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封面图片:View of Murmansk celebrating the 65th anniversary of liberation of the Soviet Transarctic。(俄罗斯摩尔曼斯克庆祝苏联横贯北极解放65周年的景象。)图片来源:Tom Thiel – Flickr: Arctic Liberation
For other uses, see Murmansk (disambiguation).
关于其他用法,请见“摩尔曼斯克 (消歧义)”。
Murmansk (Russian: Мурманск; Northern Sami: Murmánska; Kildin Sami: Мурман ланнҍ) is a port city and the administrative center of Murmansk Oblast in the far northwest part of Russia. It sits on both slopes and banks of a modest ria or fjord, Kola Bay, an estuarine inlet of the Barents Sea, with its bulk on the east bank of the inlet. It is in the north of the rounded Kola Peninsula which covers most of the oblast. The city is 108 kilometres (67 mi) from the border with Norway and 182 kilometres (113 mi) from the border with Finland.
参考译文:摩尔曼斯克(俄语:Мурманск;北萨米语:Murmánska;基尔丁萨米语:Мурман ланний)是俄罗斯远西北地区摩尔曼斯克州的港口城市和行政中心。 它坐落在一个适度的河口或峡湾科拉湾的斜坡和岸边,科拉湾是巴伦支海的一个河口入口,其大部分位于入口的东岸。 它位于圆形科拉半岛的北部,覆盖了该州的大部分地区。 该市距离挪威边境 108 公里(67 英里),距离芬兰边境 182 公里(113 英里)。
Benefiting from the North Atlantic Current, Murmansk resembles cities of its size across western Russia, with highway and railway access to the rest of Europe, and the northernmost trolleybus system on Earth. It lies over 2° north of the Arctic Circle. Its connectivity contrasts to the isolation of Arctic ports like the Siberian Dikson on the shores of the Kara Sea, and Iqaluit, in the Canadian Arctic. Despite long, snowy winters, Murmansk’s climate is moderated by the generally ice-free waters around it.
参考译文:受益于北大西洋洋流,摩尔曼斯克与俄罗斯西部同等规模的城市相似,拥有通往欧洲其他地区的高速公路和铁路,以及地球上最北端的无轨电车系统。 它位于北极圈以北2°以上。 它的连通性与喀拉海沿岸的西伯利亚迪克森港和加拿大北极地区的伊魁特港等北极港口的孤立形成鲜明对比。 尽管冬季漫长且多雪,但摩尔曼斯克周围的水域普遍不结冰,气候温和。
Although there was a building boom in the early twentieth century’s arms races, Murmansk’s population has been in decline since the Cold War, from 468,039 (1989 Census);[10] 336,137 (2002 Census);[11] 307,257 (2010 Census);[12] to 270,384 (2021 Census).[13] It remains the largest city north of the Arctic Circle, with over 100,000 more inhabitants than Norilsk, Russia, and is a major port of the Arctic Ocean.[14]
参考译文:尽管二十世纪初的军备竞赛出现了建筑热潮,摩尔曼斯克的人口自冷战以来一直在下降,从468,039 (1989年人口普查);[10] 336,137 (2002年人口普查);[11] 307,257 (2010年人口普查);[11] 307,257 (2010年人口普查);[11] 307,257 (2010年人口普查)。 [12] 至 270,384(2021 年人口普查)。[13] 它仍然是北极圈以北最大的城市,居民数量比俄罗斯诺里尔斯克多10万以上,并且是北冰洋的主要港口。 [14]
Murmansk (英语)Мурманск (俄语) | |
City[1] 城市 | |
Other transcription(s) 其他转录 | |
• Kildin Sami 基尔丁萨米语 | Мурман ланнҍ |
• Northern Sami北萨米语 | Murmánska |
Country 国家 | Russia 俄罗斯 |
Federal subject联邦主体 | Murmansk Oblast[1] 摩尔曼斯克州 |
Official foundation date (see text)官方的建立时间 | October 4, 1916[2]1916年10月4日 |
City status since拥有城市地位始于 | July 19, 1916[2]1916年7月19日 |
Government 政府 | |
• Body 实体 | Council of Deputies 众议院 |
• Head/Mayor首脑/市长 | Dmitry Filippov (Head)德米特里·菲利波夫(议员首脑) Evgeniy Nikora (Mayor)叶夫根尼·尼古拉(市长) |
Elevation 海拔 | 50 m (160 ft) |
Population 人口 | |
• Estimate (2018)[3]估计值 | 295,374 |
• Rank 排名 | 61st in 2010 |
Administrative status | |
• Subordinated to 隶属于 | City of Murmansk[1]摩尔曼斯克市 |
• Capital of是哪里的首府 | Murmansk Oblast,[1] City of Murmansk[1]摩尔曼斯克州,[1] 摩尔曼斯克市[1] |
Municipal status 市政状况 | |
• Urban okrug市区 | Murmansk Urban Okrug[4]摩尔曼斯克市区 |
• Capital of是哪里的首府 | Murmansk Urban Okrug[4]摩尔曼斯克市区 |
Time zone所在时区 | UTC+3 (MSK |
Postal code(s)[6]邮政编码 | 183000–183099 |
Dialing code(s)电话区号 | +7 8152 |
OKTMO ID | 47701000001 |
City Day城市纪念日 | October 4[7] |
Website网站 | www.citymurmansk.ru |

摩尔曼斯克庆祝苏联跨北极地区解放 65 周年的景观
图片作者:Tom Thiel – Flickr: Arctic Liberation

摩尔曼斯克州徽章
图片作者:MesserWoland – own work created in Inkscape, based on graphics from [1]
目录
- 1. Etymology 词源
- 2. History 历史
- 2. Administrative and municipal status 行政和市镇地位
- 3. Geography
- 4. Demographics 人口统计
- 5. Politics 政治
- 6. Museums and monuments 博物馆和纪念碑
- 7. Culture 文化
- 8. Sports 体育
- 9. Religion 宗教
- 10. Economy 经济
- 11. Education 教育
- 12. Twin towns – sister cities 友好城镇——姐妹城市
- 13. Former Twin towns – sister cities 前友好城镇 – 姐妹城市
- 14. Notable people 著名人物
- References 参考文献
- External links 外部链接
1. Etymology 词源
The name of the city is derived from Murman, from an old name for Norwegians by Russians, likely a borrowing from Old Norse norðmaðr, which gave its name to the Murman Coast and the surrounding region including the Kola Peninsula.[15]
该城市的名称源自 Murman,源自俄罗斯人对挪威人的旧称,可能借用古挪威语 Norðmaðr,Murman 海岸和包括科拉半岛在内的周边地区因此得名。 [15]
2. History 历史

