亚裔美国人 / Asian Americans – 中英文维基百科词条融合

By cathayvista中国相关, 区域：美国和加拿大, 海外华人华侨

中文词条原文链接（无法从中国内地访问）：请点击这里访问
英文词条原文链接（无法从中国内地访问）：请点击这里访问
本文基于英文词条的线索，并补充部分来自中文词条的内容（在二者冲突时，以更晚更新者为准）。辽观搬运时进行了必要的合规化处理，以使其能够在中国内地上传。

维基百科（Wikipedia）是美国维基媒体基金会的互联网百科项目，其内容可能受到立场、信息来源等因素影响，请客观看待。正文内容不代表译者观点。

辽观提供的翻译仅供参考。文中可能包含无法从中国内地访问的链接。

辽观所搬运的词条文本与维基百科一道同样遵循CC BY-SA 4.0协议（辽观搬运的中英文对照版本），在符合协议要求的情况下您可以免费使用其内容（包括商用）。图片和视频可能遵循不同的共享协议。请点击这里访问

1. 正文（发布于知乎专栏）

第一部分（概述、词源、人口统计）请点击这里访问

第二部分（历史、知名贡献）请点击这里访问

第三部分（文化影响、社会和政治问题）请点击这里访问

2. 参见（维基百科的相关词条）| See also

3. 英文词条参考文献

3.1 引用列表（与文中序号对应）

  1. “Asian and Pacific Islander Population in the United States census.gov“. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on March 21, 2021. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
  2. ^ “Asian Americans: A Mosaic of Faiths”. The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. Pew Research Center. July 19, 2012. Archived from the original on July 16, 2013. Retrieved February 15, 2013. Christian 42%, Buddhist 14%, Hindu 10%, Muslim 6%, Sikh 1%, Jain *% Unaffiliated 26%, Don’t know/Refused 1%
  3. ^ Karen R. Humes; Nicholas A. Jones; Roberto R. Ramirez (March 2011). “Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin: 2010” (PDF). United States Census Bureau. U.S. Department of Commerce. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 3, 2014. Retrieved January 5, 2012.
  4. ^ Jump up to:a b “State & Country QuickFacts: Race”. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on November 30, 2009. Retrieved August 31, 2009.
  5. ^ Jump up to:a b c U.S. Census Bureau, 2000 Census of Population, Public Law 94-171 Redistricting Data File.Race at the Wayback Machine (archived November 3, 2001). (archived from the original on November 3, 2001).
  6. ^ Jump up to:a b Cortellessa, Eric (October 23, 2016). “Israeli, Palestinian Americans could share new ‘Middle Eastern’ census category”. Times of Israel. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved April 22, 2018.
    Nussbaum Cohen, Debra (June 18, 2015). “New U.S. Census Category to Include ‘Israeli’ Option”. Haaretz. Archived from the original on July 10, 2017. Retrieved April 22, 2018.
  7. ^ Bureau, US Census. “About the Topic of Race”. Census.gov.
  8. ^ Jump up to:a b c U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Summary File 1 Technical Documentation Archived July 22, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, 2001, at Appendix B-14. “A person having origins in any of the original peoples of the Far East, Southeast Asia, or the Indian subcontinent including, for example, Cambodia, China, India, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Pakistan, the Philippine Islands, Thailand, and Vietnam. It includes Asian Indian, Chinese, Filipino, Korean, Japanese, Vietnamese, and Other Asian.”
  9. ^ “Table 1 – Population By Race: 2010 and 2020” (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 16, 2022.
  10. ^ Caitlin Brophy (December 23, 2020). “Asian American Population in the United States Continues to Grow Origin: 2020”.
  11. ^ “U.S. Census Show Asians Are Fastest Growing Racial Group”. NPR. Archived from the original on December 24, 2017. Retrieved October 26, 2016.
  12. ^ Jump up to:a b K. Connie Kang (September 7, 2002). “Yuji Ichioka, 66; Led Way in Studying Lives of Asian Americans”. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on March 14, 2014. Retrieved May 4, 2013. Yet Ichioka created the first inter-ethnic pan-Asian American political group. And he coined the term “Asian American” to frame a new self-defining political lexicon. Before that, people of Asian ancestry were generally called Oriental or Asiatic.
