Sarl of Luxembourg, was seeking to have Rosneft repay the debts of companies that previously belonged to Yukos. After the seizure of Rosneft’s assets in the United Kingdom and the denial of an appeal by the Supreme Court of the Netherlands, Rosneft said that Yukos Capital paid Yuganskneftegaz its debt of ₽12.9 billion ($426M).[86]

参考译文：在2010年8月9日，前俄罗斯石油公司（Yukos）的子公司卢森堡的Yukos Capital Sarl试图让俄罗斯石油公司偿还之前属于Yukos的公司的债务。在英国查封俄罗斯石油公司资产并被荷兰最高法院拒绝上诉后，俄罗斯石油公司表示Yukos Capital已经偿还给Yuganskneftegaz 129亿卢布（4.26亿美元）的债务。[86]

On 16 August 2010, Yukos Capital appealed to the Federal Arbitration Court of the West Siberian District with a cassation appeal against the decision of the Arbitration Court of Tomsk Oblast to refuse reclaiming from Tomskneft, a Rosneft subsidiary, more than ₽7 billion ($231M) under loan agreements. Previously, Yukos Capital applied to international arbitration under the International Chamber of Commerce, and it obliged Tomskneft to pay ₽7,254.2 million ($239M), $275,200, and £52,960, with an interest rate of 9% per annum for the amount of ₽4,350 million ($144M), starting from 12 February 2009 until the day of payment of the debt. The Russian court had to bring the court’s decision to Russian territory. However, the Arbitration Court of Tomsk Oblast, having considered the claim, ruled to refuse Yukos Capital in debt collection.[87]

参考译文：在2010年8月16日，Yukos Capital向西伯利亚区的联仲裁法院提出了针对托斯克州仲裁法院拒绝向俄罗斯石油公司子公司托木斯克液压工程公司（Tomskneft）追索超过70亿卢布（2.31亿美元）的贷款协议的上诉。此前，Yukos Capital向国际商会提起了国际仲裁，并要求托木斯克液压工程公司支付7,254.2万卢布（2.39亿美元）、27,520美元和52,960英镑，并以每年9%的利率支付4,350万卢布（1.44亿美元）的债务，开始于2009年2月12日直到偿还债务为止。俄罗斯法院需要将法院的决定带到俄罗斯境内执行。然而，托木斯克州仲裁法院在考虑了索赔后，裁定拒绝Yukos Capital的债务追讨。[87]

5.3 Ulyukayev lawsuit （乌留卡耶夫诉讼）

On December 15 2017, a Moscow court sentenced Alexei Ulyukayev, a former Russian economy minister to paying ₽130M ($2.2M) and eight years in a penal colony for bribery and corruption.[88] The case was widely seen as Rosneft CEO Sechin’s revenge for Ulyukayev opposing Rosneft’s takeover of Bashneft, another oil company.[89] The 61-year-old claimed that Sechin had lured him to Rosneft’s offices, where he was subsequently caught red-handed by the authorities with a bag of bribe money.[90] According to investigators, Ulyukayev, who was still economy minister at the time of his arrest, had taken the $2M bribe in exchange for permitting Rosneft’s acquisition of a stake in Bashneft. Ulyukayev retorted that the “fabricated” accusations of bribery were “based solely on Sechin’s claims,” and that the whole exchange had been engineered by the Russian Federal Security Service, the successor of the KGB.

参考译文：2017年12月15日，莫斯科一家法院判处前俄罗斯经济部长阿列克谢·乌留卡耶夫因受贿和腐败罪行支付了1.3亿卢布（220万美元）的罚款，并被判八年监禁在刑事改造单位中[88]。这起案件被广泛认为是俄罗斯石油公司（Rosneft）首席执行官谢钦对乌留卡耶夫反对Rosneft收购另一家石油公司Bashneft的报复[89]。这位61岁的前经济部长声称，谢钦诱使他来到Rosneft的办公室，随后他被当局当场抓获，发现携带有一袋受贿钱款[90]。根据调查人员的说法，当时乌留卡耶夫仍在担任经济部长，他接受了200万美元的贿赂，以允许Rosneft收购Bashneft的股份。乌留卡耶夫反驳称这些“捏造的”贿赂指控“完全是基于谢钦的声称”，整个交易是由俄罗斯联邦安全局（前克格勃）策划的。

