苦力 / Coolie – （全文）中英文维基百科词条融合

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0. 概述

辽观注：此标题是我们在搬运、整合过程中添加的。

苦力（粤语称作咕喱，英文普遍写成Coolie，亦作Cooli、Cooly、Kuli、Quli或Koelie等）是指从事劳动工作，以付出劳力来维生的廉价劳工。他们大多在码头负责货物的装卸、建筑地盘的运输工作^[1]。从中国出发（主要来自华南）到外国工作的苦力，历史上称之为华工。

Coolie (also spelled koelie, kuli, khuli, khulie, cooli, cooly, or quli) is a pejorative term used for low-wage labourers, typically those of Indian or Chinese descent.^[1][2][3]
【参考译文】”苦力”（也有拼写为koelie, kuli, khuli, khulie, cooli, cooly, 或 quli）是一个带有贬义的术语，用来指代低薪劳工，通常指的是印度或中国血统的工人。[1][2][3]

The word coolie was first used in the 16th century by European traders across Asia. By the 18th century, the term referred to migrant Indian indentured labourers. In the 19th century, during the British colonial era, the term was adopted for the transportation and employment of Asian labourers via employment contracts on sugar plantations formerly worked by enslaved Africans.^[4]
【参考译文】这个词语最早在16世纪由亚洲各地的欧洲商人使用。到了18世纪，该词转而指代契约移民的印度劳工。到了19世纪，在英国殖民时期，这一术语被用来指通过雇佣合同运输和雇用亚洲劳工到原本由非洲奴隶劳作的甘蔗种植园工作。[4]

The word has had a variety of negative implications. In modern-day English, it is usually regarded as offensive.^[1][2][3] In India, its country of origin, it is considered a derogatory slur. In many respects it is similar to the Spanish term peón, although both terms are used in some countries with different implications.^{[citation needed]} In the 21st century, coolie is generally considered a racial slur for Asians in Oceania, Africa, Southeast Asia, and the Americas, particularly in the Caribbean.^{[citation needed]}
【参考译文】这个词承载了多种负面含义。在现代英语中，它通常被认为是冒犯性的。[1][2][3]在其起源地印度，被视为一个侮辱性词汇。在很多方面，它类似于西班牙语中的“peón”一词，尽管这两个词在某些国家使用时有不同的含义。[需要引用]在21世纪，“苦力”一般被认为是大洋洲、非洲、东南亚和美洲，特别是在加勒比地区对亚洲人的种族蔑称。[需要引用]

The word originated in the 17th-century Indian subcontinent and meant “day labourer”; starting in the 20th century, the word was used in British Raj India to refer to porters at railway stations.^[5] The term differs from the word “Dougla“, which refers to people of mixed African and Indian ancestry. Coolie is instead used to refer to people of fully-blooded Indian descent whose ancestors migrated to the British former colonies in Africa, Asia and the Caribbean. This is particularly so in South Africa, Eastern African countries, Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, Suriname, Jamaica, other parts of the Caribbean, Mauritius, Fiji, and the Malay Peninsula.^[6][7]
【参考译文】这个词起源于17世纪的印度次大陆，意为“日工”；从20世纪开始，在英属印度，这个词被用来指火车站的搬运工。[5]这个词与“Dougla”一词不同，后者指的是非洲和印度混血的人。相反，“苦力”用来指代那些完全纯正印度血统的祖先迁移到英国前殖民地非洲、亚洲和加勒比地区的人们。这一点在南非、东非国家、特立尼达和多巴哥、圭亚那、苏里南、牙买加、加勒比其他地区、毛里求斯、斐济以及马来半岛上尤为明显。[6][7]

In modern Indian popular culture, coolies have often been portrayed as working-class heroes or anti-heroes. Indian films celebrating coolies include Deewaar (1975), Coolie (1983), and several films titled Coolie No. 1 (released in 1991, 1995, and 2020). A new Tamil movie titled “Coolie” starring Rajanikanth is set to release soon
【参考译文】在现代印度流行文化中，苦力经常被描绘为工人阶级的英雄或反英雄角色。歌颂苦力的印度电影包括《Deewaar》（1975年）、《Coolie》（1983年）以及多部名为《Coolie No. 1》的电影（分别于1991年、1995年和2020年上映）。一部名为《Coolie》的新泰米尔语电影，由Rajanikanth主演，即将上映。

1. 词源 | Etymology

It is generally understood that the term comes from the Hindi and Telugu word kulī (क़ुली)(కూలి), meaning “day-labourer”, which is probably associated with the Urdu word kulī (قلی), meaning “slave”.^[8][2] The Urdu word is thought to come from the Tamil word kulī (“hire” or “hireling”).^[3] The word kūli, meaning “wages”, is present throughout the Dravidian language family, with the exception of the North Dravidian branch.^[9]
【参考译文】普遍认为，这个词来源于印地语和泰卢固语中的kulī (क़ुली)(కూలి)，意为“日工”，可能与乌尔都语中的kulī (قلی)一词有关，意为“奴隶”。[8][2]据信，乌尔都语中的这个词源自泰米尔语的kulī，意思是“雇佣”或“受雇者”。[3]表示“工资”的词kūli存在于德拉维语系的各语言中，除了北德拉维语支外。[9]

It is also thought that the Hindi word qulī could have originated from the name of a Gujarati aboriginal tribe or caste.^[10][11]
【参考译文】同时，人们也认为印地语中的qulī一词可能源自古吉拉特的一个原住民部落或种姓的名称。[10][11]

The Chinese word kǔlì (苦力) is an instance of phono-semantic matching that literally translates to “bitter strength” but is more commonly understood as “hard labour”.^{[citation needed]}
【参考译文】汉语中的“苦力”（kǔlì）是一个音义结合的例子，字面意思为“苦涩的力量”，但更常被理解为“苦工”或“艰辛劳动”。[需要引证]

1. 在古中国，并非用作今日的意思，苦力一词是“勤苦用力”的意思。早于公元5世纪的南朝有所记载，江淹的《自序传》有云：“人生当适性为乐，安能精意苦力，求身后之名哉！”。
2. 宋朝学者叶适的《法度总论三‧铨选》写道：“学士大夫，勤身苦力，诵说孔孟，传道先王，未尝不知所谓治道者非若今日之法度也。”此亦非用作今日的意思。
3. 晚清年间，吴趼人所作的长篇章回小说《二十年目睹之怪现状》第五七回写道：“来到香港 ，当苦力度日。”
4. 老舍《茶馆》第二幕： “街上抓夫呢！抓去也好，在哪儿也是当苦力。”
5. 杨朔 《乱人坑》： “（日本刽子手）在宣化经营起庞大的炼铁厂，到处强抓中国“苦力”，替他们制造杀人的武器。”

In 1727, Engelbert Kämpfer described coolies as dock labourers who would unload Dutch merchant ships at Nagasaki in Japan.^[12][13]
【参考译文】1727年，恩格伯特·坎普弗描述苦力为码头劳工，他们在日本长崎负责卸载荷兰商船上的货物。[12][13]

1.1 作为冒犯性词汇的归类 | Classification as an offensive term

Merriam-Webster classifies the term coolie as “usually offensive”.^[1] Oxford English Dictionary states it is “dated, offensive”.^[2] Dictionary.com considers it “disparaging and offensive”.^[3]
【参考译文】Merriam-Webster词典将“coolie”一词归类为“通常具有冒犯性”。[1]《牛津英语词典》指出这个词“过时且具有冒犯性”。[2]Dictionary.com认为它“含有贬义且具冒犯性”。[3]

2. 苦力贸易的历史 | History of the coolie trade

2.1 废除奴隶制与苦力贸易的兴起 | Abolition of slavery and rise of the coolie trade

The importation of Asian labourers into European colonies occurred as early as the 17th century.^[14] However, in the 19th century, a far more robust system of trade involving coolies occurred, in direct response to the gradual abolition of both the Atlantic slave trade and slavery itself, which for centuries had served as the preferred mode of labour in European colonies in the Americas.^[15] The British were the first to experiment with coolie labour when, in 1806, two hundred Chinese labourers were transported to the colony of Trinidad to work on the plantations there.^[16] The “Trinidad experiment” was not a success, with only twenty to thirty labourers remaining in Trinidad by the 1820s.^[14] However, such efforts inspired Sir John Gladstone, one of the earliest proponents of coolie labour, to seek out coolies for his sugar plantations in British Guiana in the hopes of replacing his Afro-Caribbean labour force after the abolition of slavery there in 1833.^[17]
【参考译文】亚洲劳工输入欧洲殖民地的现象早在17世纪就已出现。[14]然而，在19世纪，随着大西洋奴隶贸易及其本身的逐步废除，一种更为庞大的苦力贸易体系应运而生，几个世纪以来，奴隶制一直是欧洲美洲殖民地首选的劳动力模式。[15]英国人是最早尝试使用苦力劳动的国家，1806年，有两百名中国劳工被运往特立尼达殖民地，在那里的种植园工作。[16]“特立尼达实验”并不成功，到了19世纪20年代，仅有二三十名劳工留在特立尼达。[14]然而，这样的尝试激励了约翰·格莱斯顿爵士，他是最早倡导苦力劳动的人之一，他在1833年特立尼达废奴之后，为自己的英属圭亚那糖料种植园寻找苦力，希望能替代他的非裔加勒比劳动力。[17]