图片来源:Unknown author – Фотоальбом “Мурманск в старых фотографиях”

图片来源:Unknown author – Экспозиция Военно-морского музея Северного флота
Murmansk was the last city founded in the Russian Empire.[16] In 1915, World War I needs led to the construction of the railroad from Petrozavodsk to an ice-free location on the Murman Coast in the Russian Arctic, to which Russia’s allies shipped military supplies.[2] The terminus became known as the Murman station and soon boasted a port, a naval base, and an adjacent settlement with a population that quickly grew in size and soon surpassed the nearby towns of Alexandrovsk and Kola.[2][17]
摩尔曼斯克是俄罗斯帝国建立的最后一个城市。[16] 1915 年,由于第一次世界大战的需要,修建了从彼得罗扎沃茨克到俄罗斯北极地区摩尔曼海岸无冰地区的铁路,俄罗斯的盟国向该地运送军事物资。 [2] 该终点站后来被称为摩尔曼站,很快就拥有了一个港口、一个海军基地和一个邻近的定居点,该定居点的人口迅速增长,很快超过了附近的亚历山德罗夫斯克和科拉城镇。 [2][17]
On June 29 [O.S. July 12], 1916, Russian Transport Minister Alexander Trepov petitioned to grant urban status to the railway settlement.[2] On July 6 [O.S. July 19], 1916, the petition was approved and the town was named Romanov-on-Murman (Рома́нов-на-Му́рмане, Romanov-na-Murmane), after the Imperial Russian dynasty of Romanovs.[2] On September 21 [O.S. October 4], 1916, the official ceremony was performed,[2] and the date is now considered the official date of the city’s foundation. After the February Revolution of 1917, on April 3 [O.S. April 16], 1917, the town was given its present name.[18]
6 月 29 日 [O.S. 1916年7月12日,俄罗斯交通部长亚历山大·特雷波夫请愿给予铁路定居点城市地位。 [2] 7 月 6 日 [O.S. 1916 年 7 月 19 日,请愿书获得批准,该镇被命名为罗曼诺夫河畔罗曼诺夫 (Рома́нов-на-Му́рмане, Romanov-na-Murmane),以俄罗斯帝国罗曼诺夫王朝的名字命名。 [2] 9 月 21 日 [O.S. 1916 年 10 月 4 日,举行了正式仪式,[2] 该日期现在被认为是该城市成立的正式日期。 1917 年二月革命后,4 月 3 日 [O.S. 1917年4月16日,该镇被命名为现名。[18]

