伊尔库特MC-21/Irkut MC-21 – (全文)中英文维基百科词条融合

中文词条参见链接(无法从中国内地访问):点击这里访问
英文词条参见链接(无法从中国内地访问):点击这里访问
本文基于英文词条的线索,并补充部分来自中文词条的内容。辽观搬运时进行了必要的合规化处理,以使其能够在中国内地上传。

维基百科(Wikipedia)是美国维基媒体基金会的互联网百科项目,其内容可能受到立场、信息来源等因素影响,请客观看待。正文内容不代表译者观点。

辽观提供的译文仅供参考。文中可能包含无法从中国内地访问的链接。

辽观所搬运的词条文本与维基百科一道同样遵循CC BY-SA 4.0协议(辽观搬运的中英文对照版本),在符合协议要求的情况下您可以免费使用其内容(包括商用)。图片和视频可能遵循不同的共享协议。请点击这里访问

消歧义:Not to be confused with Mitsubishi MC-21, civilian model of Mitsubishi Ki-21.
不要与三菱MC-21混淆,后者是三菱Ki-21的民用型号。

0. 概况

The Irkut MC-21 (Russian: Иркут МС-21) is a single-aisle airliner, developed in Russia by the Yakovlev Design Bureau and produced by its parent Irkut, a branch of the United Aircraft Corporation (UAC), itself a 92%-owned subsidiary of Russia’s state-owned aviation giant Rostec.[7]
参考译文:伊尔库特MC-21(俄语:Иркут МС-21,英语:Irkut MS-21)是由雅科夫列夫设计局在俄罗斯研发、由其母公司伊尔库特生产的单通道客机,伊尔库特是俄罗斯航空巨头罗斯特控股的国有公司联合飞机制造公司(UAC)的子公司,后者拥有92%的股权。

首架原型机于2016年6月8日公开亮相,已于2017年5月28日进行首飞[2]

类型窄体喷气式客机 Narrow-body airliner
原产国俄罗斯
制造商联合航空制造公司
设计者伊尔库特公司(Irkut)
雅克列夫设计局(Yakovlev)
首飞2017年5月28日
Introduction【投入使用】late 2025/early 2026 (deferred from 2022)[3]
【2025年底/2026年初(从2022年推迟)[3]】
状态In development【开发中】
生产年份2016年
制造数量8 as of April 2023 (>300 on order)[6][user-generated source?]
截至2023年4月,已经生产了8架(预定量超过300架)[6][用户生成的来源?]

MC-21是1991年苏联解体后,俄罗斯继苏霍伊超级喷气机100后,第二个大型民航机开发项目[3]。苏霍伊超级喷气机-100属于较小型的支线客机,而MC-21系列是一款中长程窄体双引擎客机,能够与欧洲空中巴士A320neo系列、美国波音737 MAX及中国C919直接竞争[4]。MC-21此前曾经有MS-21的代号,还被称为雅克-242。

The program was launched in 2007. Irkut rolled out the first MC-21-300 on 8 June 2016 and first flew the aircraft on 28 May 2017. The twinjet has a carbon fibre reinforced polymer wing and is powered by Aviadvigatel PD-14 turbofans or Pratt & Whitney PW1000G engines. The standard MC-21-300 has a capacity of 132–163 passengers in a two-class configuration and 165–211 in a single class, and a range up to 6,000–6,400 km (3,200–3,500 nmi). It will be followed by a shortened MC-21-200 version. By July 2018, it had received 175 firm orders.
参考译文:该项目于2007年启动。伊尔库特(Irkut)于2016年6月8日推出了第一架MC-21-300,于2017年5月28日首次飞行。这款双发喷气式飞机采用了碳纤维增强聚合物机翼,并由Aviadvigatel PD-14涡轮风扇发动机或普惠PW1000G发动机提供动力。标准的MC-21-300配置可容纳132至163名旅客(双舱配置)或165至211名旅客(单舱配置),航程可达6,000至6,400公里(3,200至3,500海里)。随后将推出缩短版的MC-21-200。截至2018年7月,已获得175架确定订单。

In early 2022, international sanctions against Russia were imposed due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Irkut Corporation was placed on the sanctions lists of the United States, Canada, Switzerland and Ukraine,[8] while United Aircraft Corporation was placed on the sanctions lists of the United States, European Union, Japan, Switzerland, France, Belgium and Ukraine,[9] and the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) suspended all work on type certification of the MC-21.[10] To circumvent the sanctions, Irkut intends to use only Russian avionics and engines. On 7 April 2022 Mikhail Mishustin said that the substitution of domestic assemblies should be completed within 2–3 years,[11] and the Russian government expects that the percentage of domestic components in the MC-21 will be 97% by 2022–2024, making it independent of imported equipment.[12]
参考译文:2022年初,由于俄罗斯入侵乌克兰,国际社会对俄罗斯实施了制裁。伊尔库特(Irkut)公司被列入美国、加拿大、瑞士和乌克兰的制裁名单,而联合航空集团(United Aircraft Corporation)则被列入美国、欧盟、日本、瑞士、法国、比利时和乌克兰的制裁名单。欧洲航空安全局(EASA)暂停了对MC-21型号认证的所有工作。为了规避制裁,伊尔库特打算只使用俄罗斯的航空电子设备和发动机。2022年4月7日,米哈伊尔·米舒斯京表示,国内零部件的替代工作应在2至3年内完成,俄罗斯政府预计到2022年至2024年,MC-21中国内零部件的比例将达到97%,使其不再依赖进口设备。

1. 命名 Naming

In Russian: МС‑21 “Магистральный Самолёт 21 века”Magistral’nyj Samoljot 21 veka translates as “mainline aircraft of the 21st century”.[13] It is marketed in the West as the MC-21,[14][15] though the aircraft’s Russian-language designation transliterates as MS-21.
参考译文:俄语中,“МС‑21 ‘Магистральный Самолёт 21 века’”(Magistral’nyj Samoljot 21 veka)的意思是“21世纪的干线飞机”。在西方市场中,它以MC-21的名字销售,尽管这款飞机的俄语名称为MS-21。

МС-21的全称是“Магистральный Самолёт 21 века”,意思是“21世纪的主线飞机”。基里尔字母МС-21的拉丁字母转写是MS-21,但是由于基里尔字母“С”和拉丁字母“C”外形完全一样,伊尔库特集团决定将错就错,直接以“MC-21”的名称进行外销[5]