Ulyukayev was seen as an economic liberal, Igor Sechin is viewed as a hawk, who supports greater state control over the economy. Ulyukayev, while influential, was not part of President Putin’s inner circle.[88]

参考译文：乌留卡耶夫被视为经济自由派，伊戈尔·谢钦被认为是鹰派，支持对经济进行更大程度的国家控制。乌留卡耶夫虽然有影响力，但并不是普京总统的核心圈子成员。

5.4 Oil spills （油污泄漏）

The Russian branch of Greenpeace called Rosneft the dirtiest oil company in the world. In 2011, according to a survey conducted by the Federal Service for Supervision in the Sphere of Nature Management (Rosprirodnadzor) in Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Rosneft allowed 2,727 oil spills, which is 75% of the total number of spills that occurs under the company.[91] According to environmentalists, it is Rosneft’s fault that more than 10,000 oil spills occur each year.[92][93] The Hydrometeorological Centre of Russia has estimated that 4.5m tonnes of oil are spilled on the Russian mainland every year, that’s seven times the BP Deepwater Horizon spill in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010.[94] Often blamed is Rosneft’s ageing infrastructure, so is the lack of government oversight.[93][94] As a result of the environmental contamination, people have observed black water coming out of their taps, cattle has been stricken with tuberculosis, and fish have been found deformed.

参考译文：俄罗斯的绿色和平组织称俄罗斯国家石油公司罗斯涅夫特为世界上最脏的石油公司。根据俄罗斯自然资源监督联邦服务（Rosprirodnadzor）在汉特－曼西自治区进行的一项调查，2011年罗斯涅夫特发生了2,727起油污泄漏事故，占该公司发生事故总数的75%[91]。环保人士表示，每年发生的1万多起油污泄漏事故都是罗斯涅夫特的责任[92][93]。俄罗斯水文气象中心估计，每年在俄罗斯大陆上发生450万吨的石油泄漏，相当于2010年墨西哥湾的BP深水地平线泄漏事件的七倍[94]。罗斯涅夫特的老化基础设施和政府监管不力被认为是主要原因[93][94]。由于环境污染，人们发现自来水变黑，牲畜患上结核病，鱼类变形。

5.5 Fracking （水力压裂）

In the first half of the 2000s, Sergei Bogdanchikov, then president of Rosneft, along with some journalists and experts, criticized Yukos and Sibneft for their use of hydraulic fracturing.[95] However, in early November 2006, a number of journalists pointed out that the Priobskoye oil field of which it is owned by RN-Yuganskneftegaz, a subsidiary of Rosneft acquired from Yukos, produced the largest oil fracture in Russia with specialists of Newco Well Service. The operation was conducted for seven hours and was broadcast live via the Internet to the office of Yuganskneftegaz.[96] In 2007, the company planned to perform hydraulic fracturing of the formation at 440 wells. From 2009 to 2010, Rosneft remains one of the largest customers of the oilfield services company Schlumberger, which specializes in hydraulic fracturing.[97]

参考译文：在2000年代上半叶，当时的俄罗斯石油公司总裁谢尔盖·博格丹奇科夫以及一些记者和专家批评了Yukos和Sibneft公司使用水力压裂技术的做法。然而，2006年11月初，一些记者指出，属于Rosneft旗下子公司RN-Yuganskneftegaz的Priobskoye油田通过与Newco Well Service的专家合作，进行了俄罗斯最大规模的油气压裂作业。该作业持续了七个小时，并通过互联网直播到Yuganskneftegaz的办公室。2007年，该公司计划对440口井进行水力压裂作业。从2009年到2010年，Rosneft仍然是石油田服务公司Schlumberger的最大客户之一，该公司专门从事水力压裂技术。

5.6 Sanctions （制裁）

On 20 March 2014, the United States government sanctioned Rosneft CEO Igor Sechin in response to the Russian government’s role in the ongoing unrest in Ukraine. The sanctions include a travel ban to the United States, freezing of all assets of Sechin in the United States and a ban on business transactions between American citizens and corporations and Sechin and businesses he owns.[98][99] On February 24 2022, his son Ivan Sechin was also sanctioned by the U.S.[100] On February 28 2022, Igor Sechin was subjected to travel restrictions and had his assets frozen by the EU.[101]