英国皇家海军荣耀号,第一次世界大战期间驻扎在摩尔曼斯克的英国北俄罗斯分舰队的旗舰
图片来源:Unknown author – Экспозиция Мурманского краеведческого музея
In the winter of 1917 the British North Russia Squadron under Rear Admiral Thomas Kemp was established at Murmansk.[19]
1917 年冬天,托马斯·坎普少将领导的英国北俄罗斯中队在摩尔曼斯克成立。[19]
From 1918 to 1920, during the Russian Civil War, the town was occupied by the Western powers, who had been allied in World War I, and also controlled by the White Army forces.[20]
1918年至1920年,俄罗斯内战期间,该镇被一战盟友西方列强占领,并被白军控制。 [20]
On February 13, 1926, local self-government was organized in Murmansk for the first time, during a plenary session of the Murmansk City Soviet, which elected a Presidium.[18] Before this, the city was governed by the authorities of Alexandrovsky Uyezd and later of Murmansk Governorate.[18] On August 1, 1927, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK) issued two resolutions: “On the Establishment of Leningrad Oblast” and “On the Borders and Composition of the Okrugs of Leningrad Oblast”, which transformed Murmansk Governorate into Murmansk Okrug within Leningrad Oblast and made Murmansk the administrative center of Murmansk Okrug.[18]
1926年2月13日,在摩尔曼斯克市苏维埃全体会议上,摩尔曼斯克首次组织了地方自治,选举了主席团。 [18] 在此之前,该市由亚历山德罗夫斯基当局和后来的摩尔曼斯克省当局管辖。 [18] 1927年8月1日,全俄中央执行委员会(VTsIK)颁布《关于建立列宁格勒州》和《关于列宁格勒州各区的边界和组成》两项决议,将摩尔曼斯克省改为摩尔曼斯克州 划入列宁格勒州并使摩尔曼斯克成为摩尔曼斯克州的行政中心。 [18]
In 1934, the Murmansk Okrug Executive Committee developed a redistricting proposal, which included a plan to enlarge the city by merging the surrounding territories in the north, south, and west into Murmansk.[18] While this plan was not confirmed by the Leningrad Oblast Executive Committee, in 1935–1937 several rural localities of Kolsky and Polyarny Districts were merged into Murmansk anyway.[18]
1934年,摩尔曼斯克州执行委员会制定了一项重新划分选区的提案,其中包括一项通过将北部、南部和西部周边地区合并到摩尔曼斯克来扩大城市规模的计划。 [18] 虽然这一计划没有得到列宁格勒州执行委员会的确认,但在 1935 年至 1937 年期间,科尔斯基区和波利亚尔尼区的几个农村地区无论如何都被并入了摩尔曼斯克。 [18]
According to the Presidium of the Leningrad Oblast Executive Committee resolution of February 26, 1935, the administrative center of Polyarny District was moved from Polyarnoye to Sayda-Guba.[21] However, the provisions of the resolution were not fully implemented, and due to military construction in Polyarnoye, the administrative center was instead moved to Murmansk in the beginning of 1935.[21] In addition to being the administrative center of Murmansk Okrug, Murmansk continued to serve as the administrative center of Polyarny District until September 11, 1938.[18] On February 10, 1938, when the VTsIK adopted a Resolution changing the administrative-territorial structure of Murmansk Okrug, the city of Murmansk became a separate administrative division of the okrug, equal in status to that of the districts.[18] This status was retained when Murmansk Okrug was transformed into Murmansk Oblast on May 28, 1938.[18] The Germans were promised the use of the port, they called Norwegenhafen for transportation of goods and raw materials from 1922 to 1941.
根据1935年2月26日列宁格勒州执行委员会主席团决议,波利亚尔内区的行政中心从波利亚尔诺耶迁至赛达-古巴。 [21] 然而,该决议的规定并未得到充分执行,由于波利亚诺耶的军事建设,行政中心于1935年初迁至摩尔曼斯克。 [21] 摩尔曼斯克除了是摩尔曼斯克州的行政中心外,还一直担任波利亚尔尼区的行政中心,直到1938年9月11日为止。 [18] 1938年2月10日,当VTsIK通过一项改变摩尔曼斯克州行政领土结构的决议时,摩尔曼斯克市成为该州的一个单独的行政区划,与各区具有同等地位。 [18] 1938 年 5 月 28 日摩尔曼斯克州转变为摩尔曼斯克州时,这一地位得到保留。[18] 德国人被许诺使用这个港口,他们称挪威港为 1922 年至 1941 年间运输货物和原材料的港口。
During World War II, Murmansk was a link to the Western world for the Soviet Union with large quantities of goods important to the respective military efforts traded with the Allies: primarily seeing military equipment, manufactured goods and raw materials brought into the Soviet Union. The supplies were brought to the city in the Arctic convoys.[22]
第二次世界大战期间,摩尔曼斯克是苏联与西方世界的联系纽带,与盟军进行了大量对各自军事行动至关重要的货物贸易:主要是军事装备、制成品和原材料进入苏联。 这些物资是通过北极车队运往该城市的。[22]
German forces in Finnish territory launched an offensive against the city in 1941 as part of Operation Silver Fox. Murmansk suffered extensive destruction, the magnitude of which was rivaled only by the destruction of Leningrad and Stalingrad.[23][24] However, fierce Soviet resistance and harsh local weather conditions with the bad terrain prevented the Germans from capturing the city and cutting off the vital Karelian railway line and the ice-free harbor.
1941 年,作为“银狐行动”的一部分,芬兰领土上的德军对这座城市发动了攻势。 摩尔曼斯克遭受了广泛的破坏,其严重程度仅次于列宁格勒和斯大林格勒的破坏。[23][24] 然而,苏联的激烈抵抗和当地恶劣的天气条件以及恶劣的地形使德军无法占领这座城市并切断重要的卡累利阿铁路线和不冻港。
The Luftwaffe bombed the city 792 times during World War II.[25]
第二次世界大战期间,德国空军对该市进行了 792 次轰炸。[25]
For the rest of the war, Murmansk served as a transit point for weapons and other supplies entering the Soviet Union from other Allied nations. This resistance was commemorated at the 40th anniversary of the victory over the Germans in the formal designation of Murmansk as a Hero City on May 6, 1985.[26] During the Cold War Murmansk was a center of Soviet submarine and icebreaker activity. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the nearby city and naval base of Severomorsk remains the headquarters of the Russian Northern Fleet.
在战争的剩余时间里,摩尔曼斯克充当了从其他盟国进入苏联的武器和其他物资的中转站。 1985 年 5 月 6 日,摩尔曼斯克被正式指定为英雄城市,以纪念战胜德国人 40 周年。[26] 冷战期间,摩尔曼斯克是苏联潜艇和破冰船活动的中心。 苏联解体后,附近的北莫尔斯克城市和海军基地仍然是俄罗斯北方舰队的总部。
In 1974, a massive 35.5-meter (116 ft) tall statue Alyosha, depicting a Soviet World War II soldier, was installed on a 7-meter (23 ft) high foundation.[27] The Hotel Arctic opened in 1984 becoming the tallest building above the Arctic Circle.
1974 年,一座 35.5 米(116 英尺)高的阿辽沙雕像被安装在 7 米(23 英尺)高的地基上。[27] 北极酒店于 1984 年开业,成为北极圈内最高的建筑。
On January 1, 2015, the territory of Murmansk was expanded when the urban-type settlement of Roslyakovo, previously under the jurisdiction of the closed administrative-territorial formation of Severomorsk, was abolished and its territory merged into Murmansk.[28]
2015年1月1日,摩尔曼斯克的领土扩大,先前隶属北莫尔斯克封闭行政领土管辖的城市型居住区罗斯利亚科沃被废除,其领土并入摩尔曼斯克。 [28]
2. Administrative and municipal status 行政和市镇地位
Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is incorporated as the City of Murmansk—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.[1] As a municipal division, the City of Murmansk is incorporated as Murmansk Urban Okrug.[4]
在行政区划框架内,它被合并为摩尔曼斯克市——一个与区具有同等地位的行政单位。 [1] 作为一个市政部门,摩尔曼斯克市被合并为摩尔曼斯克城市区。[4]
2.1 City divisions 城市区划