  13. ^ Mio, Jeffrey Scott, ed. (1999). Key Words in Multicultural Interventions: A Dictionary. ABC-Clio ebook. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 20. ISBN 9780313295478. Archived from the original on January 3, 2016. Retrieved August 19, 2014. The use of the term Asian American began in the late 1960s alongside the civil rights movement (Uba, 1994) and replaced disparaging labels of Oriental, Asiatic, and Mongoloid.
  14. ^ Lee, Jennifer; Ramakrishnan, Karthick (October 14, 2019). “Who counts as Asian” (PDF). Russellsage.org. p. 4. Retrieved July 7, 2021.
  15. ^ “Proceedings of the Asiatic Exclusion League” Asiatic Exclusion League. San Francisco: April 1910. Pg. 7. “To amend section twenty-one hundred and sixty-nine of the Revised Statutes of the United States. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, that section twenty-one hundred and sixty-nine of the Revised Statutes of the United States be, and the same is hereby, amended by adding thereto the following: And Mongolians, Malays, and other Asiatics, except Armenians, Assyrians, and Jews, shall not be naturalized in the United States.”
  16. ^ How the U.S. Courts Established the White Race Archived August 11, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
  17. ^ Kambhampaty, Anna Purna (May 22, 2020). “In 1968, These Activists Coined the Term ‘Asian American’—And Helped Shape Decades of Advocacy”. Time. Archived from the original on June 1, 2020. Retrieved January 29, 2023.
  18. ^ Maeda, Daryl Joji (2012). Rethinking the Asian American Movement. New York: Routledge. pp. 9–13, 18, 26, 29, 32–35, 42–48, 80, 108, 116–117, 139. ISBN 978-0-415-80081-5.
  19. ^ Yen Espiritu (January 19, 2011). Asian American Panethnicity: Bridging Institutions and Identities. Temple University Press. p. 34. ISBN 978-1-4399-0556-2. Archived from the original on May 30, 2020. Retrieved April 19, 2019.
  20. ^ Gayla, Marella (October 20, 2021). “Searching for Coherence in Asian America”. The New Yorker. New York. Retrieved July 10, 2022. The term “Asian American” emerged from the radical student movements of the late nineteen-sixties, most notably at San Francisco State College and the University of California, Berkeley. The activists, modelling their work after Black and Latinx liberation movements, hoped to create a pan-Asian coalition that would become part of an international struggle against empire and capitalism.
  21. ^ Chandy, Sunu P. What is a Valid South Asian Struggle? Archived December 5, 2006, at the Wayback Machine Report on the Annual SASA Conference. Retrieved July 13, 2021.
  22. ^ Chin, Gabriel J. (April 18, 2008). “The Civil Rights Revolution Comes to Immigration Law: A New Look at the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965”. SSRN 1121504. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  23. ^ Robert M. Jiobu (1988). Ethnicity and Assimilation: Blacks, Chinese, Filipinos, Koreans, Japanese, Mexicans, Vietnamese, and Whites. SUNY Press. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-88706-647-4. Archived from the original on June 1, 2020. Retrieved March 28, 2018.
    Chang, Benjamin (February 2017). “Asian Americans and Education”. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Education. 1. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190264093.013.102. ISBN 9780190264093. Archived from the original on March 28, 2018. Retrieved March 27, 2018.
  24. ^ Jump up to:a b Sailer, Steve (July 11, 2002). “Feature: Who exactly is Asian American?”. UPI. Los Angeles. Archived from the original on September 5, 2018. Retrieved September 4, 2018.
  25. ^ “Asian American”. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved March 29, 2011.
  26. ^ “Asian”. AskOxford.com. Archived from the original on April 15, 2008. Retrieved September 29, 2007.[full citation needed]