Social and political pressure led to the abolition of slavery throughout the British Empire in 1833, with other European nations eventually following suit. Labour-intensive work in European colonies, such as those involving plantations and mines, were left without a cheap source of manpower.^[18] As a consequence, a large-scale trade of primarily Indian and Chinese indentured labourers began in the 1820s to fill this need. In 1838, 396 South Asian workers arrived in British Guiana, and such a stream of migrant labour would continue until the First World War.^[17] Other European nations, especially colonial powers such as France, Spain, and Portugal, soon followed suit, especially as Britain, through several treaties such as Strangford Treaty and the Treaty of Paris of 1814, also pressured other nations to abolish their involvement in the Atlantic slave trade.^[15] In most European colonies, the importation of Asian labourers began in earnest after the abolition of slavery. However, in some colonies, such as Cuba, slavery would not end until 1886, about forty years after coolies were introduced.^[19]
【参考译文】社会和政治压力导致了1833年英国帝国范围内奴隶制的废除，其他欧洲国家最终也效仿这一做法。欧洲殖民地中的劳动密集型工作，如种植园和矿山，因此失去了廉价劳动力的来源。[18]作为结果，自1820年代起，一场以印度和中国契约劳工为主的大规模贸易开始了，以填补这一需求缺口。1838年，396名南亚工人抵达英属圭亚那，此类移民劳动力的流动一直持续到第一次世界大战。[17]其他欧洲国家，尤其是法国、西班牙和葡萄牙等殖民大国，很快也紧随其后，特别是英国通过诸如斯特兰福德条约和1814年巴黎条约等若干条约，也迫使其他国家废除参与大西洋奴隶贸易。[15]在大多数欧洲殖民地，亚洲劳工的输入是在废奴之后认真展开的。然而，在一些殖民地，比如古巴，奴隶制直到1886年才结束，这大约是在引入苦力后的四十年。[19]

A number of contemporary and modern historians noted the influence of the old form of colonial slavery on the coolie system.^[20] The coolie trade, much like the slave trade, was intended to provide a labour force for colonial plantations in the Americas and the Pacific whose cash crops were in high demand across the Atlantic World.^[21][22][23] Coolies frequently worked on slave plantations which had been previously worked by enslaved Africans, and similarly brutal treatment could be meted out by plantation overseers in response to real or perceived offences.^[20] On some Caribbean plantations, the numbers of coolies present could reach up to six hundred. In 1878, historian W. L. Distant wrote an article for the Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, detailing his time spent on West Indian plantations observing the work ethic and behaviours of coolies, and noted that many overseers believed that Asian coolies, much like enslaved Africans, held an affinity for intensive outdoor labour work.^[24] The views of overseers towards coolies differed based on ethnicity: Chinese and Japanese coolies were perceived to be harder working, more unified as a labour force, and maintained better hygiene habits in comparison to Indian labourers, who were viewed as being lower in status and treated as children who required constant supervision.^[24]
【参考译文】许多当代和现代历史学家都注意到了旧式殖民奴隶制对苦力制度的影响。[20]苦力贸易，就像奴隶贸易一样，旨在为美洲和太平洋地区的殖民地种植园提供劳动力，这些种植园的经济作物在大西洋世界有着高度需求。[21][22][23]苦力们常常在之前由非洲奴隶劳作过的种植园工作，面对实际或被认为的违规行为，他们也可能遭受类似的残酷对待。[20]在一些加勒比种植园，苦力的数量可达六百人之多。1878年，历史学家W. L. Distant在《英国皇家人类学研究所杂志》上发表了一篇文章，详细记录了他在西印度群岛种植园观察苦力职业道德和行为的时间，他指出许多监工认为亚洲苦力，就像被奴役的非洲人一样，对高强度的户外劳动有着天生的亲和力。[24]监工对不同族裔苦力的看法各不相同：相较于被视为地位较低、需要不断监督的儿童般的印度劳工，中国和日本苦力被认为工作更努力，作为一个劳动力更加团结，并且保持着更好的卫生习惯。[24]

2.2 关于苦力劳动的争论 | Debates over coolie labour

Unlike slavery, coolie labour was (in theory) under contract, consensual, paid, and temporary, with the coolie able to regain complete freedom after their term of service.^[15] Regulations were put in place as early as 1837 by the British authorities in India to safeguard these principles of voluntary, contractual work and safe, sanitary transportation. The Chinese government also made efforts to secure the well-being of their nation’s workers, with representatives being sent to relevant governments around the world. Some Western abolitionists saw coolie labour as paving the way towards abolition, to gradually and peacefully replace African slave labour without loss of profit.^[25] However, other abolitionist groups and individuals – such as the British Anti-Slavery Society and the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, along with American abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison – were highly critical of coolie labour. Proslavery advocates, particularly in the Southern United States, condemned coolie labour, but used it to argue against the abolition of American slavery, claiming the latter was more “humane” than the former.^[26][27]
【参考译文】与奴隶制不同，苦力劳动（理论上）基于合同、自愿、有偿，并且是暂时性的，苦力在完成服务期限后能够恢复完全的自由。[15]英国当局早在1837年就在印度实施了规定，以维护自愿性、契约性工作以及安全、卫生的运输这些原则。中国政府也努力确保本国工人福祉，派遣代表到世界各地的相关政府机构。一些西方废奴主义者视苦力劳动为通往废奴的途径，希望在不损失利润的情况下，逐渐和平地取代非洲奴隶劳动。[25]然而，其他废奴主义团体和个人——如英国废奴协会、英国与外国废奴协会，以及美国废奴主义者威廉·劳埃德·加里森——对苦力劳动持高度批评态度。支持奴隶制的倡导者，尤其是在美国南部，谴责苦力劳动，但他们利用这一点来反对废除美国奴隶制，声称后者比前者更“人道”。[26][27]

In practice, however, as many opponents of the system argued, abuse and violence in the coolie trade was rampant. Some of these labourers signed employment contracts based on misleading promises, while others were kidnapped and sold into servitude; some were victims of clan violence whose captors sold them to coolie merchants, while others sold themselves to pay off gambling debts.^[28][29] Those who did sign on voluntarily generally had contracts of two to five years. In addition to having their passage paid for, coolies were also paid under twenty cents per day on average. However, in certain regions, roughly a dollar would be taken from coolies every month in order to pay off their debts.^[24]
【参考译文】然而，在实践中，正如该体系的许多反对者所指出的那样，苦力贸易中普遍存在滥用和暴力。一些劳工基于误导性的承诺签订了雇佣合同，而另一些则被绑架并卖入奴役状态；一些人是宗族暴力的受害者，被俘虏后被卖给了苦力贩子，还有一些人为了偿还赌债而出卖自己。[28][29]那些自愿签约的人通常签订的是为期两年至五年的合同。除了旅费得到支付，苦力平均每天还能得到约二十美分的报酬。然而，在某些地区，每个月大约会从苦力身上扣除一美元左右来偿还债务。[24]

2.3 中国苦力 | Chinese coolies

2.3.1 在欧洲殖民地 | In European colonies

Workers from China were mainly transported to work in Peru and Cuba. However, many Chinese labourers worked in British colonies such as Singapore, New South Wales, Jamaica, British Guiana (now Guyana), British Malaya, Trinidad and Tobago, British Honduras (now Belize), as well as in the Dutch colonies within the Dutch East Indies and Suriname.^[30][31][32] The first shipment of Chinese labourers was to the British colony of Trinidad in 1806 “in an attempt to establish a settlement of free peasant cultivators and labourers”. On many of the voyages, the labourers were transported on the same vessels that had been used to transport African slaves in previous years.^[33]
【参考译文】来自中国的劳工主要被运送至秘鲁和古巴工作。然而，许多中国劳工也在英国殖民地工作，如新加坡、新南威尔士、牙买加、英属圭亚那（现为圭亚那）、英属马来亚、特立尼达和多巴哥、英属洪都拉斯（现为伯利兹），以及荷属东印度群岛和苏里南的荷兰殖民地内。[30][31][32]第一批中国劳工于1806年被运送到英属特立尼达，“试图建立一个自由农民耕作者和劳工的定居点”。在许多航行中，劳工被运送的船只正是过去几年用来运输非洲奴隶的同一艘。[33]

The coolie slave trade run by American captains and local agents, mainly consisting of debt slavery, was called the ‘pig trade’ as the living conditions were not dissimilar to that of livestock; on some vessels as many as 40 per cent of the coolies died en route.^[34] As many as 500 were crammed into a single ship hold, leaving no room to move.^[34] The coolies were also stamped on their backs like livestock. Foreign merchants took advantage of the unequal treaties negotiated between the Qing government and Western powers after the Opium Wars, as well as the resulting political and economic instability, to broker deals for “contracted” workers. Anglophone capitalists referred to the opium trade and captive Chinese labour as “poison and pigs”.^[35]: 5
【参考译文】由美国船长和当地代理主要经营的、大多包含债务奴役在内的苦力奴隶贸易，被称作“猪贸易”，因为生活条件与家畜相差无几；在某些船只上，有多达40%的苦力在途中死亡。[34]多达500人被塞进一个船舱，几乎没有移动的空间。[34]苦力们的背上也被烙上了印记，如同对待牲畜一般。外国商人利用鸦片战争后清政府与西方列强签订的不平等条约，以及随之而来的政治和经济动荡，从中牵线搭桥，促成“契约”劳工的交易。英语世界的资本家将鸦片贸易和被掳中国劳工称为“毒药与猪猡”。[35]: 5