图片来源:Юрочкин Роман
As of 2012, the city is divided into three administrative okrugs:[29]
截至2012年,该市分为三个行政区:[29]
- Leninsky (Ленинский(Lenin) )
- Oktyabrsky (Октябрьский (October))
- Pervomaysky (Первомайский (First May) )
City districts were established in Murmansk for the first time by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR of April 20, 1939; at the time, three city districts (Kirovsky, Leninsky, and Mikoyanovsky) were created.[18] They were abolished on June 2, 1948.[18] The same city districts were created for the second time on June 23, 1951.[18]
1939年4月20日俄罗斯苏维埃联邦社会主义共和国最高苏维埃主席团令,摩尔曼斯克首次设立市辖区; 当时,创建了三个城区(基洛夫斯基区、列宁斯基区和米高扬诺夫斯基区)。 [18] 它们于 1948 年 6 月 2 日被废除。[18] 1951年6月23日第二次设立同城区。[18]
Mikoyanovsky City District was renamed Oktyabrsky on October 30, 1957, but on September 30, 1958, all three city districts were again abolished.[18] On June 10, 1967, two city districts were created (Leninsky and Oktyabrsky); Pervomaysky City District was split from Oktyabrsky on February 21, 1975.[18] In the Charter of the Hero City of Murmansk, adopted on December 17, 1995, the districts started to be referred to as administrative okrugs.
米高亚诺夫斯基城区于1957年10月30日更名为十月镇,但1958年9月30日,所有三个城区再次被废除。 [18] 1967年6月10日,创建了两个城区(列宁区和十月区); 1975年2月21日,别尔沃迈斯基城区从十月镇分离出来。[18] 1995年12月17日通过的《摩尔曼斯克英雄城宪章》中,这些地区开始被称为行政区。
3. Geography

图片作者:kallerna
3.1 Climate 气候
Murmansk features a subarctic climate (Köppen Dfc), with long and cold winters and short, cool summers. In the city, freezing temperatures are routinely experienced from October to May. Average temperatures exceed 0 degrees Celsius only from May through October. The average low during the coldest part of the year in Murmansk is approximately −14 °C (7 °F). However, temperatures routinely plunge below −20 °C (−4 °F) during the winter.
摩尔曼斯克属亚北极气候 (Köppen Dfc),冬季漫长寒冷,夏季短暂凉爽。 在这座城市,从十月到五月经常会经历冰冻天气。 仅 5 月至 10 月平均气温超过 0 摄氏度。 摩尔曼斯克一年中最冷时期的平均最低气温约为 -14°C (7°F)。 然而,冬季气温通常会降至 -20°C (-4°F) 以下。

Murmansk’s brief summer is mild, with average highs in July exceeding +17 °C (63 °F). The city is slightly wetter during the summer than the winter and receives an annual average of just under 500 mm (20 in) of precipitation.
摩尔曼斯克短暂的夏季气候温和,七月平均最高温度超过 +17°C (63°F)。 该城市夏季比冬季稍微湿润,年平均降水量略低于 500 毫米(20 英寸)。
The “midnight sun” is above the horizon from 22 May to 23 July (63 days), and the period with continuous darkness lasts a bit shorter, polar night from 2 December to 10 January (40 days).
5 月 22 日至 7 月 23 日(63 天)期间,“午夜太阳”位于地平线以上,12 月 2 日至 1 月 10 日(40 天)期间,持续黑暗的时期持续时间稍短,即极夜。
Extreme temperatures range from −39.4 °C (−38.9 °F) on January 6, 1985 and January 27, 1999 up to 32.9 °C (91.2 °F) on July 9, 1972; the record cold daily maximum is −36.1 °C (−33.0 °F), set on January 6, 1985, while, conversely, the record warm daily minimum is 21.3 °C (70.3 °F) last set on July 9, 1972.[31]
极端气温范围从1985年1月6日和1999年1月27日的-39.4°C(-38.9°F)到1972年7月9日的32.9°C(91.2°F); 创纪录的寒冷日最高温度为-36.1°C(-33.0°F),设定于1985年1月6日,而相反,创纪录的温暖日最低温度为21.3°C(70.3°F),最后设定于1972年7月9日。 [31]
Murmansk has been affected by global warming in recent decades, similar to other Arctic locations. For example, December 2007 had an average high of 0.8 °C (33.4 °F), while a 2.3 °C (36.1 °F) average high was measured for March 2007.[32][33] Summer has also been affected, with a 19.1 °C (66.4 °F) average high for June 2013, and a 24.3 °C (75.7 °F) average high during July 2018.[34][35]
与其他北极地区类似,摩尔曼斯克近几十年来也受到全球变暖的影响。 例如,2007 年 12 月的平均最高气温为 0.8 °C (33.4 °F),而 2007 年 3 月的平均最高气温为 2.3 °C (36.1 °F)。[32][33] 夏季也受到影响,2013 年 6 月平均最高气温为 19.1 °C (66.4 °F),2018 年 7 月平均最高气温为 24.3 °C (75.7 °F)。[34][35]

4. Demographics 人口统计
The population of the city, according to the 2010 Census, was 307,257, of these, 141,130 men (45.9%) and 166,127 women (54.1%),[39][40] down from 468,039 recorded in the 1989 Census. Ethnic Russians make up the majority of the population, but Ukrainian and Belarusian minorities also live in the city.
根据 2010 年人口普查,该市人口为 307,257 人,其中男性 141,130 人 (45.9%),女性 166,127 人 (54.1%),[39][40] 低于 1989 年人口普查记录的 468,039 人。 俄罗斯族占人口的大多数,但乌克兰和白俄罗斯少数民族也居住在该市。
Ethnic composition (2010):[41]
民族构成(2010年):
- Russians 俄罗斯族 – 89.6%
- Ukrainians 乌克兰族 – 4.6%
- Belarusians 白俄罗斯族 – 1.6%
- Tatars 鞑靼族 – 0.8%
- Azerbaijanis 阿塞拜疆族 – 0.7%
- Others 其他 – 2.6%