  27. ^ Epicanthal folds Archived May 12, 2016, at the Wayback Machine: MedicinePlus Medical Encyclopedia states that “The presence of an epicanthal fold is normal in people of Asiatic descent” assuming it the norm for all Asians Kawamura, Kathleen (2004). “Chapter 28. Asian American Body Images”. In Thomas F. Cash; Thomas Pruzinsky (eds.). Body Image: A Handbook of Theory, Research, and Clinical Practice. Guilford Press. pp. 243–249. ISBN 978-1-59385-015-9. Archived from the original on May 30, 2020. Retrieved October 16, 2015.
  28. ^ “American Community Survey; Puerto Rico Community Survey; 2007 Subject Definitions” (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau: 31. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)[dead link]
    “American Community Survey; Puerto Rico Community Survey; 2007 Subject Definitions” (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved April 11, 2011.[permanent dead link]
    “American Community Survey and Puerto Rico Community Survey: 2017 Code List” (PDF). Code Lists, Definitions, and Accuracy. U.S. Department of Commerce. 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 1, 2020. Retrieved May 3, 2019.
    “American Community Survey and Puerto Rico Community Survey: 2017 Subject Definitions” (PDF). Code Lists, Definitions, and Accuracy. U.S. Department of Commerce. 2017. pp. 114–116. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 5, 2019. Retrieved May 4, 2019. Asian. A person having origins in any of the original peoples of East Asia, Southeast Asia, or the Indian subcontinent including, for example, Cambodia, China, India, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Pakistan, the Philippine Islands, Thailand, and Vietnam. It includes people who indicate their race as “Asian Indian”, “Chinese”, “Filipino”, “Korean”, “Japanese”, “Vietnamese”, and “Other Asian” or provide other detailed Asian responses.
  29. ^ Cornell Asian American Studies Archived May 9, 2008, at the Wayback Machine; contains mentions to South Asians
    UC Berkeley – General Catalog – Asian American Studies Courses Archived December 21, 2008, at the Wayback Machine; South and Southeast Asian courses are present
    “Asian American Studies”. 2009–2011 Undergraduate Catalog. University of Illinois at Chicago. 2009. Archived from the original on June 7, 2011. Retrieved April 11, 2011.
    “Welcome to Asian American Studies”. Asian American Studies. California State University, Fullerton. 2003. Archived from the original on July 11, 2012. Retrieved April 11, 2011.
    “Program”. Asian American Studies. Stanford University. Archived from the original on January 10, 2011. Retrieved April 11, 2011.
    “About Us”. Asian American Studies. Ohio State University. 2007. Archived from the original on August 11, 2011. Retrieved April 11, 2011.
    “Welcome”. Asian and Asian American Studies Certificate Program. University of Massachusetts Amherst. 2011. Archived from the original on December 23, 2011. Retrieved April 11, 2011.
    “Overview”. Cornell University Asian American Studies Program. Cornell University. 2007. Archived from the original on June 15, 2012. Retrieved April 11, 2011.
  30. ^ Lo Wang, Hansi (March 28, 2024). “Next U.S. census will have new boxes for ‘Middle Eastern or North African,’ ‘Latino'”. NPR. Archived from the original on April 3, 2024. Retrieved April 3, 2024.
  31. ^ “COMPARATIVE ENROLLMENT BY RACE/ETHNIC ORIGIN” (PDF). Diversity and Inclusion Office. Ferris State University. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved August 9, 2014. original peoples of Europe, North Africa, or the Middle East.
    “Not Quite White: Race Classification and the Arab American Experience”. Arab American Institute. Arab Americans by the Center for Contemporary Arab Studies, Georgetown University. April 4, 1997. Archived from the original on August 26, 2014. Retrieved August 9, 2014.
    Ian Haney Lopez (1996). “How the U.S. Courts Established the White Race”. Model Minority. New York University Press. Archived from the original on August 11, 2014. Retrieved August 9, 2014.