Portuguese Macao was the center of coolie slavery: it was described as “the only real business” in Macao from 1848 to 1873, generating enormous profits for the Portuguese until it was banned due to pressure from the British government.^[36] Between 1851 and 1874 approximately 215,000 Chinese were shipped from Macau overseas, primarily to Cuba and Peru, with some being shipped to Guiana, Suriname, and Costa Rica.^[37]: 82 These coolies were obtained via a variety of sources, including some who were entrapped by brokers in Macau through loans for gambling, and others who were kidnapped or coerced.^[38]: 82
【参考译文】葡萄牙的澳门是苦力奴隶贸易的中心：从1848年到1873年，澳门的“唯一真正生意”便是如此，为葡萄牙人带来了巨大的利润，直到在英国政府的压力下被禁止。[36]在1851年至1874年间，大约有21.5万中国人从澳门被运往海外，主要目的地是古巴和秘鲁，也有一部分被送往了英属圭亚那、苏里南和哥斯达黎加。[37]: 82 这些苦力通过多种途径获得，包括一些在澳门因赌博借贷而被经纪人诱骗的，以及被绑架或胁迫的。[38]: 82

In 1847, two ships from Cuba transported workers to Havana to work in the sugar cane fields from the port of Xiamen, one of the five Chinese treaty ports opened to the British by the Treaty of Nanking in 1842. The trade soon spread to other ports in Guangdong, and demand became particularly strong in Peru for workers in the silver mines and the guano collecting industry.^{[39][40][41][42]} Australia began importing workers in 1848. These workers were deceived about their terms of employment to a much greater extent than their Indian counterparts, and consequently, there was a much higher level of Chinese emigration during this period.
【参考译文】1847年，两艘来自古巴的船只将劳工从中国开放给英国的五个条约港口之一——厦门港运往哈瓦那，去甘蔗田工作。这项贸易很快扩展到广东的其他港口，对秘鲁劳工的需求尤其旺盛，他们被用于银矿和鸟粪采集业。[39][40][41][42]澳大利亚则从1848年开始引进劳工。与印度劳工相比，这些劳工在雇佣条件上受到了更大程度的欺骗，因此，在这一时期中国移民的数量要高得多。

The trade flourished from 1847 to 1854 without incident, until reports began to surface of the mistreatment of the workers in Cuba and Peru. As the British government had political and legal responsibility for many of the ports involved – including Amoy – such ports were immediately closed. Despite these closures, the trade simply shifted to the more accommodating port within the Portuguese enclave of Macau.^[43]
【参考译文】苦力贸易在1847年至1854年间未遭遇显著阻碍而繁荣发展，直到有关古巴和秘鲁劳工虐待的报告开始浮出水面。由于英国政府对包括厦门在内的多个涉及港口拥有政治和法律责任，这些港口立即被关闭。尽管如此，贸易只是转移到了更加宽松的澳门葡萄牙租界内的港口。[43]

Many coolies were first deceived or kidnapped, and then kept in barracoons (detention centres) or loading vessels in the ports of departure, as were African slaves. Their voyages, which are sometimes called the Pacific Passage, were as inhumane and dangerous as the notorious Middle Passage of the Atlantic slave trade.^[44][45] Mortality was very high; it is estimated that from 1847 to 1859, the average mortality rate for coolies aboard ships to Cuba was 15.2%, and losses among ships to Peru were as high as 40% in the 1850s, and 30.44% from 1860 to 1863.^[45]
【参考译文】许多苦力最初被骗或被绑架，然后像非洲奴隶一样被关押在出发港口的简易营房或装载船只中。他们的航程有时被称为“太平洋通道”，其不人道和危险程度堪比臭名昭著的大西洋奴隶贸易中的“中间通道”。[44][45]死亡率极高；据估计，从1847年到1859年，前往古巴的苦力船上的平均死亡率为15.2%，而前往秘鲁船只的损失在19世纪50年代高达40%，1860年至1863年间为30.44%。[45]

Coolies were sold and taken to work in plantations or mines with very bad living and working conditions. The duration of a contract was typically five to eight years, but many coolies did not live out their term of service due to hard labour and mistreatment. Survivors were often forced to remain in servitude beyond the contracted period. The 1860 Reglamento para la introducción de trabajadores chinos a la isla de Cuba (Regulation for the Introduction of Chinese Workers to the Island of Cuba) passed in Cuba. This regulation stipulated that the Coolie workers must recontract with their previous employer or another employer or they must leave Cuba at their own expense within 2 months after the end of their contract. Coolies were usually unable to afford to leave Cuba and were forced to recontract. This regulation blurred the distinction between indentured servitude and slavery. It allowed for the Coolies to serve as a source of semi-captive labour given the intentional difficulty of returning home.^[46]
【参考译文】苦力被买卖并送往种植园或矿场工作，生活和工作条件极其恶劣。合同的持续时间通常为五到八年，但由于繁重的劳动和虐待，许多苦力未能活到合同期满。幸存者往往被迫在合同期满后继续服役。1860年，古巴通过了《Reglamento para la introducción de trabajadores chinos a la isla de Cuba》（引入中国工人到古巴岛的规定）。该规定要求苦力工人必须与其之前的雇主或其他雇主重新签订合同，或者必须在合同结束后两个月内自费离开古巴。苦力通常无法负担离开古巴的费用，被迫重新签订合同。这一规定模糊了契约佣工与奴隶制之间的界限，使得苦力成为半囚禁劳动力的来源，鉴于返回家乡的故意困难。[46]

The coolies who worked on the sugar plantations in Cuba and in the guano beds of the Chincha Islands (‘the islands of Hell’) of Peru were treated brutally. 75% of the Chinese coolies in Cuba died before fulfilling their contracts. More than two-thirds of the Chinese coolies who arrived in Peru between 1849 and 1874 died within the contract period. In 1860, it was calculated that of the 4,000 coolies brought to the Chinchas since the trade began, not one had survived.^[47]
【参考译文】在古巴糖厂和秘鲁钦查群岛（“地狱之岛”）的鸟粪床上工作的中国苦力受到残酷对待。在古巴的中国苦力中有75%在履行完合同前就死亡了。1849年至1874年之间到达秘鲁的中国苦力中，超过三分之二在合同期限内死亡。到1860年，自贸易开始以来，被带到钦查群岛的4000名中国苦力中，没有一人幸存。[47]

Because of these unbearable conditions, Chinese coolies often revolted against their Ko-Hung bosses^{[clarification needed]} and foreign company bosses at ports of departure, on ships, and in foreign lands. The coolies were put in the same neighbourhoods as Africans and, since most were unable to return to their homeland or have their wives come to the New World, many married African women. The coolies’ interracial relationships and marriages with Africans, Europeans, and Indigenous peoples, formed some of the modern world’s Afro-Asian and Asian Latin American populations.^{[48][49][50][51][52][53][54]}
【参考译文】由于这些难以忍受的条件，中国苦力经常在出发港口、船上和异国他乡反抗他们的雇主（可能是Ko-Hung老板，需澄清）和外国公司老板。苦力被安置在与非洲人相同的社区，由于大多数人无法返回祖国或让妻子来到新世界，许多人与非洲妇女结婚。苦力与其他种族的跨种族关系和婚姻，形成了现代世界中的一些亚非和亚裔拉丁美洲人口。[48][49][50][51][52][53][54]

In Spanish, coolies were referred to as colonos asiáticos (‘Asian colonists’).^[55] The Spanish colony of Cuba feared slave uprisings such as those that took place in Haiti, and used coolies as a transition between slaves and free labour. They were neither free nor slaves. Indentured Chinese servants also laboured in the sugarcane fields of Cuba well after the 1884 abolition of slavery in the country. Two scholars of Chinese labour in Cuba, Juan Pastrana and Juan Pérez de la Riva, substantiated horrific conditions of Chinese coolies in Cuba^[56] and stated that coolies were slaves in all but name.^[56] Researcher Denise Helly believes that despite their slave-like treatment, the free and legal status of the Asian labourers in Cuba separated them from slaves. According to Rodriguez Pastor and Trazegnies Granda, the coolies could challenge their superiors, run away, petition government officials, and rebel.^[57]
【参考译文】在西班牙语中，苦力被称为colonos asiáticos（亚洲殖民者）。[55]西班牙殖民地古巴担心发生类似海地那样的奴隶起义，因此使用苦力作为从奴隶制到自由劳动的过渡。他们既不是自由的也不是奴隶。在1884年古巴废除奴隶制后，契约华工仍然在古巴的甘蔗田里劳作。两位研究古巴华人劳工的学者Juan Pastrana和Juan Pérez de la Riva证实了古巴苦力的可怕条件，并称苦力实质上就是奴隶。[56]然而，研究员Denise Helly认为，尽管他们受到奴隶般的待遇，亚洲劳工在古巴的自由和法定地位使他们与奴隶区别开来。根据Rodriguez Pastor和Trazegnies Granda的说法，苦力可以挑战上级、逃跑、向政府官员请愿以及反抗。[57]

