洛杉矶 / Los Angeles – 中英文维基百科词条融合

By cathayvista人类聚落, 区域：美国和加拿大

中文词条原文链接（无法从中国内地访问）： 请点击这里访问。
英文词条原文链接（无法从中国内地访问）： 请点击这里访问。
本文基于英文词条的线索，并补充部分来自中文词条的内容（在二者冲突时，以更晚更新者为准）。辽观搬运时进行了必要的合规化处理，以使其能够在中国内地上传。

维基百科（Wikipedia）是美国维基媒体基金会的互联网百科项目（点击这里了解更多），其内容可能受到立场、信息来源等因素影响，请客观看待。正文内容不代表译者观点。

辽观提供的翻译仅供参考。文中可能包含无法从中国内地访问的链接。

辽观所搬运的词条文本与原维基百科文本同样遵循 CC BY-SA 4.0协议，在符合协议要求的情况下您可以免费使用其内容（包括商用）。 图片可能遵循不同的共享协议，详见： 本文涉及的共享协议

封面图片：Skyline of Downtown Los Angeles（洛杉矶市中心天际线）
图片作者：Alek Leckszas 此图片遵循CC BY-SA 4.0协议

1. 正文

1.1 主体部分（发布于知乎专栏）

第一部分（概述、名称、历史）请点击这里访问

第二部分（地理、人口统计）请点击这里访问

第三部分（经济、艺术与文化、体育）请点击这里访问

第四部分（政府、犯罪、教育、媒体、交通、知名人物、姊妹城市）请点击这里访问

1.2 不便外发平台的部分

正文4.2 宗教 | Religion

According to a 2014 study by the Pew Research Center, Christianity is the most prevalently practiced religion in Los Angeles (65%).[150][151] The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles is the largest archdiocese in the country.[152] Cardinal Roger Mahony, as the archbishop, oversaw construction of the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels, which opened in September 2002 in Downtown Los Angeles.[153]
【参考译文】根据2014年皮尤研究中心的一项研究，基督教是洛杉矶最普遍的宗教信仰（占65%）。洛杉矶的天主教总教区是全国最大的总教区。作为大主教，罗杰·马洪尼（Roger Mahony）监督了我们的天使圣母大教堂的建设，该教堂于2002年9月在洛杉矶市中心开放。

In 2011, the once common, but ultimately lapsed, custom of conducting a procession and Mass in honor of Nuestra Señora de los Ángeles, in commemoration of the founding of the City of Los Angeles in 1781, was revived by the Queen of Angels Foundation and its founder Mark Albert, with the support of the Archdiocese of Los Angeles as well as several civic leaders.[154] The recently revived custom is a continuation of the original processions and Masses that commenced on the first anniversary of the founding of Los Angeles in 1782 and continued for nearly a century thereafter.
【参考译文】2011年，由天使之王基金会及其创始人马克·阿尔伯特（Mark Albert）的倡议，得到洛杉矶总教区以及几位市政领导的支持，重新举行了一项曾经常见但最终消失的传统，即为纪念1781年洛杉矶市的建立而举行的关于诺埃斯特拉·塞尼奥拉斯·德·洛斯·安赫莱斯（Nuestra Señora de los Ángeles）的游行和弥撒。最近恢复的这一传统是1782年洛杉矶建城周年纪念活动的延续，这项活动持续了近一个世纪。