图片来源:Christopher Michel – https://www.flickr.com/photos/cmichel67/19591668996/
5. Politics 政治
In November 2010 direct mayoral elections were abolished; they were reinstituted in January 2014, with the most recent elections for mayor and city council taking place in September 2014.[42]
2010年11月废除市长直选; 它们于 2014 年 1 月重新设立,最近一次市长和市议会选举于 2014 年 9 月举行。 [42]
6. Museums and monuments 博物馆和纪念碑
Murmansk has two main museums: Murmansk Oblast Museum and Murmansk Oblast Art Museum; there are also several small museums. There are three professional theaters, libraries, and an aquarium in Murmansk. Murmansk is the venue of the decommissioned Lenin which is now a museum ship. Alyosha Monument, Murmansk or Defenders of the Soviet Arctic during the Great Patriotic War monument is also located in Murmansk. The main square of Murmansk is Five Corners, Murmansk.
摩尔曼斯克有两个主要博物馆:摩尔曼斯克州博物馆和摩尔曼斯克州艺术博物馆; 还有几个小型博物馆。 摩尔曼斯克有三个专业剧院、图书馆和一个水族馆。 摩尔曼斯克是退役列宁号的所在地,该舰现在是一艘博物馆船。 摩尔曼斯克阿廖沙纪念碑或卫国战争期间苏联北极保卫者纪念碑也位于摩尔曼斯克。 摩尔曼斯克的主要广场是摩尔曼斯克的五角广场。
本节配图参见:https://www.zhihu.com/pin/1674427356273057792
7. Culture 文化
There are three professional theaters in Murmansk. The oldest is the Murmansk Puppetry, opened in 1933. The largest in the city was the Murmansk Regional Drama Theater, opened in 1939. The Drama Theater of the Northern Fleet was opened in 1946.[43]
摩尔曼斯克有三个专业剧院。 最古老的是摩尔曼斯克木偶剧院,于1933年开业。该市最大的是摩尔曼斯克地区戏剧院,于1939年开业。北方舰队戏剧院于1946年开业。[43]

图片来源:Insider

Azalaza

图片作者:Masha agapova
8. Sports 体育
The city’s association football team, FC Sever Murmansk, played in the Russian Second Division until 2014 when it folded due to financial difficulties.
该市的足球协会北摩尔曼斯克足球俱乐部 (FC Sever Murmansk) 一直效力于俄罗斯乙级联赛,直到 2014 年因财务困难而解散。

图片来源:FingerWiki

图片来源:FingerWiki

北摩尔曼斯克足球俱乐部工会中央体育场场地
图片作者:Мурманск – 100

图片来源:Insider

图片作者:Ирина Ливерук
Bandy club Murman[44] has played in the Russian Bandy Super League, last in 2011–2012. Between 2012 and 2018 they were playing in the second tier Russian Bandy Supreme League, but will from the 2018–19 season be a Super League team again.[45] Their home arena, Stadium Stroitel, has an audience capacity of 5,000.[46]
班迪俱乐部 Murman[44] 曾参加俄罗斯班迪超级联赛,上一次参加是在 2011-2012 年。 2012年至2018年间,他们曾参加第二级俄罗斯班迪超级联赛,但从2018-19赛季起将再次成为超级联赛球队。 [45] 他们的主场 Straitel 体育场可容纳 5,000 名观众。[46]
The city is one of only three places with representation in the female league, through the team Arktika.[47] Proximity to pole and its side effects, Polar Night, has brought sport festivals such as North Festival Polar Olympiad [ru] and Sun Festival [ru]. The former has been awarded every year since the inaugural tournament in 1934.[48] Norway, Finland, Sweden, Ukraine, Belarus and the Baltic countries take part in the North Festival Polar Olympiad.[49]
该城市是 Arktika 队在女子联赛中仅有的三个代表城市之一。[47] 靠近极点及其副作用“极夜”带来了诸如北方节极地奥林匹克运动会[ru]和太阳节[ru]等体育节。 自 1934 年首届锦标赛以来,每年都会颁发前者。[48] 挪威、芬兰、瑞典、乌克兰、白俄罗斯和波罗的海国家参加北方节极地奥林匹克运动会。[49]
9. Religion 宗教
To commemorate the 85th anniversary of the city’s foundation, the snow-white Church of the Saviour on the Waters was modeled after the White Monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal and built on the shore for the sailors of Murmansk.[50]
为了纪念建城85周年,雪白的水上救世主教堂仿照弗拉基米尔和苏兹达尔的白色纪念碑,为摩尔曼斯克的水手们在岸边建造。 [50]
Fifteen religious associations have been registered in Murmansk.[51] The largest is the Russian Orthodox Church, Murmansk is the center of its Murmansk and Monchegorsk diocese, as well as the Murmansk Metropolis. The city has about a dozen Orthodox churches, the department of the head of the diocese and the metropolis of Metropolitan Simon is located in St. Nicholas Cathedral.[52][53]
摩尔曼斯克已注册了十五个宗教协会。[51] 最大的是俄罗斯东正教教堂,摩尔曼斯克是其摩尔曼斯克和蒙切戈尔斯克教区以及摩尔曼斯克大都会的中心。 市内约有十几座东正教教堂,教区和大都会西蒙主教座堂均设在圣尼古拉斯大教堂。[52][53]

图片作者:Mvad

图片作者:Insider

图片作者:Insider

图片作者:Insider
10. Economy 经济
10.1 Media 媒体
Murmansk’s evening newspaper is Vecherniy Murmansk, published since 1991.
摩尔曼斯克的晚报是《Vecherniy Murmansk》,自 1991 年起出版。
10.2 Transportation 运输
The port of Murmansk remains ice-free year round due to the warm North Atlantic Current and is an important fishing and shipping destination. It is home port to Atomflot, the world’s only fleet of nuclear-powered icebreakers.[54]
由于北大西洋暖流的影响,摩尔曼斯克港全年不冻,是重要的渔业和航运目的地。 它是世界上唯一的核动力破冰船舰队 Atomflot 的母港。[54]
The Port of Murmansk is the headquarters of Sevmorput (Northern Sea Route) and the administration of Russian Arctic maritime transport. In 2018, the Russian government transferred the main responsibility for the Northern Sea Route to Rosatom which through its ROSATOMFLOT subsidiary manages the Russian nuclear powered icebreaker fleet based in Murmansk.[55][56]
由于北大西洋暖流的影响,摩尔曼斯克港全年不冻,是重要的渔业和航运目的地。 它是世界上唯一的核动力破冰船舰队 Atomflot 的母港。[54]
Murmansk is linked by the Kirov Railway to St. Petersburg and is linked to the rest of Russia by the M18 Kola Motorway. Murmansk Airport provides air links to Moscow and St. Petersburg.
摩尔曼斯克通过基洛夫铁路与圣彼得堡相连,并通过 M18 科拉高速公路与俄罗斯其他地区相连。 摩尔曼斯克机场提供飞往莫斯科和圣彼得堡的航班。
Buses and trolleybuses provide local transport.
公共汽车和无轨电车提供当地交通。