参考译文：2014年3月20日，美国政府对俄罗斯政府在乌克兰持续动乱中的角色作出回应，对俄罗斯石油公司（Rosneft）首席执行官伊戈尔·谢钦（Igor Sechin）实施制裁。这些制裁包括禁止谢钦入境美国、冻结他在美国的所有资产，以及禁止美国公民和企业与谢钦及其所拥有的企业进行商业交易。2022年2月24日，他的儿子伊凡·谢钦（Ivan Sechin）也被美国制裁。2022年2月28日，欧盟对伊戈尔·谢钦实施旅行限制，并冻结了他的资产。

Rosneft and many of its subsidiaries have been sanctioned in the past and appear on the Sectoral Sanctions Identification (SSI) List.[102] Rosneft was added to the SSI on July 16 2014,[103] and was sanctioned by the EU on September 8 2014.[104]

参考译文：Rosneft及其许多子公司过去曾遭到制裁，并出现在行业制裁识别（SSI）名单上。Rosneft于2014年7月16日被加入SSI名单，且于2014年9月8日被欧盟制裁。

On February 18, 2020, the US Department of the Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (“OFAC”) added Rosneft Trading S.A., a Swiss subsidiary of Rosneft, and its president Didier Casimiro to the Specially Designated Nationals (“SDN”) list.[105]

参考译文：2020年2月18日，美国财政部外国资产控制办公室（”OFAC”）将俄罗斯石油公司（Rosneft）的瑞士子公司Rosneft Trading S.A.及其总裁Didier Casimiro列入“特别指定国民”（”SDN”）名单。

5.7 Transparency （透明程度）

As of 1 May 2014, the heads of Russian state corporations would provide information about their incomes and property to the Russian government to correspond to the presidential decree Anti-Corruption Issues, which was published on 8 July 2013. According to the ruling, websites of the companies should show the personal information of their top managers such as income, property, spouses, and children. However, Rosneft refused to publish its information of top managers, citing that it is only applicable to “state companies (corporations) and other organizations created by federal laws,” to which it does not believe itself to be. However, this did not prevent the company from providing information regarding the incomes and property of Rosneft’s top managers and their relatives to “competent authorities” in the prescribed “time and amount”. According to the director of the Russian branch of Transparency International, Elena Panfilova, improvement of such legislation is necessary so that state corporations can unequivocally interpret the norm on the publication of personal information. In July, the Russian government announced that information of the income of top management of companies listed in Government Decree No. 613 July 22, 2013 which includes Rosneft, “are subject to placement in the information and telecommunications network ‘Internet’ on the official websites of these organizations.”[106]

参考译文：截至2014年5月1日，俄罗斯国家公司的负责人将向俄罗斯政府提供关于其收入和财产的信息，以符合2013年7月8日发布的总统法令《反腐败问题》。根据该规定，公司的网站应显示其高级管理人员的个人信息，如收入、财产、配偶和子女情况。然而，瑞士石油公司（Rosneft）拒绝公开其高级管理人员的信息，称该规定仅适用于“国有公司（企业）和其他根据联邦法律成立的组织”，而他们认为自己不属于这一范围。然而，这并未阻止该公司向“有关部门”提供关于瑞士石油公司高级管理人员及其亲属收入和财产的信息，且按规定的时间和数量提供。根据国际透明组织俄罗斯分支机构主任埃琳娜·潘菲洛娃的说法，必须改进这样的法规，以使国有企业能够明确解释有关个人信息公开的规定。今年7月，俄罗斯政府宣布，根据2013年7月22日政府法令第613号，列入其中的公司的高层管理人员收入信息“应当在信息和电信网络“互联网”上，通过这些组织的官方网站进行公开”。

另见

中文

· 英文

参考资料

中文

  1. ^ BP “退股”俄罗斯石油公司，对俄制裁波及能源和科技巨头.
  2. ^ 跳转至：2.0 2.1 存档副本. [2017-09-30]. （原始内容存档于2017-01-12）. 引用错误：带有name属性“beta.fortune.com”的<ref>标签用不同内容定义了多次
  3. ^ 俄石油公司出口合同不再使用美元结算