By 1870, labour contractors called enganchadores were used to manage and negotiate the contracts for Chinese Coolies in organised labour squads called Cuadrillas. “The enganchador negotiated all terms of work for his squad and handled all aspects of employment for the workers, including obtaining advances from the planters for salaries, distributing tools, arranging housing and food, and assuming responsibility for discipline, control, and supervision.” (Hu-DeHart). The enganchador had flexibility in the length of the Coolies’ recontract. The Coolie was also able to negotiate their wages and often had the upper hand as the employer had to yield to market forces. “Recontracting terms varied considerably. A batch of recontracts from the period 1863 to 1877 reveals great variation in the terms of the new contracts, diverging not only from the original ones, but from each other. First, most coolies signed up for only one year, at most two years, and some for as few as three and six months – all far short of another eight years. Second, the monthly wages not only varied, but were always greater than the 4 pesos in the original contracts, in some cases significantly greater. Many specified payment in “peso fuerte,” that is, hard currency, not vouchers, which was often used during the eight year original indenture.” (Hu-DeHart).^[46]
【参考译文】到1870年，被称为enganchadores的劳工承包商被用来管理和谈判组织化的劳工小队Cuadrillas中的中国苦力合同。“Enganchador为他的小队协商所有的工作条款，并处理工人的所有就业方面，包括从种植者那里获取工资预付款、分配工具、安排住宿和食物，以及承担纪律、控制和监督的责任。”（Hu-DeHart）。Enganchador在苦力续签合同的长度上有一定的灵活性。苦力也能协商他们的工资，而且常常因雇主必须顺应市场力量而占据上风。“续签条款变化很大。从1863年到1877年的一批续签显示，新合同的条款不仅与原始合同不同，彼此之间也有所不同。首先，大多数苦力只签约一年，最多两年，有的甚至只有三个月和六个月——都远远短于再一个八年的期限。其次，月工资不仅各不相同，而且总是高于原始合同中的4比索，在某些情况下显著更高。许多明确以‘peso fuerte’（硬通货）支付，而不是通常在八年原始契约期间使用的代金券。”（Hu-DeHart）。[46]

Once they had fulfilled their contracts, colonos asiáticos integrated into the countries of Peru, the Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, and Cuba. They adopted cultural traditions from the natives and welcomed non-Chinese to experience and participate in their traditions.^[55] Before the Cuban Revolution in 1959, Havana had Latin America’s largest Chinatown.
【参考译文】一旦履行完合同，colonos asiáticos便融入了秘鲁、多米尼加共和国、波多黎各和古巴等国家。他们采纳了当地的文化传统，并欢迎非华人体验和参与他们的传统。[55]1959年古巴革命前，哈瓦那拥有拉丁美洲最大的唐人街。

From c. 1902–1910, the Chinese Engineering and Mining Company^{[note 1]} was instrumental in supplying Chinese coolie labour to South African mines at the request of mine owners, who considered such labour cheaper than native African and white labour.^[58] The horrendous conditions suffered by Indian coolie labourers in South Africa led some politicians in the British Parliament to question the coolie system.^[59]
【参考译文】大约在1902年至1910年间，中国工程矿业公司[note 1] 应矿主要求，为南非矿场供应中国苦力劳动力，矿主认为这种劳动力比本地非洲人和白人工人更便宜。[58]印度苦力在南非遭受的恶劣条件导致英国议会中一些政治家对苦力制度提出质疑。[59]

In 1866, the British, French and Chinese governments agreed to mitigate the abuse by requiring all traders to pay for the return of all workers after their contract ended. The employers in the British West Indies declined these conditions, bringing the trade there to an end. Until the trade was finally abolished in 1875, over 150,000 coolies had been sold to Cuba alone, the majority having been shipped from Macau. These labourers endured conditions far worse than those experienced by their Indian counterparts. Even after the 1866 reforms, the scale of abuse and conditions of near slavery did not get any better – if anything they deteriorated. In the early 1870s, an increased media exposure of the trade led to a public outcry, and the British, as well as the Chinese government, put pressure on the Portuguese colonial authorities in Macau to bring the trade there to an end; this was ultimately achieved in 1874.^[43] By that time, a total of up to half a million Chinese workers had been exported.^[60] However, by 1890, there were still newspaper reports of coolie labour being used in Madagascar.^[61]
【参考译文】1866年，英国、法国和中国政府同意采取措施减轻虐待，要求所有贸易商在合同结束后支付所有工人回国的费用。英属西印度群岛的雇主拒绝接受这些条件，使得那里的贸易告终。直到1875年贸易最终被废止，仅古巴一地就有超过15万名苦力被贩卖，其中大多数是从澳门运送而来。这些劳工所承受的条件远比他们在印度的同行更为恶劣。即使在1866年的改革之后，虐待的规模和近乎奴隶的条件也没有好转——如果有的话，情况反而恶化了。在19世纪70年代初，随着媒体对该贸易曝光的增加，引发了公众的强烈抗议，英国及中国政府对澳门的葡萄牙殖民当局施压，要求终止该地的贸易，最终在1874年实现。[43]到那时，已有总计多达五十万的中国工人被输出。[60]然而，到1890年，仍有报纸报道马达加斯加使用苦力劳动力的情况。[61]

The term coolie was also applied to Chinese workers recruited for contracts on cacao plantations in German Samoa. German planters went to great lengths to secure access to their coolie labour supply from China. In 1908, a Chinese commissioner, Lin Shu Fen, reported on the cruel treatment of coolie workers on German plantations in the western Samoan Islands. The trade began largely after the establishment of colonial German Samoa in 1900 and lasted until the arrival of New Zealand forces in 1914. More than 2,000 Chinese coolies were present in the islands in 1914 and most were eventually repatriated by the New Zealand administration.^[62]
【参考译文】“苦力”一词也适用于被招募到德国萨摩亚可可种植园签订合同的中国工人。德国种植园主竭尽全力确保从中国获得苦力劳动力的供应。1908年，中国专员林树芬报告了德国在西萨摩亚群岛种植园中对苦力工人残忍对待的情况。这一贸易主要在1900年殖民地德国萨摩亚建立后开始，一直持续到1914年新西兰军队的到来。1914年岛上共有超过2000名中国苦力，他们中的大多数人最终被新西兰政府遣返回国。[62]

2.3.2 在美国 | In the United States

Debates over coolie labour and slavery was key in shaping the history of Chinese immigrants in the U.S. In February 1862, “An Act to Prohibit the ‘Coolie Trade’ by American Citizens in American vessels”, also known as the Anti-Coolie Act, was signed into law by Abraham Lincoln, which prohibited any U.S. citizens and residents from trading in Chinese subjects, known as “coolies”.^{[63] [disputed – discuss]} In one aspect, the Anti-Coolie Act was the last of the U.S. slave trade laws, as well as the beginning of the end of slavery; in September of that year, Lincoln would also issue the Emancipation Proclamation. In another aspect, it was the beginning of Chinese exclusion in the U.S. and the beginning of federal immigration restriction. Within a decade, significant levels of anti-Chinese sentiment had built up, stoked by populists such as Denis Kearney with racist slogans – “To an American, death is preferable to life on a par with the Chinese.”^[64]
【参考译文】关于苦力劳动与奴隶制的争论对于塑造美国华人移民的历史至关重要。1862年2月，一项名为“禁止美国公民及船只从事中国劳工贸易法”（又称《反苦力法案》）由亚伯拉罕·林肯签署成为法律，该法案禁止任何美国公民和居民进行涉及中国人的交易，这些人被称为“苦力”。[63] [有争议 – 讨论]从一方面看，《反苦力法案》是美国奴隶贸易法的最后一项，同时也是废奴运动的开端；同年9月，林肯还会发布《解放黑人奴隶宣言》。从另一方面看，它是美国排斥华人的开端，也是联邦移民限制政策的起点。不到十年，强烈的反华情绪在美国累积起来，民粹主义者如丹尼斯·凯瑞等人用种族主义口号煽动情绪——“对美国人来说，与中国人平起平坐的生活还不如死亡。”[64]

In 1868, the Burlingame Treaty would ensure certain protections for Chinese immigrants in the U.S. and emphasise that any Chinese immigration to the U.S. must be free and voluntary, reaffirming that “coolies”, being unfree, were unwelcome and prohibited from entering the U.S. In 1875, Congress passed the Page Act, which prohibited the bringing of any Chinese subjects without their consent in order to hold them for a term of service. In 1882, the Chinese Exclusion Act barred the entry of any Chinese labourer to the U.S.
【参考译文】1868年，《蒲安臣条约》确保了在美国的中国移民享有一定保护，并强调任何赴美的中国移民必须是自由且自愿的，重申“苦力”作为非自由人是不受欢迎的，被禁止进入美国。1875年，国会通过了《佩奇法案》，禁止在未经本人同意的情况下带入中国人为期服务的劳工。1882年，《排华法案》禁止任何中国劳工进入美国。

Despite attempts to restrict the influx of cheap labour from China, beginning in the 1870s Chinese workers helped construct a vast network of levees in the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta. These levees made thousands of acres of fertile marshlands available for agricultural production. Although Chinese workers contributed to the building of the first transcontinental railroad in the United States and of the Canadian Pacific Railway in western Canada, Chinese settlement was discouraged after completion of the construction. State legislation, such as California’s Foreign Miners’ Tax Act of 1850 and 1852, would target Chinese immigrants in the U.S. The 1879 Constitution of California declared that “Asiatic coolieism is a form of human slavery, and is forever prohibited in this State, and all contracts for coolie labour shall be void.”^[65]
【参考译文】尽管尝试限制来自中国的廉价劳动力涌入，但自1870年代开始，中国劳工帮助在美国加利福尼亚州萨克拉门托-圣华金河三角洲建设了庞大的堤坝网络。这些堤坝使得数千英亩肥沃的沼泽地可用于农业生产。虽然中国劳工为美国第一条横贯大陆铁路和加拿大太平洋铁路在加拿大西部的建设做出了贡献，但在施工完成后，对华人的定居进行了限制。例如，加州1850年和1852年的《外国矿工税法》就针对了美国的中国移民。1879年加州宪法声明：“亚洲苦力制度是一种人类奴役形式，永远禁止本州内存在，所有苦力劳动的合同均无效。”[65]