In 2013, Russian deputy premier Dmitry Rogozin indicated that it would be designated Yak-242 once it enters serial production, the name of a 1990s proposal of an aircraft of similar size.[16] In 2014, Oleg Demchenko, the president of Irkut at the time, also preferred the Yak-242 name, claiming it would better reflect the design bureau behind the aircraft, however, he has also said that any of these renaming decisions would be made after the aircraft first flight and certification work.[17]
参考译文:2013年,俄罗斯副总理德米特里·罗戈津表示,一旦进入批量生产阶段,该飞机将被命名为Yak-242,这是上世纪90年代一个类似尺寸的飞机的提案名称。2014年,当时的伊尔库特总裁奥列格·德姆琴科也倾向于使用Yak-242这个名称,他认为这将更好地体现出设计局对该飞机的背景。然而,他也表示,在飞机首次飞行和认证工作完成之后才会做出改名的决定。

In August 2023, Irkut Corporation formally rebranded the entire company as Yakovlev.[18]
参考译文:2023年8月,伊尔库特公司正式将整个公司改名为雅科夫列夫(Yakovlev)。

2. 发展历程 Development

MC-21是俄罗斯为取代苏联时期的图-154图-204客机而研发。最初由具有多年民航机开发经验的雅克列夫设计局主导发展,雅克列夫设计局曾经于1970年代开发出与波音727同级的雅克-42客机。雅克列夫设计局于2004年加入以飞机制造为主的伊尔库特科学生产集团,并于2006年成为联合航空制造公司(ОАК)的成员[4]。MC-21因此成为伊尔库特科学生产集团主导开发的项目,并在联合航空制造公司的统筹下,联合其他俄罗斯的主要航空工业公司合作发展。MC-21的复合材料机翼由苏霍伊航空集团设计及制造[6](当中,有关碳纤维复合物料初期由日本东丽公司提供,其后逐步改由俄罗斯生产),而MC-21的引擎也会国产化,采用什韦措夫发动机设计局研发的ПД-14(PD-14)高旁通比涡轮风扇引擎。

The program was launched in 2007, planning a 2016 introduction.[13] In 2009, the MC-21 was in the “pre-design” phase, with projected completion of the first prototype in 2013 and the first flight in 2014.[19] By June 2011, the “pre-design” phase was completed and the “working design” stage was under way with three-dimensional models and drawings for subcontractors and suppliers, to be completed by mid-2012.[20] In February 2012, Russian deputy prime minister Dmitry Rogozin announced it was slated to begin certification tests in 2015/2016 and to enter production in 2020.[21] The unit cost of the MC-21-200 is US$ 72 million,[14] and US$91 million for the MC-21-300.[22]
参考译文:该项目于2007年启动,计划在2016年投入使用。2009年,MC-21处于“设计前期”阶段,计划于2013年完成首架原型机,并在2014年进行首次飞行。到2011年6月,MC-21的“设计前期”阶段已经完成,进入了“工作设计”阶段,开始制作三维模型和图纸以供分包商和供应商使用,计划于2012年中期完成。2012年2月,俄罗斯副总理德米特里·罗戈津宣布计划在2015/2016年进行认证测试,并于2020年投入生产。MC-21-200的单位成本为7200万美元,MC-21-300的单位成本为9100万美元。

On 8 June 2016, the -300 was rolled-out in Irkutsk, East Siberia, six years after program launch and with 175 orders. It could be the first commercial aircraft to use out of autoclave composite manufacturing for its wings. The program faces domination of the single-aisle market by Airbus and Boeing. Russian protectionism is hampering access to critical western suppliers for the avionics, landing gear, hydraulics, power systems and engines. Its introduction was delayed to the end of 2018.[23][24] It is comparable to the Airbus A320neo or Boeing 737 MAX and could replace the outgoing Tu-134, Tu-154, Tu-204 and Yak-42.
参考译文:2016年6月8日,MC-21-300在西伯利亚东部的伊尔库茨克亮相,这是该项目启动六年后,订单量已达175架。它可能是第一款使用非热压复合材料制造机翼的商用飞机。然而,该项目面临着空客和波音在窄体市场的主导地位。俄罗斯的保护主义政策妨碍了该项目获取西方关键供应商的航空电子设备、起落架、液压系统、动力系统和发动机。此次引进计划推迟至2018年底。MC-21可与空客A320neo或波音737 MAX相媲美,并有望替代退役的图-134、图-154、图-204以及雅克-42飞机。

2.1 地面测试 Ground testing

MC-21于2009年正式发展,原计划于2013年制造首架原型机,随后于2014年进行试飞,并于2016年起交付使用。但是,MC-21要到于2011年完成基本设计[7],而首架原型机在2014年才开始制造[1],较原来进度大幅落后。

In February 2017, it passed 90% of the static ultimate load test (150% of the highest load in operation) at the TsAGI but failed the 100% test for which the wingbox will need 25-kilogram (55 lb) reinforcements: this is common for new airliners like the Airbus A380, Boeing 787 or Mitsubishi MRJ, aiming for the smallest possible margin to avoid excess weight; it passed the limit load test (highest load during flight) which enables flight testing which should start in April.[25] Cracks developed at the point of contact between the titanium beam and the composite wing skin in the wingbox.[13] The reinforced wingbox withstood a load exceeding specifications without damage in mid-November at TsAGI Moscow.[26]
参考译文:2017年2月,MC-21在中央航空气动研究所(TsAGI)通过了90%的静态极限载荷测试(相当于运行时最高负载的150%),但未能通过100%的测试,因此机翼箱区需要增加25公斤(55磅)的加固措施。这对于像空客A380、波音787或三菱MRJ这样的新型客机来说是常见的,其目标是尽可能减小余量以避免过重。MC-21通过了极限载荷测试(飞行过程中的最高负载),这使得飞行测试得以开始,计划在4月开始。机翼箱区在钛梁与复合材料机翼外皮接触处出现了裂纹。经过加固的机翼箱在11月中旬在莫斯科的TsAGI机构承受了超过规格要求的负载而没有受损。

In May 2017, it was undergoing systems ground testing including its auxiliary power unit and taxiing tests.[27] After completing taxi and runway roll tests, its maiden flight was scheduled for late May 2017 with Pratt & Whitney Geared Turbofan engines, certified in September 2016 in Russia. The Russian certification was targeted for 2018 and the European Aviation Safety Agency certificate for 2019.[13]
参考译文:2017年5月,MC-21开始进行系统地面测试,包括辅助动力装置和滑行测试。在完成滑行和跑道滚动测试后,首飞计划定于2017年5月末进行,搭载普惠增压涡轮风扇发动机,该发动机于2016年9月在俄罗斯获得了认证。MC-21的俄罗斯认证计划在2018年完成,而欧洲航空安全局的认证计划在2019年进行。