图片作者:Алексей Задонский

图片作者:Martin Lie

Ziu-682 电车,背景为摩尔曼斯克阿兹姆酒店
图片作者:Alessio Re – https://www.flickr.com/photos/nosync/1360764957/sizes/l/

东部绕行路与 Planernaya 街交汇处
图片作者:Rosavtodor.ru

图片作者:Igor Dvurekov – Gallery page http://www.airliners.net/photo//1445818/L Photo http://cdn-www.airliners.net/aviation-photos/photos/8/1/8/1445818.jpg

Kirov Railway connects Murmansk city and Saint Petersburg.
图片作者:Mš

连接摩尔曼斯克和加拿大马尼托巴省丘吉尔港的北极大桥海上航线。
图片作者:Insider (routes), CIA (map), Sasha Krotov (translate)
10.3 Arctic Bridge 北极之桥
Murmansk is set to be the Russian terminus of the Arctic Bridge, a sea route linking it to the Canadian port of Churchill, Manitoba. Even though the passage has not been fully tested for commercial shipping yet, Russian interest in this project (along with the Northwest Passage) is substantial, as the bridge will serve as a major trade route between North America, Europe and Asia.[57]
摩尔曼斯克将成为北极之桥的俄罗斯终点站,北极之桥是一条连接加拿大马尼托巴省丘吉尔港的海上航线。 尽管该通道尚未经过全面的商业运输测试,但俄罗斯对该项目(以及西北通道)的兴趣很大,因为该桥将成为北美、欧洲和亚洲之间的主要贸易路线。[57]
11. Education 教育