With 621,000 Jews in the metropolitan area, the region has the second-largest population of Jews in the United States, after New York City.[155] Many of Los Angeles’s Jews now live on the Westside and in the San Fernando Valley, though Boyle Heights once had a large Jewish population prior to World War II due to restrictive housing covenants. Major Orthodox Jewish neighborhoods include Hancock Park, Pico-Robertson, and Valley Village, while Jewish Israelis are well represented in the Encino and Tarzana neighborhoods, and Persian Jews in Beverly Hills. Many varieties of Judaism are represented in the greater Los Angeles area, including Reform, Conservative, Orthodox, and Reconstructionist. The Breed Street Shul in East Los Angeles, built in 1923, was the largest synagogue west of Chicago in its early decades; it is no longer in daily use as a synagogue and is being converted to a museum and community center.[156][157] The Kabbalah Centre also has a presence in the city.[158]
【参考译文】拥有62.1万犹太人的大都会区，洛杉矶地区是美国第二大犹太人口聚集地，仅次于纽约市。如今，许多洛杉矶的犹太人居住在西区和圣费尔南多谷地，尽管在第二次世界大战之前，由于限制性住房契约，博伊尔高地曾经有很多犹太人口。主要的正统犹太社区包括汉考克公园、皮科-罗伯逊和瓦利维尔村，犹太以色列人在恩西诺和塔尔扎纳社区有很高的代表性，波斯犹太人则居住在比佛利山庄。在洛杉矶地区，包括改革派、保守派、正统派和重建派在内的多种犹太教派别都有代表。建于1923年的东洛杉矶布里德街犹太会堂，在其早期几十年里是美国西部最大的犹太会堂；现在不再作为犹太会堂日常使用，正在改建为博物馆和社区中心。卡巴拉中心也在该市设有分部。

The International Church of the Foursquare Gospel was founded in Los Angeles by Aimee Semple McPherson in 1923 and remains headquartered there to this day. For many years, the church convened at Angelus Temple, which, at its construction, was one of the largest churches in the country.[159]
【参考译文】国际四方福音教会是由艾米·塞姆普尔·麦克弗森于1923年在洛杉矶创立的，至今仍然总部设在那里。多年来，教会在天使殿堂召开聚会，该殿堂在建成时是全国最大的教堂之一。

Los Angeles has had a rich and influential Protestant tradition. The first Protestant service in Los Angeles was a Methodist meeting held in a private home in 1850 and the oldest Protestant church still operating, First Congregational Church, was founded in 1867.[160] In the early 1900s the Bible Institute Of Los Angeles published the founding documents of the Christian Fundamentalist movement and the Azusa Street Revival launched Pentecostalism.[160] The Metropolitan Community Church also had its origins in the Los Angeles area.[161] Important churches in the city include First Presbyterian Church of Hollywood, Bel Air Presbyterian Church, First African Methodist Episcopal Church of Los Angeles, West Angeles Church of God in Christ, Second Baptist Church, Crenshaw Christian Center, McCarty Memorial Christian Church, and First Congregational Church.
【参考译文】洛杉矶拥有丰富而有影响力的新教传统。洛杉矶的第一次新教礼拜是1850年在一处私人住宅中举行的一次卫理公会聚会，而目前仍在运营的最古老的新教教堂是1867年建立的第一公理教会。在20世纪初，洛杉矶圣经学院出版了基督教原教旨主义运动的创始文件，而阿祖萨街复兴推动了五旬节派教派的发展。大都会社区教会也源自洛杉矶地区。该市重要的教堂包括好莱坞第一长老会教堂、比佛利山长老会教堂、洛杉矶第一非洲卫理公会教堂、西安吉利斯基督教堂、第二浸信会教会、克伦肖基督中心、麦卡蒂纪念基督教教会和第一公理教会。

The Los Angeles California Temple, the second-largest temple operated by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, is on Santa Monica Boulevard in the Westwood neighborhood of Los Angeles. Dedicated in 1956, it was the first temple of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints built in California and it was the largest in the world when completed.[162]
【参考译文】洛杉矶加利福尼亚圣殿，是由耶稣基督后期圣徒教会运营的第二大圣殿，位于洛杉矶Westwood社区的圣莫妮卡大道上。这座圣殿于1956年奉献，是耶稣基督后期圣徒教会在加利福尼亚州建立的第一座圣殿，也是在完工时世界上最大的圣殿。

The Hollywood region of Los Angeles also has several significant headquarters, churches, and the Celebrity Center of Scientology.[163][164]
【参考译文】洛杉矶好莱坞地区还拥有一些重要的总部、教堂以及科学教会的名人中心。