2020年7月17日,MC-21开始进行引擎进水测试[9]。

2.2 飞行测试 | Flight testing

首飞视频请点击这里访问

2016年6月8日,在俄罗斯总理梅德韦杰夫的见证下,MC-21的原型机在伊尔库特集团位于伊尔库茨克的飞机工厂首次公开亮相[8]。该原型机将会进行地面测试,并于2017年5月28日进行首次试飞。及后,另外三架原型机亦于2018-19年间制成,当中第四架试制机于2020年3月17日试飞;第五架试制机亦已于2019年尾完成机体焊接,并于2020年1月装上俄国国产发动机。

2020年12月15日,首架装有俄制引擎的MC-21原装机(亦是第五架MC-21)首飞[10],俄国评论称此举可以避免欧美的制裁影响MC-21的上市,而同样面临出口禁令影响的中国也可能感到兴趣,对此制造商UAC表示,已经提出为中国商飞C919提供备选发动机的邀请,以应对美国对中国的制裁。

2021年1月18日,第一架MC-21在莫斯科附近机场降落时冲出跑道,无人受伤,而飞机亦无损坏[11]

2021年3月24日,其中一架MC-21前往阿尔汉格尔斯克,进行自然结冰测试[12]

2021年12月25日,机翼采用俄产聚合物复合材料的MC-21-300飞机进行了首飞。[13]三日后,采用普惠引擎及日本制复合物料的MC-21,获得俄国民航部门发出型号合格证。

2022年9月12日,因俄乌战争影响,国际制裁不再提供俄罗斯航空零组件,俄国额外拨出150亿卢布资金,以扩大国产自制化MS-21飞机的生产线。另于2022年10月9日第一架注册号为73055普惠的PW1400G换回PD-14发动机与第二架原型机PD-14发动机试飞成功,还根据过去的飞行测试结果对系统进行了改进。此外为了整合PD-14发动机,客机设备的一些进口部件被俄罗斯自制取代。[14]

On 28 May 2017 MC-21 made its successful maiden flight in Irkutsk.[2] Compared with recent 3-to-4-hour maiden flights of western types, this first flight was brief at 30-minute and low, reaching a 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) altitude and 300 kilometres per hour (160 kn; 190 mph).[28] The maiden flight was originally scheduled for December 2016, then to April before finally taking place in May.[29]
参考译文:2017年5月28日,MC-21在伊尔库茨克成功进行了首次飞行。与近期西方型号的3至4小时的首飞相比,这次首飞只持续了短短30分钟,并且飞行高度和速度较低,达到了1000米(3300英尺)的高度和每小时300公里(160节;190英里)的速度。原计划首飞于2016年12月举行,然后推迟至4月,最终在5月进行。

Following this maiden flight, trade and industry minister Denis Manturov claims it will have 12–15% lower operating costs than contemporaries, generating a demand for over 1,000 MC-21s between 2017 and 2037.[30]Aeroflot expects delivery of the first aircraft through Rostec subsidiary Aviakapital leasing in 2019.[13] Its early production rate is projected for 20 aircraft per year.[31]
参考译文:在这次首次飞行之后,俄罗斯贸易和工业部长丹尼斯·曼图罗夫表示,MC-21的运营成本将比同类飞机降低12-15%,在2017年至2037年之间预计需求将超过1,000架MC-21。俄罗斯航空公司预计首架飞机将于2019年通过Rostec子公司Aviakapital租赁交付。初期的生产速度预计每年为20架。

In August 2017, the first prototype performed nine test flights, analysing stability and controllability in various configurations, altitude, altitude/speed sensors accuracy and engine operation. Its software is adjusted by the results as it is fitted with over 500 strain gauges measuring in-flight loading on the airframe, to verify the initial design, for “several weeks”. A second prototype is finalised while three other prototypes are undergoing construction; production of 70 MC-21s annually is planned for 2024.[32] Irkut began the second testing phase on 13 September with an eventless 2-hour flight.[33] The phase will extend the mass, centering, speed and altitude envelope.[34]
参考译文:2017年8月,第一架原型机进行了九次试飞,对各种构型、高度、高度/速度传感器精度以及发动机运行的稳定性和可控性进行了分析。它的软件根据结果进行了调整,安装了500多个测量机身在飞行载荷下的应变计,以验证初期设计,测试期长达“数周”。第二架原型机已经完成,而其他三架原型机正在进行组装;计划于2024年每年生产70架MC-21。伊尔库茨克公司于9月13日开始了第二阶段的测试,进行了一次平稳无事件的2小时飞行。该阶段将扩展质量、平衡、速度和高度的范围。

In October 2017, the first prototype flew from Irkutsk Aviation Plant to Moscow Ramenskoye Airport to continue testing at the Gromov Flight Research Institute, a 6-hour flight over 4,500 km (2,400 nmi) at 33,000 feet (10,000 m).[35] The flight test programme started on 2 November with a 3-hour flight reaching 39,400 feet (12,000 m).[36] Before being flown to Moscow, 20 flights were conducted in Irkutsk. In November, the second prototype was prepared for flight-tests, followed in 2018 by the third for which final assembly has started.[37]
参考译文:2017年10月,第一架原型机从伊尔库茨克航空工厂飞往莫斯科的拉缅斯科耶机场,继续在格罗莫夫飞行研究所进行测试,飞行距离为4,500公里(2,400海里),高度达到33,000英尺(10,000米),飞行时间达6小时。飞行测试计划于11月2日开始,进行了一次3小时的飞行,飞行高度达到39,400英尺(12,000米)。在飞往莫斯科之前,已在伊尔库茨克进行了20次试飞。2018年,第二架原型机准备进行飞行测试,接下来是第三架原型机,最后装配工作已经开始。

EASA approval was targeted for mid-2020.[37] Certification testing was to start at the end of 2018 for a mid-2019 Russian type certification after a 1,150 flights effort. Entry into service was then planned for the second half of 2019 with the first five deliveries and within five years UAC plans to ramp up production to 70 aircraft per year.[38]
参考译文:欧洲航空安全局(EASA)的批准计划于2020年年中完成。认证测试计划于2018年底开始,以争取在2019年中获得俄罗斯型号认证,经历了1150次试飞。计划于2019年下半年投入运营,首批交付5架飞机,并在5年内将生产规模提高到每年70架的水平。