英文

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  6. ^ “Эксперт 400 – рейтинг крупнейших российских компаний” [Expert 400 – rating of the largest Russian companies] (in Russian). Expert. Archived from the original on 4 July 2018. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
  7. ^ “Forbes Global 2000”. Forbes. Retrieved 31 October 2020.
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  10. ^ “Sale of top Russian business newspaper ‘Vedomosti’ complete”. Meduza. 29 May 2020.
  11. ^ “Comparing the 1998 and 2014 Ruble Crises”. Ponars Eurasia. July 2015. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
  12. ^ Salpukas, Agis (25 October 1998). “Russian Oil: So Much, Yet So Little”. The New York Times. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
  13. ^ Poussenkova, Nina (June 2006). “Rosneft as a Mirror of Russia’s Evolution” (PDF). Pro et Contra. Institute of World Economy and International Relations, Russian Academy of Sciences. 10 (2). Retrieved 5 May 2020 – via Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
  14. ^ Usa, Usa Ibp (2013). Russia Oil and Gas Exploration Laws and Regulation Handbook (Vol.1). International Business Publications USA. p. 67. ISBN 978-1-4330-7894-1. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  15. ^ Jump up to:a b “SOCAR to export Russian oil products”. AzerNews. 29 January 2018. Retrieved 11 May 2020.
  16. ^ Kirillov, Roman (9 September 2012). Авторитеты из России [Authorities from Russia]. RBK Daily (in Russian). Archived from the original on 9 September 2012. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
  17. ^ “Russia’s Rosneft Aiming to Become Top Global Oil Company”. Petroleumworld. Elio Ohep Fitzgerald. AFP. 9 March 2007. Archived from the original on 10 May 2015.
  18. ^ Tulder, Rob van; Verbeke, Alain; Carneiro, Jorge; Gonzalez-Perez, Maria Alejandra (2017). The Challenge of BRIC Multinationals. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. p. 461. ISBN 978-1-78635-349-8. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
  19. ^ “Russia’s Rosneft, China’s CNPC in talks on upstream pact, deals possible by May: reports”. S&P Global Platts. 7 February 2014. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
  20. ^ McKay, Huw; Song, Ligang (2012). Rebalancing and Sustaining Growth in China. The Australian National University. p. 342. ISBN 978-1-921862-80-9. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
  21. ^ Jump up to:a b “Timeline: The rise and fall of Yukos”. Financial Times. 28 July 2014. Retrieved 11 May 2020.
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  24. ^ Reznik, Irina (25 September 2007). Прокурорский дисконт [Prosecutor’s discount]. Vedomosti (in Russian).
  25. ^ “Rosneft Gets More of Yukos”. Oil & Gas Eurasia. June 2007. Archived from the original on 8 February 2012. Retrieved 27 August 2007.
  26. ^ Sakwa, Richard (2009). Power and Policy in Putins´s Russia. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-98994-3. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
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  28. ^ “Consolidated financial statements 2017”. London Stock Exchange. 31 December 2017. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  29. ^ “Investors eagerly await Rosneft IPO, Petronas among bidders”. TheStar. 14 July 2006. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  30. ^ “Роснефть”: “народное IPO” обернулось скандалом [Rosneft: “people’s IPO” turned into a scandal]. ipocongress.ru (in Russian). 9 June 2010. Archived from the original on 2 February 2012. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
  31. ^ “ОАО НК Роснефть” [OJSC NK Rosneft]. Kommersant. 9 June 2010. p. 9. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
  32. ^ НК «Роснефть» и Минэкономики Абхазии договорились о сотрудничестве [NK “Rosneft” and the Ministry of Economy of Abkhazia agreed on cooperation] (Press release) (in Russian). Rosneft. 26 May 2009. Archived from the original on 27 November 2010. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
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  34. ^ Jump up to:a b Позиция «НК «Роснефть» по вопросу о сотрудничестве с республикой Абхазия [Position of “NK” Rosneft “on the issue of cooperation with the Republic of Abkhazia] (Press release) (in Russian). Rosneft. 31 July 2015. Archived from the original on 3 August 2015. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
  35. ^ Jump up to:a b Власти Абхазии вытесняют “Роснефть” из страны [Abkhazian authorities oust Rosneft from the country]. Vesti Finance (in Russian). Retrieved 22 March 2018.
