阿拉伯联合酋长国 / United Arab Emirates -（全文）中英文维基百科词条融合

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0. 概况

辽观注：此标题是我们在搬运、整合过程中添加的。

The United Arab Emirates^[b] (UAE), or simply the Emirates,^[c] is a country in West Asia, in the Middle East. Located at the eastern end of the Arabian Peninsula, it shares borders with Oman and Saudi Arabia; as well as maritime borders in the Persian Gulf with Qatar and Iran. The United Arab Emirates is an elective monarchy formed from a federation of seven emirates.^[13] As of 2023, the UAE has an estimated population of 9.97 million.^[14] Emirati citizens are estimated to form 11.6% of the population; the remaining residents are expatriates, the majority of whom are South Asian.^[14] Islam is the official religion and Arabic is the official language. Abu Dhabi is the country’s capital, while Dubai, the most populous city, is an international hub.
【参考译文】阿拉伯联合酋长国（United Arab Emirates，简称UAE），又称为阿联酋，是位于西亚、中东地区的一个国家。它位于阿拉伯半岛的东部，与阿曼和沙特阿拉伯接壤，在波斯湾与卡塔尔和伊朗有海上边界。阿拉伯联合酋长国是由七个酋长国组成的选举君主制联邦。截至2023年，阿联酋估计有997万人口。阿联酋公民估计占总人口的11.6%，其余居民为外籍人士，其中大多数是南亚人。伊斯兰教是官方宗教，阿拉伯语是官方语言。阿布扎比是该国的首都，而迪拜作为人口最多的城市，是一个国际枢纽。

段内注b：Arabic: الإمارات العربيّة المتّحدة, romanized: al-ʾImārāt al-ʿArabiyya l-Muttaḥida
ALA-LC: al-Imārāt al-ʻArabīyah al-Muttaḥidah

段内注c：Arabic: الإمارات, romanized: al-ʾImārāt

图片题注：United Arab Emirates

图片作者：NuclearVacuum

The United Arab Emirates’ oil and natural gas reserves are the world’s sixth and seventh-largest, respectively.^[15][16] Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, ruler of Abu Dhabi and the country’s first president, oversaw the development of the Emirates by investing oil revenues into healthcare, education, and infrastructure.^[17] The country has the most diversified economy among the members of the Gulf Cooperation Council.^[18] In the 21st century, the UAE has become less reliant on oil and gas and is economically focusing on tourism and business. The UAE is considered a middle power. It is a member of the United Nations, Arab League, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, OPEC, Non-Aligned Movement, World Trade Organization, Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) and BRICS. The UAE is also a dialogue partner of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation.
【参考译文】阿拉伯联合酋长国的石油和天然气储量分别位居世界第六和第七大。阿布扎比酋长、该国第一任总统扎耶德·本·苏丹·阿勒纳哈扬通过将石油收入投资于医疗保健、教育和基础设施，推动了阿联酋的发展。该国在海湾合作委员会成员国中拥有最多样化的经济。在21世纪，阿联酋逐渐减少对石油和天然气的依赖，经济重心转向旅游业和商业。阿联酋被认为是一个中等强国。它是联合国、阿拉伯联盟、伊斯兰合作组织、石油输出国组织、不结盟运动、世界贸易组织、海湾合作委员会（GCC）和金砖国家的成员。阿联酋还是上海合作组织的对话伙伴。

Human rights organisations consider the UAE substandard on human rights, citing reports of government critics being imprisoned and tortured, families harassed by the state security apparatus, and cases of forced disappearances.^[19] Individual rights such as the freedoms of assembly, association, the press, expression, and religion are also severely repressed.^[20]
【参考译文】人权组织认为阿联酋在人权方面存在缺陷，援引了政府批评者被监禁和受虐待、家庭受到国家安全机构骚扰、以及强制失踪案件等报告。个人权利，如集会、结社、新闻、言论和宗教自由也受到严重压制。

Motto【国家格言】: الله الوطن الرئيس”God, Nation, President”

Anthem【国歌】: عيشي بلادي“Long Live My Country”【万岁我的祖国】

Location of United Arab Emirates (green)in the Arabian Peninsula

Capital【首都】	Abu Dhabi【阿布扎比】 24°28′N 54°22′E
Largest city【最大的城市】	Dubai【迪拜】 25°15′N 55°18′E
Official languages【官方语言】	Arabic[1]【阿拉伯语】
Common languages 【通用语言】	Emirati Arabic, English[表注a]【阿联酋阿拉伯语，英语】
Ethnic groups (2015)[4] 【族群（2015年）】	59.4% South Asian【南亚裔】 38.2% Indian【印度】 9.5% Bangladeshi【孟加拉国】 9.4% Pakistani【巴基斯坦】 2.3% other【其他】 11.6% Emirati Arab【阿联酋阿拉伯人】 10.2% Egyptian【埃及人】 6.1% Filipino【菲律宾人】 12.8% other【其他】
Religion (2005 est.)[4] 【宗教（2005年，估计值）】	76% Islam (official)【伊斯兰教（国教）】 9% Christianity【基督宗教】 6% Hinduism【印度教】 8% others【其他】
Demonym(s)【对当地人的英语称呼】	Emirati[5]【阿联酋人】
Government【政府】	Federal Islamic semi-constitutional monarchy[6][7][8]【联邦伊斯兰半立宪君主制[6][7][8]】
• President【总统】	Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan
• Prime Minister【总理】	Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum
• Vice Presidents【副总统们】	Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Mansour bin Zayed Al Nahyan
Legislature【立法机构】	Federal Supreme Council【联邦最高委员会】
Establishment【成立于】
• British protectorate as part of Persian Gulf Residency 【作为波斯湾地区一部分的英国保护国】	1820 and 1892
• Independence from the United Kingdom【独立自英国】	2 December 1971【1971年12月2日】
• Admitted to the United Nations 【加入联合国】	9 December 1971【1971年12月9日】
• Admission of Ras Al Khaimah 【哈伊马角酋长国加入】	10 February 1972【1972年2月10日】
Area【面积】
• Total【总面积】	83,600 km2 (32,300 sq mi) (114th)
• Water (%)【水域面积占比】	negligible【微不足道】
Population【人口】
• 2020 estimate【2020年估计值】	9,282,410[9] (92nd)
• 2005 census【2005年普查结果】	4,106,427
• Density【人口密度】	121/km2 (313.4/sq mi) (110th)
GDP (PPP) 【国民生产总值（购买力平价）】	2024 estimate【2024年估计值】
• Total【总计】	$952.171 billion[10] (34th)【952.17亿美元（第34位）】
• Per capita【人均】	$92,954[10] (6th)
GDP (nominal) 【国民生产总值（名义/汇率计算）】	2024 estimate【2024年估计值】
• Total【总计】	$536.829 billion[10] (31st)【92954亿元（第六位）】
• Per capita【人均】	$52,407[10] (20th)【52407亿元（第20位）】
Gini (2018)【基尼系数】	26.0[11] low【低】
HDI (2022)【人类发展指数】	0.937[12] very high (17th)【非常高（第17名）】
Currency【货币】	UAE dirham (AED)【阿联酋迪拉姆】
Time zone【时区】	UTC+04:00 (GST)【东四区】
Calling code【国际电话区号】	+971
ISO 3166 code【国家代码】	AE
Internet TLD【互联网域名】	.aeامارات.
United Arab Emirates portal【维基百科 阿拉伯联合酋长国主题】

1. 历史 | History

Main article: History of the United Arab Emirates【主条目：阿联酋的历史】

1.1 古代 | Antiquity

Main articles: Umm Al Nar culture and Wadi Suq culture【主条目：乌姆阿尔纳尔文化和瓦迪苏克文化】

Stone tools recovered reveal a settlement of people from Africa some 127,000 years ago and a stone tool used for butchering animals discovered on the Arabian coast suggests an even older habitation from 130,000 years ago.^[21] In time lively trading links developed with civilisations in Mesopotamia, Iran and the Harappan culture of the Indus Valley. This contact persisted and became wider, probably motivated by the trade in copper from the Hajar Mountains, which commenced around 3,000 BCE.^[22] Sumerian sources talk of the Magan civilisation, which has been identified as encompassing the modern UAE and Oman.^[23]
【参考译文】发现的石器揭示了一批来自非洲的人在大约127,000年前定居，而在阿拉伯海岸发现的一种用于屠宰动物的石器则表明了大约130,000年前更古老的定居点。随着时间的推移，与美索不达米亚、伊朗和印度河流域哈拉帕文化等文明之间建立起了活跃的贸易联系。这种联系持续并扩大，可能是由于自公元前3,000年开始的哈贾尔山脉铜交易所推动。苏美尔文献中提到了马根文明，已被确认涵盖了现代阿联酋和阿曼地区。

There are six periods of human settlement with distinctive behaviours in the region before Islam, which include the Hafit period from 3,200 to 2,600 BCE, the Umm Al Nar culture from 2,600 to 2,000 BCE, and the Wadi Suq culture from 2,000 to 1,300 BCE. From 1,200 BCE to the advent of Islam in Eastern Arabia, through three distinctive Iron Ages and the Mleiha period, the area was variously occupied by the Achaemenids and other forces, and saw the construction of fortified settlements and extensive husbandry thanks to the development of the falaj irrigation system.
【参考译文】在伊斯兰教出现之前，该地区有六个不同的人类定居时期，其行为各具特点，其中包括从公元前3,200年到2,600年的哈菲特时期，从2,600年到2,000年的乌姆·纳尔文化，以及从2,000年到1,300年的瓦迪苏克文化。从公元前1,200年到东部阿拉伯伊斯兰教的出现，通过三个截然不同的铁器时代和米莱哈时期，该地区被阿契美尼德王朝和其他势力所占领，见证了筑有堡垒定居点和广泛的农牧业发展，这得益于法拉季灌溉系统的发展。

1.2 伊斯兰教 | Islam

The spread of Islam to the northeastern tip of the Arabian Peninsula is thought to have followed directly from a letter sent by the Islamic prophet Muhammad to the rulers of Oman in 630 CE. This led to a group of rulers travelling to Medina, converting to Islam and subsequently driving a successful uprising against the unpopular Sassanids, who dominated the coast at the time.^[24] Following the death of Muhammad, the new Islamic communities south of the Persian Gulf threatened to disintegrate, with insurrections against the Muslim leaders. Caliph Abu Bakr sent an army from the capital Medina which completed its reconquest of the territory (the Ridda Wars) with the Battle of Dibba in which 10,000 lives are thought to have been lost.^[25] This assured the integrity of the Caliphate and the unification of the Arabian Peninsula under the newly emerging Rashidun Caliphate.
【参考译文】伊斯兰教传播到阿拉伯半岛东北角的过程被认为直接源自伊斯兰先知穆罕默德在公元630年写给阿曼统治者的一封信。这封信导致一群统治者前往麦地那，皈依伊斯兰，并随后成功发动了一场推翻当时占据海岸的不受欢迎的萨珊王朝的起义。穆罕默德去世后，波斯湾南部的新伊斯兰社区面临分裂威胁，发生对穆斯林领导者的起义。哈里发阿布·贝克从首都麦地那派遣了一支军队，完成了对领土的重新征服（即拉达战争），其中戴巴战役造成了大约1万人丧生。这确保了哈里发国的完整性和阿拉伯半岛在新兴的拉希德国家（Rashidun Caliphate）下的统一。

In 637, Julfar (in the area of today’s Ras Al Khaimah) was an important port that was used as a staging post for the Islamic invasion of the Sasanian Empire.^[26] The area of the Al Ain/Buraimi Oasis was known as Tu’am and was an important trading post for camel routes between the coast and the Arabian interior.^[27]
【参考译文】公元637年，朱尔法尔（即今天的拉斯哈伊马地区）是一个重要的港口，被用作伊斯兰帝国入侵萨珊帝国的中转站。艾因/布赖米绿洲地区被称为图安（Tu’am），是海岸和阿拉伯内陆之间骆驼路线的重要贸易站。

The earliest Christian site in the UAE was first discovered in the 1990s, an extensive monastic complex on what is now known as Sir Bani Yas Island and which dates back to the seventh century. Thought to be Nestorian and built in 600 CE, the church appears to have been abandoned peacefully in 750 CE.^[28] It forms a rare physical link to a legacy of Christianity, which is thought to have spread across the peninsula from 50 to 350 CE following trade routes. Certainly, by the fifth century, Oman had a bishop named John – the last bishop of Oman being Etienne, in 676 CE.^[29]
【参考译文】阿联酋发现的最早的基督教遗址是在1990年代首次发现的，位于今天被称为西尔巴尼亚斯岛的广阔修道院群，可以追溯到七世纪。这座教堂被认为是耶稣会派教堂，建于公元600年，似乎在公元750年被和平地废弃。它是与基督教遗产的一个罕见实物联系，据信基督教是通过贸易路线从公元50年到350年传播到整个半岛的。毫无疑问，到了第五世纪，阿曼已经有一位名叫约翰的主教——阿曼的最后一位主教是阿斯提安，公元676年。

1.3 葡萄牙时期 | Portuguese era

See also: Portuguese Empire and Piracy in the Persian Gulf【另请参阅：葡萄牙帝国和波斯湾海盗】

The harsh desert environment led to the emergence of the “versatile tribesman”, nomadic groups who subsisted due to a variety of economic activities, including animal husbandry, agriculture and hunting. The seasonal movements of these groups led not only to frequent clashes between groups but also to the establishment of seasonal and semi-seasonal settlements and centres. These formed tribal groupings whose names are still carried by modern Emiratis, including the Bani Yas and Al Bu Falah of Abu Dhabi, Al Ain, Liwa and the west coast, the Dhawahir, Awamir, Al Ali and Manasir of the interior, the Sharqiyin of the east coast and the Qawasim to the North.^[30]
【参考译文】严酷的沙漠环境导致了“多才多艺的部落人”，这些游牧群体靠各种经济活动生存，包括畜牧业、农业和狩猎。这些群体的季节性迁徙不仅导致了群体之间频繁的冲突，还建立了季节性和半季节性的定居点和聚落。这些形成了部落集团，他们的名称如今仍然被现代阿联酋人沿用，包括阿布扎比的巴尼亚斯（Bani Yas）和Al Bu Falah，艾因、利瓦和西海岸的Dhawahir、Awamir、Al Ali和Manasir，内地的Sharqiyin，东海岸的Qawasim等。

With the expansion of European colonial empires, Portuguese, English and Dutch forces appeared in the Persian Gulf region. By the 18th century, the Bani Yas confederation was the dominant force in most of the area now known as Abu Dhabi,^[31][32][33] while the Northern Al Qawasim (Al Qasimi) dominated maritime commerce. The Portuguese maintained an influence over the coastal settlements, building forts in the wake of the bloody 16th-century conquests of coastal communities by Albuquerque and the Portuguese commanders who followed him – particularly on the east coast at Muscat, Sohar and Khor Fakkan.^[34]
【参考译文】随着欧洲殖民帝国的扩张，葡萄牙、英国和荷兰军队出现在波斯湾地区。到了18世纪，巴尼亚斯联盟成为了如今被称为阿布扎比绝大部分地区的主导力量，而北部的Al Qawasim（Al Qasimi）主导了海上贸易。葡萄牙人在沿海定居点保持了影响力，建造了堡垒，紧随阿尔布开克和其后的葡萄牙指挥官在16世纪对沿海社区的血腥征服之后，尤其是在马斯喀特、索哈尔和科尔法坎的东海岸。

The southern coast of the Persian Gulf was known to the British as the “Pirate Coast“,^[35][36] as boats of the Al Qawasim federation harassed British-flagged shipping from the 17th century into the 19th.^[37] The charge of piracy is disputed by modern Emirati historians, including the current ruler of Sharjah, Sheikh Sultan Al Qasimi, in his 1986 book The Myth of Arab Piracy in the Gulf.^[38]
【参考译文】波斯湾南部海岸被英国称为“海盗海岸”，因为Al Qawasim联邦的船只从17世纪一直骚扰英国旗下的船只直到19世纪。海盗的指控在现代阿联酋历史学家中存在争议，包括沙迦现任统治者谢赫苏丹·阿勒卡西米在其1986年著作《海湾中的阿拉伯海盗神话》中。

British expeditions to protect their Indian trade routes led to campaigns against Ras Al Khaimah and other harbours along the coast, including the Persian Gulf campaign of 1809 and the more successful campaign of 1819. The following year, Britain and a number of local rulers signed a maritime truce, giving rise to the term Trucial States, which came to define the status of the coastal emirates. A further treaty was signed in 1843 and, in 1853 the Perpetual Maritime Truce was agreed. To this was added the ‘Exclusive Agreements’, signed in 1892, which made the Trucial States a British protectorate.^[39]
【参考译文】英国为保护他们的印度贸易路线而进行的远征导致对拉斯海马和沿海其他港口的战役，包括1809年的波斯湾战役和1819年更成功的战役。次年，英国和一些当地统治者签署了海上停战协定，形成了“停战诸国”这一术语，用来定义沿海酋长国的地位。1843年签署了进一步的条约，1853年达成了永久海上停战协定。1892年又签署了“独家协议”，使停战诸国成为英国的保护国。