The second test aircraft was in final assembly in January 2018 and was to join the flight-test campaign in the first quarter.[38] It was to fly in late February or early March 2018.[39] Its construction was completed by March end.[40] It was scheduled to fly in April 2018, and the third in the 2018 fourth quarter.[41] It made its first flight on 12 May for 1 hour 7 minutes, reaching 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) and 215 knots (398 km/h; 247 mph), checking its landing gear retraction and testing wing configurations.[42] On 20 July 2018, it flew from Irkutsk to the Gromov Flight Research Institute near Moscow in six hours.[43]
参考译文:在2018年1月,第二架测试飞机正在进行最后的总装,并计划在第一季度加入飞行测试计划。它计划在2018年2月底或3月初进行首次飞行。该机装配工作于3月底完成,并计划于2018年4月进行首次飞行,第三架原型机计划于2018年第四季度进行飞行测试。第二架原型机于2018年5月12日进行了首次飞行,飞行时间为1小时7分钟,达到了3000米(9800英尺)的高度和215节(398公里/小时;247英里/小时)的速度,检查了起落架的收放和机翼布局的测试。2018年7月20日,它从伊尔库茨克飞往莫斯科附近的格罗莫夫飞行研究所,飞行时间为6小时。

Production started in 2018, certification slipped into late 2019 and the first delivery to 2020.[41] For three years after 2018, UAC plans to invest ₽56.4 billion ($899 million) for the MC-21.[44] By October 2018, two EASA test pilots and a test engineer test flew the plane in preparation for European certification.[45] On 3 December, a fuselage was delivered to the Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute at Moscow-Zhukovsky for fatigue testing: repetitive loads will simulate 180,000 cycles. By then, the third flying prototype was assembled, its systems installed and it was undergoing final adjustments, a fourth test aircraft was in assembly, as the first production fuselage.[46] After completing assembly, the third MC-21 was transferred to the flight-test station on 25 December.[47]
参考译文:生产工作于2018年开始,但认证进程推迟至2019年末,首次交付推迟至2020年。在2018年之后的三年中,联合航空制造公司计划投资564亿卢布(8.99亿美元)用于MC-21项目。到2018年10月,两名欧洲航空安全局的试飞员和一名试飞工程师已经对该飞机进行了试飞,以准备欧洲认证。12月3日,一架机身被送到莫斯科-茹科夫斯基的中央航空水动力研究所进行疲劳测试:重复负载将模拟18万次循环。到那时,第三架飞机已经组装完毕,系统已安装,并进行最后的调整工作,第四架试飞飞机正在组装中,作为第一架生产机身。组装完成后,第三架MC-21于12月25日转移到飞行测试基地。

By early 2019, the two prototypes had completed 122 test sorties, and following Western sanctions against Russia, 1.6 billion roubles ($24.2 million) of additional subsidies were allocated to the program for 2019, before 4.11 billion roubles in 2020 and 4.81 billion roubles in 2021: Russian content was aimed at 97% by 2022.[48] The program cost is 438 billion rubles (US$6.6 Bn)[48] In February 2019, the EASA completed initial certification testing with 2.5-to-4-hour flights up to 10,000–33,000 feet (3,000–10,100 m), including high angle-of-attack and stall onset.[49] By then, certification trials were expected to end in the second half of 2020 before first delivery to Aeroflot by year end.[50]
参考译文:到2019年初,两架原型机已经完成了122次试飞。在西方对俄罗斯实施制裁之后,额外的1.6亿卢布(2420万美元)补贴被分配给了该项目,用于2019年,之后2020年将有41.1亿卢布,2021年将有48.1亿卢布。俄罗斯的设想是到2022年俄罗斯本土内容达到97%。该项目的成本为4380亿卢布(66亿美元)。在2019年2月,欧洲航空安全局(EASA)完成了初步的认证测试,进行了2.5至4小时的飞行,飞行高度达到10,000至33,000英尺(3,000至10,100米),包括高攻角和失速起始。到那时,认证试验预计将在2020年下半年结束,然后在年底前首次交付给俄罗斯航空。

On 18 February 2019, Rostec delayed entry into service another year to 2021 due to US sanctions, while another 240–250 billion rubles ($3.62–3.78 billion) is needed to complete its development.[51] On 16 March 2019, the third test aircraft, which has been fully fitted out with a passenger cabin, made its maiden flight.[52] After painting at Ulyanovsk, on 13 May 2019 it joined the other two test aircraft at Moscow-Zhukovsky Airport, where the certification programme is being conducted.[53]
参考译文:2019年2月18日,由于美国的制裁,Rostec将服役推迟了一年,延至2021年,而完成其开发还需要另外240至2500亿卢布(36.2至37.8亿美元)。2019年3月16日,第三架测试飞机已经完全安装了客舱,并进行了首次飞行。在乌里扬诺夫斯克进行喷漆后,于2019年5月13日与其他两架测试飞机一同到达莫斯科-茹科夫斯基机场,那里正在进行认证项目。

On 17 September 2019, the third test aircraft made its first international flight from Moscow-Zhukovsky to Istanbul Atatürk Airport.[54] The aircraft was presented to Turkish Airlines at Teknofest Istanbul, and co-production projects were proposed to Turkey.[55] The fourth flight-test aircraft was rolled out on 28 November 2019,[56] and performed its first flight on 25 December 2019.[57]
参考译文:2019年9月17日,第三架测试飞机从莫斯科-茹科夫斯基飞往伊斯坦布尔阿塔图尔克机场,进行了首次国际飞行。该飞机在伊斯坦布尔的Teknofest展会上向土耳其航空公司进行展示,并提议与土耳其进行共同生产项目。第四架试飞飞机于2019年11月28日首次亮相,并于2019年12月25日进行了首次飞行。

2.3 转用俄罗斯生产的零部件 | Transition to Russian-produced parts

In January 2020, Irkut received the first PD-14 engines for installation.[58] The PD-14-powered MC-21-310 made its maiden flight on 15 December from Irkutsk.[59]
参考译文:2020年1月,伊尔库茨克收到了第一批PD-14发动机进行安装。由PD-14发动机提供动力的MC-21-310于12月15日从伊尔库茨克进行了首次飞行。

In December 2021, Irkut carried out the maiden flight of the first MC-21 to be manufactured with domestically produced composite wings.[60]
参考译文:2021年12月,伊尔库茨克完成了第一架采用国产复合翼制造的MC-21的首次飞行。