In 1938, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt used the term in one of his fireside chats (Number 13, 24 July 1938) while telling a story about “two Chinese coolies” arguing in a crowd.
【参考译文】1938年，美国总统富兰克林·D·罗斯福在其炉边谈话（第13次，1938年7月24日）中使用了这个术语，讲述了一个关于“两个中国苦力”在人群中争吵的故事。

2.3.4 在南美 | In South America

In South America, Chinese indentured labourers worked in Peru’s silver mines and coastal industries (i.e., guano, sugar, and cotton) from the early 1850s to the mid-1870s; about 100,000 people immigrated as indentured workers. They participated in the War of the Pacific, looting and burning down the haciendas where they worked after the capture of Lima by the invading Chilean army in January 1880. Some 2,000 coolies even joined the Chilean Army in Peru, taking care of the wounded and burying the dead. Others were sent by Chileans to work in the newly conquered nitrate fields.^[66]
【参考译文】在南美洲，从19世纪50年代初到19世纪70年代中期，中国契约劳工在秘鲁的银矿和沿海产业（如鸟粪、糖和棉花）中工作；约有10万人作为契约劳工移民至此。他们参与了太平洋战争，在1880年1月利马被入侵的智利军队占领后，洗劫并烧毁了他们工作的大庄园。约有2000名苦力甚至加入了智利军队在秘鲁的行列，负责照料伤员和埋葬死者。其他人则被智利人派去新征服的硝石矿区工作。[66]

2.4 印度苦力 | Indian coolies

See also: Girmityas, Indian diaspora, and Colonial India【另请参阅：Girmityas、印度侨民和殖民地印度】

By the 1820s, many Indians were voluntarily enlisting to go abroad for work, in the hopes of a better life. European merchants and businessmen quickly took advantage of this and began recruiting them for work as a cheap source of labour.^[67][68] British merchants began transporting Indians to colonies around the world, including Mauritius, Fiji, New South Wales, Natal, Kenya, Tanganyika, Somaliland, Bechuanaland, Seychelles, Uganda, Northern Rhodesia, Southern Rhodesia, Nyasaland, British Guiana, Trinidad and Tobago, Jamaica, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Grenada, Saint Kitts and Nevis, British Honduras, Barbados, the rest of the British West Indies, and British Malaya. The Dutch shipped workers to labour on the plantations on Surinam, the Netherlands Antilles, and the Dutch East Indies. The French shipped labourers to Guadeloupe, Martinique, French Guiana, the rest of the French West Indies, and Réunion.^{[69][70][71][72][73][74]}
【参考译文】到了19世纪20年代，许多印度人出于对更好生活的憧憬，开始自愿报名出国工作。欧洲商人和企业家迅速利用这一点，开始招募他们作为廉价劳动力来源。[67][68]英国商人开始将印度人运往世界各地的殖民地，包括毛里求斯、斐济、新南威尔士、纳塔尔、肯尼亚、坦噶尼喀、索马里兰、贝专纳兰、塞舌尔、乌干达、北罗得西亚、南罗得西亚、尼亚萨兰、英属圭亚那、特立尼达和多巴哥、牙买加、圣卢西亚、圣文森特和格林纳丁斯、格林纳达、圣基茨和尼维斯、英属洪都拉斯、巴巴多斯以及英属西印度群岛的其他地方，还有英属马来亚。荷兰人则将劳工送往苏里南、荷属安的列斯、荷属东印度等地的种植园工作。法国人则将劳力送往瓜德罗普、马提尼克、法属圭亚那、法属西印度群岛的其他地方以及留尼汪岛。[69][70][71][72][73][74]

A system of agents was used to infiltrate the rural villages of India and recruit labourers. They would often deceive the credulous workers about the great opportunities that awaited them for their own material betterment abroad. The Indians primarily came from the Indo-Gangetic Plain, but also from Tamil Nadu and other areas to the south of the country.^[43] Indians had faced a great number of social and economic disasters, causing them to be more eager than other groups to leave India. In the last part of the nineteenth century alone, there were 24 famines.^[75]
【参考译文】一套代理系统被用来渗透到印度的乡村村落，招募劳工。他们常常欺骗易信的工人，许诺他们在国外将有改善生活的大好机会。印度劳工主要来自印度河流域平原，但也来自泰米尔纳德邦以及印度南部的其他地区。[43]印度人面临了大量社会和经济灾难，这使他们比其他群体更渴望离开印度。仅在19世纪的最后几十年里，就发生了24次饥荒。[75]

Without permission from the British colonial authorities, the French transported Indian workers to their Pacific colony, Réunion, from as early as 1826. By 1830, over 3,000 labourers had been transported. After this trade was discovered, the French successfully negotiated with the British in 1860 for permission to transport over 6,000 workers annually, on condition that the trade would be suspended if abuses were discovered to be taking place.^[23][76]
【参考译文】在未获英国殖民当局许可的情况下，法国人早在1826年起就开始将印度劳工运往其太平洋殖民地留尼汪岛。到1830年，已经有超过3000名劳工被运送。这项贸易被发现后，法国人在1860年成功与英国协商，获得了每年运送超过6000名劳工的许可，条件是若发现存在虐待行为，将暂停这一贸易。[23][76]

The British began to transport Indians to Mauritius starting in 1829. Slavery was abolished there in 1833, with Mauritian planters receiving two million pounds sterling in compensation for the loss of their slaves. The planters turned to bringing in a large number of indentured labourers from India to work in the sugar cane fields. Between 1834 and 1921, around half a million indentured labourers were present on the island. They worked on sugar estates, factories, in transport, and on construction sites.^[77]
【参考译文】英国人从1829年开始将印度人运往毛里求斯。1833年，毛里求斯废除了奴隶制，种植园主因失去奴隶而获得了200万英镑的补偿。种植园主转而引入大量来自印度的契约劳工来甘蔗田工作。从1834年到1921年，岛上约有50万契约劳工。他们在糖厂、工厂、交通运输和建筑工地工作。[77]

In 1837, the British East India Company issued a set of regulations for the trade. The rules provided for each labourer to be personally authorised for transportation by an officer designated by the company, limited the length of service to five years subject to voluntary renewal, made the contractor responsible for returning the worker after the contract elapsed, and required the vessels to conform to basic health standards.^[43]
【参考译文】1837年，英国东印度公司为这一贸易制定了一套规则。这些规则要求每位劳工的运输需经公司指定官员个人授权，合同服务年限限制在五年内且可自愿续约，规定承包商负责在合同到期后送回劳工，并要求运输船只符合基本健康标准。[43]

Despite this, conditions on the ships were often extremely crowded, with rampant disease and malnutrition. Coolies were also not informed about the length of the trip or about the island that they would be going to.^[78] The workers were paid a pittance for their labour, and were expected to work in often awful and harsh conditions. Although there were no large-scale scandals involving coolie abuse in British colonies, workers often ended up being forced to work, and manipulated in such a way that they became dependent on the plantation owners so that in practice they remained there long after their contracts expired; possibly as little as 10% of the coolies actually returned to their original country of origin. Colonial legislation was also passed to severely limit their freedoms; in Mauritius, a compulsory pass system was instituted to enable their movements to be easily tracked. Conditions were much worse in the French colonies of Réunion, Guadeloupe, and Martinique, where workers were ‘systematically overworked’ and abnormally high mortality rates were recorded for those working in the mines.^[43] Generally, Indian coolies were noted to have higher mortality rates as a whole, and were less likely to be able to return home.^[24] Companies would often promise good food, durable clothing, adequate housing, safe passage, and schools. However, these promises were rarely kept, leading to the higher mortality rate and image of Indian coolies being “dirty”.^[78]
【参考译文】尽管如此，船上的条件常常极为拥挤，疾病和营养不良肆虐。苦力们并未被告知航程的长度或他们将要去的岛屿。[78]工人们得到的劳动报酬微乎其微，而且往往不得不在恶劣和艰难的环境中工作。虽然在英国殖民地没有发生大规模的苦力虐待丑闻，但工人常常被迫工作，并被操纵到对种植园主产生依赖的地步，以至于实际上他们在合同到期后很久仍留在那里；可能只有不到10%的苦力真正回到了他们原来的国家。殖民地还通过立法严格限制他们的自由；在毛里求斯，实行了强制通行证制度，以便轻松追踪他们的行动。在法国的留尼汪、瓜德罗普和马提尼克等殖民地，条件要糟糕得多，那里的工人被“系统性地过度劳累”，在矿场工作的异常高的死亡率被记录下来。[43]总的来说，印度苦力的死亡率普遍较高，而且他们能回国的可能性也更小。[24]公司往往会承诺提供良好的食物、耐用的衣物、足够的住房、安全的旅程和学校教育。然而，这些承诺很少兑现，导致了更高的死亡率和印度苦力“肮脏”的形象。[78]

The voyage itself was often a highly dangerous venture, especially for coolie women. Though some ships had made attempts to prevent assault, rape, and general mistreatment in sailor contracts, these crimes were still common. Even with punishments in place, on ship and land, men who assaulted women and children were rarely punished, leaving women in an even more vulnerable position.^[79]
【参考译文】航行本身往往是一次高度危险的冒险，特别是对苦力女性而言。尽管有些船只试图通过水手合同来防止袭击、强奸和一般虐待，但这类犯罪仍然普遍存在。即便设立了惩罚措施，无论是在船上还是陆地上，侵犯妇女和儿童的男性很少受到惩罚，这让女性处于更加脆弱的境地。[79]