  36. ^ Решением Совета директоров Президентом ОАО “НК “Роснефть” назначен Эдуард Худайнатов [By the decision of the Board of Directors, Eduard Khudainatov was appointed President of Rosneft]. Rosneft (in Russian). 9 June 2010. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
  37. ^ Совет директоров назначил Сечина президентом “Роснефти”, Худайнатов стал его замом [The board of directors appointed Sechin president of Rosneft, Khudainatov became his deputy]. Gazeta.Ru (in Russian). Retrieved 22 March 2018.
  38. ^ “Роснефть” вышла на причал в Мурманске [Rosneft went to the pier in Murmansk]. Kommersant (in Russian). 17 July 2012. p. 9. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
  39. ^ “Rosneft, partners buy Essar Oil for $13 billion in largest FDI deal”. The Indian Express. 15 October 2016.
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  41. ^ “How Russia sold its oil jewel: without saying who bought it”. Reuters. 25 January 2017.
  42. ^ Ведомости (8 December 2016). “Glencore: цена покупки пакета “Роснефти” – 10,2 млрд евро” [Glencore: purchase price of Rosneft stake – 10.2 billion euros]. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
  43. ^ “Opaque Chinese oil group makes clear gains in former Soviet bloc”. Financial Times. 13 September 2017.
  44. ^ “Why an Enigmatic Chinese Company Just Spent $9 Billion on a Stake in Rosneft”. Bloomberg. 2 October 2017.
  45. ^ Власти утвердили Шредера кандидатом на пост главы “Роснефти” [The authorities approved Schroeder as a candidate for the post of head of Rosneft]. runews24.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 22 March 2018.
  46. ^ Hume, N.; Sheppard, D. (4 May 2018). “Qatar and Glencore scrap plan to sell $9bn Rosneft stake to CEFC”. Financial Times. Retrieved 1 June 2018.
  47. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e Overland, Indra; Godzimirski, Jakub; Lunden, Lars; Fjaertoft, Daniel (2013). “Rosneft’s offshore partnerships: The re-opening of the Russian petroleum frontier?”. Polar Record. 49 (249): 140–153. doi:10.1017/S0032247412000137.
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  49. ^ “BP and Russia in Arctic oil deal”. BBC News. 14 January 2011. Archived from the original on 2 November 2011.
  50. ^ “Rosneft and BP Form Global and Arctic Strategic Alliance”. Rosneft. 14 January 2011. Archived from the original on 28 May 2012.
  51. ^ Yenikeyeff, Shamil (23 November 2011). “BP, Russian Billionaires, and the Kremlin: A Power Triangle That Never Was” (PDF). Oxford Energy Comment. The Oxford Institute of Energy Studies: 18. Retrieved 24 November 2011.
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  53. ^ “ExxonMobil in $3.2bn Rosneft Arctic pact”. Upstream Online. NHST Media Group. 30 August 2011. Archived from the original on 7 October 2012. Retrieved 31 August 2011.
  54. ^ Vasilyeva, Nataliya (30 August 2011). “Rosneft Teams Up with Exxon Mobil in Arctic Deal”. Bloomberg Businessweek. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 2 November 2012. Retrieved 24 October 2012.
  55. ^ Jump up to:a b Oliphant, Roland (28 January 2011). “Exxon, Rosneft Sink $1Bln in Black Sea”. The Moscow Times. Archived from the original on 20 March 2014.
  56. ^ “Rosneft and ExxonMobil to Develop Black Sea Resources”. Rosneft. 27 January 2011. Archived from the original on 28 May 2012.
  57. ^ “U.S. will not give Exxon permission to drill in Russia”. Reuters. 21 April 2017.
  58. ^ “Taking a stake in Rosneft is a big gamble for BP”. The Guardian. 22 October 2012. Archived from the original on 17 May 2013.
  59. ^ Korsunskaya, Darya; Callus, Andrew (22 October 2012). “Rosneft beefs up with TNK-BP purchase”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 22 October 2012.
  60. ^ Lehane, Bill (23 October 2012). “Sechin points to multi-billion TNK-BP synergies”. Upstream Online. NHST Media Group. Archived from the original on 1 March 2014. Retrieved 24 October 2012.
  61. ^ Soldatkin, Vladimir; Callus, Andrew (22 March 2013). “Rosneft pays out in historic TNK-BP deal completion”. Reuters. Archived from the original on 14 February 2014. Retrieved 25 March 2013.
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  67. ^ Jakes, Lara (18 February 2020). “U.S. Imposes Sanctions on Russian Oil Company Supporting Venezuela’s Leader”. The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 25 February 2020.