Because of Los Angeles’s large multi-ethnic population, a wide variety of faiths are practiced, including Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, Zoroastrianism, Sikhism, Baháʼí, various Eastern Orthodox Churches, Sufism, Shintoism, Taoism, Confucianism, Chinese folk religion and countless others. Immigrants from Asia for example, have formed a number of significant Buddhist congregations making the city home to the greatest variety of Buddhists in the world. The first Buddhist joss house was founded in the city in 1875.[160]Atheism and other secular beliefs are also common, as the city is the largest in the Western U.S. Unchurched Belt.
【参考译文】由于洛杉矶拥有多元的多民族人口，这里存在着多种不同的宗教信仰，包括佛教、印度教、伊斯兰教、琐罗亚斯德教、锡克教、巴哈伊教、各种东正教会、苏菲主义、神道教、道教、儒家教、中国民间信仰等等。例如，亚洲移民形成了许多重要的佛教教众，使得洛杉矶成为世界上佛教徒最多样化的城市之一。该市首座佛教庙宇于1875年在此建立。此外，无神论和其他世俗信仰也很普遍，因为这座城市是美国西部最大的无教会地带。

正文5. 经济（部分段落）

The Department of Cannabis Regulation enforces cannabis legislation after the legalization of the sale and distribution of cannabis in 2016.[176] As of October 2019, more than 300 existing cannabis businesses (both retailers and their suppliers) have been granted approval to operate in what is considered the nation’s largest market.[177][178]
【参考译文】大麻管理部门在2016年大麻销售和分销合法化后负责执行相关法规。截至2019年10月，已有300多家现有的大麻企业（包括零售商和他们的供应商）获得批准在被认为是全国最大市场中开展经营。

正文5.1 华人经济

洛杉矶的华人在1980年代开始迅速增加，而华人商家也越来越多，包括许多地方的招牌都是中文。洛杉矶的华人超级市场也是越开越多，场地也是越来越大。食品种类是非常丰富，集中大中华地区和东南亚很多的产品。很多大陆的知名餐厅也有分店。

洛杉矶华人主要聚居在洛杉矶东部市郊的圣盖博谷地区。洛杉矶中国城经历过二次变迁。第一次，因为市政府要建立火车站，地址被征用。不得不改迁至今日所在地。有人也认为是市府对华人的歧视。离中国城大门不远，保留了一处古老的红砖建筑，现被改建为华美博物馆，免费参观并为南加州第一个关于美国华裔的历史博物馆。当年，宋美龄到美国演讲，在这里也发表过演说。现在的中国城有中华会馆一座，挂中华民国国旗和美国国旗，内挂中华民国国父孙中山照片。城里还有一个小型的孙中山坐雕一座，旁边有李小龙的雕像。附近有福州餐馆，香港演员成龙曾经在这里拍摄《尖峰时刻》。城里多为广东人，越南人的商店也比较多。以前，1980年代，还有几家买盗版磁带的商店。现在都已经关闭。1990年代后期，在街道入口靠近市中心的地方建有一座现代化的牌坊。

1990年代开始洛杉矶的中国城已在华人社区中没落，现时更加显得非常过时。现时洛杉矶的华人社区中心已经由洛杉矶东部市郊的蒙特利公园市所取代（约在洛杉矶市中心以东8公里）。现时居于洛杉矶的华人，极少经常前往中国城，反而大多数前往以蒙特利公园市为核心的圣盖博谷购物，饮食，消费和消遣。这一点与其他美国的中国城非常不同，也可以说是洛杉矶华人社区的一大特色。