By October 2022, Irkut had fitted the first flight test aircraft with PD-14 engines and other domestically produced components, and flown a test sortie in the new configuration. The aircraft will participate in the certification programme, targeted to be complete by the end of 2022.[61]
参考译文:到2022年10月,伊尔库茨克已经为第一架飞行测试飞机安装了PD-14发动机和其他国产零部件,并进行了一次采用新配置的试飞。该飞机将参与认证项目,计划于2022年底完成。

In 2022, after international sanctions against Russia were imposed due to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Rosaviatsia announced that in a resulting change of plans Russia will only use a domestic engine.[62][3][4] The original model – the MC-21-300 powered by Pratt & WhitneyPW1000G engines – will not enter service, and instead production will have to wait for the MC-21-310, powered by the Russian Aviadvigatel PD-14, built by the United Engine Corporation.[3][4] The MC-21-300 consists of between 40% and 50% imported parts, and Irkut will need to replace those that were to be supplied by the sanctioning countries.[3] The need to use Russian avionics will delay first shipment to either late 2024 or 2025.[3][4] As part of a plan announced in June 2022, aimed at bringing the proportion of domestically produced aircraft to 80% of the Russian fleet by the end of the decade, deliveries of the MC-21 are expected to start in 2024 and reach a delivery rate of 72 per year by 2029.[63]
参考译文:在2022年,由于俄罗斯对乌克兰进行的入侵行动引发了国际制裁,俄罗斯民航总局宣布了一项计划更改。根据此计划,俄罗斯将只使用国产发动机。最初设计的型号是由普惠公司的PW1000G发动机提供动力的MC-21-300,但该型号将不会投入使用,相反,生产将等待MC-21-310型号的投产,该型号由俄罗斯航空动力学设计局(Aviadvigatel)生产,该设计局隶属于联合引擎公司(United Engine Corporation)。目前,MC-21-300的零组件中有40%至50%是进口零部件,而伊尔库茨克将需要替换那些原本由遭到制裁国家供应的零部件。此外,使用俄罗斯航空电子设备的需要将导致首批货物的延迟,预计将推迟到2024年底或2025年。根据2022年6月宣布的计划,旨在到本十年结束时将俄罗斯国内生产的飞机占俄罗斯机队的比例提高到80%,MC-21的交付预计将于2024年开始,并在2029年达到每年交付72架的速度。

2.4 引入商用 | Introduction

Aeroflot expected to lease 50 MC-21-300s from Aviakapital for 12 to 18 years and a monthly lease of less than $437,282 each.[64] By 2018, they were to be delivered from the first quarter of 2020 to the third quarter of 2026, with EASA certification targeted for early 2021.[64] Powered by PW1400Gs or possibly PD-14s for the second half, Irkut guaranteed less than 9,865 kg (21,749 lb) fuel burn on a 1,750 nmi (3,240 km) route with a 14-knot (26 km/h; 16 mph) tailwind.[64] They were guaranteed to reach 2,100h and a dispatch reliability of 96% for the first year, rising to 2,900h and 97% in the second year then 3,750h and 98.5% in the third year.[64]
参考译文:俄罗斯航空公司预计将从Aviakapital租赁50架MC-21-300飞机,租期为12至18年,每架每月租金不超过437,282美元。根据计划,这些飞机将于2018年开始交付,交付时间从2020年第一季度延续至2026年第三季度,预计在2021年初获得欧洲航空安全局(EASA)的认证。飞机将搭载PW1400G或可能是PD-14发动机用于后半段,伊尔库茨克保证在1,750公里的航程中,以14节(26公里/小时;16英里/小时)尾风飞行时,燃油消耗不超过9,865千克(21,749磅)。首年可保证达到2,100小时的运营时间和96%的发航可靠性,在第二年将提高至2,900小时和97%,第三年则为3,750小时和98.5%。

In October 2018, fuselage panels for the first customer MC-21 were completed by United Aircraft Corporation subsidiary Aviastar.[65] In early 2019, the annual output was targeted from 20 initially to 72 airframes in 2025, towards 100 and possibly 120 later for a forecast of 850 deliveries.[48]
参考译文:在2018年10月,联合飞机制造公司子公司Aviastar完成了第一架MC-21客机的机身板制造工作。在2019年初,年产量目标从最初的20架增加到2025年的72架,未来可能达到100架甚至120架,预计总交付量为850架。

In July 2021 it was reported that Aeroflot would launch the MC-21-300 with its regional subsidiary Rossiya Airlines in summer 2022.[66] In September 2021, Evgeny Ditrikh, CEO of GTLK (Public Transport Leasing Company of Russia), stated that the MC-21 project is in need of new government grants.[67][better source needed][importance?]
参考译文:2018年10月,俄罗斯联合航空制造公司的子公司Aviastar完成了首架MC-21客户机的机身板件制作。2019年初,产量目标从最初的20架增加到2025年的72架,预计未来可能增至100架甚至120架,以应对预计的850架交付需求。

By the end of December 2021, Russian type certification was granted for the MC-21-300 variant powered by PW1400G engines, ahead of its planned introduction with its launch operator Rossiya.[68] Additional testing was still needed for high-altitude, strong crosswinds, and low and high temperatures operations.[68] The initial target market is for 800 airframes in Russia over the next 20 years.[68]
参考译文:截至2021年12月底,MC-21-300型号(搭载PW1400G发动机)在俄罗斯获得了型号认证,提前于其计划中与首次运营商俄罗斯航空航司投入使用。然而,仍需要进行高海拔、强侧风以及低温和高温环境下的额外测试。最初的市场目标是在未来20年内在俄罗斯售出800架飞机。

The aircraft was denied European certification on March 14, 2022.[69]
参考译文:该飞机在2022年3月14日被否决了欧洲认证。

3. 设计 | Design

The design is based on the never-realized, twin-engine Yakovlev Yak-242 as a development of the three-engine Yakovlev Yak-42.[16]
参考译文:该设计基于从未实现的双引擎雅科夫列夫Yak-242,作为三发雅克列夫Yak-42的一种延伸发展。

MC-21的基本设计与当代的中短程单走道客机相似,都采用下单翼的双引擎设计。为提高机舱的内部空间,MC-21的机身宽度达到4.06米,机身比A320的3.95米及C919的3.96米更为粗大。俄罗斯国土广大,MC-21需要的基本航程更大,透过大量使用复合材料减低飞机的重量[15],复合材料的使用量达到百分之37,机翼同样以复合材料制造取代传统的铝合金[16]。MC-21配备有线传飞控系统提升飞行品质,又采用玻璃驾驶舱设计,减轻飞行员的操作负担[17]