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  77. ^ Сечин воспользовался кредитом для покупки акций “Роснефти” [Sechin used the loan to buy shares of Rosneft]. RIA Novosti (in Russian). 29 August 2013. Retrieved 7 March 2018.
  78. ^ Сечин увеличил долю в уставном капитале Роснефти до 0,1288% [Sechin increased his stake in Rosneft’s authorized capital to 0.1288%] (in Russian). TASS. 1 September 2021.
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  82. ^ “Роснефть” проявила неожиданную и невиданную благотворительность [Rosneft has shown unexpected and unprecedented charity]. Vedomosti (in Russian). 6 February 2012. Retrieved 7 March 2018.
  83. ^ “Томь” подписала спонсорские соглашения с “Газпром нефтью” и “Роснефтью” [Tom signed sponsorship agreements with Gazprom Neft and Rosneft]. Gazeta.Ru (in Russian). Retrieved 7 March 2018.
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  85. ^ “Роснефть” поставила штрафной рекорд [Rosneft has set a penalty record]. Gazeta.Ru (in Russian). Retrieved 21 March 2018.
  86. ^ “Роснефть” выплатила Yukos Capital 13 млрд рублей [Rosneft paid out 13 billion rubles to Yukos Capital]. RIA Novosti (in Russian). 9 August 2010. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
  87. ^ “Yukos Capital развивает успех” [Yukos Capital builds on success]. Gazeta.Ru (in Russian). Retrieved 21 March 2018.
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  89. ^ “Ex-minister’s harsh jail sentence sends shockwaves through Russian elite”. the Guardian. 15 December 2017. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
  90. ^ Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. “Ex-Russian minister Ulyukayev faces bribery charges, pins blame on Rosneft head and Putin ally | DW | 16.08.2017”. DW.COM. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
  91. ^ Как самая грязная нефтяная компания России будет сохранять чистоту Арктики? [How will Russia’s dirtiest oil company keep the Arctic clean?]. Greenpeace Russia (in Russian). Retrieved 21 March 2018.
  92. ^ Белый медведь доплыл на льдине до Кремля [A polar bear swam on an ice floe to the Kremlin]. Greenpeace Russia (in Russian). Retrieved 21 March 2018.
  93. ^ Jump up to:a b Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. “Why Russia has so many oil leaks | DW | 29.03.2021”. DW.COM. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
  94. ^ Jump up to:a b “Russia’s Rosneft charged over pipeline leak that caused oil to come out of taps”. the Guardian. 30 June 2015. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
  95. ^ Shevelkova, Oksana; Govorun, Yulia (13 August 2007). “Продано даже имя” [Even the name sold]. Vedomosti (in Russian). Archived from the original on 4 November 2011. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
  96. ^ На месторождении “Роснефти” в Югре произведён крупнейший в России гидроразрыв пласта [Russia’s largest hydraulic fracturing was performed at the Rosneft field in Ugra]. Nakanune (in Russian). Retrieved 21 March 2018.
  97. ^ Выступление президента нефтесервисной компании “Шлюбмерже” в Ханты-Мансийске [Speech by the President of Shlyubmerzhe Oilfield Services Company in Khanty-Mansiysk]. Advis.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 21 March 2018.
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  99. ^ “Executive Order – Blocking Property of Additional Persons Contributing to the Situation in Ukraine”. The White House – Office of the Press Secretary. 20 March 2014.
  100. ^ “U.S. Treasury Announces Unprecedented & Expansive Sanctions Against Russia, Imposing Swift and Severe Economic Costs”. U.S. Department of the Treasury. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
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  102. ^ “Russia Sanctions List”. Risk Advisory. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  103. ^ “Announcement of Treasury Sanctions on Entities Within the Financial Services and Energy Sectors of Russia, Against Arms or Related Materiel Entities, and those Undermining Ukraine’s Sovereignty”. www.treasury.gov. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  104. ^ “EU Sanctions Map”. www.sanctionsmap.eu. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  105. ^ “Treasury Targets Russian Oil Brokerage Firm for Supporting Illegitimate Maduro Regime”. U.S. Department of the Treasury. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  106. ^ Правительство подтвердило обязанность Сечина публиковать декларацию о доходах [Government confirmed Sechin’s obligation to publish income tax return]. Slon (in Russian). Retrieved 21 March 2018.

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