    “Race”. United States Census Bureau. U.S. Department of Commerce. 2010. Archived from the original on July 16, 2014. Retrieved August 9, 2014. White. A person having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa. It includes people who indicate their race as “White” or report entries such as Irish, German, Italian, Lebanese, Arab, Moroccan, or Caucasian.
    Kleinyesterday, Uri (June 18, 2015). “New U.S. census category to include ‘Israeli’ option – Jewish World Features – Haaretz – Israel News”. Haaretz. Archived from the original on September 11, 2016. Retrieved February 27, 2017.
    “Public Comments Received on Federal Register notice 79 FR 71377 : Proposed Information Collection; Comment Request; 2015 National Content Test : U.S. Census Bureau; Department of Commerce : December 2, 2014 – February 2, 2015” (PDF). Census.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 26, 2017. Retrieved February 27, 2017.
  32. ^ “COMPARATIVE ENROLLMENT BY RACE/ETHNIC ORIGIN” (PDF). Diversity and Inclusion Office. Ferris State University. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 24, 2015. Retrieved August 9, 2014. original peoples of Europe, North Africa, or the Middle East.
  33. ^ 1980 Census: Instructions to Respondents Archived November 30, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, republished by Integrated Public Use Microdata Series, Minnesota Population Center, University of Minnesota at http://www.ipums.org Archived July 11, 2013, at the Wayback Machine Accessed November 19, 2006.
  34. ^ Lee, Gordon. Hyphen magazine. “The Forgotten Revolution”. Archived from the original on July 7, 2003. Retrieved June 1, 2016.. 2003. January 28, 2007 (archived from the original Archived October 2, 2007, at the Wayback Machine on March 17, 2008).
  35. ^ Wu, Frank H. Wu (2003). Yellow: race in America beyond black and white. New York: Basic Books. p. 310. ISBN 9780465006403. Retrieved April 15, 2011.
  36. ^ 1990 Census: Instructions to Respondents Archived April 6, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, republished by Integrated Public Use Microdata Series, Minnesota Population Center, University of Minnesota at http://www.ipums.org Archived July 11, 2013, at the Wayback Machine Accessed November 19, 2006.
    Reeves, Terrance Claudett, Bennett. United States Census Bureau. Asian and Pacific Islander Population: March 2002 Archived January 10, 2021, at the Wayback Machine. 2003. September 30, 2006.
  37. ^ “Census Data / API Identities | Research & Statistics | Resources Publications Research Statistics | Asian Pacific Institute on Gender-Based Violence”. www.api-gbv.org. Archived from the original on June 9, 2016. Retrieved May 27, 2016.
  38. ^ Wood, Daniel B. “Common Ground on who’s an American.” Archived February 8, 2007, at the Wayback Machine Christian Science Monitor. January 19, 2006. Retrieved February 16, 2007.
  39. ^ Mary Frauenfelder. “Asian-Owned Businesses Nearing Two Million”. census.gov. Archived from the original on July 19, 2018. Retrieved May 15, 2018.
  40. ^ Ruiz, Neil G.; Noe-Bustamante, Luis; Shah, Sono (May 8, 2023). “Diverse Cultures and Shared Experiences Shape Asian American Identities”. Pew Research Center. Retrieved May 11, 2023.
  41. ^ “Searching For Asian America. Community Chats – PBS”. pbs.org. Archived from the original on November 4, 2015. Retrieved November 22, 2017.
  42. ^ S. D. Ikeda. “What’s an “Asian American” Now, Anyway?”. Archived from the original on June 10, 2011.
  43. ^ Yang, Jeff (October 27, 2012). “Easy Tiger (Nation)”. The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on March 16, 2013. Retrieved February 19, 2013.