However, there were also attempts by the British authorities to regulate and mitigate the worst abuses. Workers were regularly checked up on by health inspectors, and they were vetted before transportation to ensure that they were suitably healthy and fit to be able to endure the rigours of labour. Children under the age of 15 were not allowed to be transported from their parents under any circumstances.^[43]
【参考译文】然而，英国当局也试图规范并缓解最恶劣的虐待行为。劳工定期接受卫生检查员的检查，并在运输前进行筛选，以确保他们身体健康，能够承受劳动的严酷考验。任何情况下都不允许15岁以下的儿童与其父母分离运输。[43]

The first campaign in England against the coolie trade likened the system of indentured labour to the slavery of the past. The campaign against coolie emigration was led by Joseph Sturge, with the Society of Friends. Petitions from Sturge, the Society of Friends, various other humanitarian groups, and from citizens of entire cities were routinely sent to the Colonial Offices.^[80] In response to this pressure, the labour export was temporarily stopped in 1839 by the authorities when the scale of the abuses became known, but it was soon renewed due to its growing economic importance. A more rigorous regulatory framework was put into place and severe penalties were imposed for infractions in 1842. In that year, almost 35,000 people were shipped to Mauritius.^[43]
【参考译文】英国发起的首次反对苦力贸易的运动将契约劳工制度比作过去的奴隶制。反对苦力移民的运动由约瑟夫·斯特奇领导，并得到了贵格会的支持。斯特奇、贵格会、各种人道主义团体以及来自全城公民的请愿书经常被送到殖民事务办公室。[80]面对这种压力，当虐待的规模被揭露后，当局于1839年暂时停止了劳工输出，但由于其日益增长的经济重要性，很快就恢复了。1842年，一个更为严格的监管框架被建立起来，对违规行为实施了严厉的处罚。那一年，有近3万5千人被运往毛里求斯。[43]

In 1844, the trade was expanded to the colonies in the West Indies, including Jamaica, Trinidad, and Demerara, where the Asian population was soon a major component of the island demographic.
【参考译文】1844年，这项贸易扩展到了西印度群岛的殖民地，包括牙买加、特立尼达和多巴哥以及德梅拉拉，亚洲人口很快成为了这些岛屿人口的重要组成部分。

Starting in 1879, many Indians were transported to Fiji to work on the sugarcane plantations. Many of them chose to stay after their term of indenture elapsed, and today their descendants account for about 40% of the total population. Indian workers were also imported into the Dutch colony of Surinam after the Dutch signed a treaty with the United Kingdom on the recruitment of contract workers in 1870. In Mauritius, the Indian population is now demographically dominant, with Indian festivals being celebrated as national holidays.^[43]
【参考译文】自1879年起，许多印度人被运往斐济，在甘蔗种植园工作。他们中的许多人在契约期满后选择留下，今天他们的后代约占总人口的40%。在英国与荷兰于1870年就招募契约工人签订条约后，印度工人也被引进到荷兰殖民地苏里南。在毛里求斯，印度人口现在在人口统计上占主导地位，印度的节日被作为国家节日来庆祝。[43]

This system prevailed until the early twentieth century. Increasing focus on the brutalities and abuses of the trade by the sensationalist media of the time incited public outrage and led to the official ending of the coolie trade in 1916 by the British government. By that time, tens of thousands of Chinese workers were being used along the Western Front by the allied forces (see Chinese Labour Corps).^[81]
【参考译文】这一制度一直延续到20世纪初。当时轰动一时的媒体对贸易中的暴行和虐待越来越关注，激起了公众的愤怒，导致英国政府在1916年正式结束了苦力贸易。到那时，数万中国劳工被协约国沿西线使用（见中国劳工军团）。[81]

2.5 苦力的性别比例和通婚 | Sex ratios and intermarriage among coolies

A major difference between the Chinese and Indian coolie trades was that women and children were brought from India, along with men, while Chinese coolies were 99% male.^[19] Although there are reports of ships (so called ‘coolie ships’)^[82][83] for Asian coolies carrying women and children, the great majority of them carried men. This led to a high rate of Chinese men marrying women of other ethnicities, such as Indian women and mixed-race Creole women.
【参考译文】中国苦力贸易与印度苦力贸易之间的一个重大差异是，印度苦力中，除了男性外，还带来了妇女和儿童，而中国苦力中男性占到了99%。尽管有报道称有运送亚洲苦力（所谓的“苦力船”）[82][83]的船只载有妇女和儿童，但绝大多数船只搭载的是男性。这导致了中国男性与其他族群女性结婚的高比率，比如印度女性和混血克里奥尔女性。

The contrast in the female-to-male ratio between Indian and Chinese immigrants has been compared by historians.^[84] In Sumatra in the Dutch East Indies, just 18,731 Chinese women and 92,985 Chinese men served as coolies on plantations.^[85] Chinese women migrated less than Javanese and Indian women as indentured coolies.^[86] The number of Chinese women as coolies was “very small” while Chinese men were easily taken into the coolie trade.^[87] In Cuba, men made up the vast majority of Chinese indentured servants on sugar plantations; in Peru, non-Chinese women married the mostly male Chinese coolies.^[88] Polyandry was a common practice amongst Indian coolies.^[89] Between 1845 and 1917, twenty-five per cent of all Indians brought to the Caribbean were women. With women as a severe minority, their morality was questioned and the actions of men as a result of having so few women was blamed on the women. Between 1858 and 1859, laws were put into place stating that the ratio of men to women could not exceed 2:1, whereas before it was 3:1. However, there continued to be a severe shortage of women. This gave women a new sense of power when it came to choosing a partner. With a shortage of women, it became the responsibility of the male suitor to provide a hefty dowry to a woman’s father, regardless of what caste she came from.^[90] Unfortunately, this also put women in a very vulnerable position, especially when alone. Rape was a common occurrence, and there were accounts of women being bound and gagged in their own homes by men. Between 1872 and 1900, it was reported that 87 women were murdered, with 65 of those being married women who were accused of being unfaithful.^[90]
【参考译文】历史学家对比了印度移民和中国移民中男女比例的鲜明差异。[84]在荷属东印度的苏门答腊，只有18,731名中国女性和92,985名中国男性作为苦力在种植园工作。[85]相比于爪哇人和印度女性，中国女性作为契约苦力的迁移要少。[86]从事苦力的中国女性数量“非常少”，而中国男性很容易被卷入苦力贸易中。[87]在古巴，糖种植园中的中国契约劳工几乎全是男性；而在秘鲁，非中国女性嫁给了主要是男性的中国苦力。[88]一妻多夫在印度苦力中是一种常见做法。[89]1845年至1917年间，被带到加勒比地区的印度人中，有25%是女性。由于女性人数严重偏少，她们的道德品质受到质疑，而男性因女性稀缺而采取的行为被归咎于女性。1858年至1859年间，法律规定男性与女性的比例不得超过2:1，而之前是3:1。然而，女性的严重短缺问题依然存在。这给予女性在选择伴侣时一种新的权力感。由于女性短缺，无论她来自哪个种姓，向女性求婚的男性都有责任向其父亲提供丰厚的嫁妆。[90]不幸的是，这也使女性处于非常脆弱的境地，特别是当她们独处时。强奸是一种常见的现象，也有妇女在自己家中被男子捆绑和堵嘴的报道。1872年至1900年间，据报道有87名女性被谋杀，其中65名为已婚女性，她们被指控不忠。[90]

The scarcity of Indian women in the Caribbean may not have been completely due to the women’s inability to perform the work required of them. Many coolie women saw the chance to leave for the Caribbean as a way to escape abusive husbands, to hide pregnancy, to escape shame, or to simply find a better life. The 1883 Indian Immigration Act aimed to stop women from escaping their abusive husbands, which in turn made it much more difficult for women to emigrate, partially because an agent was usually needed to travel to the woman’s village to verify her identity.^[91]
【参考译文】加勒比地区印度女性的稀缺可能并不完全是因为她们无法完成所需的工作。许多苦力女性视前往加勒比为逃离虐待丈夫、隐瞒怀孕、逃避羞辱或寻找更好生活的机会。1883年的《印度移民法》旨在阻止女性逃离虐待她们的丈夫，这反过来又大大增加了女性移民的难度，部分原因是通常需要一名代理人前往女性所在的村庄验证其身份。[91]

Chinese women were scarce in every place where Chinese indentured labourers were brought; the migration was dominated by Chinese men.^[92] Up to the 1940s, men made up the vast majority of the Costa Rican Chinese community.^[93] Similarly, males made up the majority of the original Chinese community in Mexico, and they often married Mexican women.^[94]
【参考译文】在引入中国契约劳工的所有地方，中国女性都非常稀少；移民群体主要由男性构成。[92]直到20世纪40年代，哥斯达黎加的华人社区中绝大多数仍是男性。[93]同样，墨西哥最初的华人社区也以男性为主，他们常与墨西哥女性结婚。[94]