正文9. 犯罪 | Crime

In 1992, the city of Los Angeles recorded 1,092 murders.[260] Los Angeles experienced a significant decline in crime in the 1990s and late 2000s and reached a 50-year low in 2009 with 314 homicides.[261][262] This is a rate of 7.85 per 100,000 population—a major decrease from 1980 when a homicide rate of 34.2 per 100,000 was reported.[263][264] This included 15 officer-involved shootings. One shooting led to the death of a SWAT team member, Randal Simmons, the first in LAPD’s history.[265] Los Angeles in the year of 2013 totaled 251 murders, a decrease of 16 percent from the previous year. Police speculate the drop resulted from a number of factors, including young people spending more time online.[266]
【参考译文】1992年，洛杉矶市记录了1,092起谋杀案。洛杉矶在1990年代末和2000年代后期经历了犯罪率显著下降，2009年达到50年来的最低点，仅有314起谋杀案。这意味着每10万人口的谋杀率为7.85，与1980年的每10万人口34.2起谋杀率相比有了显著下降。其中包括15起警察涉案枪击事件。其中一起枪击事件导致了SWAT特警队成员兰达尔·西蒙斯的死亡，这是洛杉矶警察局历史上的第一起。2013年，洛杉矶总共发生了251起谋杀案，较前一年减少了16%。警方推测这种下降可能是由多种因素引起的，包括年轻人在网上花费更多时间。

In 2021, murders rose to the highest level since 2008 and there were 348.[267]
【参考译文】到了2021年，谋杀案数量上升至2008年以来的最高水平，达到348起。

In 2015, it was revealed that the LAPD had been under-reporting crime for eight years, making the crime rate in the city appear much lower than it really was.[268][269]
【参考译文】在2015年，有消息称洛杉矶警察局在过去八年中一直在低报犯罪数据，使得该市的犯罪率看起来比实际情况要低得多。

The Dragna crime family and Mickey Cohen dominated organized crime in the city during the Prohibition era[270] and reached its peak during the 1940s and 1950s with the “Battle of Sunset Strip” as part of the American Mafia, but has gradually declined since then with the rise of various black and Hispanic gangs in the late 1960s and early 1970s.[270]
【参考译文】在禁酒时期，德拉格纳犯罪家族和米奇·科恩主导了该市的有组织犯罪活动，并在1940年代和1950年代达到了顶峰，成为美国黑手党的一部分，但随着20世纪60年代末和70年代初各种黑帮的兴起，逐渐衰落。

According to the Los Angeles Police Department, the city is home to 45,000 gang members, organized into 450 gangs.[271] Among them are the Crips and Bloods, which are both African American street gangs that originated in the South Los Angeles region. Latino street gangs such as the Sureños, a Mexican American street gang, and Mara Salvatrucha, which has mainly members of Salvadoran descent, as well as other Central American descents, all originated in Los Angeles. This has led to the city being referred to as the “Gang Capital of America”.[272]
【参考译文】根据洛杉矶警察局的数据，该市有45,000名黑帮成员，分为450个黑帮团伙。其中包括蓝带帮和血帮，这两个非裔美国人黑帮源自南洛杉矶地区。拉丁裔街头团伙，如苏雷诺斯（Sureños），一个墨西哥裔美国人街头团伙，以及玛拉·萨尔瓦多（Mara Salvatrucha），主要成员为萨尔瓦多裔，以及其他中美洲裔，都源自洛杉矶。这导致该市被称为“美国黑帮之都”。

2. 参见 See also（维基百科的相关词条）

英文词条参考文献请点击这里访问

中文词条参考文献请点击这里访问

延伸阅读请点击这里访问

外部链接 请点击这里访问

3. 参考文献 References

3.1 英文词条引用列表

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  26. LAX Volume of air traffic. [2007-05-24]. （原始内容存档于2008-05-17）.
  27. Sister Cities International, Inc.（SCI） （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. 2006年6月4日更新

4. 延伸阅读 Further reading

See also: Bibliography of Los Angeles

4.1 中文词条

4.2 英文词条

General

Architecture and urban theory

Race relations

LGBT

Environment

Social movements

  • Mike Davis and Jon Wiener (2020). Set the Night on Fire: L.A. in the Sixties. Verso. ISBN 978-1-78478-024-1.

Art and literature

5. 外部链接 External links

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