  44. ^ Park, Jerry Z. (August 1, 2008). “Second-Generation Asian American Pan-Ethnic Identity: Pluralized Meanings of a Racial Label”. Sociological Perspectives. 51 (3): 541–561. doi:10.1525/sop.2008.51.3.541. S2CID 146327919. Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved August 14, 2019.
  45. ^ Sailer, Steve (July 11, 2002). “Feature: Who exactly is Asian American?”. UPI. Los Angeles. Archived from the original on September 5, 2018. Retrieved September 20, 2020. It is a political term used by Asian-American activists and enhanced by governmental treatment. In terms of culture, physical characteristics, and pre-migrant historical experiences, I have argued, South and East Asians do not have commonalities and as a result, they do not maintain close ties in terms friendship, intermarriage or sharing neighborhoods
  46. ^ Sailer, Steve (July 11, 2002). “Feature: Who exactly is Asian American?”. UPI. Los Angeles. Archived from the original on September 5, 2018. Retrieved July 8, 2021. Dinesh D’Souza … told United Press International, “Middle Eastern culture has some similarities (religion, cuisine, taste in music and movies) with Asian Indian culture, but very few with Oriental (Far Eastern) culture.”
  47. ^ Lee, S.S., Mountain, J. & Koenig, B.A. (2001). The Meanings of Race in the New Genomics: Implications for Health Disparities Research. Yale Journal of Health Policy, Law, and Ethics 1, (1). Pages 43, 44, & 45. Wayback Machine link.
  48. ^ Sailer, Steve (July 11, 2002). “Feature: Who exactly is Asian American?”. UPI. Los Angeles. Archived from the original on September 5, 2018. Retrieved July 8, 2021. The most common justification advanced for federal government’s clustering together South Asians and East Asians is that Buddhism originated in India.
  49. ^ Jump up to:a b Han, Chong-Suk Winter (2015). Geisha of a Different Kind: Race and Sexuality in Gaysian America. New York: New York University Press. p. 4.
  50. ^ Kambhampaty, Anna Purna (March 12, 2020). “At Census Time, Asian Americans Again Confront the Question of Who ‘Counts’ as Asian. Here’s How the Answer Got So Complicated”. Time. Retrieved July 9, 2021. But American culture tends not to think of all regions in Asia as equally Asian. A quick Google search of “Asian food nearby” is likely to call up Chinese or Japanese restaurants, but not Indian or Filipino. Years after someone posted a thread on College Confidential, a popular college admissions forum, titled “Do Indians count as Asians?” the SAT in 2016 tweaked its race categories, explaining to test-takers that “Asian” did include “Indian subcontinent and Philippines origin.”
  51. ^ Schiavenza, Matt (October 19, 2016). “Why Some ‘Brown Asians’ Feel Left Out of the Asian American Conversation”. Asia Society. Retrieved September 9, 2022. It’s one of the reasons many brown Asians do not identify as Asian Americans. Perhaps we just don’t feel connected to East Asian people, cultures, and lived realities. Perhaps we also don’t feel welcomed and included.
  52. ^ Schiavenza, Matt (October 19, 2016). “Why Some ‘Brown Asians’ Feel Left Out of the Asian American Conversation”. Asia Society. Retrieved September 9, 2022. And that, unfortunately, did not include any South Asians and only one Filipino. That caused a bit of an outcry. It raises a legitimate issue, of course, one about how ‘brown Asians’ often feel excluded from the Asian American conversation.
  53. ^ Nadal, Kevin L (February 2, 2020). “The Brown Asian American Movement: Advocating for South Asian, Southeast Asian, and Filipino American Communities”. Asian American Policy Review. 29. Retrieved September 9, 2022. South Asian Americans have shared how they are excluded from the Asian American umbrella because of their cultural, religious, and racial/phenotypic differences – resulting in lack of representation in Asian American Studies, narratives, and media representations.