图片作者:kkv1970 – Wikimapia
Murmansk is home to Murmansk State Technical University, the Murmansk Arctic State University (formerly Murmansk State Pedagogical University), the Murmansk Institute of Humanities and the Murmansk College of Arts[58] (the only Art School of the Kola Peninsula, formerly the ‘Murmansk Music School’). The city has 86 primary schools and 56 secondary schools, two boarding schools, and three reform schools. There is also a branch of the Naval Academy in Murmansk, where cadets study, who in the future should become officers of the Russian Navy.
摩尔曼斯克是摩尔曼斯克国立技术大学、摩尔曼斯克北极国立大学(原摩尔曼斯克国立师范大学)、摩尔曼斯克人文学院和摩尔曼斯克艺术学院的所在地[58](科拉半岛唯一的艺术学校,原摩尔曼斯克国立大学) 音乐学校’)。 该市有86所小学、56所中学、两所寄宿学校和三所改革学校。 摩尔曼斯克海军学院还有一个分校,学员在那里学习,未来的学员将成为俄罗斯海军军官。
12. Twin towns – sister cities 友好城镇——姐妹城市
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia
参见:另请参阅:俄罗斯友好城镇和姐妹城市列表
Murmansk is twinned with:[59]
摩尔曼斯克与以下城市结为友好城市:[59]
- Luleå, Sweden (1972) 瑞典吕勒奥 (1972)
- Vadsø, Norway (1973) 挪威瓦德瑟 (1973)
- Jacksonville, United States (1975) 美国杰克逊维尔 (1975)
- Groningen, Netherlands (1989) 荷兰格罗宁根 (1989)
- Alanya, Turkey (2014) 土耳其阿拉尼亚 (2014)
- Minsk, Belarus (2014) 白俄罗斯明斯克 (2014)
- Harbin, China (2016) 中国哈尔滨 (2016)
13. Former Twin towns – sister cities 前友好城镇 – 姐妹城市
- Szczecin (1993-2022) Cancelled as a result of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
什切青(波兰,1993-2022)因 2022 年俄罗斯入侵乌克兰而取消 - Rovaniemi (1962-2022) Cancelled as a result of Russian invasion of Ukraine.[60][61]
罗瓦涅米(芬兰,1962-2022)因俄罗斯入侵乌克兰而取消。[60][61] - Tromsø (1972-2022) Cancelled because of concerns related to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine[62]
特罗姆瑟(挪威,1972-2022)因担心 2022 年俄罗斯入侵乌克兰而取消[62] - Akureyri, Iceland (1994-2022) Cancelled as a result of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine[63]
冰岛阿库雷里(1994-2022)因 2022 年俄罗斯入侵乌克兰而取消[63]
14. Notable people 著名人物
- Nikita Alexeev, ice hockey player
尼基塔·阿列克谢耶夫,冰球运动员 - Vitaliy Nikolayevich Bubentsov, Russian artist
维塔利·尼古拉耶维奇·布本佐夫,俄罗斯艺术家 - Aleksey Goman, pop singer
阿列克谢·戈曼,流行歌手 - Kate Grigorieva, supermodel
凯特·格里戈里耶娃,超模 - Valentina Gunina, chess grandmaster
瓦伦蒂娜·古尼娜(Valentina Gunina),国际象棋特级大师 - Halyna Hutchins, cinematographer and journalist
Halyna Hutchins,电影摄影师和记者 - Vladimir Konstantinov, ice hockey player
弗拉基米尔·康斯坦丁诺夫,冰球运动员 - Irina Kovalenko, supermodel and Miss Russia winner
伊琳娜·科瓦连科 (Irina Kovalenko),超模、俄罗斯小姐冠军 - Larisa Kruglova, sprinter
拉丽莎·克鲁格洛娃,短跑运动员 - Sergey Kuryokhin, actor and musician
谢尔盖·库约欣 (Sergey Kuryokhin),演员和音乐家 - Irina Malgina, biathlete
伊琳娜·马尔吉娜,冬季两项运动员 - Elizaveta Nazarenkova, Uzbek rhythmic gymnast
Elizaveta Nazarenkova,乌兹别克艺术体操运动员 - Yevgeny Nikitin, opera singer
叶夫根尼·尼基丁,歌剧演唱家 - Zlata Ognevich, Ukrainian singer
兹拉塔·奥格涅维奇,乌克兰歌手 - Sergei Rozhkov, biathlete
谢尔盖·罗日科夫,冬季两项运动员 - Alexei Semenov, ice hockey player
阿列克谢·谢苗诺夫,冰球运动员 - Sergey Subbotin, former mayor
谢尔盖·苏博廷 (Sergey Subbotin),前少校 - Konstantin Volkov, ice hockey player
康斯坦丁·沃尔科夫,冰球运动员 - Vitaly Zdorovetskiy, YouTube personality, prankster
Vitaly Zdorovetsky,YouTube 名人,恶作剧者 - Yana Kunitskaya, UFC bantamweight fighter
雅娜·库尼斯卡娅 (Yana Kunitskaya),UFC 最轻量级拳击手
References 参考文献
Notes 注释
- ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f Law #96-01-ZMO
- ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g Administrative-Territorial Division of Murmansk Oblast, p. 24
- ^ “26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года”. Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved January 23, 2019.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c Law #531-01-ZMO
- ^ “Об исчислении времени”. Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
- ^ “Main Murmansk post office”. Archived from the original on February 26, 2012. Retrieved July 18, 2010.
- ^ Stepanova, Anna (September 29, 2017). “День города в Мурманске 2017: программа праздника и перекрытия дорог”. Komsomolskaya Pravda. Retrieved November 20, 2017.
- ^ Russian Federal State Statistics Service. Всероссийская перепись населения 2020 года. Том 1 [2020 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1] (XLS) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
- ^ “Численность населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2014 года”. Archived from the original on August 10, 2014. Retrieved April 24, 2015.
- ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.
- ^ Russian Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).
- ^ Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
- ^ “Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации”. Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved September 1, 2022.
- ^ “10 Largest Cities Within the Arctic Circle”.
- ^ Этимологический словарь русского языка Макса Фасмера. p. Мурман.
- ^ The Moscow Times. It’s Always Colder in Murmansk Archived September 10, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, May 20, 2012
- ^ Hill, Alexander (2007). “Russian and Soviet Naval Power and the Arctic from the XVI Century to the Beginning of the Great Patriotic War”. The Journal of Slavic Military Studies. 20 (3): 359–392. doi:10.1080/13518040701532958. S2CID 145005700.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Administrative-Territorial Division of Murmansk Oblast, pp. 60–63
- ^ Clifford Kinvig (November 23, 2007), Churchill’s Crusade, Hambledon & London, ISBN 9781847250216, OCLC 747256147, OL 9819337M, 1847250211
- ^ “Bolshevik, North Russian, Royal Navy, Expeditionary Force, Archangel, Dvina River”. Naval-history.net. Retrieved December 8, 2010.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Administrative-Territorial Division of Murmansk Oblast, p. 48
- ^ Hill, Alexander (2007). “British Lend Lease Aid and the Soviet War Effort, June 1941 – June 1942”. The Journal of Military History. 71 (3): 773–808. doi:10.1353/jmh.2007.0206. JSTOR 30052890. S2CID 159715267.
- ^ Мурманску исполняется 90 лет(in Russian)
- ^ “Газета «Вечерний Мурманск» Выпуск № 93 от 28 мая 2005”. Archived from the original on June 20, 2016.
- ^ Hansen,Trond. 25 June 2021. “Dagen for mot og utholdenhet[permanent dead link]” [day of courage and endurance]. Sør-Varanger Avis. P.10
- ^ “Nature Administrative-territorial system”. 2004.murman.ru. October 4, 1916. Retrieved May 5, 2009.
- ^ “Alyosha, granite monument on Russia’s Litsa River”.
- ^ Law #1812-01-ZMO
- ^ Charter of Murmansk, Article 3.1