3.1 机体结构 Airframe

The United Aircraft Corporation (UAC) subsidiary AeroComposit developed the vacuum infusion process to produce the wingbox and wing panels. The vertical and horizontal fins and wingbox are also composite and the high aspect ratio wing is a supercritical airfoil.[13] The MC-21 design is more innovative than the C919: it is the only airliner with a carbon fibre wingbox made with resin infused dry fibre, cured in an oven out of autoclave.[70] The initial design included ~33% composite materials, increasing to 40–45% with the composite wing.
参考译文:联合飞机制造公司(UAC)的子公司AeroComposit开发了真空浸润工艺,用于生产机翼箱和机翼板。垂直和水平尾翼以及机翼箱也采用复合材料制造,机翼具有高展弦比和超临界翼型。MC-21的设计比C919更具创新性:它是唯一一款使用装有树脂的干纤维真空浸渍工艺制成的碳纤维机翼箱,并在烤箱中经过固化,无需压力釜。最初的设计中,约33%采用复合材料,随着采用复合材料机翼的应用,比例将增加到40-45%。

By January 2019, U.S. sanctions against Russia have interrupted the supply of foreign raw materials, on which the UAC relied to produce composite parts. The UAC started looking for either domestically produced or Chinese replacements, maintaining that the wing box and consoles would still consist of polymeric composites. By then, a metal wing was “no longer on the agenda” according to the Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute (TsAGI).[71] In March 2019, AeroComposit reported that it had produced the first fuselage centre section and wing box from domestic materials.[72][better source needed]
参考译文:截至2019年1月,美国对俄罗斯的制裁中断了外国原材料的供应,而联合飞机制造公司依赖这些原材料来生产复合材料部件。联合飞机制造公司开始寻找国内生产的或者中国替代品,仍然坚持机翼箱和控制台将采用聚合物复合材料。据中央空气动力学研究所(TsAGI)表示,金属机翼”已不再是议程”。2019年3月,AeroComposit报道称已经使用国产材料制造出了首个机身中央段和机翼箱。【需要更可靠的消息来源确认】

The fuselage of the MC-21 is mostly made of lightweight aluminium–lithium alloy, which accounts for 40% of the airframe’s structural weight.[73] It is 11 cm (4.3 in) wider than the A320/C919 and 27 cm (11 in) wider than the 737, for a 61 cm (24 in) aisle allowing passing others or a trolley.[70] Its 79.25 t (174,700 lb) MTOW is the same as the almost 5 m (16.5 ft.) shorter A320neo, and is 3 t (6,600 lb) lighter than the almost 3 m (9.8 ft) shorter 737-8, for similar two-class layouts of 162 to 165 while the 737-8 and A320neo have 200 nmi (370 km) more range.[38]
参考译文:MC-21的机身主要采用轻质的铝锂合金制造,该合金占据了机身结构重量的40%。机身比A320/C919宽11厘米(4.3英寸),比737宽27厘米(11英寸),提供了61厘米(24英寸)的过道,方便旅客相互通行或使用小推车。其最大起飞重量为79.25吨(174,700磅),与长度几乎比它短5米(16.5英尺)的A320neo相同,比长度几乎比它短3米(9.8英尺)的737-8轻3吨(6,600磅),可容纳类似的162至165人的两舱布局,而737-8和A320neo的航程则更长200海里(370公里)。

3.2 发动机 Engines

MC-21在左右两侧机翼的下方,各装有一个涡轮风扇引擎,并透过高旁通比的设计提高燃油效率,籍以减少燃料的消耗量。

MC-21的首四架原型机将会以美国普惠提供的PW1400G涡扇引擎进行试飞,预期航程高,介乎5500公里至6400公里之多[18]。俄罗斯为实现引擎的国产化,正在由什韦措夫设计局牵头,与俄罗斯联合发动机制造集团(ОДК)等多所俄国机构,共同开发ПД-14(Aviadvigatel PD-14)涡扇引擎。ПД-14于2006年开始研发,是俄罗斯的重点研发项目,其中一半开发经费来自俄罗斯政府的预算。ПД-14引擎的预期最大推力可达180千牛,将来可用于MC-21的放大机型上。俄罗斯期望ПД-14的可靠性及寿命能够超越过往的俄制引擎,并且具有较低的维护成本及废气排放水平[19]。ПД-14 引擎已于2015年,在一架由伊尔-76改装的飞行测试平台进行飞行试验[20]。俄罗斯计划于2018年,装配ПД-14引擎的MC-21能够进行首次试飞[19],但最后要到2020年1月才能装配首台,并于同年7月23日安装至第五架原型机[21]。MC-21量产后,客户可根据需要选择所配用的引擎[22],当中首批订单会有半数采用ПД-14引擎。装配ПД-14引擎之MC-21-310型客机,于2020年12月15日首飞。

The 130 kN (30,000 lbf) thrust class Pratt & Whitney PW1000G was selected in December 2009.[74] The design configuration now calls for the PW1400G-JM geared turbo fan engine to be installed on one version.[citation needed] Russia decided to have both an internal and external supplier for the engine and nacelle for greater flexibility in controlling rate and price.[citation needed]
参考译文:130千牛(30,000磅力)的普惠PW1000G被选定为发动机推力级别,并在2009年12月确定。设计配置现在要求在某个版本上安装PW1400G-JM齿轮涡扇发动机。俄罗斯决定在发动机和发动机短舱方面同时拥有国内外供应商,以提高对价格和交货率的灵活控制力。【需要引用来源】

The Russian engine will be the 8–16 tf (18,000–35,000 lbf) Aviadvigatel PD-14.[75]United Engine Corporation (UEC) planned to deliver five PD-14s for the MC-21 by the end of 2018, to start flight tests in 2019 for the MC-21 variant certification in 2021.[76] By October 2018, the PD-14 had received its Rosaviatsia type certification.[77] By October 2019, PD-14 flight-testing on the MC-21 was delayed until 2020.[78]
参考译文:俄罗斯发动机将采用8-16 tf(18,000-35,000磅力)的Aviadvigatel PD-14。联合发动机公司(UEC)计划在2018年底前为MC-21交付五台PD-14发动机,以便于2019年开始进行MC-21航空器变种的飞行测试,并在2021年获得认证。截至2018年10月,PD-14已获得俄罗斯民航局的型号认证。而到2019年10月,PD-14在MC-21上的飞行测试被推迟至2020年。