One stark difference between Indian and Chinese coolies was the treatment of women, despite both groups having a severe shortage. Crimes against women (including murder) were far more frequent among Indian coolies. This was simply because there were so few Chinese women. However, it became common for people to instead believe that Indians murder their women while Chinese women stay alive because, unlike their Indian counterparts, they are chaste.^[95]
【参考译文】印度苦力和中国苦力之间一个明显的区别在于对女性的待遇，尽管两组都存在严重的女性短缺问题。针对女性（包括谋杀）的犯罪在印度苦力中要频繁得多。这仅仅是因为中国女性实在太少了。然而，人们普遍认为，印度人杀害自己的女性，而中国女性得以存活是因为，与中国女性不同，印度女性不贞洁。[95]

In the early 1900s, the Chinese communities in Manila, Singapore, Mauritius, New Zealand, Victoria in Australia, the United States, and Victoria in British Columbia in Canada were all male dominated.^[96] Though the lack of women became a problem in later years, initially women were not a high priority during coolie recruitment. Generally, it was believed that women were unwilling to perform the hard outdoor labour. Those willing to perform it were still seen as not as good as men.^[97]
【参考译文】在20世纪初，马尼拉、新加坡、毛里求斯、新西兰、澳大利亚维多利亚、美国以及加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省的维多利亚等地区的华人社群都是男性主导的。[96]虽然缺乏女性在后来成为了一个问题，但最初在招募苦力时，女性并不是优先考虑的对象。通常认为，女性不愿意从事艰苦的户外劳动。那些愿意从事这种劳动的女性仍然被认为不如男性。[97]

Some Chinese coolies managed to avoid racial discrimination laws in Cuba and marry white women. This could be done by being listed as ‘white’ on their baptism certificates, as the agency that recruited them was meant for settling white people in Cuba.^[98][99] A Chinese coolie in Cuba also mentioned a white female master in a deposition.^[100]
【参考译文】一些中国苦力设法规避了古巴的种族歧视法律，与白人女性结婚。这是通过在洗礼证书上被列为“白人”来实现的，因为招募他们的机构本意是为了在古巴安置白人。[98][99]古巴的一名中国苦力在一份陈述中也提到了一位白人女主人。[100]

2.6 立法 | Legislation

In 2000, the parliament of South Africa enacted the Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act, 2000. Section 10 covers the prohibition of hate speech terms, such as ‘coolie’ (koelie). The main objectives of the Act were:
【参考译文】2000年，南非议会通过了《促进平等和预防不公平歧视法》。该法第十条涵盖了禁止仇恨言论词汇，如“苦力”（koelie）。该法案的主要目标包括：

• To promote equality
  【参考译文】促进平等
• To prohibit and prevent unfair discrimination (either on the basis of age, race, sex, disability, language, religion, culture, etc.)
  【参考译文】禁止和防止不公平歧视（基于年龄、种族、性别、残疾、语言、宗教、文化等因素）
• To prevent hate speech (e.g. calling people names such as kaffir, koelies, hotnot, etc.)
  【参考译文】防止仇恨言论（例如称人们为kaffir、koelies、hotnot等）
• To prevent harassment.^[7]
  【参考译文】防止骚扰。[7]

3. 现代使用 | Modern use

• In Indonesian, kuli is a term for unskilled workers relying on their physical strength for transporting goods.^[101] It was previously used to refer to Indian or Chinese labourers, with a pejorative connotation.^[102]
  【参考译文】在印尼语中，“kuli”是指依靠体力搬运货物的无技术工人。它过去曾用来指印度或中国劳工，带有贬义色彩。[101]
• In India, the Hindi word qūlī is now commonly used to refer to luggage porters at hotel lobbies and railway and bus stations. Nevertheless, the use of such (especially by foreigners) may still be regarded as a slur by some.^[103] The phrase ‘brown coolie’ is a term used for an Indian citizen who is posturing as a representative to a foreign institute.^[104]
  【参考译文】在印度，印地语单词“qūlī”现常用于指代酒店大堂、火车站和汽车站的行李搬运工。然而，外国人使用这个词可能会被某些人视为侮辱。[103]“brown coolie”一词用于指代代表外国机构摆姿态的印度公民。[104]
• In Malaysia, kuli is a term for manual labourers, with somewhat negative connotations.
  【参考译文】在马来西亚，“kuli”是体力劳动者的一个术语，带有一定的负面含义。
• In Thai, kuli (กุลี) still retains its original meaning as manual labourers, but is considered to be offensive.^{[citation needed]} In September 2005, Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra of Thailand used this term when referring to the labourers who built the new international airport. He thanked them for their hard work. Reuters, a news source from Bangkok, reported that Thai labour groups were angered by his use of the term.^[105]
  【参考译文】在泰国，泰语“กุลี”（kuli）仍保留着原意即体力劳动者，但被认为是冒犯性的。[需要引证]2005年9月，泰国总理他信·西那瓦在提到修建新国际机场的劳工时使用了这个词，感谢他们的辛勤工作。据曼谷的新闻来源路透社报道，泰国劳工团体对他的用词表示愤怒。[105]
• In South Africa, the term coolie referred to indentured workers from India. It is no longer an accepted term, and both it and its Zulu version, amakhula, are considered extremely derogatory for people of Indian descent.
  【参考译文】在南非，“coolie”一词曾指来自印度的契约工人。如今这个词不再被接受，它及其祖鲁语版本“amakhula”都被认为是对印度裔人士极具侮辱性的词语。
• In Ethiopia, cooli are those who carry heavy loads for someone. However, the word is not a slur. It refers to Arab day-labourers who migrated to Ethiopia for labour work.^{[citation needed]}
  【参考译文】在埃塞俄比亚，“cooli”指的是为他人搬运重物的人。然而，这个词并非侮辱性词汇，它指的是为务工而迁徙至埃塞俄比亚的阿拉伯日工。[需要引证]
• The Dutch word koelie refers to a worker who performs very hard, exacting labour. The word generally has no particular ethnic connotations among the Dutch, but it is a racial slur amongst Surinamese of Indian heritage.^[106]
  【参考译文】荷兰语中的“koelie”指的是从事极其繁重精确劳动的工人。这个词在荷兰人中通常没有特定的种族含义，但在苏里南的印度裔群体中是一个种族蔑称。[106]
• In Vietnamese, since the French Indochina era, “cu li”, as a Vietnamese pronunciation for coolie, is still used with the offensive mearning for low-paid labourer.
  【参考译文】在越南，自法属印度支那时期以来，“cu li”作为“coolie”的越南语发音，仍然被使用，具有侮辱低薪劳工的含义。
• In Finland, when freshmen of a technical university take care of student union club tasks (usually arranging a party or such activity), they are referred as “kuli” or performing a “kuli duty”.^{[citation needed]}
  【参考译文】在芬兰，技术大学的新生如果负责学生会俱乐部的任务（通常是组织聚会等活动），会被称作“kuli”或执行“kuli任务”。[需要引证]
• In Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago, Suriname, Jamaica, Belize, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Grenada, French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Barbados, Virgin Islands, other parts of the Caribbean, Mauritius, South Africa, Seychelles, other parts of Southeast Africa, Fiji, Singapore, and Malaysia, coolie was used loosely to refer to anyone of Indian and South Asian descent and is considered an offensive pejorative.
  【参考译文】在圭亚那、特立尼达和多巴哥、苏里南、牙买加、伯利兹、圣卢西亚、圣文森特和格林纳丁斯、圣基茨和尼维斯、格林纳达、法属圭亚那、瓜德罗普、马提尼克、巴巴多斯、维尔京群岛、加勒比其他地区、毛里求斯、南非、塞舌尔、东南非洲其他地区、斐济、新加坡和马来西亚，coolie被广泛且含糊地用来指代印度和南亚裔人士，被视为冒犯性的蔑称。
• In many English-speaking countries, the conical hat worn by many Asians, to protect themselves from the sun, is sometimes called a “coolie hat”.
  【参考译文】在许多英语国家中，许多亚洲人为了防晒而戴的圆锥形帽子有时被称为“coolie帽”。
• In the information technology industry, offshore workers are sometimes referred to as coolies because of their lower wages.
  【参考译文】在信息技术行业，离岸工作者有时被称为coolies，因为他们工资较低。
• The term coolie appears in the Eddy Howard song, “The Rickety Rickshaw Man”.
  【参考译文】“coolie”一词出现在Eddy Howard的歌曲《The Rickety Rickshaw Man》中。
• In Hungarian, kulimunka (lit. ’coolie work’) refers to back-breaking, repetitive work.
  【参考译文】在匈牙利语中，“kulimunka”（字面意思是“coolie工作”）指的是繁重的重复劳动。
• In Sri Lanka, kuliwada is the Sinhala term for manual labour. Also, kuli (e.g. kuliyata) means working for a fee, notably instant (cash) payment (and not salaried). It is used in a derogatory or jesting manner to signify biased action or support (e.g. “Kuliyata andanawa” means “Crying for a fee”, since in colonial times people would be paid to cry at funerals). Taxis are known as kuli-ratha.
  【参考译文】在斯里兰卡，“kuliwada”是僧伽罗语中体力劳动的术语。同时，“kuli”（如“kuliyata”）意味着为了费用（尤其是即时现金支付，而非领薪水）工作。它以贬义或戏谑的方式使用，表示有偏向的行为或支持（例如，“Kuliyata andanawa”意为“为钱哭泣”，因为在殖民时期，人们会在葬礼上被付费哭丧）。出租车被称为“kuli-ratha”。
• In Filipino, makuli translates to “industrious”, which carries connotations of slavishness.
  【参考译文】在菲律宾语中，“makuli”意为“勤勉”，含有奴性的意味。
• In Greek, κούλης is used as a neutral word to mean “ship worker of Asian origin” by the Greek poet Nikos Kavvadias.^[107]
  【参考译文】在希腊语中，κούλης被诗人尼科斯·卡瓦迪亚斯用作中性词，意为“亚洲出身的船员”。[107]