- ^ Solenn Nadal des Moutiers en Retz (November 7, 2009). “Météo climat stats | Moyennes 1981/2010 / Données Météorologiques Gratuites”. Meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org. Retrieved March 3, 2022.
- ^ “Météo Climat stats for Mourmansk” (in French). Météo Climat. Retrieved October 13, 2018.
- ^ “December 2007” (in Russian). Roshydromet. Retrieved November 11, 2019.
- ^ “March 2007” (in Russian). Roshydromet. Retrieved November 11, 2019.
- ^ “June 2013” (in Russian). Roshydromet. Retrieved November 11, 2019.
- ^ “July 2018” (in Russian). Roshydromet. Retrieved November 11, 2019.
- ^ Климат Мурманска [The Climate of Murmansk]. Weather and Climate (Погода и климат) (in Russian). Retrieved November 8, 2021.
- ^ “Murmansk Climate Normals 1961–1990”. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved November 3, 2021.
- ^ “Погода в Мурманске сейчас. Температура воды в море. Подробный прогноз. Мурманск на карте погоды”.
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Sources 来源
- Мурманская областная Дума. Закон №96-01-ЗМО от 6 января 1998 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Мурманской области», в ред. Закона №1953-01-ЗМО от 24 декабря 2015 г. «О внесении изменений в Закон Мурманской области “Об административно-территориальном устройстве Мурманской области”». Опубликован: “Мурманский Вестник”, №10, стр. 3, 16 января 1998 г. (Murmansk Oblast Duma. Law #96-01-ZMO of January 6, 1998 On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Murmansk Oblast, as amended by the Law #1953-01-ZMO of December 24, 2015 On Amending the Law of Murmansk Oblast “On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Murmansk Oblast”. ).
摩尔曼斯克地区杜马。 1998 年 1 月 6 日第 96-01-ZMO 号法律“关于摩尔曼斯克地区的行政和领土结构”,经修订。 2015年12月24日第1953-01-ZMO号法律“关于摩尔曼斯克州“关于摩尔曼斯克州行政和领土结构”的法律修正案”。 出版:《摩尔曼斯克卫报》,第 10 期,第 3 页,1998 年 1 月 16 日,2015 年 12 月 24 日第 1953-01-ZMO 号法律,关于修改摩尔曼斯克州法律“关于摩尔曼斯克州行政领土结构”。 )。 - Мурманская областная Дума. Закон №531-01-ЗМО от 2 декабря 2004 г. «О статусе муниципального образования город Мурманск». Вступил в силу 1 января 2005 г. Опубликован: “Мурманский Вестник”, №234, стр. 3, 7 декабря 2004 г. (Murmansk Oblast Duma. Law #531-01-ZMO of December 2, 2004 On the Status of the Municipal Formation of the City of Murmansk. Effective as of January 1, 2005.).
摩尔曼斯克地区杜马。 2004 年 12 月 2 日第 531-01-ZMO 号法律“关于摩尔曼斯克市市政组建的现状”。 于 2005 年 1 月 1 日生效。发布:《摩尔曼斯克州杜马》,第 234 号,第 3 页,2004 年 12 月 7 日(摩尔曼斯克州杜马。2004 年 12 月 2 日第 531-01-ZMO 号法律,关于市政组建的状况)摩尔曼斯克市,2005 年 1 月 1 日起生效)。 - Совет депутатов города Мурманска. Решение №20-235 от 10 марта 2006 г. «Устав муниципального образования город Мурманск», в ред. Решения №15-202 от 4 февраля 2010 г «О внесении изменений в Устав муниципального образования город Мурманск, утверждённый Решением Совета Депутатов города Мурманска от 10.03.2006 (с изменениями и дополнениями от 31.05.2006 №23-263, от 05.10.2006 №24-298), с последующими изменениями, внесёнными Решениями Совета депутатов города Мурманска от 13.11.2007 №43-529, от 03.04.2008 №48-588 и от 03.06.2009 №5-57». Вступил в силу в соответствии со статьёй 81. Опубликован: “Вечерний Мурманск”, спецвыпуск, стр. 1–12, 10 ноября 2006 г. (Council of Deputies of the City of Murmansk. Decision #20-235 of March 10, 2006 Charter of the Municipal Formation of the City of Murmansk, as amended by the Decision #15-202 of February 4, 2010 On Amending the Charter of the Municipal Formation of the City of Murmansk, Adopted by the Decision of the Council of Deputies of the City of Murmansk of March 10, 2006 (with the Amendments and Supplements #23-263 of May 31, 2006, #24-298 of October 5, 2006), with Subsequent Amendments, Introduced by the Decisions of the Council of Deputies of the City of Murmansk #43-529 of November 13, 2007, #48-588 of April 3, 2008, and #5-57 of June 3, 2009. Effective as of the day determined by the provisions of Article 81.).
摩尔曼斯克市代表委员会。 2006 年 3 月 10 日第 20-235 号决定“摩尔曼斯克市市政组建章程”,经修订。 2010 年 2 月 4 日第 15-202 号决定“关于摩尔曼斯克市市政组织章程修正案,经 2006 年 3 月 10 日摩尔曼斯克市众议院决定批准(经修订和补充) 2006 年 5 月 31 日第 23-263 号、2006 年 10 月 5 日第 24-298 号),随后根据摩尔曼斯克市众议院 2007 年 11 月 13 日第 43-529 号决定作出的修订2008年4月3日第48-588号和2009年6月3日第5-57号。 根据第 81 条生效。出版:“Vecherny Murmansk”,特刊,第 1-12 页,2006 年 11 月 10 日(摩尔曼斯克市众议院理事会。2006 年 3 月 10 日第 20-235 号决定宪章摩尔曼斯克市市政组织章程,经 2010 年 2 月 4 日第 15-202 号决定修订,《关于修订摩尔曼斯克市市政组织章程》,经市众议院决定通过摩尔曼斯克市议会2006年3月10日颁布的法令(2006年5月31日第23-263号修正案和补充,2006年10月5日第24-298号修正案和补充)以及随后的修正案,由市议会决定提出摩尔曼斯克2007年11月13日第43-529号、2008年4月3日第48-588号和2009年6月3日第5-57号。自第81条规定确定之日起生效。)。 - Архивный отдел Администрации Мурманской области. Государственный Архив Мурманской области. (1995). Административно-территориальное деление Мурманской области (1920–1993 гг.). Справочник. Мурманск: Мурманское издательско-полиграфическое предприятие “Север”.
摩尔曼斯克地区管理局档案部门。 摩尔曼斯克地区国家档案馆。 (1995)。 摩尔曼斯克地区的行政领土划分(1920-1993)。 目录。 摩尔曼斯克:摩尔曼斯克出版和印刷企业“Sever”。 - Мурманская областная Дума. Закон №1812-01-ЗМО от 19 декабря 2014 г. «Об упразднеии населённого пункта Мурманской области и о внесении изменений в отдельные законодательные акты Мурманской области». Вступил в силу 1 января 2015 г. Опубликован: “Мурманский Вестник”, №246–247, с. 56, 25 декабря 2014 г. (Murmansk Oblast Duma. Law #1812-01-ZMO of December 19, 2014 On Abolishing an Inhabited Locality in Murmansk Oblast and on Amending Various Legislative Acts of Murmansk Oblast. Effective as of January 1, 2015.).
摩尔曼斯克地区杜马。 2014 年 12 月 19 日第 1812-01-ZMO 号法律“关于废除摩尔曼斯克地区定居点以及修改摩尔曼斯克地区某些立法法案”。 于 2015 年 1 月 1 日生效。出版:《Murmansky Vestnik》,第 246-247 期,第 247 页。 56,2014 年 12 月 25 日(摩尔曼斯克州杜马。2014 年 12 月 19 日第 1812-01-ZMO 号法律))。
External links 外部链接
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Murmansk.
- Official website of Murmansk (in Russian)
- News of Murmansk
- Interactive map of Murmansk Archived May 15, 2017, at the Wayback Machine
- Barentsnova.com, Murmansk business news, statistics
- Atomic ice breaker fleet
- Murmansk’s gorgeous garages — a photo journal by BBC news journalist Jorn Madslien
- Views of Murmansk group on Flickr
- Video overview of Murmansk in English, 4½ minutes, 2009
- Murmansk State Technical University
- British North Russian Expeditionary Force 1918–1919 (based at Murmansk)
- “Big-dollar deals tempt Arctic firms” BBC article on the energy industry’s effect on Murmansk
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