Under the 1892 treaty, the trucial sheikhs agreed not to dispose of any territory except to the British and not to enter into relationships with any foreign government other than the British without their consent. In return, the British promised to protect the Trucial Coast from all aggression by sea and to help in case of land attack. British maritime policing meant that pearling fleets could operate in relative security. However, the British prohibition of the slave trade meant an important source of income was lost to some sheikhs and merchants.^[40]
【参考译文】根据1892年的条约，停战酋长们同意不向任何国家转让领土，除非经过英国同意，也不得未经英国同意与任何外国政府建立关系。作为回报，英国承诺保护停战海岸免受海上侵略，并在陆地被攻击时提供帮助。英国的海上警察行动意味着寻珠船队可以在相对安全的环境中运作。然而，英国禁止奴隶贸易意味着一些酋长和商人失去了重要的收入来源。

In 1869, the Qubaisat tribe settled at Khawr al Udayd and tried to enlist the support of the Ottomans. Khawr al Udayd was claimed by Abu Dhabi at that time, a claim supported by the British. In 1906, the British Political Resident, Percy Cox, confirmed in writing to the ruler of Abu Dhabi, Zayed bin Khalifa Al Nahyan (‘Zayed the Great’) that Khawr al Udayd belonged to his sheikhdom.^[41]
【参考译文】1869年，库拜萨特部落在克哈尔·乌代德定居，并试图获得奥斯曼帝国的支持。当时，克哈尔·乌代德被阿布扎比主张所有权，得到了英国的支持。1906年，英国政治驻地代表珀西·考克斯（Percy Cox）书面确认给阿布扎比的统治者扎耶德·本·哈利法·阿勒纳哈扬（“伟大的扎耶德”）表示，克哈尔·乌代德属于他的酋长国。

1.4 英国时期和石油的发现 | British era and discovery of oil

See also: Persian Gulf campaign of 1809, Persian Gulf campaign of 1819, General Maritime Treaty of 1820, and Trucial States【参见：1809年波斯湾战役，1819年波斯湾战役，1820年总体海上条约和停战诸国。】

During the 19th and early 20th centuries, the pearling industry thrived, providing both income and employment to the people of the Persian Gulf.^[42] The First World War had a severe impact on the industry, but it was the economic depression of the late 1920s and early 1930s, coupled with the invention of the cultured pearl, that wiped out the trade. The remnants of the trade eventually faded away shortly after the Second World War, when the newly independent Government of India imposed heavy taxation on imported pearls. The decline of pearling resulted in extreme economic hardship in the Trucial States.^[43]
【参考译文】在19世纪和20世纪初，珠宝业蓬勃发展，为波斯湾地区的居民提供了收入和就业机会。一战严重影响了该行业，但是20世纪20年代末和30年代初的经济萧条，再加上人工养殖珍珠的发明，使珠宝贸易彻底消失了。珠宝贸易的残余最终在第二次世界大战后不久逐渐消失，当时印度新独立政府对进口珍珠征收了沉重的税款。珠宝业的衰落导致了停战诸国的极度经济困境。

In 1922, the British government secured undertakings from the rulers of the Trucial States not to sign concessions with foreign companies without their consent. Aware of the potential for the development of natural resources such as oil, following finds in Persia (from 1908) and Mesopotamia (from 1927), a British-led oil company, the Iraq Petroleum Company (IPC), showed an interest in the region. The Anglo-Persian Oil Company (APOC, later to become British Petroleum, or BP) had a 23.75% share in IPC. From 1935, onshore concessions to explore for oil were granted by local rulers, with APOC signing the first one on behalf of Petroleum Concessions Ltd (PCL), an associate company of IPC.^[44] APOC was prevented from developing the region alone because of the restrictions of the Red Line Agreement, which required it to operate through IPC. A number of options between PCL and the trucial rulers were signed, providing useful revenue for communities experiencing poverty following the collapse of the pearl trade. However, the wealth of oil which the rulers could see from the revenues accruing to surrounding countries remained elusive. The first bore holes in Abu Dhabi were drilled by IPC’s operating company, Petroleum Development (Trucial Coast) Ltd (PDTC) at Ras Sadr in 1950, with a 13,000-foot-deep (4,000-metre) bore hole taking a year to drill and turning out dry, at the tremendous cost at the time of £1 million.
【参考译文】1922年，英国政府确保了停战诸国统治者不会未经他们同意与外国公司签订特许权的承诺。意识到波斯（自1908年起）和美索不达米亚（自1927年起）发现的石油等自然资源的开发潜力，一个由英国主导的石油公司——伊拉克石油公司（IPC）对该地区表现出兴趣。英伊石油公司（APOC，后来成为英国石油公司BP）持有IPC的23.75％股份。从1935年开始，当地统治者授予了勘探石油的陆上特许权，APOC代表石油特许公司（IPC的联营公司）签署了第一个特许权。由于《红线协议》的限制，APOC无法独自开发该地区。PCL与停战诸国统治者签署了一系列选项协议，为珍珠贸易崩溃后陷入贫困的社区提供了有用的收入。然而，统治者们看到的从周边国家获得的石油财富仍然难以触及。1950年，IPC的运营公司石油开发（停战海岸）有限公司（PDTC）在阿布扎比的Ras Sadr地区进行了第一口钻井，一口深达13000英尺（4000米）的钻井历时一年，结果是干井，当时耗资高达100万英镑。

The British set up a development office that helped in some small developments in the emirates. The seven sheikhs of the emirates then decided to form a council to coordinate matters between them and took over the development office. In 1952, they formed the Trucial States Council,^[45] and appointed Adi Al Bitar, Dubai’s Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum‘s legal advisor, as secretary general and legal advisor to the council. The council was terminated once the United Arab Emirates was formed.^[46] The tribal nature of society and the lack of definition of borders between emirates frequently led to disputes, settled either through mediation or, more rarely, force. The Trucial Oman Scouts was a small military force used by the British to keep the peace.
【参考译文】英国设立了一个发展办公室，协助阿联酋进行一些小规模的发展工作。随后，阿联酋的七个酋长决定组建一个委员会协调彼此之间的事务，并接管了发展办公室。1952年，他们成立了停战诸国委员会，并任命了杜拜酋长拉希德·本·赛义德·阿勒马克图姆的法律顾问Adi Al Bitar担任秘书长兼委员会法律顾问。一旦阿拉伯联合酋长国成立，该委员会便被解散。由于社会的部落性质和停战诸国之间边界的模糊，导致经常发生争端，通常通过调解或更少见地通过武力解决。英国曾派遣一支名为”停战阿曼侦察兵”的小型军队来维持和平。

In 1953, a subsidiary of BP, D’Arcy Exploration Ltd, obtained an offshore concession from the ruler of Abu Dhabi. BP joined with Compagnie Française des Pétroles (later Total) to form operating companies, Abu Dhabi Marine Areas Ltd (ADMA) and Dubai Marine Areas Ltd (DUMA). A number of undersea oil surveys were carried out, including one led by the famous marine explorer Jacques Cousteau.^[47][48] In 1958, a floating platform rig was towed from Hamburg, Germany, and positioned over the Umm Shaif pearl bed, in Abu Dhabi waters, where drilling began. In March, it struck oil in the Upper Thamama rock formation. This was the first commercial discovery of the Trucial Coast, leading to the first exports of oil in 1962. ADMA made further offshore discoveries at Zakum and elsewhere, and other companies made commercial finds such as the Fateh oilfield off Dubai and the Mubarak field off Sharjah (shared with Iran).^[49]
【参考译文】1953年，英国石油公司的子公司D’Arcy Exploration Ltd从阿布扎比统治者那里获得了一项海上特许权。英国石油公司与法国石油公司（后来的道达尔）合作成立了运营公司——阿布扎比海域有限公司（ADMA）和迪拜海域有限公司（DUMA）。进行了多次海底石油勘探，其中包括由著名海洋探险家雅克·库斯托带领的一次勘探。1958年，一座浮动平台钻井设备从德国汉堡被拖到了阿布扎比海域的Umm Shaif珍珠床上，并开始钻探。3月份，在Upper Thamama岩层中发现了石油。这是停战海岸的第一个商业发现，导致了1962年的第一批石油出口。ADMA在Zakum等地区继续进行海上发现，其他公司也在杜拜外海的Fateh油田和沙迦外海的Mubarak油田（与伊朗共享）等地发现了商业石油。

Meanwhile, onshore exploration was hindered by territorial disputes. In 1955, the United Kingdom represented Abu Dhabi and Oman in their dispute with Saudi Arabia over the Buraimi Oasis.^[50] A 1974 agreement between Abu Dhabi and Saudi Arabia seemed to have settled the Abu Dhabi-Saudi border dispute, but this has not been ratified.^[51] The UAE’s border with Oman was ratified in 2008.^[52]
【参考译文】与此同时，由于领土争端的阻碍，陆地勘探一直受到制约。1955年，英国代表阿布扎比和阿曼就他们与沙特阿拉伯关于Buraimi绿洲的争端进行了协调。1974年，阿布扎比和沙特阿拉伯之间达成了一项协议，似乎已解决了阿布扎比-沙特边界争端，但这一协议尚未获得批准。阿联酋与阿曼的边界在2008年得到了认可。

PDTC continued its onshore exploration away from the disputed area, drilling five more bore holes that were also dry. However, on 27 October 1960, the company discovered oil in commercial quantities at the Murban No. 3 well on the coast near Tarif.^[53] In 1962, PDTC became the Abu Dhabi Petroleum Company. As oil revenues increased, the ruler of Abu Dhabi, Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, undertook a massive construction program, building schools, housing, hospitals and roads. When Dubai’s oil exports commenced in 1969, Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum, the ruler of Dubai, was able to invest the revenues from the limited reserves found to spark the diversification drive that would create the modern global city of Dubai.^[54]
【参考译文】石油开发（停战海岸）有限公司（PDTC）继续在争议区域以外进行陆上勘探，钻探了另外五口干井。然而，1960年10月27日，该公司在Tarif附近的Murban No. 3井发现了商业数量的石油。1962年，PDTC成为阿布扎比石油公司。随着石油收入的增加，阿布扎比的统治者扎耶德·本·苏丹·阿勒纳哈扬开始进行大规模的建设项目，修建学校、住房、医院和道路。当迪拜的石油出口于1969年开始时，迪拜的统治者拉希德·本·赛义德·阿勒马克图姆能够投资从有限储量中获得的收入，推动了多元化发展，创造了现代的迪拜全球城市。

1.5 独立 | Independence

By 1966, it had become clear the British government could no longer afford to administer and protect the Trucial States, what is now the United Arab Emirates. British Members of Parliament (MPs) debated the preparedness of the Royal Navy to defend the sheikhdoms. On 24 January 1968, British Prime Minister Harold Wilson announced the government’s decision, reaffirmed in March 1971 by Prime Minister Edward Heath, to end the treaty relationships with the seven trucial sheikhdoms. Days after the announcement, the ruler of Abu Dhabi, Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, fearing vulnerability, tried to persuade the British to honour the protection treaties by offering to pay the full costs of keeping the British Armed Forces in the Emirates. The British Labour government rejected the offer.^[55] After Labour MP Goronwy Roberts informed Sheikh Zayed of the news of British withdrawal, the nine Persian Gulf sheikhdoms attempted to form a union of Arab emirates, but by mid-1971 they were still unable to agree on terms of union even though the British treaty relationship was to expire in December of that year.^[56]
【参考译文】到了1966年，英国政府明显无法继续承担对现在的阿联酋进行行政管理和保护的费用。英国国会议员们对皇家海军是否有能力捍卫这些酋长国进行了辩论。1968年1月24日，英国首相哈罗德·威尔逊宣布政府决定结束与七个停战酋长国的条约关系，这一决定在1971年3月由首相爱德华·希思重申。在宣布后的几天，阿布扎比酋长谢赫扎耶德·本·苏丹·阿勒纳哈扬担心脆弱性，试图说服英国履行保护条约，他提出愿意全额支付保持英国武装部队驻扎在阿联酋的费用。然而，英国工党政府拒绝了这一提议。在工党议员戈隆韦·罗伯茨告知谢赫扎耶德英国将撤军的消息后，九个波斯湾酋长国试图组建一个阿拉伯酋长国联盟，但直到1971年年中，他们仍无法就联合条款达成一致，尽管英国的条约关系将在同年12月到期。

Fears of vulnerability were realised the day before independence. An Iranian destroyer group broke formation from an exercise in the lower Gulf, sailing to the Tunb islands. The islands were taken by force, civilians and Arab defenders alike allowed to flee. A British warship stood idle during the course of the invasion.^[57] A destroyer group approached the island of Abu Musa as well. But there, Sheikh Khalid bin Mohammed Al Qasimi had already negotiated with the Iranian shah, and the island was quickly leased to Iran for $3 million a year. Meanwhile, Saudi Arabia laid claim to swathes of Abu Dhabi.^[58]
【参考译文】独立日前夕，对脆弱性的担忧变成了现实。一艘伊朗驱逐舰群在海湾下部的军事演习中脱离编队，驶向通布岛（Tunb岛屿）而去。这些岛屿被武力占领，平民和阿拉伯防御者同样被允许撤离。在入侵过程中，一艘英国军舰袖手旁观。[57]另一个驱逐舰群也接近了阿布穆萨岛（Abu Musa）。但在那里，谢赫哈利德·本·穆罕默德·卡西米已经与伊朗国王协商完毕，该岛迅速以每年300万美元的价格租给了伊朗。与此同时，沙特阿拉伯对阿布扎比的大片地区提出了领土主张。[58]。

Originally intended to be part of the proposed Federation of Arab Emirates, Bahrain became independent in August, and Qatar in September 1971. When the British-Trucial Sheikhdoms treaty expired on 1 December 1971, both emirates became fully independent.^[59] On 2 December 1971, six of the emirates (Abu Dhabi, Ajman, Dubai, Fujairah, Sharjah and Umm Al Quwain) agreed to enter into a union named the United Arab Emirates. Ras al-Khaimah joined later, on 10 January 1972.^[60][61] In February 1972, the Federal National Council (FNC) was created; it was a 40-member consultative body appointed by the seven rulers. The UAE joined the Arab League on 6 December 1971 and the United Nations on 9 December.^[62] It was a founding member of the Gulf Cooperation Council in May 1981, with Abu Dhabi hosting the first GCC summit.
【参考译文】最初计划纳入拟议的阿拉伯联合酋长国联邦的巴林于1971年8月独立，卡塔尔于1971年9月独立。当英国与停战酋长国的条约于1971年12月1日到期时，这两个酋长国完全独立了。1971年12月2日，阿联酋的六个酋长国（阿布扎比、阿治曼、迪拜、富吉拉、沙迦和乌姆盖旺）同意建立一个名为阿拉伯联合酋长国的联盟。而拉斯尔哈马加入的时间稍后，为1972年1月10日。1972年2月，成立了联邦最高委员会（FNC）；这是一个由七位统治者任命的40名成员组成的咨询机构。阿联酋于1971年12月6日加入了阿拉伯联盟，于12月9日加入了联合国。它是海湾合作委员会的创始成员之一，于1981年5月阿布扎比主持了第一次海湾合作委员会峰会。

1.6 独立后的时期 | Post-Independence period

The UAE supported military operations by the US and other coalition states engaged in the war against the Taliban in Afghanistan (2001) and Saddam Hussein in Ba’athist Iraq (2003) as well as operations supporting the Global War on Terror for the Horn of Africa at Al Dhafra Air Base located outside of Abu Dhabi. The air base also supported Allied operations during the 1991 Persian Gulf War and Operation Northern Watch. The country had already signed a military defence agreement with the U.S. in 1994 and one with France in 1995.^[63][64] In January 2008, France and the UAE signed a deal allowing France to set up a permanent military base in the emirate of Abu Dhabi.^[65] The UAE joined international military operations in Libya in March 2011.
【参考译文】阿联酋支持了美国及其盟国在2001年阿富汗对抗塔利班和2003年伊拉克推翻萨达姆·侯赛因政权的军事行动，同时在阿布扎比郊外的阿尔达夫拉空军基地为打击非洲之角恐怖主义的全球反恐行动提供了支持。该空军基地还支持了1991年海湾战争和北方看守行动期间的盟军行动。阿联酋早在1994年与美国签署了军事防御协议，并在1995年与法国签订了类似协议。[63][64]2008年1月，法国和阿联酋签署了一项协议，允许法国在阿布扎比酋长国建立一个永久性军事基地。[65]2011年3月，阿联酋加入了对利比亚的国际军事行动。

On 2 November 2004, the UAE’s first president, Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, died. Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan was elected as the president of the UAE. Sheikh Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan succeeded Sheikh Khalifa as crown prince of Abu Dhabi.^[66] In January 2006, Sheikh Maktoum bin Rashid Al Maktoum, the prime minister of the UAE and the ruler of Dubai, died, and Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum assumed both roles.
【参考译文】2004年11月2日，阿联酋首任总统谢赫扎耶德·本·苏丹·阿勒纳哈扬去世，谢赫哈利法·本·扎耶德·阿勒纳哈扬当选为阿联酋总统。谢赫穆罕默德·本·扎耶德·阿勒纳哈扬继任阿布扎比王储。[66]2006年1月，阿联酋总理、迪拜统治者谢赫马克图姆·本·拉希德·阿勒马克图姆去世，谢赫穆罕默德·本·拉希德·阿勒马克图姆接任这两个职位。

The first ever national elections were held on 16 December 2006. A number of voters chose half of the members of the Federal National Council. The UAE has largely escaped the Arab Spring, which other countries have experienced; however, 60 Emirati activists from Al Islah were apprehended for an alleged coup attempt and the attempt of the establishment of an Islamist state in the UAE.^[67][68][69] Mindful of the protests in nearby Bahrain, in November 2012 the UAE outlawed online mockery of its government or attempts to organise public protests through social media.^[17]
【参考译文】阿联酋于2006年12月16日举行了首次全国选举，部分选民选举产生了联邦国民议会一半的成员。尽管周边国家经历了阿拉伯之春，但阿联酋基本上未受影响；然而，有60名来自伊斯兰改革组织的阿联酋活动人士因涉嫌策划政变和试图在阿联酋建立伊斯兰国家而被逮捕。[67][68][69]鉴于邻近的巴林发生的抗议活动，阿联酋于2012年11月宣布禁止通过社交媒体嘲笑政府或企图组织公众抗议。[17]