3.3 分系统 Systems

In August 2009, Hamilton Sundstrand, a subsidiary of United Technologies, announced it will provide electric power generation and distribution equipment for $2.3 billion over 20 years of production.[79]Rockwell Collins and its Russian partner Avionika were selected to supply the MC-21’s avionics.[80]Honeywell, Thales and Elbit Systems supply avionics with nine 12-inch multifunction displays, electronic flight bags, synthetic vision and enhanced vision systems. The MC-21 will be the first airliner with active side-sticks, supplied by UTC Aerospace Systems.[13] It has Fly-By-Wire controls.[70] It has a glass cockpit with side-stick controls and an optional Head-up display.
参考译文:2009年8月,联合技术公司的子公司汉密尔顿桑德斯宣布将在20年的生产期间,以23亿美元的价格提供电力发生和配电设备。洛克韦尔·柯林斯及其俄罗斯合作伙伴阿维尼卡将负责提供MC-21的航空电子设备。霍尼韦尔、泰雷兹和埃尔比特系统将提供配备九台12英寸多功能显示器、电子飞行包、综合视觉和增强视觉系统的航空电子设备。MC-21将是首款配备活动式侧杆的客机,该侧杆由UTC航空航天系统公司提供。机型采用了电传飞控系统,并配备了玻璃驾驶舱、侧杆操纵以及可选的抬头显示器。

Goodrich Corporation, also a subsidiary of United Technologies, along with Aviapribor was selected to provide the flight control system actuators.[81]Zodiac Aerospace, Eaton and Meggitt provide other components.[13] Interior furnishings will come from Zodiac Aerospace, coordinated from C&D Zodiac in Huntington Beach, California. Innovations from Zodiac Aerospace in Carson, California, will be incorporated in the water and waste systems.
参考译文:2009年8月,联合技术公司的子公司汉密尔顿桑德斯宣布将在20年的生产期间,以23亿美元的价格提供电力发生和配电设备。洛克韦尔·柯林斯及其俄罗斯合作伙伴阿维尼卡将负责提供MC-21的航空电子设备。霍尼韦尔、泰雷兹和埃尔比特系统将提供配备九台12英寸多功能显示器、电子飞行包、综合视觉和增强视觉系统的航空电子设备。MC-21将是首款配备活动式侧杆的客机,该侧杆由UTC航空航天系统公司提供。机型采用了电传飞控系统,并配备了玻璃驾驶舱、侧杆操纵以及可选的抬头显示器。

There are two types of auxiliary power units (APU) designed with specifications suitable for MC-21: HGT750 from Honeywell Aerospace[82] and TA18-200 developed by Aerosila.[83]
参考译文:为适应MC-21的需求,设计了两种适用于该机型的辅助动力装置(APU):霍尼韦尔航空的HGT750和Aerosila研制的TA18-200。

3.4 零部件供应商 Component suppliers

Initially it was assumed that the share of domestic components for the MC-21 would be 38%,[citation needed] but due to sanctions in the wake of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine the Russian government ordered a target figure of 98% by 2023, making it independent of imported components.[12]
参考译文:最初,人们认为MC-21使用的国内零部件比例为38%【需要引用来源】,但由于2022年俄罗斯入侵乌克兰后的制裁,俄罗斯政府下令在2023年达到98%的目标比例,使其不再依赖进口零部件。

In July 2021 a composite wing made of Russian materials was docked to the fuselage of the aircraft.[84]
参考译文:2021年7月,使用俄罗斯材料制造的复合材料机翼成功与飞机机身连接。

The fuselage is designed and manufactured by Irkut Corporation and Yakovlev Design.[85]
参考译文:机身由伊尔库特公司和雅科夫列夫设计公司设计和制造。

The chassis were supplied by the company “Hydromash” from Nizhny Novgorod.[86]
参考译文:底盘由来自下诺夫哥罗德的“Hydromash”公司提供。

The cockpit and part of the aircraft’s avionics were developed and supplied by the Concern Radio-Electronic Technologies and Rockwell Collins with the participation of personnel from the Russian company “Avionika”.[87]
参考译文:座舱和部分飞机航电系统由关切勒电子技术和洛克韦尔·柯林斯开发和提供,同时得到俄罗斯公司“阿维尼卡”的人员参与。

It is possible to use both imported APU and the Russian one developed and produced in NPP “Aerosila“.[88]
参考译文:可以同时使用进口的APU和由”NPP Aerosila”研发和生产的俄罗斯本土APU。

For personnel training, the Scientific and Production Russian Company “Systems of Complex Simulators” developed and manufactured a number of simulators, including a number of flight simulators of different degrees of realism, emergency procedures simulator, firefighting simulator, service simulator, engineering simulator for technician training.[89]
参考译文:为了人员培训,俄罗斯科研生产公司“综合模拟器系统”开发和制造了一系列模拟器,包括不同程度逼真度的飞行模拟器、紧急程序模拟器、灭火模拟器、服务模拟器以及为技术人员培训设计的工程模拟器。

4. 子型号 Variants

In 2009, the MC-21-200 was designed around 150 passengers in single-class configuration, to be followed by a 181-seat -300 and 212-seat -400 with basic and extended-range models, plus a very-long-range -200LR.[19]
参考译文:2009年,MC-21-200型号设计初衷是为单一舱位配置约150名乘客,随后紧随其后的是181座位的MC-21-300和212座位的MC-21-400,分别配备基本和增程型号,并且还有一款长航程的MC-21-200LR型号。

MC-21的基本机型是MC-21-300,MC-21初始的载客量就比竞品更多,标准的全经济舱可载客181人,是目前提供标准座位配置下,载客最多的单走道飞机,如果以高密度的全经济舱布置可容纳211名乘客。加长版的MC-21-400全经济舱设计容纳230名乘客,而缩短版的MC-21-200可容纳176名乘客。MC-21原计划提供容量最小,可载客132人的MC-21-100,但因为会与俄罗斯的另一机型苏霍伊超级喷气机100支线客机直接竞争,经母公司联合航空制造公司的协调下,决定不予开发[23]

MC-21-300

Standard model with PW1400G engine, 163 passengers in two class, up to 211, up to 6,000 km (3,200 nmi) range, powered by Pratt & Whitney PW1400G engines. The first flight was made on 28 May 2017; six aircraft were built.
参考译文:标准型号,采用PW1400G发动机,提供163个座位的双舱位配置,最大航程可达211座,最高达6,000公里(3,200海里),由普惠PW1400G发动机提供动力。首次飞行于2017年5月28日,共建造了六架飞机。