4. 在艺术、娱乐和媒体中 | In art, entertainment, and media

4.1 电影 | Films

In the 1955 film The Left Hand of God, Father Carmody (Humphrey Bogart) reminds Dr. Sigman (E. G. Marshall) in a testy exchange that he is not one of his “coolie” patients.
【参考译文】在1955年的电影《天路历程》中，神父卡莫迪（由亨弗莱·鲍嘉饰演）在与西格曼医生（E. G. 马歇尔饰）的一段紧张对话中提醒对方，他并不是医生的那些“苦力”病人之一。

In the 1957 film The Bridge on the River Kwai, when his officers are ordered to do manual labour on the bridge, British officer Col. Nicholson (Alec Guinness) insists that “I will not have an officer from my battalion working as a coolie.”
【参考译文】1957年的电影《桂河大桥》里，当英军军官尼科尔森上校（亚历克·吉尼斯饰）的手下被命令参与桥梁的体力劳动时，他坚称：“我不会让我的营里有任何一个军官像苦力那样干活。”

In the racially controversial 1932 film The Mask of Fu Manchu, Sir Denis Nayland Smith mentions his team’s temporarily hired Chinese workers, saying of Dr. Fu Manchu that “… his spies are all around us. I can’t even trust our own coolies.”
【参考译文】在1932年因种族问题备受争议的电影《傅满洲的面具》中，丹尼斯·奈兰德·史密斯爵士提到他们团队临时雇佣的中国工人时说：“……傅满洲的间谍无处不在。就连我们自己的苦力，我也不能完全信任。

In the 1934 film Mandalay, the character Tanya (Kay Francis) calls Nick, the club owner, “coolie”, causing him to slap her across the face.
【参考译文】1934年的电影《曼德勒》中，角色塔尼亚（凯·弗朗西斯饰）称夜总会老板尼克为“苦力”，导致尼克扇了她一巴掌。

In the 1941 Disney film “The Reluctant Dragon”, humorist Robert Benchley sees an Asian artist drawing an elephant wearing a conical hat and remarks “Oh, a coolie elephant, huh?”
【参考译文】在1941年迪士尼电影《不情愿的龙》中，幽默家罗伯特·本奇利看到一位亚洲艺术家正在画一头戴着圆锥形帽子的大象，便评论道：“哦，是苦力大象啊？”

The Oscar-nominated 1966 film The Sand Pebbles depicts coolies working as labourers assisting American sailors aboard an American gun boat in 1926 civil war era China. The story, among many parallel story lines, involves an American Navy engineer (Steve McQueen) befriending a coolie (Mako) working under his command in the engine room.
【参考译文】获得奥斯卡提名的1966年电影《沙砾》描绘了在中国1926年内战时期，苦力们作为劳工协助美国水手在一艘美籍炮舰上工作的场景。故事中，众多并行线索之一涉及一名美国海军工程师（史蒂夫·麦奎因饰）与他指挥下的苦力（麻琨饰）成为了朋友。

Deewaar (1975) is an Indian crime drama written by Salim–Javed about a dockyard coolie, Vijay Verma (Amitabh Bachchan), who turns to a life of crime and becomes a Bombay underworld smuggler, inspired by the real-life Indian mafia don Haji Mastan.^[108][109] Coolie (1983) is an Indian Bollywood film about a coolie, Iqbal Aslam Khan (Amitabh Bachchan), who works at a railway station; the film is famous for the fact that during filming, Bachchan suffered a near-fatal injury during a fight sequence. Additional Indian films about coolies include Coolie No. 1 (1991), Coolie (1995), Coolie No. 1 (1995), Coolie (2004), Coolie No. 1 (2019), and Coolie No. 1 (2020).
【参考译文】1975年的印度犯罪剧《大篷车》由萨利姆-贾韦德编剧，讲述了一个码头苦力维杰·维尔玛（阿米塔布·巴强饰）转向犯罪生涯，成为孟买黑社会走私者的故事，灵感来源于真实生活中的印度黑帮头目哈吉·马斯坦。[108][109]1983年的印度宝莱坞电影《苦力》讲述的是在一个火车站工作的苦力易卜拉欣·阿斯拉姆·可汗（阿米塔布·巴强饰）的故事；这部电影因拍摄期间巴强在一场打斗场景中几乎致命受伤而闻名。其他关于苦力的印度电影还包括《苦力一号》（1991）、《苦力》（1995）、《苦力一号》（1995）、《苦力》（2004）、《苦力一号》（2019）以及《苦力一号》（2020）。

The film Romper Stomper (1992) shows a white power skinhead named Hando (played by Russell Crowe) expressing distress about the idea of being a coolie in his own country. Also, the gang he directs makes frequent attacks at gangs of working-class Vietnamese Australians.
【参考译文】1992年的电影《冲锋飞车队》中，一个名为汉多（罗素·克劳饰）的白人至上主义光头党成员表达了对自己国家中成为苦力的忧虑。此外，他领导的团伙频繁袭击在澳大利亚工作的越南裔工人阶级。

In the 2004 Stephen Chow film Kung Fu Hustle, Landlady (Qiu Yuen) criticises the labourer/retired-in-disguise kung fu master (Xing Yu) for not paying rent, saying that “you’ll be a coolie for life.” In the credits, his name is given as “Coolie”.^[110]
【参考译文】在2004年周星驰执导的电影《功夫》中，房东太太（元秋饰）批评身为劳工兼隐退功夫大师（释行宇饰）没有付房租，并说：“你这辈子就只能当苦力。”在片尾字幕中，他的名字被标注为“苦力”。

The documentary film directed by Yung Chang called Up the Yangtze (2007) follows the life of a family in China that is relocated due to the flooding of the Yangtze River. The daughter is sent directly from finishing middle school to work on a cruise ship for western tourists, to earn money for her family. Her father referred to himself as a “coolie” who used to carry bags on and off boats.^[111]
【参考译文】纪录片导演张侨勇的《沿江而上》（2007）追踪了一户因长江水位上涨而搬迁的中国家庭的生活。女儿刚中学毕业就被送到一艘为西方游客服务的游轮上工作，以帮助家庭赚取收入。她的父亲自称是个“苦力”，过去常常在船上搬运行李。[111]

4.2 电视 | Television

In Hell on Wheels (e.g., season 3, episode 1 (2013)), frequent references are made to the hardworking, underpaid Chinese coolies who helped build the first transcontinental railroad.
【参考译文】在电视剧《地狱之轮》（比如第三季第一集，2013年）中，频繁提到了那些辛勤工作却报酬微薄的中国苦力，他们参与了第一条横贯大陆铁路的建设。

In the 2018 drama Mr. Sunshine, the word “coolie” is used to refer to certain low class Joseon-era labourers.
【参考译文】在2018年的电视剧《阳光先生》中，“苦力”一词被用来指代某些朝鲜时代地位较低的劳动者。

4.3 书籍 | Books

In the 1899 novelette Typhoon by Joseph Conrad, the captain is transporting a group of coolies in the South China Sea. White Coolies by Betty Jeffrey (1954) is a non-fiction account of a group of Australian nurses held captive and used as slave labour by the Japanese in WWII.
【参考译文】在约瑟夫·康拉德1899年的小说《台风》中，船长在南中国海运输一群苦力。贝蒂·杰弗里1954年的非虚构作品《白苦力》记录了一群澳大利亚护士在二战中被日军俘虏并充当苦役的经历。

In the 1982 fiction novel A Nomad of the Time Streams by Michael Moorcock, the word ‘coolie’ is used repeatedly about varying kinds of Asian labourers.
【参考译文】迈克尔·摩尔科克1982年的小说《时间之流的游牧者》中，“苦力”一词多次被用来形容各种亚洲劳工。

In Jules Verne‘s 1873 novel Around the World in Eighty Days, the word ‘coolies’ is used when describing different groups of people aboard a steamer ship crossing the Pacific.
【参考译文】在儒勒·凡尔纳1873年的小说《八十天环游地球》中，描述穿越太平洋的汽船上的不同人群时使用了“苦力”一词。

In Denton Welch‘s 1943 novel Maiden Voyage, Li, a young private secretary to Mr. Butler, resents being treated like a “schoolboy coolie” by Canadian Dr. MacEwen.^[112] The word ‘coolie’ is also used by Denton when he observes coolies working.
【参考译文】在登顿·韦尔奇1943年的小说《少女之旅》中，作为巴特勒先生年轻私人秘书的李，不满被加拿大医生麦克尤恩博士当作“学童苦力”对待。[112]登顿在观察苦力工作时也使用了“苦力”一词。

4.4 音乐 | Music

The 2014 chutney song titled “Coolie Bai Dance” by the Indo-Guyanese singer Romeo “Mystic” Nermal is about the lifestyle of the traditional “coolie” (Indo-Caribbean) villagers in Guyana and the rest of the Caribbean.
【参考译文】2014年，印度-圭亚那歌手罗密欧·”神秘”·内尔马尔推出了一首恰蒂歌曲，名为《Coolie Bai Dance》，这首歌讲述了圭亚那及加勒比地区其他地方传统”苦力”（印度-加勒比）村民的生活方式。

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