On 29 January 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic was confirmed to have reached the UAE.^[70] Two months later, in March, the government announced the closure of shopping malls, schools, and places of worship, in addition to imposing a 24-hour curfew, and suspending all Emirates passenger flights.^[71][72] This resulted in a major economic downturn, which eventually led to the merger of more than 50% of the UAE’s federal agencies.^[73]
【参考译文】2020年1月29日，COVID-19大流行确认到达阿联酋。[70]两个月后，即3月，政府宣布关闭购物中心、学校和宗教场所，并实施了24小时宵禁，暂停所有阿联酋航空的客运航班。[71][72]这导致了严重的经济衰退，最终促使阿联酋合并了超过50%的联邦机构。[73]

On 29 August 2020, the UAE established normal diplomatic relations with Israel and with the help of the United States, they signed the Abraham Accords with Bahrain.^[74]
【参考译文】2020年8月29日，阿联酋与以色列建立了正常外交关系，并在美国的帮助下，与巴林一起签署了《亚伯拉罕协议》。[74]

On 9 February 2021, the UAE achieved a historic milestone when its probe, named Hope, successfully reached Mars‘s orbit. The UAE became the first country in the Arab world to reach Mars, the fifth country to successfully reach Mars, and the second country, after an Indian probe, to orbit Mars on its maiden attempt.
【参考译文】2021年2月9日，阿联酋实现了历史性的里程碑，其名为“希望”的探测器成功进入火星轨道。阿联酋成为首个到达火星的阿拉伯国家，第五个成功到达火星的国家，以及继印度探测器之后第二个首次尝试就成功绕火星轨道运行的国家。

On 14 May 2022, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan was elected as the UAE’s new president after the death of Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan.^[75]
【参考译文】2022年5月14日，谢赫穆罕默德·本·扎耶德·阿勒纳哈扬在谢赫哈利法·本·扎耶德·阿勒纳哈扬去世后当选为阿联酋新总统。[75]

2. 地理 | Geography

Main article: Geography of the United Arab Emirates【主条目：阿拉伯联合酋长国的地理】

The United Arab Emirates is situated in the Middle East, bordering the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf, between Oman and Saudi Arabia; it is in a strategic location slightly south of the Strait of Hormuz, a vital transit point for world crude oil.^[76]
【参考译文】阿拉伯联合酋长国位于中东地区，濒临阿曼湾和波斯湾，介于阿曼和沙特阿拉伯之间；其地理位置略位于霍尔木兹海峡以南，这是一个对世界原油运输至关重要的咽喉点。[76]

The UAE lies between 22°30′ and 26°10′ north latitude and between 51° and 56°25′ east longitude. It shares a 530-kilometre (330 mi) border with Saudi Arabia on the west, south, and southeast, and a 450-kilometre (280 mi) border with Oman on the southeast and northeast. The land border with Qatar in the Khawr al Udayd area is about nineteen kilometres (12 miles) in the northwest; however, it is a source of ongoing dispute.^[77] Following Britain’s military departure from the UAE in 1971, and its establishment as a new state, the UAE laid claim to islands resulting in disputes with Iran that remain unresolved.^[78] The UAE also disputes claim on other islands against the neighboring state of Qatar.^[79] The largest emirate, Abu Dhabi, accounts for 87% of the UAE’s total area^[80] (67,340 square kilometres (26,000 sq mi).^[81] The smallest emirate, Ajman, encompasses only 259 km² (100 sq mi).^[82]
【参考译文】阿联酋位于北纬22°30’至26°10’，东经51°至56°25′之间。它与沙特阿拉伯西部、南部及东南部共享530公里（330英里）的边界，与阿曼东南部及东北部共享450公里（280英里）的边界。与卡塔尔在Khawr al Udayd地区的陆地边界大约为19公里（12英里），但这一区域是持续争议的源头。[77]随着英国1971年从阿联酋撤军及阿联酋作为一个新国家的成立，阿联酋对一些岛屿的主权声索引发了与伊朗的争议，至今未解决。[78]阿联酋也与其他邻国卡塔尔就其他岛屿的归属存在争议。[79]最大的酋长国阿布扎比占阿联酋总面积的87%[80]（67,340平方公里（26,000平方英里）[81]。最小的酋长国阿治曼仅涵盖259平方公里（100平方英里）。[82]

The UAE coast stretches for nearly 650 km (404 mi) along the southern shore of the Persian Gulf, briefly interrupted by an isolated outcrop of the Sultanate of Oman. Six of the emirates are situated along the Persian Gulf, and the seventh, Fujairah is on the eastern coast of the peninsula with direct access to the Gulf of Oman.^[83] Most of the coast consists of salt pans that extend 8–10 km (5.0–6.2 mi) inland.^[84] The largest natural harbor is at Dubai, although other ports have been dredged at Abu Dhabi, Sharjah, and elsewhere.^[85] Numerous islands are found in the Persian Gulf, and the ownership of some of them has been the subject of international disputes with both Iran and Qatar. The smaller islands, as well as many coral reefs and shifting sandbars, are a menace to navigation. Strong tides and occasional windstorms further complicate ship movements near the shore. The UAE also has a stretch of the Al Bāţinah coast of the Gulf of Oman. The Musandam Peninsula, the very tip of Arabia by the Strait of Hormuz, and Madha are exclaves of Oman separated by the UAE.^[86]
【参考译文】阿联酋的海岸线沿波斯湾南岸延伸近650公里（404英里），仅在阿曼的一块孤立突出部短暂中断。六个酋长国分布在波斯湾沿岸，第七个酋长国富查伊拉则位于半岛的东海岸，直通阿曼湾。[83]大部分海岸由盐沼构成，向内陆延伸8至10公里（5.0至6.2英里）。[84]最大的天然港口位于迪拜，虽然在阿布扎比、沙迦等地也进行了疏浚以开辟其他港口。[85]波斯湾中分布着众多岛屿，其中一些岛屿的所有权问题一直是与伊朗和卡塔尔国际争端的主题。较小的岛屿以及众多珊瑚礁和移动的沙洲对航行构成了威胁。强烈的潮汐和偶尔的风暴进一步复杂化了靠近海岸的船舶航行。阿联酋还拥有一段面向阿曼湾的Al Bāţinah海岸。穆桑达姆半岛，即阿拉伯半岛最尖端的霍尔木兹海峡区域，以及Madha是阿曼的飞地，被阿联酋领土所包围。[86]

South and west of Abu Dhabi, vast, rolling sand dunes merge into the Rub al-Khali (Empty Quarter) of Saudi Arabia.^[87] The desert area of Abu Dhabi includes two important oases with adequate underground water for permanent settlements and cultivation. The extensive Liwa Oasis is in the south near the undefined border with Saudi Arabia. About 100 km (62 mi) to the northeast of Liwa is the Al-Buraimi oasis, which extends on both sides of the Abu Dhabi-Oman border. Lake Zakher in Al Ain is a human-made lake near the border with Oman that was created from treated waste water.^[88]
【参考译文】在阿布扎比的南面和西面，广袤无垠、连绵起伏的沙丘与沙特阿拉伯的鲁卜哈利沙漠（空旷之地）相连。阿布扎比的沙漠地区包括两个重要的绿洲，这些绿洲拥有充足的地下水，足以维持永久性居民点和农业种植。广阔的利瓦绿洲位于南部，靠近与沙特阿拉伯未明确界定的边界。距离利瓦大约100公里（62英里）的东北方向是阿尔布尔马imi绿洲，这个绿洲跨越了阿布扎比与阿曼的边界。阿莱因的扎克湖是一个靠近阿曼边界的由处理过的废水形成的人工湖。

Prior to withdrawing from the area in 1971, Britain delineated the internal borders among the seven emirates in order to preempt territorial disputes that might hamper formation of the federation. In general, the rulers of the emirates accepted the British interventions, but in the case of boundary disputes between Abu Dhabi and Dubai, and also between Dubai and Sharjah, conflicting claims were not resolved until after the UAE became independent. The most complicated borders were in the Western Hajar Mountains, where five of the emirates contested jurisdiction over more than a dozen enclaves.
【参考译文】为了防止可能妨碍联邦成立的领土争端，英国在1971年撤出该地区之前，对七个酋长国之间的内部边界进行了划定。总的来说，各酋长国的统治者接受了英国的介入，但在阿布扎比与迪拜之间以及迪拜与沙迦之间的边界争议问题上，相互冲突的主张直到阿联酋独立后才得到解决。最复杂的边界位于西部哈贾尔山脉，那里有五个酋长国对十几个飞地的管辖权存在争议。

2.1 生物多样性 | Biodiversity

Main article: Wildlife of the United Arab Emirates【主条目：阿拉伯联合酋长国的野生生物】

The UAE contains the following terrestrial ecoregions: Al Hajar montane woodlands and shrublands, Gulf of Oman desert and semi-desert, and Al-Hajar foothill xeric woodlands and shrublands.^[89]
【参考译文】阿联酋包含以下陆地生态区：哈贾尔山脉林地和灌丛、阿曼湾沙漠和半沙漠，以及哈贾尔山麓旱生林地和灌丛。[89]

The oases grow date palms, acacia and eucalyptus trees. In the desert, the flora is very sparse and consists of grasses and thorn bushes. The indigenous fauna had come close to extinction because of intensive hunting, which has led to a conservation program on Sir Bani Yas Island initiated by Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan in the 1970s, resulting in the survival of, for example, Arabian Oryx, Arabian camel and leopards. Coastal fish and mammals consist mainly of mackerel, perch, and tuna, as well as sharks and whales.
【参考译文】绿洲中种植着椰枣树、金合欢树和桉树。在沙漠地带，植被非常稀疏，主要由草类和荆棘灌木组成。由于过度狩猎，当地的野生动植物曾接近灭绝，这促使谢赫扎耶德·本·苏丹·阿勒纳哈扬在20世纪70年代在锡尔班尼亚斯岛上发起了一项保护计划，使得例如阿拉伯羚羊、阿拉伯骆驼和豹等物种得以幸存。沿海鱼类和哺乳动物主要包括鲭鱼、鲈鱼和金枪鱼，以及鲨鱼和鲸鱼。

2.2 气候 | Climate

The climate of the UAE is subtropical-arid with hot summers and warm winters. The climate is categorized as desert climate. The hottest months are July and August, when average maximum temperatures reach above 45 °C (113 °F) on the coastal plain. In the Hajar Mountains, temperatures are considerably lower, a result of increased elevation.^[90] Average minimum temperatures in January and February are between 10 and 14 °C (50 and 57 °F).^[91] During the late summer months, a humid southeastern wind known as Sharqi (i.e. “Easterner”) makes the coastal region especially unpleasant. The average annual rainfall in the coastal area is less than 120 mm (4.7 in), but in some mountainous areas annual rainfall often reaches 350 mm (13.8 in). Rain in the coastal region falls in short, torrential bursts during the winter months, sometimes resulting in floods in ordinarily dry wadi beds.^[92] The region is prone to occasional, violent dust storms, which can severely reduce visibility.
【参考译文】阿联酋的气候属于亚热带干旱气候，夏季炎热，冬季温暖，归类为沙漠气候。最热的月份是7月和8月，沿海平原的平均最高温度会升至45°C（113°F）以上。在哈贾尔山脉，由于海拔升高，气温明显较低。[90]1月和2月的平均最低气温在10到14°C（50到57°F）之间。[91]在夏末时节，一股来自东南方向、被称为Sharqi（意即“东方风”）的潮湿季风会使沿海地区尤为不适。沿海地区的年平均降雨量不足120毫米（4.7英寸），但在一些山区，年降雨量常常达到350毫米（13.8英寸）。冬季，沿海地区的降雨来得短促而猛烈，有时会导致平时干涸的河床发生洪水。[92]该地区偶尔会遭受剧烈的沙尘暴侵袭，能见度会大幅降低。

On 28 December 2004, there was snow recorded in the UAE for the first time, in the Jebel Jais mountain cluster in Ras al-Khaimah.^[93] A few years later, there were more sightings of snow and hail.^[94][95] The Jebel Jais mountain cluster has experienced snow only twice since records began.^[96]
【参考译文】2004年12月28日，阿联酋首次记录到降雪，发生在拉斯海马酋长国的杰贝尔·贾伊斯山脉。[93]几年后，又有更多降雪和冰雹的观测记录。[94][95]自气象记录开始以来，杰贝尔·贾伊斯山区只出现过两次降雪情况。[96]

3. 政府和政治 | Government and politics

Main article: Politics of the United Arab Emirates【主条目：阿拉伯联合酋长国的政治】

参见：阿拉伯联合酋长国人权

阿联酋采用联邦制。阿联酋最高委员会由七个酋长国的酋长组成，选举产生总统、副总统、总理、内阁和议会来管理国家。有40名从各个部落来的成员组成联邦国家议会复审被提议的法案。阿联酋有一个联邦法庭系统，5个酋长国参加（迪拜和哈伊马角除外）。所有酋长部落还有自己的世俗和伊斯兰教的法律，用于民事、刑事和高等法院。联邦最高委员会从委员会成员中选出联邦总统和副总统，任期5年，没有连任限制。总统兼任武装部队总司令。历任总统由阿布扎比酋长国酋长出任，副总统兼总理则由迪拜酋长国酋长出任。除外交和国防相对统一外，各酋长国拥有相当的独立性和自主权。联邦经费基本上由阿布扎比和迪拜两个酋长国承担。

The United Arab Emirates is an authoritarian federal monarchy.^{[97][98][99][100]} According to The New York Times, the UAE is “an autocracy with the sheen of a progressive, modern state”.^[101] The UAE has been described as a “tribal autocracy” where the seven constituent monarchies are led by tribal rulers in an autocratic fashion.^[102] There are no democratically elected institutions, and there is no formal commitment to free speech.^[103] According to human rights organisations, there are systematic human rights violations, including the torture and forced disappearance of government critics.^[103] The UAE ranks poorly in freedom indices measuring civil liberties and political rights. The UAE is annually ranked as “Not Free” in Freedom House‘s annual Freedom in the World report, which measures civil liberties and political rights.^[104] The UAE also ranks poorly in the annual Reporters without Borders‘ Press Freedom Index. Bertelsmann transformation Index describes the UAE as a “moderate monarchy”. The country got ranked 91 out of 137 states and is far below the average scoring for development towards a democracy.^[105] According to the V-Dem Democracy indices United Arab Emirates is 2023 the third least electoral democratic country in the Middle East.^[106]
【参考译文】阿拉伯联合酋长国是一个威权的联邦君主制国家。根据《纽约时报》的报道，阿联酋是“一个带有进步现代国家光环的独裁政权”。阿联酋被描述为一个“部落独裁政权”，由七个成员君主国以部落统治者的方式独裁统治。该国没有民主选举机构，也没有正式承诺言论自由。根据人权组织的说法，存在系统性的人权侵犯行为，包括对政府批评者的酷刑和强迫失踪。阿联酋在衡量公民自由和政治权利的自由指数中排名较低。阿联酋每年在《自由之家》的《世界自由报告》中被评为“非自由”国家，该报告衡量了公民自由和政治权利。阿联酋在每年的无国界记者组织新闻自由指数中也排名较低。《贝塔尔斯曼转型指数》将阿联酋描述为一个“温和的君主制国家”。该国在137个国家中排名第91，远低于发展民主的平均得分。根据V-Dem民主指数，阿联酋在2023年被列为中东第三个选举民主最差的国家。

3.1 政府 | Government

The United Arab Emirates is a federal constitutional monarchy made up from a federation of seven hereditary tribal monarchy-styled political units called Sheikhdoms. It is governed by a Federal Supreme Council made up of the ruling Sheikhs of Abu Dhabi, Ajman, Fujairah, Sharjah, Dubai, Ras al-Khaimah and Umm al-Quwain. All responsibilities not granted to the federal government are reserved to the individual emirate.^[107] A percentage^[quantify] of revenues from each emirate is allocated to the UAE’s central budget.^[108]
【参考译文】阿拉伯联合酋长国是一个由七个世袭部落君主制政治实体组成的联邦宪法君主制国家，这些政治实体被称为酋长国。它由阿布扎比、阿治曼、富吉拉、沙迦、迪拜、拉斯尔哈马和乌姆盖旺的统治酋长组成的联邦最高委员会进行管理。所有未授予联邦政府的职责均保留给各个酋长国。每个酋长国的一定比例的收入被分配给阿联酋的中央预算。

The UAE uses the title Sheikh instead of Emir to refer to the rulers of individual emirates. The title is used due to the sheikhdom styled governing system in adherence to the culture of tribes of Arabia, where Sheikh means leader, elder, or the tribal chief of the clan who partakes in shared decision making with his followers. The president and vice president are elected by the Federal Supreme Council. Usually, the Head of the Al Nahyan family, who are based in Abu Dhabi, holds the presidency and the Head of the Al Maktoum family, based in Dubai, the prime ministership. All prime ministers but one have served concurrently as vice president. The federal government is composed of three branches:
【参考译文】阿联酋使用“谢赫”（Sheikh）这个称号来代表各个酋长国的统治者，而不是使用“埃米尔”（Emir）。这个称号的使用是由于酋长国风格的治理系统遵循了阿拉伯部落的文化，其中“谢赫”意为领袖、长者或部落的首领，他在共同决策中与他的追随者参与其中。总统和副总统由联邦最高委员会选举产生。通常情况下，总统职位由驻阿布扎比的阿尔纳哈扬家族领导担任，而总理职位由驻迪拜的阿尔马克图姆家族领导担任。所有的总理中除一人外，都曾同时担任过副总统。联邦政府由三个部分组成：

• Legislative: A unicameral Federal Supreme Council and the advisory Federal National Council (FNC).
  【参考译文】立法：联邦最高委员会和咨询性的联邦国民委员会（FNC）。
• Executive: The President, who is also commander-in-chief of the military, the prime minister and the Council of Ministers.
  【参考译文】行政：总统，同时也是军队总司令、总理和内阁。
• Judicial: The Supreme Court and lower federal courts.
  【参考译文】司法：最高法院和下级联邦法院。

The UAE e-Government is the extension of the UAE federal government in its electronic form.^[109] The UAE’s Council of Ministers (Arabic: مجلس الوزراء) is the chief executive branch of the government presided over by the prime minister. The prime minister, who is appointed by the Federal Supreme Council, appoints the ministers. The Council of Ministers is made up of 22 members and manages all internal and foreign affairs of the federation under its constitutional and federal law.^[110] In December 2019,^[111] the UAE became the only Arab country, and one of only five countries in the world, to attain gender parity in a national legislative body, with its lower house 50 per cent women.^[112][113]
【参考译文】阿联酋电子政府是阿联酋联邦政府的电子形式延伸。阿联酋的内阁（阿拉伯文：مجلس الوزراء）是由总理主持的政府的行政部门。总理由联邦最高委员会任命，并任命部长。内阁由22名成员组成，在宪法和联邦法律下管理联邦的所有内政和外交事务。2019年12月，阿联酋成为唯一一个阿拉伯国家，也是世界上仅有的五个国家之一，在国家立法机构实现性别平等，其下议院有50%的女性。

The UAE is the only country in the world that has a Ministry of Tolerance,^[114] a Ministry of Happiness,^[115] and a Ministry of Artificial Intelligence.^[116] The UAE also has a virtual ministry called the Ministry of Possibilities, designed to find solutions to challenges and improve quality of life.^[117][118] The UAE also has a National Youth Council, which is represented in the UAE cabinet by the Minister of Youth.^[119][120]
【参考译文】阿联酋是世界上唯一一个拥有宽容部、幸福部和人工智能部的国家。此外，阿联酋还设立了一个名为“可能性部”的虚拟部门，旨在找到解决方案，改善生活质量。阿联酋还设有一个国家青年委员会，由青年部长在阿联酋内阁中代表。

The UAE legislative is the Federal National Council which convenes nationwide elections every four years. The FNC consists of 40 members drawn from all the emirates. Each emirate is allocated specific seats to ensure full representation. Half are appointed by the rulers of the constituent emirates, and the other half are elected. By law, the council members have to be equally divided between males and females. The FNC is restricted to a largely consultative role.^{[121][122][123]}
【参考译文】阿联酋的立法机构是联邦国民委员会（FNC），每四年举行全国性选举。FNC由来自所有酋长国的40名成员组成。为了确保全面代表，每个酋长国都被分配了特定的席位。一半由各酋长国的统治者任命，另一半通过选举产生。根据法律，委员会成员必须男女平等分配。FNC的作用受到限制，主要是咨询性的。

3.2 行政区划 | Administrative divisions

See also: Politics of the United Arab Emirates, List of cities in the United Arab Emirates, and Emirates of the United Arab Emirates【另请参阅：阿拉伯联合酋长国的政治、阿拉伯联合酋长国的城市列表和阿拉伯联合酋长国的酋长国】

The United Arab Emirates comprises seven emirates. The Emirate of Dubai is the most populous emirate with 35.6% of the UAE population. The Emirate of Abu Dhabi has 31.2%, meaning that over two-thirds of the UAE population lives in either Abu Dhabi or Dubai.
【参考译文】阿联酋由七个酋长国组成。迪拜酋长国是人口最多的酋长国，占阿联酋总人口的35.6%。阿布扎比酋长国的人口占31.2%，这意味着超过三分之二的阿联酋人口居住在阿布扎比或迪拜。

Abu Dhabi has an area of 67,340 square kilometres (26,000 square miles), which is 86.7% of the country’s total area, excluding the islands. It has a coastline extending for more than 400 km (250 mi) and is divided for administrative purposes into three major regions. The Emirate of Dubai extends along the Persian Gulf coast of the UAE for approximately 72 km (45 mi). Dubai has an area of 3,885 square kilometres (1,500 square miles), which is equivalent to 5% of the country’s total area, excluding the islands. The Emirate of Sharjah extends along approximately 16 km (10 mi) of the UAE’s Persian Gulf coastline and for more than 80 km (50 mi) into the interior. The northern emirates which include Fujairah, Ajman, Ras al-Khaimah, and Umm al-Qaiwain all have a total area of 3,881 square kilometres (1,498 square miles). There are two areas under joint control. One is jointly controlled by Oman and Ajman, the other by Fujairah and Sharjah.
【参考译文】阿布扎比酋长国的面积为67,340平方公里（26,000平方英里），占除岛屿外的国家总面积的86.7%。它拥有超过400公里（250英里）的海岸线，行政上分为三个主要地区。迪拜酋长国沿着阿联酋波斯湾海岸延伸约72公里（45英里）。迪拜的面积为3,885平方公里（1,500平方英里），相当于国家总面积的5%，不包括岛屿。沙迦酋长国沿着阿联酋波斯湾海岸线延伸约16公里（10英里），向内陆延伸超过80公里（50英里）。包括富查伊拉、阿吉曼、拉斯尔哈马和乌姆盖万在内的北部酋长国总面积为3,881平方公里（1,498平方英里）。有两个地区由多个酋长国共同控制。一个由阿曼和阿吉曼共同控制，另一个由富查伊拉和沙迦共同控制。

There is an Omani exclave surrounded by UAE territory, known as Wadi Madha. It is located halfway between the Musandam peninsula and the rest of Oman in the Emirate of Sharjah. It covers approximately 75 square kilometres (29 square miles) and the boundary was settled in 1969. The north-east corner of Madha is closest to the Khor Fakkan-Fujairah road, barely 10 metres (33 feet) away. Within the Omani exclave of Madha, is a UAE exclave called Nahwa, also belonging to the Emirate of Sharjah. It is about eight kilometres (5.0 miles) on a dirt track west of the town of New Madha. It consists of about forty houses with its own clinic and telephone exchange.
【参考译文】在阿联酋领土内被包围的一块阿曼飞地称为瓦迪马达。它位于阿联酋的沙迦酋长国，介于穆桑丹半岛和阿曼其他地区之间，面积约为75平方公里（29平方英里），边界于1969年划定。马达的东北角距离富查伊拉-福建的公路最近，仅有10米（33英尺）远。在瓦迪马达的阿曼飞地中，还有一个名为纳赫瓦的阿联酋飞地，同样属于沙迦酋长国。它位于新马达镇以西约八公里（5.0英里）的土路上，约有四十户人家，设有自己的诊所和电话交换机。

3.3 国际关系 | Foreign relations

Main article: Foreign relations of the United Arab Emirates【主条目：阿联酋外交关系】

图片题注：Emirati Minister of Foreign Affairs Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan (furthest right) at the signing of the Abraham Accords.
参考译文：阿联酋外交部长阿卜杜拉·本·扎耶德·阿勒纳哈扬（最右）在签署《亚伯拉罕协议》。

图片作者：The White House from Washington, DC

The United Arab Emirates has broad diplomatic and commercial relations with most countries and members of the United Nations. It plays a significant role in OPEC, and is one of the founding members of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). The UAE is a member of the United Nations and several of its specialized agencies (ICAO, ILO, UPU, WHO, WIPO), as well as the World Bank, IMF, Arab League, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), and the Non-Aligned Movement. Also, it is an observer in the Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie. Most countries have diplomatic missions in the capital Abu Dhabi with most consulates being in UAE’s largest city, Dubai.
【参考译文】阿联酋与大多数国家和联合国成员国均有广泛的外交和商业关系。它在石油输出国组织（OPEC）中发挥着重要作用，是海湾合作委员会（GCC）的创始成员之一。阿联酋是联合国及其多个专门机构（国际民航组织、国际劳工组织、万国邮政联盟、世界卫生组织、世界知识产权组织）、世界银行、国际货币基金组织、阿拉伯联盟、伊斯兰合作组织和不结盟运动的成员。此外，阿联酋还是国际法语国家组织的观察员。大多数国家在首都阿布扎比设有外交使馆，而领事馆大多位于阿联酋最大的城市迪拜。

Emirati foreign relations are motivated to a large extent by identity and relationship to the Arab world.^[124] The United Arab Emirates has strong ties with Bahrain,^[125] China,^[126] Egypt,^[127] France,^[128] India,^[129] Jordan,^[130] Pakistan,^[131] Russia,^[132] Saudi Arabia^[133] and the United States.^[134]
【参考译文】阿联酋的外交关系在很大程度上受到身份认同和与阿拉伯世界的关系的影响。阿联酋与巴林、中国、埃及、法国、印度、约旦、巴基斯坦、俄罗斯、沙特阿拉伯和美国等国家有着紧密的关系。

Following the British withdrawal from the UAE in 1971 and the establishment of the UAE as a state, the UAE disputed rights to three islands in the Persian Gulf against Iran, namely Abu Musa, Greater Tunb, and Lesser Tunb. The UAE tried to bring the matter to the International Court of Justice, but Iran dismissed the notion.^[135] Pakistan was the first country to formally recognise the UAE upon its formation.^[136] The UAE alongside multiple Middle Eastern and African countries cut diplomatic ties with Qatar in June 2017 due to allegations of Qatar being a state sponsor of terrorism, resulting in the Qatar diplomatic crisis. Ties were restored in January 2021.^[137] The UAE recognized Israel in August 2020, reaching a historic Israel–United Arab Emirates peace agreement and leading towards full normalization of relations between the two countries.^{[138][139][140]}
【参考译文】1971年英国撤离阿联酋并将其建立为一个独立国家后，阿联酋与伊朗就波斯湾中的三个岛屿，即阿布穆萨岛、大图恩岛和小图恩岛的所有权存在争议。阿联酋试图将此事提交给国际法院，但伊朗驳回了这一提议。巴基斯坦是第一个正式承认阿联酋成立的国家。2017年6月，阿联酋与多个中东和非洲国家一起中断了与卡塔尔的外交关系，理由是指控卡塔尔是恐怖主义的国家支持者，导致了卡塔尔外交危机。关系于2021年1月得以恢复。阿联酋于2020年8月承认以色列，达成了历史性的以色列-阿联酋和平协议，推动了两国之间关系的全面正常化。

3.4 军事 | Military

Main article: United Arab Emirates Armed Forces

The armed forces of the United Arab Emirates consist of 44,000 active personnel in the Army, 2,500 personnel and 46 ships in the Navy, 4,500 personnel and 386 aircraft in the Air Force, and 12,000 personnel in the Presidential Guard. In 2022 the country spent US$20.4 billion on defense, which is 4% of its GDP. The UAE is considered to have most capable military among the Gulf states.^[141][142]
【参考译文】阿联酋的武装部队包括陆军有44,000名现役人员，海军有2,500名人员和46艘舰船，空军有4,500名人员和386架飞机，总统卫队有12,000名人员。2022年，该国在国防上的支出为204亿美元，占其国内生产总值的4%。阿联酋被认为是海湾国家中军事实力最强大的国家之一。

Although initially small in number, the UAE armed forces have grown significantly over the years and are presently equipped with some of the most modern weapon systems, purchased from a variety of western military advanced countries, mainly France, the US and the UK. Most officers are graduates of the United Kingdom’s Royal Military Academy at Sandhurst, with others having attended the United States Military Academy at West Point, the Royal Military College, Duntroon in Australia, and St Cyr, the military academy of France. France and the United States have played the most strategically significant roles with defence cooperation agreements and military material provision.^[143]
【参考译文】尽管最初规模较小，但多年来阿联酋武装部队得到了显著发展，并装备了一些最现代化的武器系统，主要购自西方国家，主要是法国、美国和英国。大多数军官是英国桑赫斯特皇家军事学院的毕业生，还有一些毕业于美国西点军校、澳大利亚邓特鲁恩皇家军事学院和法国圣西尔军事学院。法国和美国在防务合作协议和军事装备供应方面发挥了最具战略意义的作用。

Some of the UAE military deployments include an infantry battalion to the United Nations UNOSOM II force in Somalia in 1993, the 35th Mechanised Infantry Battalion to Kosovo, a regiment to Kuwait during the Iraq War, demining operations in Lebanon, Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan, American-led intervention in Libya, American-led intervention in Syria, and the Saudi-led intervention in Yemen. The active and effective military role, despite its small active personnel, has led the UAE military to be nicknamed as “Little Sparta” by United States Armed Forces Generals and former US defense secretary James Mattis.^[144]
【参考译文】阿联酋的一些军事部署包括1993年向索马里联合国UNOSOM II部队派遣一个步兵营、向科索沃派遣第35机械化步兵营、伊拉克战争期间向科威特派遣一个团、在黎巴嫩进行排雷行动、阿富汗持久自由行动、美国领导的利比亚干预、美国领导的叙利亚干预以及沙特领导的也门干预。尽管现役人员规模较小，但积极有效的军事作用使阿联酋军队被美国军队将领和前美国国防部长詹姆斯·马蒂斯称为“小斯巴达”。

The UAE intervened in the Libyan Civil War in support of General Khalifa Haftar‘s Libyan National Army in its conflict with the internationally recognised Government of National Accord (GNA).^{[145][146][147]}
【参考译文】阿联酋介入利比亚内战，支持哈夫塔尔将军的利比亚国民军与国际承认的国民团结政府之间的冲突。

Examples of the military assets deployed include the enforcement of the no-fly-zone over Libya by sending six UAEAF F-16 and six Mirage 2000 multi-role fighter aircraft,^[148] ground troop deployment in Afghanistan,^[149] 30 UAEAF F-16s and ground troops deployment in Southern Yemen,^[150] and helping the US launch its first airstrikes against ISIL targets in Syria.^[151]
【参考译文】阿联酋军队部署的一些军事资产包括派遣六架阿联酋空军F-16和六架米拉奇2000多用途战斗机执行对利比亚的禁飞区执行任务、在阿富汗部署地面部队、30架阿联酋空军F-16和地面部队在也门南部部署、帮助美国对叙利亚的ISIL目标进行首次空袭等。

The UAE has begun production of a greater amount of military equipment, in a bid to reduce foreign dependence and help with national industrialisation. Example of national military development include the Abu Dhabi Shipbuilding company (ADSB), which produces a range of ships and is a prime contractor in the Baynunah Programme, a programme to design, develop and produce corvettes customised for operation in the shallow waters of the Persian Gulf. The UAE is also producing weapons and ammunition through Caracal International, military transport vehicles through Nimr LLC and unmanned aerial vehicles collectively through Emirates Defence Industries Company. The UAE operates the General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon F-16E Block 60 unique variant unofficially called “Desert Falcon“, developed by General Dynamics with collaboration of the UAE and specifically for the United Arab Emirates Air Force.^[152] The United Arab Emirates Army operates a customized Leclerc tank and is the only other operator of the tank aside from the French Army.^[153] The largest defence exhibition and conference in the Middle East, International Defence Exhibition, takes place biennially in Abu Dhabi.
【参考译文】阿联酋已经开始大量生产军事装备，以减少对外国的依赖并助力国家工业化。阿布扎比造船公司（ADSB）是国家军事发展的一个例子，该公司生产各种舰船，并是Baynunah项目的主要承包商，该项目旨在设计、开发和生产适合在波斯湾浅水区域操作的护卫舰。阿联酋还通过Caracal International生产武器和弹药、通过Nimr LLC生产军用运输车辆以及通过阿联酋国防工业公司集体生产无人机。阿联酋空军使用通用动力F-16战斗猎鹰F-16E Block 60独特变种，该型号由通用动力公司与阿联酋合作开发，专门供给阿联酋空军。阿联酋陆军操作定制的勒克莱克坦克，除法国军队外，是唯一的操作国。中东最大的国防展览和会议，国际防卫展览会，每两年在阿布扎比举行。

The UAE introduced a mandatory military service for adult males, since 2014, for 16 months to expand its reserve force.^[154] The highest loss of life in the history of UAE military occurred on Friday 4 September 2015, in which 52 soldiers were killed in Marib area of central Yemen by a Tochka missile which targeted a weapons cache and caused a large explosion.^[155]
【参考译文】从2014年开始，阿联酋引入了成年男性义务兵役制度，为期16个月，以扩大其后备力量。阿联酋军队历史上最严重的损失发生在2015年9月4日，中也门中部马里卜地区，52名士兵在一枚针对武器库的Tochka导弹袭击中丧生，造成大爆炸。

3.5 法律 | Law

Main articles: Legal system of the United Arab Emirates and Crime in the United Arab Emirates【主条目：“阿联酋的法律体系”和“阿联酋犯罪情况”】

See also: LGBT rights in the United Arab Emirates【参见：阿联酋的同性恋权利】

The United Arab Emirates has a federal court system, and the emirates of Abu Dhabi, Dubai and Ras Al Khaimah also have local court systems. The UAE’s judicial system is derived from the civil law system and Sharia law. The court system consists of civil courts and Sharia courts. Sharia courts have exclusive jurisdiction in Muslim family law matters, while civil courts deal with all other legal matters.^[156] Since September 2020, corporal punishment is no longer a legal form of punishment under UAE federal law. Under the decree, legal forms of punishment are retribution and blood money punishments, capital punishment, life imprisonment, temporary imprisonment incarceration, detention, and fines.^[156] Article 1 of the Federal Penal Code was amended in 2020 to state that Islamic Law applies only to retribution and blood money punishments; previously the article stated that “provisions of the Islamic Law shall apply to the crimes of doctrinal punishment, punitive punishment and blood money.”^[156][157] Before 2020, flogging, stoning, amputation, and crucifixion were technically legal punishments for criminal offences such as adultery, premarital sex, and drug or alcohol use.^[158][159] In recent history, the UAE has declared its intention to move towards a more tolerant legal code, and to phase out corporal punishment altogether in favor of private punishment.^[160] With alcohol and cohabitation laws being loosened in advance of the 2020 World Expo, Emirati laws have become increasingly acceptable to visitors from non-Muslim countries.^[161]
【参考译文】阿联酋拥有一个联邦法院系统，阿布扎比、迪拜和拉斯阿尔哈马等酋长国也设有地方法院系统。阿联酋的司法体系源自民法体系和伊斯兰教法。法院系统包括民事法院和伊斯兰教法院。伊斯兰教法院在穆斯林家庭法事务中拥有专属管辖权，而民事法院处理所有其他法律事务。自2020年9月以来，体罚不再是阿联酋联邦法律规定的一种合法惩罚形式。根据该法令，合法的惩罚形式包括复仇和赔偿金惩罚、死刑、无期徒刑、有期徒刑、拘禁、罚款等。2020年修改的联邦刑法第1条规定，伊斯兰法仅适用于复仇和赔偿金惩罚；此前该条文规定“伊斯兰法规定适用于教义惩罚、惩罚性惩罚和赔偿金罚款罪行。”在2020年之前，鞭打、石刑、截肢和钉十字架等处罚在法律上是针对犯罪行为（如通奸、婚前性行为、吸毒或酗酒等）的合法处罚。近年来，阿联酋已宣布其意图朝着更加宽容的法典方向发展，并逐步淘汰体罚，转而采用私人惩罚。在2020年世界博览会之前，阿联酋正在放宽酒精和同居法规，使得阿联酋法律逐渐变得更加适合来自非穆斯林国家的游客。

Sharia courts have exclusive jurisdiction over Muslim family law matters such as marriage, divorce, child custody, and inheritance.^[162][163] Muslim women must receive permission from a male guardian to marry and remarry. This requirement is derived from Sharia law and has been federal law since 2005.^[162] It is illegal for Muslim women to marry non-Muslims and is punishable by law.^[164] Non-Muslim expatriates were liable to Sharia rulings on marriage, divorce, child custody and inheritance, however, federal law was changed to introduce non-Sharia personal status law for non-Muslims.^[165][166] Recently, the emirate of Abu Dhabi opened a civil law family court for non-Muslims and Dubai has announced that non-Muslims can opt for civil marriages.^[167][165]
【参考译文】伊斯兰教法院在穆斯林家庭法事务中拥有专属管辖权，如婚姻、离婚、子女监护和继承。穆斯林妇女必须得到男性监护人的许可才能结婚和再婚。这一要求源自伊斯兰教法，自2005年以来一直是联邦法律。穆斯林妇女与非穆斯林结婚是违法的，并受到法律制裁。非穆斯林外籍居民在婚姻、离婚、子女监护和继承方面受到伊斯兰教法裁决的约束，但联邦法律已经被修改，为非穆斯林引入了非伊斯兰教个人身份法。最近，阿布扎比酋长国开设了一个非穆斯林民事法庭，而迪拜宣布非穆斯林可以选择民事婚姻。

Apostasy is a technically capital crime in the UAE, however, there are no documented cases of apostates being executed.^[168][169] Blasphemy is illegal; expatriates involved in insulting Islam are liable for deportation.^{[170][171][172]}
【参考译文】在阿联酋，宗教变节在技术上是一项刑事罪行，但没有记录显示曾有宗教变节者被处决。亵渎神明是违法的；侮辱伊斯兰教的外籍居民可能会被驱逐出境。

Sodomy is illegal and is punishable by a minimum of 6-month imprisonment or a fine or both, but the law does not apply “except on the basis of a complaint from the husband or legal guardian”, but the penalty may be suspended if the complaint is waived.^[173] In 2013, an Emirati man was on trial for being accused of a “gay handshake”.^[174]
【参考译文】鸡奸是违法的，最低刑期为6个月监禁或罚款，或两者兼施，但该法律“仅在丈夫或法定监护人提出投诉的基础上才适用”，但如果投诉被撤回，惩罚可能会被暂缓。2013年，一名阿联酋男子因被指控“同性恋握手”而受审。

Due to local customs, public shows of affection in certain public places are illegal and could result in deportation, but holding hands is tolerated.^[175] Expats in Dubai have been deported for kissing in public.^[176] In several cases, the courts of the UAE have jailed women who have reported rape.^{[177][178][67][179][180][181]} Federal law in the UAE prohibits swearing on social media.^[182][183] Dancing in public is illegal in the UAE.^{[184][185][186]} In November 2020, UAE announced that it decriminalised alcohol, lifted the ban on unmarried couples living together, and ended lenient punishment on honor killing. Foreigners living in the Emirates were allowed to follow their native country’s laws on divorce and inheritance.^[187]
【参考译文】由于当地习俗，某些公共场所的公开示爱是违法的，可能导致被驱逐出境，但手牵手是被容忍的。迪拜的外籍居民因在公共场所接吻而被驱逐出境。在几起案件中，阿联酋法院监禁了报告遭受强奸的妇女。阿联酋联邦法律禁止在社交媒体上说脏话。在阿联酋，公共跳舞是违法的。2020年11月，阿联酋宣布将酒精解禁，解除未婚夫妻同居的禁令，并取消对荣誉谋杀的宽大惩罚。在阿联酋居住的外国人被允许遵循自己祖国的离婚和继承法律。

3.6 人权 | Human rights

Main article: Human rights in the United Arab Emirates【主条目：阿联酋的人权】

The state security apparatus in the UAE has been accused of human rights abuses including forced disappearance, arbitrary arrests and torture.^[188] The annual Freedom House report on Freedom in the World has listed the United Arab Emirates as “Not Free” every year since 1999, the first year for which records are available on their website.^[104] Freedom of association is also severely curtailed. Associations and NGOs are required to register with the government; however twenty non-political groups were reportedly operating in the country without registration. All associations have to be submitted to censorship guidelines and all publications have first to be approved by the government.^[189] In its 2013 Annual Report, Amnesty International criticized the UAE’s poor record on human rights issues; highlighting restrictions of freedom of speech and assembly, the use of arbitrary arrest and torture, and the use of the death penalty.^[190]
【参考译文】阿联酋的国家安全部门被指控存在强制失踪、任意逮捕和酷刑等人权侵犯行为。自1999年起，每年的《自由之家世界自由报告》都将阿联酋列为“不自由”，这是该组织网站记录的第一年。结社自由也受到严重限制。协会和非政府组织必须向政府注册；然而据报道，该国有二十个非政治团体在没有注册的情况下运作。所有协会都必须遵守审查指导方针，所有出版物必须首先获得政府批准。在其2013年年度报告中，国际特赦组织批评了阿联酋在人权问题上的糟糕记录，强调言论和集会自由受限、任意逮捕和酷刑的使用，以及使用死刑的情况。

The UAE has escaped the Arab Spring; and since 2011, human rights organizations claim that the government has increasingly carried out forced disappearances.^{[191][192][193][needs update]} The Arab Organization for Human Rights obtained testimonies from defendants who claimed being kidnapped, tortured and abused in detention centres; they reported 16 methods of torture including beatings, threats with electrocution and denial of medical care.^[194] Repressive measures, including deportation, were applied on foreigners based on allegations of attempts to destabilize the country.^[195] The issue of sexual abuse among female domestic workers is another area of concern, particularly given that domestic servants are not covered by the UAE labour law of 1980 or the draft labour law of 2007.^{[196][needs update]} Worker protests have been suppressed and protesters imprisoned without due process.^[197]
【参考译文】阿联酋成功避过了阿拉伯之春；自2011年以来，人权组织声称政府越来越频繁地实施强制失踪。阿拉伯人权组织获得了被告的证词，声称被绑架、在拘留中遭受酷刑和虐待；他们报告了包括殴打、恐吓用电击和拒绝医疗照顾在内的16种酷刑手段。对外国人采取了驱逐等镇压措施，理由是他们试图破坏国家稳定。女性家政工人之间的性虐待问题也是一个关注的领域，尤其是考虑到家庭佣工不受1980年《阿联酋劳动法》或2007年草案劳动法的保护。工人抗议活动受到镇压，抗议者被拘留而未经正当程序。

Amnesty International reported that Qatari men have been abducted by the UAE government and allegedly withheld information about the men’s fate from their families.^[195][198] According to some organizations, over 4,000 Shia expatriates have been deported from the UAE;^[199][200] including Lebanese Shia families for their alleged sympathies for Hezbollah.^{[201][202][203]} In 2013, 94 Emirati activists were held in secret detention centres and put on trial for allegedly attempting to overthrow the government;^[204] a relative of a defendant was arrested for tweeting about the trial, and sentenced to 10 months in jail.^[205] The latest forced disappearance involves three sisters from Abu Dhabi.^[206]
【参考译文】国际特赦组织报告称，卡塔尔男子曾被阿联酋政府绑架，并据称对家人隐瞒了这些男子的命运信息。一些组织称，超过4000名什叶派外籍居民被驱逐出阿联酋；其中包括黎巴嫩什叶派家庭，因涉嫌支持真主党而遭驱逐。2013年，94名阿联酋活动人士被秘密关押并因涉嫌企图推翻政府而被起诉；一名被告的亲属因在推特上发表与审判有关的言论而被逮捕，并被判处10个月监禁。最新的强制失踪事件涉及来自阿布扎比的三姐妹。

3.7 移民劳工 | Migrant workers

Main articles: Migrant workers in the United Arab Emirates and Migrant workers in the Gulf Cooperation Council region【主条目：阿拉伯联合酋长国的移徙工人和海湾合作委员会地区的移徙工人】

Migrant workers in the UAE are not allowed to join trade unions or go on strike. Those who strike may risk prison and deportation,^[207][208] as seen in 2014 when dozens of workers were deported for striking.^[209] The International Trade Union Confederation has called on the United Nations to investigate evidence that thousands of migrant workers in the UAE are treated as slave labour.^[210]
【参考译文】在阿联酋，移民工人不被允许加入工会或举行罢工。那些参与罢工的工人可能面临监禁和驱逐的风险，就像2014年数十名工人因罢工而被驱逐一样。国际工会联合会呼吁联合国调查证据，证明阿联酋数千名移民工人被视为奴隶劳工。

In 2019, an investigation performed by The Guardian revealed that thousands of migrant construction workers employed on infrastructure and building projects for the UAE’s Expo 2020 exhibition were working in an unsafe environment. Some were even exposed to potentially fatal situations due to cardiovascular issues. Long hours in the sun made them vulnerable to heat strokes.^[211]
【参考译文】2019年，《卫报》进行的一项调查揭示，为阿联酋2020年迪拜世界博览会的基础设施和建筑项目工作的数千名移民建筑工人处于一种不安全的工作环境。有些人甚至面临可能致命的心血管问题。在太阳下长时间工作使他们容易中暑。

A report in January 2020 highlighted that the employers in the United Arab Emirates have been exploiting the Indian labor and hiring them on tourist visas, which is easier and cheaper than work permits. These migrant workers are left open to labor abuse, where they also fear reporting exploitation due to their illegal status. Besides, the issue remains unknown as the visit visa data is not maintained in both the UAE and Indian migration and employment records.^[212]
【参考译文】2020年1月的一份报告强调，阿联酋的雇主一直在剥削印度劳工，并以旅游签证雇佣他们，这比工作许可更容易更便宜。这些移民工人容易受到劳工滥用，他们也因为非法身份而害怕报告剥削。此外，由于阿联酋和印度的访问签证数据没有得到维护，这个问题仍然是未知的。

In a 22 July 2020 news piece, Reuters reported human rights groups as saying conditions had deteriorated because of the COVID-19 pandemic. Many migrant workers racked up debt and depended on the help of charities. The report cited salary delays and layoffs as a major risk, in addition to overcrowded living conditions, lack of support and problems linked with healthcare and sick pay. Reuters reported at least 200,000 workers, mostly from India but also from Pakistan, Bangladesh, the Philippines and Nepal, had been repatriated, according to their diplomatic missions.^[213]
【参考译文】根据2020年7月22日路透社的报道，人权组织表示，由于新冠疫情的影响，情况恶化。许多移民工人背负债务，依赖慈善机构的帮助。报道指出，薪资拖欠和裁员是主要风险，另外还有住所拥挤、缺乏支持以及与医疗保健和病假有关的问题。根据外交使团的数据，路透社报道，至少有20万名工人，主要来自印度，还有来自巴基斯坦、孟加拉国、菲律宾和尼泊尔，已被遣返。

On 2 May 2020, the Consul General of India in Dubai, Vipul, confirmed that more than 150,000 Indians in the United Arab Emirates registered to be repatriated through the e-registration option provided by Indian consulates in the UAE. According to the figures, 25% applicants lost their jobs and nearly 15% were stranded in the country due to lockdown. Besides, 50% of the total applicants were from the state of Kerala, India.^[214]
【参考译文】2020年5月2日，印度驻迪拜总领事维普尔确认，超过15万印度人在阿联酋通过印度领事馆提供的电子注册选项登记要求遣返。根据数据，25%的申请人失业，近15%因封锁滞留在该国。此外，总申请人数中有50%来自印度喀拉拉邦。

On 9 October 2020, The Telegraph reported that many migrant workers were left abandoned, as they lost their jobs amidst the tightening economy due to COVID-19.^[215]
【参考译文】2020年10月9日，《每日电讯报》报道称，许多移民工人被遗弃，因为他们在新冠疫情导致经济收紧的情况下失去了工作。

Various human rights organisations have raised serious concerns about the alleged abuse of migrant workers by major contractors organising Expo 2020. UAE’s business solution provider German Pavilion is also held accountable for abusing migrant workers.^[216]
【参考译文】各种人权组织对博览会2020的主要承包商据称虐待移民工人提出了严重关切。阿联酋的商业解决方案提供商德国馆也因虐待移民工人而受到指责。

3.8 环境政策 | Environmental policy

Further information: Environmental issues in the United Arab Emirates【进一步信息：阿联酋的环境问题】

The country is a leading oil and gas producer. Its energy consumption per capita is around 370 Gigajoule. The UAE’s carbon dioxide emissions per capita are high, ranking sixth among countries globally.^[217] Recently, it made efforts to make itself more sustainable. Those include:^[218]
【参考译文】阿联酋是一家主要的石油和天然气生产国。其人均能源消耗约为370吉焦。阿联酋的人均二氧化碳排放量很高，在全球国家中排名第六。最近，阿联酋开始努力使自身更具可持续性。这些努力包括：

• Setting a target to reduce GHG emissions by 31% in comparison to business scenario by 2030 and reach net zero by 2050.
  【参考译文】设定目标，到2030年将温室气体排放量比商业情景减少31%，并在2050年实现净零排放。
• Launching a program to make the 3 most emissions-intensive sectors, 40% more energy efficient.
  【参考译文】启动一个计划，使排放密集型的三个部门能效提高40%。
• Launching some programs related to green building. Retrofitting of 30,000 buildings alone, should cut 1 million tons emissions.
  【参考译文】开展一些与绿色建筑相关的项目。仅翻新3万栋建筑就能减少100万吨排放。
• Promoting public transport and more.
  【参考译文】推广公共交通等。

According to official sources, in Dubai, “the share of mass transport in people’s mobility increased from 6 per cent in 2006 to 20.61 per cent in 2022.”^[219] Together with the USA the country invested 17 billion dollars in sustainable agriculture.^[220]
【参考译文】据官方消息，在迪拜，“2006年人们的出行中大众交通的份额从6%增加到2022年的20.61%。”与美国一起，该国在可持续农业上投资了170亿美元。

4. 经济 | Economy

Main article: Economy of the United Arab Emirates【主要文章：阿拉伯联合酋长国经济】

The United Arab Emirates has developed from a juxtaposition of Bedouin tribes to one of the world’s wealthiest states in only about 50 years, boasting one of the highest GDP (PPP) per capita figures in the world. Economic growth has been impressive and steady throughout the history of this young confederation of emirates with brief periods of recessions only, e.g. in the global financial and economic crisis years 2008–09, and a couple of more mixed years starting in 2015 and persisting until 2019. Between 2000 and 2018, average real gross domestic product (GDP) growth was at close to 4%.^[221] It is the second largest economy in the GCC (after Saudi Arabia),^[222] with a nominal gross domestic product (GDP) of US$414.2 billion, and a real GDP of 392.8 billion constant 2010 USD in 2018.^[221]
【参考译文】阿联酋已经从部落部落的并置发展成为世界上最富有的国家之一，仅用了大约50年的时间，拥有世界上最高的人均国内生产总值（购买力平价）数字之一。阿联酋联邦的经济增长一直是令人印象深刻且稳定的，仅在短暂的衰退时期出现，例如在2008年至2009年的全球金融和经济危机期间，以及自2015年开始并持续到2019年的几年中。2000年至2018年，阿联酋的实际国内生产总值（GDP）增长平均接近4％。它是海湾合作委员会（GCC）中第二大经济体（仅次于沙特阿拉伯），2018年名义国内生产总值（GDP）达到4142亿美元，实际国内生产总值为3928亿美元（2010年USD不变）。

Since its independence in 1971, the UAE’s economy has grown by nearly 231 times to 1.45 trillion AED in 2013. The non-oil trade has grown to 1.2 trillion AED, a growth by around 28 times from 1981 to 2012.^[222] Supported by the world’s seventh-largest oil reserves and aided by prudent investments coupled with a resolute commitment to economic liberalism and strong governmental oversight, the UAE has witnessed its real GDP increase by more than three times over the past four decades. Presently, the UAE is among the wealthiest countries globally, with GDP per capita nearly 80% higher than the OECD average.^[221]
【参考译文】自1971年独立以来，阿联酋的经济增长了近231倍，达到2013年的1.45万亿迪拉姆。非石油贸易从1981年到2012年增长了约28倍，达到1.2万亿迪拉姆。受世界上第七大石油储备的支持，再加上谨慎的投资、坚定的经济自由主义承诺和强有力的政府监督，阿联酋过去四十年的实际国内生产总值增长了三倍以上。目前，阿联酋是全球最富有的国家之一，人均国内生产总值几乎比经济合作与发展组织（OECD）平均水平高出80%。

As impressive as economic growth has been in the UAE, the total population has increased from just around 550,000 in 1975 to close to 10 million in 2018. This growth is mainly due to the influx of foreign workers into the country, making the national population a minority. The UAE features a unique labour market system, in which residence in the UAE is conditional on stringent visa rules. This system is a major advantage in terms of macroeconomic stability, as labour supply adjusts quickly to demand throughout economic business cycles. This allows the government to keep unemployment in the country on a very low level of less than 3%, and it also gives the government more leeway in terms of macroeconomic policies – where other governments often need to make trade-offs between fighting unemployment and fighting inflation.^[221]
【参考译文】尽管阿联酋的经济增长令人印象深刻，但从1975年的大约55万人增长到2018年的近1000万人。这种增长主要是由于外国工人涌入该国，使国家人口成为少数群体。阿联酋拥有独特的劳动力市场体系，其中居住在阿联酋是根据严格的签证规定来的。这一体系在宏观经济稳定方面具有重要优势，因为劳动力供应可以快速调整以适应经济周期中的需求变化。这使政府能够将国内失业率维持在非常低的水平，低于3％，同时也使政府在宏观经济政策方面拥有更多的自由度，其他政府通常需要在对抗失业和对抗通货膨胀之间做出权衡。

Between 2014 and 2018, the accommodation and food, education, information and communication, arts and recreation, and real estate sectors over performed in terms of growth, whereas the construction, logistics, professional services, public, and oil and gas sectors underperformed.^[221]
【参考译文】在2014年到2018年期间，住宿和餐饮、教育、信息和通信、艺术和娱乐以及房地产行业在增长方面表现优秀，而建筑、物流、专业服务、公共事业以及石油和天然气行业的表现不佳。

4.1 商务和金融 | Business and finance

The UAE offers businesses a strong enabling environment: stable political and macroeconomic conditions, a future-oriented government, good general infrastructure and ICT infrastructure. Moreover, the country has made continuous and convincing improvements to its regulatory environment^[221] and is ranked as the 26th best country in the world for doing business by the Doing Business 2017 Report published by the World Bank Group.^[223] The UAE are in the top ranks of several other global indices, such as the World Economic Forum‘s (WEF), Global Competitiveness Index (GCI), the World Happiness Report (WHR) and 31st in the Global Innovation Index in 2023.^[224] The Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), for example, assigns the UAE rank two regionally in terms of business environment and 22 worldwide. From the 2018 Arab Youth Survey the UAE emerges as the top Arab country in areas such as living, safety and security, economic opportunities, and starting a business, and as an example for other states to emulate.^[221]
【参考译文】阿联酋为企业提供了一个强大的促进环境：稳定的政治和宏观经济条件、未来导向的政府、良好的基础设施和信息通信技术基础设施。此外，该国持续并令人信服地改善其监管环境，并被世界银行集团发布的2017年《全球营商环境报告》评为全球第26名最适合做生意的国家。阿联酋在其他全球指数中也名列前茅，如世界经济论坛的全球竞争力指数（GCI）、世界幸福报告（WHR）以及2023年全球创新指数中排名第31位。例如，经济学人智库（EIU）将阿联酋在业务环境方面排名第二，全球排名第22位。从2018年阿拉伯青年调查中，阿联酋在生活、安全与保障、经济机会和创办业务等领域脱颖而出，成为其他国家效仿的榜样。

The weaker points remain the level of education across the UAE population, limitations in the financial and labour markets, barriers to trade and some regulations that hinder business dynamism. The major challenge for the country, though, remains translating investments and strong enabling conditions into innovation and creative outputs.^[221]
【参考译文】然而，阿联酋人口教育水平、金融和劳动力市场的限制、贸易壁垒以及一些阻碍商业活力的法规仍然是其薄弱点。然而，该国面临的主要挑战仍然是将投资和良好的促进条件转化为创新和创意产出。

UAE law does not allow trade unions to exist.^[225] The right to collective bargaining and the right to strike are not recognised, and the Ministry of Labour has the power to force workers to go back to work. Migrant workers who participate in a strike can have their work permits cancelled and be deported.^[225] Consequently, there are very few anti-discrimination laws in relation to labour issues, with Emiratis – and other GCC Arabs – getting preference in public sector jobs despite lesser credentials than competitors and lower motivation. In fact, just over eighty per cent of Emirati workers hold government posts, with many of the rest taking part in state-owned enterprises such as Emirates airlines and Dubai Properties.^[226] Western states, including the United Kingdom, were also warned by the Emirati Trade Minister, Thani bin Ahmed Al Zeyoudi to keep politics separate from trade and the economy, as it dilutes the agreements’ main objectives. In 2023, Al Zeyoudi indicated that these countries should “tone down” the human and workers’ rights provisions in the trade deals, in order to gain greater market access and business opportunities.^[227]
【参考译文】阿联酋法律不允许存在工会。集体谈判权和罢工权未得到承认，劳工部有权强制工人回到工作岗位。参与罢工的外籍工人可能会被取消工作许可并遣送出境。因此，在劳动问题方面几乎没有反歧视法律，尽管拥有较低资质和动力较低的竞争者，阿联酋人和其他海湾合作委员会（GCC）阿拉伯人在公共部门工作中更受偏爱。事实上，超过80％的阿联酋工人担任政府职务，其余许多人参与国有企业，如阿联酋航空和迪拜地产。阿联酋贸易部长泰尼·本·艾哈迈德·艾勒育迪曾警告包括英国在内的西方国家，要将政治与贸易和经济分开，因为这会削弱协议的主要目标。艾勒育迪在2023年表示，这些国家应该“淡化”贸易协议中有关人权和劳工权利的规定，以获得更大的市场准入和商机。

The UAE’s monetary policy stresses stability and predictability. The Central Bank of the UAE (CBUAE) keeps a peg to the US Dollar (USD) and moves interest rates close to the Federal Funds Rate.^[221]
【参考译文】阿联酋的货币政策强调稳定性和可预测性。阿联酋中央银行与美元（USD）保持联系汇率，并将利率调整到接近美联储基金利率。

According to Fitch Ratings, the decline in property sector follows risks of progressively worsening the quality of assets in possession with UAE banks, leading the economy to rougher times ahead. Even though as compared to retail and property, UAE banks fared well. The higher US interest rates followed since 2016 – which the UAE currency complies to – have boosted profitability. However, the likelihood of plunging interest rates and increasing provisioning costs on bad loans, point to difficult times ahead for the economy.^[228]
【参考译文】根据惠誉评级，房地产部门的下滑可能使阿联酋银行手中的资产质量逐渐恶化，导致经济面临更加艰难的时期。尽管与零售和房地产相比，阿联酋银行表现良好。自2016年以来，随着美国利率的上升，使阿联酋货币受益，增加了盈利能力。然而，预计利率下降以及坏账准备金成本增加，预示着经济前景将面临困难。

Since 2015, economic growth has been more mixed due to a number of factors impacting both demand and supply. In 2017 and 2018 growth has been positive but on a low level of 0.8 and 1.4%, respectively. To support the economy the government is currently following an expansionary fiscal policy. However, the effects of this policy are partially offset by monetary policy, which has been contractionary. If not for the fiscal stimulus in 2018, the UAE economy would probably have contracted in that year. One of the factors responsible for slower growth has been a credit crunch, which is due to, among other factors, higher interest rates. Government debt has remained on a low level, despite high deficits in a few recent years. Risks related to government debt remain low. Inflation has been picking up in 2017 and 18. Contributing factors were the introduction of a value added tax (VAT) of 5%^[229] in 2018 as well as higher commodity prices. Despite the government’s expansionary fiscal policy and a growing economy in 2018 and at the beginning of 2019, prices have been dropping in late 2018 and 2019 owing to oversupply in some sectors of importance to consumer prices.^[221]
【参考译文】自2015年以来，由于一系列影响需求和供应的因素，经济增长状况更加复杂。2017年和2018年，增长率分别为0.8%和1.4%，虽然为正但较低水平。为了支持经济，政府目前正在实施扩张性财政政策。然而，这种政策的影响部分被紧缩的货币政策所抵消。如果不是2018年的财政刺激，阿联酋经济很可能在那一年收缩。导致增长放缓的一个因素是信贷紧缩，其中一个原因是较高的利率。尽管近几年赤字高企，但政府债务仍保持在较低水平。与政府债务相关的风险保持在较低水平。通货膨胀在2017年和2018年有所上升。促成因素包括2018年引入的5%增值税（VAT）以及商品价格上涨。尽管政府实施了扩张性财政政策，并在2018年和2019年初经济增长强劲，但由于一些对消费者价格具重要影响的行业出现供应过剩，导致2018年底和2019年价格下跌。

The UAE has an attractive tax system for companies and wealthy individuals, making it a preferred destination for companies seeking tax avoidance. The NGO Tax Justice Network places them in 2021 in the group of the ten largest tax havens.^[230] In 2023, the UAE’s legal system fell under international scrutiny, as the members of the British Parliament opened an inquiry into how the foreign business executives are treated in the country, in case of accusations of breaking the law.^[231]
【参考译文】阿联酋对公司和富裕个人来说，税收制度非常具吸引力，使其成为寻求避税的公司首选目的地。非政府组织“税收正义网络”将其列为2021年十大最大避税天堂之一。在2023年，阿联酋的法律体系受到国际审查，因为英国议会成员对外国商界高管在该国被指控违法时受到的待遇展开了调查。

4.2 增值税 | VAT

The UAE government implemented value-added tax (VAT) in the country from January 1, 2018, at a standard rate of 5%.^[232] While the government may still adjust the exact arrangement of the VAT, it is not likely that any new taxes will be introduced in the foreseeable future. Additional taxes would destroy one of the UAE’s main enticements for businesses to operate in the country and put a heavy burden on the economy.^[221]
【参考译文】阿联酋对公司和富裕个人来说，税收制度非常具吸引力，使其成为寻求避税的公司首选目的地。非政府组织“税收正义网络”将其列为2021年十大最大避税天堂之一。在2023年，阿联酋的法律体系受到国际审查，因为英国议会成员对外国商界高管在该国被指控违法时受到的待遇展开了调查。

4.3 能源 | Energy

Main article: Energy in the United Arab Emirates【主条目：阿拉伯联合酋长国的能源】

See also: Solar power in the United Arab Emirates【参见：阿拉伯联合酋长国的太阳能】

Oil and gas production is an important part of the economy of the UAE. In 2018, the oil and gas sector contributed 26% to overall GDP. The UAE leadership initiated economic diversification efforts even before the oil price crash in the 1980s, resulting in the UAE having the most diversified economy in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region at present. Although the oil and gas sector continues to be significant to the UAE economy, these efforts have yielded great resilience during periods of oil price fluctuations and economic turbulence. The introduction of the VAT has provided the government with an additional source of income – approximately 6% of the total revenue in 2018, or 27 billion United Arab Emirates dirham (AED) – affording its fiscal policy more independence from oil- and gas-related revenue, which constitutes about 36% of the total government revenue.
【参考译文】石油和天然气生产是阿联酋经济的重要组成部分。2018年，石油和天然气行业对整体国内生产总值（GDP）的贡献为26%。在20世纪80年代石油价格暴跌之前，阿联酋领导层就已经启动了经济多元化的努力，使得阿联酋目前拥有中东和北非地区（MENA）最为多元化的经济。尽管石油和天然气行业对阿联酋经济仍具有重要影响，但这些努力在石油价格波动和经济动荡时期表现出了极大的韧性。增值税的引入为政府提供了额外的收入来源，2018年约占总收入的6%，即270亿阿联酋迪拉姆（AED），使得其财政政策更加独立于与石油和天然气相关的收入，后者约占总政府收入的36%。

The Barakah nuclear power plant is the first on the Arabian peninsula and expected to reduce the carbon footprint of the country.^[233]
【参考译文】巴拉哈核电厂是阿拉伯半岛上第一座核电厂，预计将减少该国的碳足迹。

The UAE has solar generation potential, and its energy policy has shifted due to the declining price of solar. The Dubai Clean Energy Strategy aims to provide 7 per cent of Dubai’s energy from clean energy sources by 2020. It will increase this target to 25 per cent by 2030 and 75 per cent by 2050.^[234]
【参考译文】阿联酋具有巨大的太阳能发电潜力，由于太阳能价格的下降，其能源政策已经发生转变。迪拜清洁能源战略旨在到2020年将迪拜7%的能源来自清洁能源，将这一目标提高到2030年的25%，并在2050年达到75%。

4.4 旅游业 | Tourism

Main article: Tourism in the United Arab Emirates【主条目：阿拉伯联合酋长国的旅游业】

Tourism acts as a growth sector for the entire UAE economy. Dubai is the top tourism destination in the Middle East.^[179] According to the annual MasterCard Global Destination Cities Index, Dubai is the fifth most popular tourism destination in the world.^[235] Dubai holds up to 66% share of the UAE’s tourism economy, with Abu Dhabi having 16% and Sharjah 10%. Dubai welcomed 10 million tourists in 2013.
【参考译文】旅游业对整个阿联酋经济都起着增长的作用。迪拜是中东地区最热门的旅游目的地。根据每年的万事达全球目的地城市指数，迪拜是世界第五大最受欢迎的旅游目的地。迪拜占据了阿联酋旅游经济的66%的份额，阿布扎比占16%，莎加亚占10%。2013年，迪拜迎来了1000万游客。

The UAE has the most advanced and developed infrastructure in the region.^[236] Since the 1980s, the UAE has been spending billions of dollars on infrastructure. These developments are particularly evident in the larger emirates of Abu Dhabi and Dubai. The northern emirates are rapidly following suit, providing major incentives for developers of residential and commercial property.^[237][238]
【参考译文】阿联酋拥有该地区最先进和最发达的基础设施。自20世纪80年代以来，阿联酋在基础设施上投入数十亿美元。这些发展在阿布扎比和迪拜等较大的酋长国尤为明显。北部酋长国也在迅速跟进，为住宅和商业房地产开发商提供重大激励。

The inbound tourism expenditure in the UAE for 2019 accounted for 118.6 per cent share of the outbound tourism expenditure.^[238] Since 6 January 2020, tourist visas to the United Arab Emirates are valid for five years.^[239] It has been projected that the travel and tourism industry will contribute about 280.6 billion United Arab Emirati dirham to the UAE’s GDP by 2028.^[238]
【参考译文】2019年，阿联酋的入境旅游支出占出境旅游支出的118.6%。自2020年1月6日起，前往阿联酋的旅游签证有效期为五年。预计到2028年，旅游业将为阿联酋的国内生产总值（GDP）贡献约2806亿阿联酋迪拉姆。

The country’s major tourist attraction includes the famous Burj Khalifa in Dubai, the tallest tower in the world;^[240] The World archipelago and Palm Jumeirah also in Dubai;^[241] Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque and Yas Marina Circuit in Abu Dhabi; Al Hajar Mountains in Fujairah. The uniqueness of the country’s natural desert life, especially with the Bedouins, also facilitates the country’s tourist industry.^[242]
【参考译文】该国的主要旅游景点包括迪拜著名的哈利法塔，即世界上最高的塔楼；迪拜的世界群岛和棕榈岛；阿布扎比的谢赫扎耶德大清真寺和亚斯马里纳赛道；富贾伊拉的哈加尔山脉。该国独特的自然沙漠生活，尤其是与贝都因人的生活，也促进了该国的旅游业。

4.5 交通 | Transport

Main article: Transport in the United Arab Emirates【主条目：阿拉伯联合酋长国的交通】

Dubai International Airport became the busiest airport in the world by international passenger traffic in 2014, overtaking London Heathrow.^[243]
【参考译文】迪拜国际机场在2014年成为世界上国际客流量最繁忙的机场，超过了伦敦希思罗机场。

Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman, Umm Al Quwain, and Ras Al Khaimah are connected by the E11 highway, which is the longest road in the UAE. In Dubai, in addition to the Dubai Metro, The Dubai Tram and Palm Jumeirah Monorail also connect specific parts of the city. There is also a bus, taxi, abra and water taxi network run by RTA. T1, a double-decker tram system in Downtown Dubai, were operational from 2015 to 2019.
【参考译文】阿布扎比、迪拜、沙迦、阿吉曼、乌姆盖万和拉斯海马等地通过E11高速公路相连，这是阿联酋最长的道路。在迪拜，除了迪拜地铁外，迪拜有轨电车和帕尔姆朱美拉单轨列车也连接着城市的特定部分。此外，迪拜交通局管理着公交车、出租车、阿布拉小船和水上出租车网络。T1是迪拜市中心的双层有轨电车系统，从2015年到2019年运作。

Salik, meaning “open” or “clear”, is Dubai’s electronic toll collection system that was launched in July 2007 and is part of Dubai’s traffic congestion management system. Each time one passes through a Salik tolling point, a toll is deducted from the drivers’ prepaid toll account using advanced Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology. There are four Salik tolling points placed in strategic locations in Dubai: at Al Maktoum Bridge, Al Garhoud Bridge, and along Sheikh Zayed Road at Al Safa and Al Barsha.^[244]
【参考译文】Salik是迪拜的电子收费系统，意为“开放”或“清晰”，于2007年7月推出，是迪拜交通拥堵管理系统的一部分。每次通过Salik收费点时，都会使用先进的射频识别（RFID）技术从司机预付的收费账户中扣除通行费。在迪拜的战略位置设有四个Salik收费点：在阿尔马克图姆桥、阿尔加胡德桥以及沙赫扎耶德路上的阿尔萨法和阿尔巴沙处。

A 1,200 km (750 mi) country-wide railway is under construction which will connect all the major cities and ports.^[245] The Dubai Metro is the first urban train network in the Arabian Peninsula.^[246]
【参考译文】一条全长1,200公里（750英里）的全国铁路正在建设中，将连接所有主要城市和港口。迪拜地铁是阿拉伯半岛第一个城市轨道交通网络。

The major ports of the United Arab Emirates are Khalifa Port, Zayed Port, Port Jebel Ali, Port Rashid, Port Khalid, Port Saeed, and Port Khor Fakkan.^[247] The Emirates are increasingly developing their logistics and ports in order to participate in trade between Europe and China or Africa. For this purpose, ports are being rapidly expanded and investments are being made in their technology.
【参考译文】阿联酋的主要港口包括哈利法港口、扎耶德港口、杰贝阿里港口、拉希德港口、哈立德港口、赛义德港口和科尔法坎港口。阿联酋正不断发展物流和港口，以便参与欧洲、中国或非洲之间的贸易。为此，港口正在快速扩建，投资也正在技术方面进行。

The Emirates have historically been and currently still are part of the Maritime Silk Road that runs from the Chinese coast to the south via the southern tip of India to Mombasa, from there through the Red Sea via the Suez Canal to the Mediterranean, there to the Upper Adriatic region and the northern Italian hub of Trieste with its rail connections to Central Europe, Eastern Europe and the North Sea.^[248][249]
【参考译文】阿联酋历史上一直是并且仍然是海上丝绸之路的一部分，海上丝绸之路从中国沿海经由印度南部的南端到蒙巴萨，然后通过红海经苏伊士运河到地中海，再经过上亚得里亚地区到意大利北部的里雅斯特，并通过其铁路连接到中欧、东欧和北海。

4.6 电信 | Telecommunications

The United Arab Emirates is served by two telecommunications operators, Etisalat and Emirates Integrated Telecommunications Company (“du”). Etisalat operated a monopoly until du launched mobile services in February 2007.^[250] Internet subscribers were expected to increase from 0.904 million in 2007 to 2.66 million in 2012.^[251] The regulator, the Telecommunications Regulatory Authority, mandates filtering websites for religious, political and sexual content.^[252]
【参考译文】阿联酋有两家电信运营商，分别是Etisalat和阿联酋综合电信公司（“du”）。Etisalat在2007年2月du推出移动服务之前一直处于垄断地位。预计互联网用户将从2007年的90.4万人增加到2012年的266万人。监管机构——电信监管局要求对宗教、政治和性内容进行网站过滤。

5G wireless services were installed nationwide in 2019 through a partnership with Huawei.^[253]
【参考译文】2019年，通过与华为合作，全国范围内安装了5G无线服务。

5. 人口 | Demographics

Main article: Demographics of the United Arab Emirates【主条目：阿拉伯联合酋长国的人口统计】

According to an estimate by the World Bank, the UAE’s population in 2020 was 9,890,400. Immigrants accounted for 88.52% while Emiratis made up the remaining 11.48%.^[254] This unique imbalance is due to the country’s exceptionally high net migration rate of 21.71, the world’s highest.^[255] UAE citizenship is very difficult to obtain other than by filiation and only granted under very special circumstances.^[256]
【参考译文】根据世界银行的估计，2020年阿联酋的人口为9,890,400人。移民占88.52%，而阿联酋公民占11.48%。这种独特的人口不平衡是由于该国异常高的净移民率，达到了21.71，是世界上最高的。

The UAE is ethnically diverse. The five most populous nationalities in the emirates of Dubai, Sharjah, and Ajman are Indian (25%), Pakistani (12%), Emirati (9%), Bangladeshi (7%), and Filipino (5%).^[257] Immigrants from Europe, Australia, North America and Latin America make up 500,000 of the population.^[258][259] More than 100,000 British nationals live in the country.^[260] The rest of the population are from other Arab states.^[5][261]
【参考译文】阿联酋在种族上具有多样性。在迪拜、沙迦和阿杰曼酋长国，人口最多的五个国籍分别为印度人（25%）、巴基斯坦人（12%）、阿联酋人（9%）、孟加拉国人（7%）和菲律宾人（5%）。来自欧洲、澳大利亚、北美和拉丁美洲的移民共50万。超过10万英国公民居住在该国。其余人口来自其他阿拉伯国家。

About 88% of the population of the United Arab Emirates is urban.^[262] The average life expectancy was 76.7 in 2012, higher than for any other Arab country.^[263][264] With a male/female sex ratio of 2.2 males for each female in the total population and 2.75 to 1 for the 15–65 age group, the UAE’s gender imbalance is second highest in the world after Qatar.^[265]
【参考译文】阿联酋约88%的人口居住在城市地区。2012年的平均预期寿命为76.7岁，高于任何其他阿拉伯国家。男女性别比例为整体人口中每2.2名男性对应1名女性，15-65岁年龄段为每2.75名男性对应1名女性，阿联酋的性别失衡仅次于卡塔尔，在全球排名第二。

5.1 最大的城市 | Largest cities

5.2 语言 | Language

Modern Standard Arabic is the national language of the United Arab Emirates. English is the most commonly spoken language,^[2][3] whereas Emirati Arabic, a variety of Gulf Arabic, is spoken natively by Emirati people.^[266]
【参考译文】阿联酋的官方语言是现代标准阿拉伯语。英语是最常用的语言，而阿拉伯联合酋长国人口通常以本地方言——阿联酋阿拉伯语，即海湾阿拉伯语的一种变体为母语。

5.3 宗教 | Religion

Main article: Religion in the United Arab Emirates【主条目：阿拉伯联合酋长国的宗教】

图片题注：Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque in Abu Dhabi

图片作者：Wikiemirati

Islam is the largest and the official state religion of the United Arab Emirates. The government follows a policy of tolerance toward other religions and rarely interferes in the religious activities of non-Muslims.^[267]
【参考译文】伊斯兰教是阿联酋最大和官方的国教。政府对其他宗教持宽容政策，很少干涉非穆斯林的宗教活动。

There are more Sunni than Shia Muslims in the United Arab Emirates,^[268] and 85% of the Emirati population are Sunni Muslims. The vast majority of the remainder 15% are Shia Muslims, who are concentrated in the Emirates of Dubai and Sharjah. Although no official statistics are available for the breakdown between Sunni and Shia Muslims among noncitizen residents, media estimates suggest less than 20% of the noncitizen Muslim population are Shia.^[267] The Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque in Abu Dhabi is the largest mosque in the country and a major tourist attraction. Ibadi is common among Omanis in the UAE, while Sufi influences exist as well.^[269]
【参考译文】在阿联酋，逊尼派穆斯林比什叶派穆斯林更多，85%的阿联酋人口是逊尼派穆斯林。其余15%中绝大多数是什叶派穆斯林，他们主要集中在迪拜和沙迦。尽管非公民居民逊尼派和什叶派穆斯林的比例没有官方统计数据，但媒体估计非公民穆斯林中不到20%是什叶派。阿布扎比的谢赫扎耶德大清真寺是阿联酋最大的清真寺，也是一个主要的旅游景点。在阿联酋，易白教在阿曼人中很普遍，苏非主义影响也存在。

Christians account for 9% of the total population of the United Arab Emirates, according to the 2005 census; estimates in 2010 suggested a figure of 12.6%.^[267] Roman Catholics and Protestants form significant proportions of the Christian minority. The country has over 52 churches in 2023.^[270] Many Christians in the United Arab Emirates are of Asian, African, and European origin, along with fellow Middle Eastern countries such as Lebanon, Syria, and Egypt.^[271] The United Arab Emirates forms part of the Apostolic Vicariate of Southern Arabia and the Vicar Apostolic Bishop Paul Hinder is based in Abu Dhabi.^[272]
【参考译文】根据2005年的人口普查，基督徒占阿联酋总人口的9％；2010年的估计数字为12.6％。罗马天主教徒和新教徒在基督徒少数派中占有重要比例。这个国家有超过52座教堂。许多阿联酋的基督徒是亚洲、非洲和欧洲以及黎巴嫩、叙利亚和埃及等中东国家的人。

There is a small Jewish community in the United Arab Emirates. Before 2023, there was only one known synagogue in Dubai, which has been open since 2008 and the synagogue also welcomes visitors.^[273] Another synagogue, Moses Ben Maimon Synagogue was completed in 2023 as part of the Abrahamic Family House complex in Abu Dhabi. As of 2019, according to Rabbi Marc Schneier of the Foundation for Ethnic Understanding, it is estimated that there are about 150 families to 3,000 Jews who live and worship freely in the UAE.^[274]
【参考译文】阿联酋有一个小规模的犹太社区。在2023年之前，迪拜只有一个已知的犹太教堂，自2008年开放以来，这座犹太教堂也欢迎游客。另一个犹太教堂摩西·本·迈蒙犹太教堂于2023年在阿布扎比的亚伯拉罕家庭之家综合体中竣工。根据基金会主席马克·施奈尔的估计，截至2019年，阿联酋大约有150个犹太家庭，共3,000名犹太人在该国生活并自由信仰。

South Asians in the United Arab Emirates constitute the largest ethnic group in the country.^[277] Over 2 million Indian migrants (mostly from the southern states of Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Coastal Karnataka and Tamil Nadu) are estimated to be living in the UAE.^[278] There are currently three Hindu temples in the country. Other religions also exist in the United Arab Emirates, including Jainism, Sikhism, Buddhism, Judaism, Baháʼís and Druze.^[164]
【参考译文】在阿联酋，南亚裔在该国构成最大的族裔群体。据估计，有超过200万印度移民（主要来自喀拉拉邦、安得拉邦、科西亚海岸和泰米尔纳德邦）居住在阿联酋。目前该国有三座印度教寺庙。阿联酋也存在其他宗教信仰，包括耆那教、锡克教、佛教、犹太教、巴哈伊教和德鲁兹教。

The UAE Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Co-operation, Abdullah bin Zayed, announced in 2019 the design and construction plan of the Abrahamic Family House, which will serve as an interfaith complex that houses a synagogue, mosque, and a church on Saadiyat Island in Abu Dhabi.^[279]
【参考译文】2019年，阿联酋外交和国际合作部长阿卜杜拉·本·扎耶德宣布了亚伯拉罕家庭之家的设计和建设计划，该项目将作为一个跨宗教的综合体，位于阿布扎比沙迪亚特岛，其中包括一座犹太教堂、清真寺和一座教堂。

5.4 教育 | Education

Main article: Education in the United Arab Emirates

The education system through secondary level administered by the Ministry of Education in all emirates except Abu Dhabi, where it falls under the authority of the Department of Education and Knowledge. Public schools are divided into primary schools, middle schools and high schools. The public schools are government-funded and the curriculum is created to match the United Arab Emirates’ development goals. The medium of instruction in the public school is Arabic with emphasis on English as a second language. There are also many private schools which are internationally accredited. Public schools in the country are free for citizens of the UAE, while the fees for private schools vary.
【参考译文】阿联酋的教育系统在中学阶段由教育部管理，在沙迦以外的所有酋长国都由教育部门和知识部门管理。公立学校分为小学、初中和高中。公立学校由政府资助，课程设置旨在匹配阿联酋的发展目标。公立学校的教学语言是阿拉伯语，英语作为第二语言受到重视。此外，还有许多国际认证的私立学校。阿联酋公立学校对阿联酋公民免费，而私立学校的学费各不相同。

The higher education system is monitored by the Ministry of Higher Education. The ministry also is responsible for admitting students to its undergraduate institutions.^[280] The adult literacy rate in 2015 was 93.8%.^[281]
【参考译文】高等教育系统由高等教育部监管。该部门还负责招收学生进入本科院校。2015年成年人识字率为93.8%。

The UAE has shown a strong interest in improving education and research. Enterprises include the establishment of the CERT Research Centres and the Masdar Institute of Science and Technology and Institute for Enterprise Development.^[282] According to the QS Rankings, the top-ranking universities in the country are the United Arab Emirates University (421–430th worldwide), Khalifa University^[283] (441–450th worldwide), the American University of Sharjah (431–440th) and University of Sharjah (551–600th worldwide).^[284] United Arab Emirates was ranked 33rd in the Global Innovation Index in 2021, up from 36th in 2019.^{[285][286][287][288]}
【参考译文】阿联酋对改善教育和研究显示出浓厚兴趣。包括建立认证研究中心和马斯达科技研究所以及企业发展研究所。根据QS排名，该国排名最高的大学是阿联酋大学（全球排名421-430位）、哈利法大学（全球排名441-450位）、沙迦美国大学（全球排名431-440位）和沙迦大学（全球排名551-600位）。阿联酋在2021年的全球创新指数中排名第33位，比2019年的第36位有所提升。

5.5 卫生健康 | Health

Main article: Health in the United Arab Emirates【主条目：阿拉伯联合酋长国的卫生健康】

The life expectancy at birth in the UAE is at 76.96 years.^[289] Cardiovascular disease is the principal cause of death in the UAE, constituting 28% of total deaths; other major causes are accidents and injuries, malignancies, and congenital anomalies.^[290] According to World Health Organisation data from 2016, 34.5% of adults in the UAE are clinically obese, with a body mass index (BMI) score of 30 or more.^[291]
【参考译文】阿联酋的预期寿命为76.96岁。心血管疾病是阿联酋的主要死因，占总死亡人数的28%；其他主要死因包括意外伤害、恶性肿瘤和先天畸形。根据世界卫生组织2016年的数据，阿联酋成年人中有34.5%临床肥胖，体重指数（BMI）达到30或以上。

In February 2008, the Ministry of Health unveiled a five-year health strategy for the public health sector in the northern emirates, which fall under its purview and which, unlike Abu Dhabi and Dubai, do not have separate healthcare authorities. The strategy focuses on unifying healthcare policy and improving access to healthcare services at reasonable cost, at the same time reducing dependence on overseas treatment. The ministry plans to add three hospitals to the current 14, and 29 primary healthcare centres to the current 86. Nine were scheduled to open in 2008.^[292]
【参考译文】2008年2月，阿联酋卫生部公布了针对北部酋长国公共卫生部门的为期五年的卫生战略。该战略旨在统一卫生政策，改善人们以合理费用获得医疗服务的机会，同时减少对海外医疗的依赖。卫生部计划在目前14家医院的基础上增设三家医院，将目前的86家初级医疗中心增加至29家。其中九家预定于2008年开业。

The introduction of mandatory health insurance in Abu Dhabi for expatriates and their dependents was a major driver in reform of healthcare policy. Abu Dhabi nationals were brought under the scheme from 1 June 2008 and Dubai followed for its government employees. Eventually, under federal law, every Emirati and expatriate in the country will be covered by compulsory health insurance under a unified mandatory scheme.^[293] The country has benefited from medical tourists from all over the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf. The UAE attracts medical tourists seeking cosmetic surgery and advanced procedures, cardiac and spinal surgery, and dental treatment, as health services have higher standards than other Arab countries in the Persian Gulf.^[294]
【参考译文】在改革卫生政策方面，阿布扎比对外籍人士及其家属实施了强制性健康保险制度，这是一个重要的推动因素。2008年6月1日，阿布扎比的本国公民也开始参与该计划，迪拜随后为其政府雇员开展了相应措施。最终，根据联邦法律，阿联酋每位国民和外籍居民都将在统一的强制性健康保险制度下获得覆盖。阿联酋受益于来自海湾阿拉伯国家合作委员会各国的医疗旅游者。阿联酋吸引了寻求整形手术和先进治疗、心脏和脊柱手术以及牙科治疗的医疗旅游者，因为该国的卫生服务标准高于波斯湾其他阿拉伯国家。

6. 文化 | Culture

Main article: Culture of the United Arab Emirates【主条目：阿拉伯联合酋长国的文化】

See also: Emirati dialect【参见：阿联酋方言】

Emirati culture is based on Arabian culture and has been influenced by the cultures of Persia, India, and East Africa.^[295] Arabian and Arabian inspired architecture is part of the expression of the local Emirati identity.^[296] Arabian influence on Emirati culture is noticeably visible in traditional Emirati architecture and folk arts.^[295] For example, the distinctive wind tower which tops traditional Emirati buildings, the barjeel has become an identifying mark of Emirati architecture and is attributed to Arabian influence.^[295] This influence is derived both from traders who fled the tax regime in Persia in the early 19th century and from Emirati ownership of ports on the Arabian coast, for instance the Al Qassimi port of Lingeh.^[297]
【参考译文】阿联酋文化基于阿拉伯文化，并受到波斯、印度和东非文化的影响。阿拉伯和受阿拉伯启发的建筑是当地阿联酋身份的表达之一。阿拉伯文化对阿联酋文化的影响在传统阿联酋建筑和民间艺术中明显可见。例如，传统阿联酋建筑顶部的独特风塔和巴尔吉尔已成为阿联酋建筑的标志，并归功于阿拉伯文化的影响。这种影响既来自19世纪初逃离波斯税收制度的商人，又来自阿联酋在阿拉伯海岸拥有港口，比如林吉的卡西米港。

The United Arab Emirates has a diverse society.^[298] Dubai’s economy depends more on international trade and tourism, and is more open to visitors, while Abu Dhabi society is more domestic as the city’s economy is focused on fossil fuel extraction.^[299]
【参考译文】阿联酋拥有多元化的社会。迪拜的经济更依赖于国际贸易和旅游业，对游客更加开放，而阿布扎比的社会更加国内化，因为该城市的经济主要集中在石油开采上。

Major holidays in the United Arab Emirates include Eid al Fitr, which marks the end of Ramadan, and National Day (2 December), which marks the formation of the United Arab Emirates.^[300] Emirati males prefer to wear a kandura, an ankle-length white tunic woven from wool or cotton, and Emirati women wear an abaya, a black over-garment that covers most parts of the body.^[301]
【参考译文】阿联酋的主要节日包括开斋节（标志着斋月的结束）和国庆日（12月2日，标志着阿联酋成立）。阿联酋男性喜欢穿着一种称为卡杜拉的白色及踝长袍，这种长袍由羊毛或棉织成，而阿联酋女性则穿着一种称为阿巴亚的黑色外衣，覆盖身体大部分部位。

Ancient Emirati poetry was strongly influenced by the eighth-century Arab scholar Al Khalil bin Ahmed. The earliest known poet in the UAE is Ibn Majid, born between 1432 and 1437 in Ras Al-Khaimah. The most famous Emirati writers were Mubarak Al Oqaili (1880–1954), Salem bin Ali al Owais (1887–1959) and Ahmed bin Sulayem (1905–1976). Three other poets from Sharjah, known as the Hirah group, are observed to have been heavily influenced by the Apollo and Romantic poets.^[302] The Sharjah International Book Fair is the oldest and largest in the country.
【参考译文】古代阿联酋的诗歌受到8世纪阿拉伯学者哈利勒·本·艾哈迈德的强烈影响。阿联酋已知的最早的诗人是伊本·马吉德，生于拉斯阿尔哈马的1432年至1437年之间。最著名的阿联酋作家包括穆巴拉克·阿尔奥卡利（1880-1954）、萨利姆·本·阿里·奥瓦伊斯（1887-1959）和艾哈迈德·本·苏莱姆（1905-1976）。来自沙迦的另外三位诗人，被称为希拉组，被认为受到阿波罗和浪漫主义诗人的重大影响。沙迦国际书展是该国最古老也最大的书展之一。

The list of museums in the United Arab Emirates includes some of regional repute, most famously Sharjah with its Heritage District containing 17 museums,^[303] which in 1998 was the Cultural Capital of the Arab World.^[304] In Dubai, the area of Al Quoz has attracted a number of art galleries as well as museums such as the Salsali Private Museum.^[305] Abu Dhabi has established a culture district on Saadiyat Island. Six grand projects are planned, including the Guggenheim Abu Dhabi and the Louvre Abu Dhabi.^[306] Dubai also plans to build a Kunsthal museum and a district for galleries and artists.^[307]
【参考译文】阿联酋的博物馆列表包括一些享有地区声誉的博物馆，其中以沙迦最为著名，其传统老城区拥有17家博物馆，1998年被授予“阿拉伯世界文化之都”的称号。迪拜的Al Quoz地区吸引了许多艺术画廊和博物馆，如Salsali私人博物馆。阿布扎比在萨迪亚特岛上建立了一个文化区。计划中有六个重大项目，包括古根海姆阿布扎比和卢浮宫阿布扎比。迪拜也计划建造一个艺术博物馆和一个画廊和艺术家区。

Emirati culture is a part of the culture of Eastern Arabia. Liwa is a type of music and dance performed locally, mainly in communities that contain descendants of Bantu peoples from the African Great Lakes region.^[302] The Dubai Desert Rock Festival is also another major festival consisting of heavy metal and rock artists.^[308] The cinema of the United Arab Emirates is minimal but expanding.
【参考译文】阿联酋文化是东部阿拉伯文化的一部分。利瓦是一种在当地表演的音乐和舞蹈，主要在包含非洲大湖地区班图人后裔的社区中进行。迪拜沙漠摇滚音乐节是另一个由重金属和摇滚艺术家组成的重要节日。阿联酋的电影业规模较小，但正处于扩张阶段。

6.1 媒体 | Media

Main article: Mass media in the United Arab Emirates【主条目：阿拉伯联合酋长国的大众媒体】

See also: List of newspapers in the United Arab Emirates【参见：阿拉伯联合酋长国的报纸列表】

The UAE’s media is annually classified as “not free” in the Freedom of the Press report by Freedom House.^[309] The UAE ranks poorly in the annual Press Freedom Index by Reporters without Borders. Dubai Media City is the UAE’s main media zone. The UAE is home to some pan-Arab broadcasters, including the Middle East Broadcasting Centre and Orbit Showtime Network. In 2007, Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum decreed that journalists can no longer be prosecuted or imprisoned for reasons relating to their work.^[310] At the same time, the UAE has made it illegal to disseminate online material that can threaten “public order”,^[311] and hands down prison terms for those who “deride or damage” the reputation of the state and “display contempt” for religion. Journalists who are arrested for violating this law are often brutally beaten by the police.^[312]
【参考译文】根据《自由之家》发布的新闻自由报告，阿联酋的媒体每年被评为“不自由”，在无国界记者组织的年度新闻自由指数中，阿联酋的排名也较低。迪拜媒体城是阿联酋主要的媒体区。阿联酋拥有一些泛阿拉伯广播公司，包括中东广播中心和奥比特秀时间网络。2007年，谢赫穆罕默德·本·拉希德·阿勒马克图姆颁布法令，规定记者不再因工作原因而受到起诉或监禁。与此同时，阿联酋已将传播可能威胁“公共秩序”的在线材料定为非法，并对“诋毁或损害”国家声誉以及“蔑视”宗教的行为判处监禁。违反该法律而被逮捕的记者通常会受到警方的残酷殴打。

According to UAE Year Book 2013, there are seven Arabic newspapers and eight English language newspapers, as well as a Tagalog newspaper produced and published in the UAE.
【参考译文】根据阿联酋年鉴2013年的数据，阿联酋有七家阿拉伯语报纸和八家英语报纸，还有一家在阿联酋制作和出版的塔加洛语报纸。

New media, such as Facebook, Twitter, YouTube and Instagram are used widely in the UAE by the government entities and by the public as well.^[313] The UAE government avails official social media accounts to communicate with public and hear their needs.^[313]
【参考译文】新媒体，如脸书、推特、YouTube和Instagram，在阿联酋被政府机构和公众广泛使用。阿联酋政府提供官方社交媒体账号，以与公众交流并倾听他们的需求。

In recent years, there has been a notable surge in digital media consumption in the UAE, driven by the widespread use of platforms like Snapchat and TikTok among the younger population.^[314]  Influencers on these platforms play a significant role in shaping trends and promoting various products and services.^[315] The government has also implemented digital initiatives to enhance e-Government services and promote smart city concepts, further demonstrating the UAE’s commitment to technological advancements.^{[315]  [316]}
【参考译文】近年来，阿联酋数字媒体消费出现明显增长，年轻人广泛使用Snapchat和TikTok等平台驱动了这一趋势。在这些平台上的影响者在塑造趋势和推广各种产品和服务方面发挥着重要作用。政府还实施了数字化举措，以增强电子政务服务，并推广智慧城市概念，进一步展示了阿联酋对技术进步的承诺。

6.2 饮食 | Cuisine

Main article: Emirati cuisine【主条目：阿联酋饮食】

The traditional food of the Emirates has always been rice, fish and meat. The people of the United Arab Emirates have adopted most of their foods from other West and South Asian countries including Iran, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Pakistan and India. Seafood has been the mainstay of the Emirati diet for centuries. Meat and rice are other staple foods, with lamb and mutton preferred to goat and beef. Popular beverages are coffee and tea, which can be complemented with cardamom or saffron to give them a distinctive flavour.^[317]
【参考译文】阿联酋的传统食物一直以来都是大米、鱼和肉类。阿联酋人从其他西亚和南亚国家（包括伊朗、沙特阿拉伯、阿曼、巴基斯坦和印度）采纳了大部分食物。海鲜是阿联酋饮食的支柱已有数个世纪。肉类和大米是其他主食，羊肉和羊羔肉优于山羊肉和牛肉。流行的饮料有咖啡和茶，可以添加豆蔻或藏红花，赋予它们独特的风味。

Popular cultural Emirati dishes include threed, machboos, khubisa, khameer and chabab bread among others while lugaimat is a famous Emirati dessert.^[318]
【参考译文】阿联酋流行的文化菜肴包括threed、machboos、khubisa、khameer和chabab面包等，而lugaimat是著名的阿联酋甜点。

With the influence of western culture, fast food has become very popular among young people, to the extent that campaigns have been held to highlight the dangers of fast food excesses.^[319] Alcohol is allowed to be served only in hotel restaurants and bars. All nightclubs are permitted to sell alcohol. Specific supermarkets may sell alcohol, but these products are sold in separate sections. Likewise, pork, which is haram (not permitted for Muslims), is sold in separate sections in all major supermarkets. Although alcohol may be consumed, it is illegal to be intoxicated in public or drive a motor vehicle with any trace of alcohol in the blood.^[320]
【参考译文】受西方文化影响，快餐在年轻人中变得非常流行，以至于已经举行过宣传活动，以强调快餐的过量危险。酒精只允许在酒店餐厅和酒吧出售。所有夜总会都允许出售酒精。特定超市可能出售酒精，但这些产品在单独的区域销售。同样，猪肉（对穆斯林而言是不允许的）在所有主要超市都是在单独的区域销售。虽然可以消费酒精，但在公共场所醉酒或酒后驾驶机动车都是违法的。

6.3 体育运动 | Sports

Main article: Sport in the United Arab Emirates【主条目：阿联酋的体育运动】

Formula One is particularly popular in the United Arab Emirates, and a Grand Prix is annually held at the Yas Marina Circuit in Yas Island in Abu Dhabi. The race takes place in the evening, and was the first ever Grand Prix to start in daylight and finish at night.^[321] Other popular sports include camel racing, falconry, endurance riding, and tennis.^[322] The emirate of Dubai is also home to two major golf courses: the Dubai Golf Club and Emirates Golf Club.
【参考译文】在阿联酋，一级方程式赛车特别受欢迎，阿布扎比的雅斯岛上的雅斯岛赛道每年都会举办一场大奖赛。这场比赛在傍晚举行，是第一次从白天开始比赛一直持续到黑夜结束的一级方程式大奖赛。其他流行的运动包括骆驼赛、猎鹰运动、耐力骑行和网球。迪拜酋长国还拥有两个主要的高尔夫球场：迪拜高尔夫俱乐部和阿联酋高尔夫俱乐部。

In the past, child camel jockeys were used, leading to widespread criticism. Eventually, the UAE passed laws banning the use of children for the sport, leading to the prompt removal of almost all child jockeys.^[323] Recently robot jockeys have been introduced to overcome the problem of child camel jockeys which was an issue of human rights violations. Ansar Burney is often praised for the work he has done in this area.^[324]
【参考译文】过去，使用儿童骑手参与骆驼赛，引起了广泛的批评。最终，阿联酋通过了法律禁止使用儿童进行这项运动，几乎所有儿童骑手都得到了及时的清除。最近，为了解决儿童骑手问题以及涉及侵犯人权的问题，引入了机器人骑手。安萨尔·布尼因在这一领域的工作常受到赞扬。

6.3.1 足球 | Football

Further information: Football in the United Arab Emirates【延伸阅读：阿拉伯联合酋长国的足球】

Football is a popular sport in the UAE. Al Nasr, Al Ain, Al Wasl, Sharjah, Al Wahda, and Shabab Al Ahli are the most popular teams and enjoy the reputation of long-time regional champions.^[325] The United Arab Emirates Football Association was established in 1971 and since then has dedicated its time and effort to promoting the game, organising youth programmes and improving the abilities of not only its players, but also the officials and coaches involved with its regional teams. The UAE qualified for the FIFA World Cup in 1990, along with Egypt. It was the third consecutive World Cup with two Arab nations qualifying, after Kuwait and Algeria in 1982, and Iraq and Algeria again in 1986. The UAE has won the Gulf Cup Championship twice: the first cup won in January 2007 held in Abu Dhabi and the second in January 2013, held in Bahrain.^[326] The country hosted the 2019 AFC Asian Cup. The UAE team went all the way to the semi-finals, where they were defeated by the eventual champions, Qatar.
【参考译文】足球在阿联酋是一项非常受欢迎的运动。阿尔纳斯尔、阿尔艾因、阿尔瓦斯尔、沙迦、阿尔瓦赫达和沙巴阿尔艾利是最受欢迎的球队，享有长期地区冠军的声誉。阿联酋足球协会成立于1971年，自那时起致力于推广足球运动，组织青年项目，提高不仅球员的能力，还有参与区域球队的官员和教练的水平。阿联酋曾经在1990年获得了FIFA世界杯的参赛资格，与埃及一起参赛。这是阿拉伯国家第三次连续有两支球队参加世界杯，之前是1982年的科威特和阿尔及利亚，以及1986年的伊拉克和阿尔及利亚。阿联酋曾两次获得海湾杯冠军：首次是在2007年1月在阿布扎比举办的比赛中获得，第二次是在2013年1月在巴林举办的比赛中获得。这个国家还曾举办2019年亚洲杯。阿联酋队一路晋级到半决赛，最终被冠军卡塔尔击败。

6.3.2 板球 | Cricket

Further information: Cricket in the United Arab Emirates and List of cricket grounds in the United Arab Emirates【更多信息：“阿拉伯联合酋长国板球运动”和“阿拉伯联合酋长国板球场列表”】

Cricket is one of the most popular sports in the UAE, largely because of the expatriate population from the SAARC countries, the United Kingdom, and Australia. The headquarters of the International Cricket Council (ICC) have been located in the Dubai Sports City complex since 2005, including the ICC Academy which was established in 2009.^[327] There are a number of international cricket venues in the UAE, which are frequently used for international tournaments and “neutral” bilateral series due to the local climate and Dubai’s status as a transport hub. Notable international tournaments hosted by the UAE have included the 2014 Under-19 Cricket World Cup, the 2021 ICC Men’s T20 World Cup, and three editions of the Asia Cup (1984, 1995 and 2018). Notable grounds include the Sharjah Cricket Association Stadium in Sharjah,^[328] Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium in Abu Dhabi, and Dubai International Cricket Stadium in Dubai.^[329]
【参考译文】板球是阿联酋最受欢迎的运动之一，这在很大程度上归功于来自南亚联盟国家、英国和澳大利亚的外籍人口。自2005年以来，国际板球理事会（ICC）总部设在迪拜体育城综合体内，其中包括于2009年成立的ICC学院。阿联酋有许多国际板球比赛场地，由于当地气候和迪拜作为交通枢纽的地位，这些场地经常被用于国际比赛和“中立”的双边系列赛。阿联酋举办过一些重要的国际板球比赛，包括2014年U-19板球世界杯、2021年ICC男子T20世界杯，以及三届亚洲杯（1984年、1995年和2018年）。值得一提的场馆包括沙迦板球协会体育场、阿布扎比谢赫扎耶德板球体育场和迪拜国际板球体育场。

The Emirates Cricket Board (ECB) became a member of the ICC in 1990. The UAE national cricket team has qualified for the Cricket World Cup on two occasions (1996 and 2015)^[330][331] and the ICC Men’s T20 World Cup on two occasions (2014 and 2022). The national women’s team is similarly one of the strongest associate teams in Asia, notably participating in the 2018 ICC Women’s World Twenty20 Qualifier.
【参考译文】阿联酋板球委员会于1990年成为ICC的成员。阿联酋国家板球队曾两次晋级板球世界杯（1996年和2015年）和两次进入ICC男子T20世界杯（2014年和2022年）。该国的女子板球队在亚洲也是最强的几支附属球队之一，特别是参加了2018年ICC女子世界T20预选赛。

Following the 2009 attack on the Sri Lanka national cricket team, the UAE served as the de facto home of the Pakistan national cricket team for nearly a decade, as well as hosting the Pakistan Super League.^[332][333] The UAE has also hosted one full edition of Indian Premier League (IPL) in 2020 and two partial editions of the Indian Premier League (IPL) in 2014 and 2021.^[334]
【参考译文】在2009年对斯里兰卡国家板球队的袭击之后，阿联酋成为巴基斯坦国家板球队近十年的事实上的主场，同时还举办了巴基斯坦超级联赛。阿联酋还曾于2020年举办过一届完整的印度超级联赛（IPL），以及2014年和2021年的两届半程印度超级联赛（IPL）。

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