MC-21-310

Standard model with PD-14 engines,[90] The first flight was made on December 15, 2020; one aircraft has been built. The second aircraft is a remotorization of a previous MC-21 with imported engines.[91]
参考译文:标准型号,采用PD-14发动机,首次飞行于2020年12月15日;目前已建造完成一架飞机。第二架飞机是对之前的MC-21进行改装,采用进口发动机。

4.1 计划中的型号 Proposed

Initially a 132-seats MC-21-100 variant was planned but then superseded by the Superjet 100 development.[92] The small variant with a capacity of 130- to 150-seat was proposed with commonality with the Sukhoi Superjet 130.[93]
参考译文:最初计划推出一款MC-21-100型号,座位数为132座,但后来被超级喷气机100发展项目取代。该小型型号预计座位数为130至150人,与苏霍伊超级喷气机130型具有共通性。

UAC considers more developments for the MC-21 by 2035. These include: a -400 with 18 tf (40,000 lbf) engines for a 105 t (231,000 lb) MTOW, a -500, a -600 with 20–25 tf (44,000–55,000 lbf) engines, and a -700 with 30 tf (66,000 lbf) engines, as well as a MC-21X with a 155 t (342,000 lb) tons MTOW for a 9,000–10,000 km (4,900–5,400 nmi) km range.[94][better source needed] Ilyushin Finance wants a MC-21-400 stretch for up to 256 seats and plans to buy 20 to 60 of them.[95] The 250-passenger MC-21-400 single-aisle twinjet could be jointly produced in the United Arab Emirates.[96]
参考译文:到2035年,UAC计划在MC-21上进行更多的发展。其中包括:推出一款-400型号,搭载18 tf(40,000磅)的发动机,最大起飞重量为105吨(231,000磅);推出一款-500型号;推出一款-600型号,搭载20至25 tf(44,000至55,000磅)的发动机;推出一款-700型号,搭载30 tf(66,000磅)的发动机;此外还计划推出一款MC-21X,最大起飞重量为155吨(342,000磅),航程为9,000至10,000公里(4,900至5,400海里)。伊留申金融公司希望推出一款MC-21-400加长型,座位数可达256座,并计划购买20至60架飞机。这款250座的MC-21-400窄体双发客机还有可能在阿拉伯联合酋长国进行合作生产。

Variants with PD-14 engines will be designated MC-21-310 and MC-21-210.[97]
参考译文:采用PD-14发动机的变种将被命名为MC-21-310和MC-21-210。

МС-21-200

Shortened version with 132 passengers in two class, up to 165, up to 6,400 km (3,500 nmi) range, powered by Pratt & Whitney PW1400G engines.
参考译文:缩短型号,配备132个座位的双舱位配置,最多可容纳165人,最大航程可达6,400公里(3,500海里),由普惠PW1400G发动机提供动力。

МС-21-210

Similar to MC-21-200, with PD-14 engines.
参考译文:类似于MC-21-200,搭载PD-14发动机。

МС-21-300LR

Modification of MC-21-300 with increased range up to 12,000 km (6,500 nmi) and PD-18R engines.[citation needed]
对MC-21-300进行改进,增加航程达到12,000公里(6,500海里),并使用PD-18R发动机。(需要引用)

МС-21-400

Enlarged version with a capacity of up to 256 seats in a single-class configuration. The aircraft is supposed to be equipped with PD-14M engines.
参考译文:单舱配置的放大版,最多可容纳256个座位。这架飞机应该配备PD-14M发动机。翻译成中文

МС-21-400LR

Modification of MC-21-400 with increased range up to 12,000 km (6,500 nmi) and PD-18R engines.[citation needed]
参考译文:MC-21-400的改进,射程增加到12,000公里(6,500海里)和PD-18R发动机。(需要引用)

5. 订单 Orders

MC-21于2016年6月的累计订单共192架,主要由俄罗斯的航空公司采购。由于开发进度落后,MC-21系列的首架原型机MC-21-300型于2016年才制造完成,计划于2017年试飞,所以原定的交付日期仅供参考。

由于从日本进口的复合物料受美国制裁影响而断供,而俄方需时自行研制替代品,因此MC-21要到2022年才能开始量产。与此同时,首批6架采用进口引擎及物料的MC-21,亦将于同年交付予俄罗斯航空[28]

By the end of the 2013 MAKS Air Show, there were 175 firm orders including 50 for Rostec subsidiary Aviakapital leased to Aeroflot and 35 more with PD-14 engines for governmental customers, 50 for Ilyushin Finance (10 to be leased to Red Wings Airlines and six to Transaero), 30 for VEB Leasing (10 to be leased to UTair Aviation and 6 to Transaero) and 10 for IrAero with an agreement for 20 others leased from Sberbank of Russia, for a potential 195 orders.[98] Transaero bankrupted in 2015.
参考译文:截至2013年MAKS航展结束时,MC-21飞机已经获得了175份确定订单,其中包括50份由Rostec子公司Aviakapital租赁给俄罗斯航空公司,以及35份配备PD-14发动机的订单供政府客户使用,还有50份由Ilyushin Finance订购(其中10份将被租赁给红翼航空公司,6份将被租赁给Transaero),30份由VEB Leasing订购(其中10份将被租赁给UTair航空公司,6份将被租赁给Transaero),以及10份由IrAero订购(并与俄罗斯Sberbank租赁了其他20架飞机),总共潜在订单量为195架。Transaero于2015年宣告破产。

In June 2016, Azerbaijan Airlines tentatively signed to lease ten -300s from Ilyushin Finance.[99] By July 2018, 175 firm orders and nearly 150 intentions had been recorded.[100]
参考译文:2016年6月,阿塞拜疆航空公司暂定签署了从Ilyushin Finance租赁十架MC-21-300的协议。截至2018年7月,已经记录下了175个确定订单和近150个意向订单。

At the 2019 MAKS Air Show, at Zhukovsky International Airport, Moscow, Bek Air signed a letter of intent for ten Irkut MC-21 aircraft, Yakutia Airlines likewise signed for five aircraft and an undisclosed customer for a further five aircraft. Delivery of the new aircraft was expected to be in the second half of 2021.[101]
参考译文:在2019年MAKS航展上,Bek Air签署了一份意向书,计划购买十架伊尔库特MC-21飞机,Yakutia航空公司也签署了购买五架飞机的协议,另外还有一个未公开的客户签署了购买五架飞机的协议。这些新飞机的交付预计在2021年下半年进行。

5.1 取消的订单 Cancelled orders

6. 技术特征 Specifications


参见、参考文献、外部链接

请点击这里访问(辽观网站)

分享到: