美铁 / Amtrak – 中英文维基百科词条融合

By cathayvista企业, 区域：美国和加拿大, 轨道交通

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1. 正文

1.1 主体部分（发布于知乎专栏）

第一部分（概述、历史）请点击这里访问

第二部分（运营、车辆、车上服务）请点击这里访问

第三部分（劳工、环境、公共资助、领导层、事故、出版）请点击这里访问

1.2 不便外发的部分

正文5. 劳工问题 | Labor issues

In the modern era, Amtrak faces a number of important labor issues. As of 2023, the average Amtrak employee annual salary was $121,000 per year.[154] In the area of pension funding, because of limitations originally imposed by Congress, most Amtrak workers were traditionally classified as “railroad employees” and contributions to the Railroad Retirement system have been made for those employees. However, because the size of the contributions is determined on an industry-wide basis rather than with reference to the employer for whom the employees work, some critics, such as the National Association of Railroad Passengers, maintain that Amtrak is subsidizing freight railroad pensions by as much as US$150 million/year.[155]
【参考译文】在现代，Amtrak面临许多重要的劳工问题。截至2023年，Amtrak员工的平均年薪为每年121,000美元。[154] 在养老金筹资方面，由于最初由国会施加的限制，大多数Amtrak工人传统上被归类为“铁路雇员”，为这些雇员向铁路退休系统缴纳了养老金。然而，由于缴款额是根据整个行业而不是根据雇员所服务的雇主来确定的，一些批评者，如全国铁路乘客协会，认为Amtrak每年高达1.5亿美元的资金正在补贴货运铁路的养老金。[155]

最近美铁的一些变动亦带来劳资纠纷。1997年，美国国会解除美铁不准雇佣集团外合同工（不属于工会组织）的禁令，敞开了私有化的大门。[103] 从那时起，许多美铁员工就缺乏雇佣合同。现有的最近的雇用合同为至1999年续订而来。

由于美铁行业特性，工会组织高度分散。美铁目前共拥有14个工会，美铁和这些工会共签订了24份合同。[104] 而多数其他行业仅存在一个工会，和雇主谈判。要改变这种局面极为困难。前总裁库曼特对工会采取了合作的态势，并抵制了解雇美铁工会员工，以非工会员工取而代之的私有化提议。[105]

2007年末至2008年初，美铁仍然遇到了一系列劳资纠纷，纠纷核心在那些员工应当享受医疗保险。纠纷并未得到妥善解决，总统布什宣称使用“总统紧急事务委员会”解决此事。事态仍未有好转，工会威胁2008年1月30日将进行罢工抗议。至1月中期，美铁和一些工会已经达成协议，取消罢工。至2月底，整个纠纷以宣告结束，短期内没有新劳资纠纷迹象。

In recent times, efforts at reforming passenger rail have addressed labor issues. In 1997 Congress released Amtrak from a prohibition on contracting for labor outside the corporation (and outside its unions), opening the door to privatization.[156] Since that time, many of Amtrak’s employees have been working without a contract. The most recent contract, signed in 1999, was mainly retroactive.
【参考译文】近来，改革客运铁路的努力已经解决了劳工问题。1997年，国会解除了Amtrak不得在公司外（及其工会外）承包劳动力的禁令，为私有化敞开了大门。[156] 自那时起，许多Amtrak员工一直在没有合同的情况下工作。最近的一份合同签署于1999年，主要是追溯性的。

Because of the fragmentation of railroad unions, Amtrak had 14 separate unions to negotiate with, including 24 separate contracts between them as of 2009.[157] This makes it difficult to make substantial changes, in contrast to a situation where one union negotiates with one employer. Former Amtrak president Kummant followed a cooperative posture with Amtrak’s trade unions, ruling out plans to privatize large parts of Amtrak’s unionized workforce.[77]
【参考译文】由于铁路工会的碎片化，截至2009年，Amtrak需要与14个不同的工会进行谈判，包括它们之间的24份单独合同。[157] 这使得进行实质性变革变得困难，与一个工会与一个雇主谈判的情况形成对比。前Amtrak总裁Kummant采取了与Amtrak的贸易工会合作的姿态，排除了将Amtrak大部分工会化劳动力私有化的计划。[77]

2. 参见 See also（维基百科的相关词条）

2.1 与美铁相关的话题 | Topics dealing with Amtrak

2.2 其他铁路公司 | Other railway companies

3. 参考文献 References

3.1 英文词条参考文献

3.1.1 英文词条引用列表 Citations

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3.1.2 英文词条引用来源文献 References

3.1.3 英文词条延伸阅读 Further reading

3.2 中文词条参考文献

3.2.1 中文词条引用列表

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  100. Road, Highway, and Transit Funding in Wisconsin(PDF). 1000 Friends of Wisconsin. 2007-03 [2008-05-26]. （原始内容(PDF)存档于2008年5月29日）.
  101. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. CBO: Highway Account Faces Possible Insolvency Next Fiscal Year (28 Jan 2011). AASHTO Journal. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. [2012-07-30]. （原始内容存档于2012-03-01）.
  102. Amtrak Myths & Facts: 4. Myth: Private Freight Railroad companies subsidize Amtrak.. National Association of Railroad Passengers. 2011-08-03 [2012-07-08]. （原始内容存档于2012-06-04）.
  103. Amtrak Reform and Accountability Act of 1997. 105th Cong. (January 7, 1997)
  104. Sidetracked
    Negotiations: The Contract for Nearly 10,000 Unionized Amtrak Employees
    Expired on December 31, 1999. Since Then, Talks Have Failed to Make
    Much Headway – Business – redOrbit. redOrbit. [2009-01-20]. （原始内容存档于2007-12-12）.
  105. Matthew Wald and John Philips. Surprising Forecast for Amtrak. New York Times. 2006-12-23 [2012-11-26]. （原始内容存档于2015-06-18）.
  106. Bizjak, Tony. Amtrak to let passengers bring guns on most trains. Sacramento Bee. 2010-11-30 [2011-05-07]. （原始内容存档于2010-12-03）.
  107. Amtrak Reform and Accountability Act of 1997. 105th Cong., Senate Report 105-85 (September 24, 1997).
  108. Amtrak Train Schedules, Timetables. Amtrak.com. [2012-11-23]. （原始内容存档于2012-11-23）.
  109. Amtrak National Facts互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2011-05-27..
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  110. Except where noted, figures are from 2007. Table 3-16: Average Passenger Revenue per Passenger-Mile. Bureau of Transportation Statistics. [2006-11-17]. （原始内容存档于2006-10-02）.
  111. Figures are from 2000. Injury Facts. National Safety Council. 2002 [2008-09-13]. （原始内容存档于2008年9月27日）.
  112. Figures from 2007. Table 1-67: Amtrak On-Time Performance Trends and Hours of Delay by Cause. Bureau of Transportation Statistics. [2006-11-17]. （原始内容存档于2006-10-02）.; Table 1-60: Flight Operations Arriving On Time by the Largest U.S. Air Carriers. Bureau of Transportation Statistics. [2006-11-17]. （原始内容存档于2006-10-02）.
  113. Figures from 2001, latest available
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  115. Fred W. Frailey, “Minus its backbone, Amtrak makes a tempting target,” Trains, August 2010, 18.
  116. Root Causes of Amtrak Train Delays. U.S. Department of Transportation. 2008-09-08 [2010-02-04]. （原始内容存档于2010-05-26）.
  117. Monthly Performance Report for September 2009(PDF). Amtrak. 2009-12-31 [2010-02-04]. （原始内容存档(PDF)于2010-11-06）.
  118. Rail Traffic in 2009: Lowest since at least 1988. Calculated Risk. 2010-01-13 [2010-02-07]. （原始内容存档于2010年1月17日）.
  119. 存档副本. [2015-07-10]. （原始内容存档于2012-04-05）.
  120. 存档副本(PDF). [2012-02-07]. （原始内容(PDF)存档于2014-05-25）.
  121. 存档副本(PDF). [2012-11-18]. （原始内容存档(PDF)于2014-09-15）.
  122. Guest Rewards. Amtrakguestrewards.com. [2012-11-23]. （原始内容存档于2012-12-13）.
  123. Amtrak jettisons mail contracts. Railway Age. October 2004 [2012-06-14]. （原始内容存档于2015-09-04）.
  124. National
    Railroad Passenger Corporation. National Train Day Booklet: Los
    Angeles. Washington, DC: National Railroad Passenger Corporation. 2011:
    14.
  125. Trains.com – Amtrak’s Track. [2005-11-23].[失效链接]
  126. SEC Info – A/P I Deposit Corp · S-3 · On 1/11/02. [2012-11-29]. （原始内容存档于2009-09-04）.
  127. Email FS – FY02.xls(PDF). [2005-11-23]. （原始内容(PDF)存档于2008-06-24）.

3.2.2 中文词条延伸阅读

4. 外部链接 External links

维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源：美铁

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