  54. ^ Barringer, Felicity (March 2, 1990). “Asian Population in U.S. Grew by 70% in the 80’s”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved January 10, 2013.
    Lowe, Lisa (2004). “Heterogeneity, Hybridity, Multiplicity: Marking Asian American Differences”. In Ono, Kent A. (ed.). A Companion to Asian American Studies. Blackwell Companions in Cultural Studies. John Wiley & Sons. p. 272. ISBN 978-1-4051-1595-7. Archived from the original on January 16, 2017. Retrieved January 10, 2013. Alt URL Archived September 21, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
  55. ^ Skop, Emily; Li, Wei (2005). “Asians In America’s Suburbs: Patterns And Consequences of Settlement”. The Geographical Review. 95 (2): 168. Bibcode:2005GeoRv..95..167S. doi:10.1111/j.1931-0846.2005.tb00361.x. S2CID 162228375.
  56. ^ Fehr, Dennis Earl; Fehr, Mary Cain (2009). Teach boldly!: letters to teachers about contemporary issues in education. Peter Lang. p. 164. ISBN 978-1-4331-0491-6. Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved March 6, 2012.
    Raymond Arthur Smith (2009). “Issue Brief #160: Asian American Protest Politics: “The Politics of Identity”” (PDF). Majority Rule and Minority Rights Issue Briefs. Columbia University. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved March 6, 2012.
  57. ^ Lott, Juanita Tamayo (January 9, 2004). Asian-American Children Are Members of a Diverse and Urban Population (Report). Population Reference Bureau. Archived from the original on April 7, 2018. Retrieved April 6, 2018.
    Hune, Shirley (April 16, 2002). “Demographics and Diversity of Asian American College Students”. New Directions for Student Services. 2002 (97): 11–20. doi:10.1002/ss.35.
    Franklin Ng (1998). The History and Immigration of Asian Americans. Taylor & Francis. p. 211. ISBN 978-0-8153-2690-8. Archived from the original on June 4, 2020. Retrieved April 7, 2018.
    Xue Lan Rong; Judith Preissle (September 26, 2008). Educating Immigrant Students in the 21st Century: What Educators Need to Know. SAGE Publications. p. 133. ISBN 978-1-4522-9405-6. Archived from the original on June 1, 2020. Retrieved April 7, 2018.
  58. ^ Wile, Rob (June 26, 2016). “Latinos are no longer the fastest-growing racial group in America”. Fusion. Doral, Florida. Archived from the original on April 7, 2017. Retrieved May 3, 2017.
  59. ^ Jump up to:a b c “Asian/Pacific American Heritage Month: May 2012”. United States Census Bureau. United States Department of Commerce. March 21, 2012. Archived from the original on January 6, 2013. Retrieved January 12, 2013.
  60. ^ Jump up to:a b Timothy Pratt (October 18, 2012). “More Asian Immigrants Are Finding Ballots in Their Native Tongue”. The New York Times. Las Vegas. Archived from the original on December 25, 2012. Retrieved January 12, 2013.
  61. ^ Jonathan H. X. Lee; Kathleen M. Nadeau (2011). Encyclopedia of Asian American Folklore and Folklife. ABC-CLIO. pp. 333–334. ISBN 978-0-313-35066-5. Archived from the original on April 25, 2017. Retrieved September 28, 2017. Since the Philippines was colonized by Spain, Filipino Americans in general can speak and understand Spanish too.
  62. ^ Leslie Berestein Rojas (November 6, 2012). “Five new Asian languages make their debut at the polls”. KPCC. Archived from the original on June 10, 2015. Retrieved January 12, 2013.
  63. ^ Shaun Tandon (January 17, 2013). “Half of Asian Americans rely on ethnic media: poll”. Agence France-Presse. Archived from the original on February 16, 2013. Retrieved January 25, 2013 – via Google News.
  64. ^ Shin, Hyon B.; Bruno, Rosalind (October 2003). “Language Use and English-Speaking Ability: 2000: Census 2000 Brief” (PDF). census.gov. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 18, 2008. Retrieved November 22, 2017.
  65. ^ “EAC Issues Glossaries of Election Terms in Five Asian Languages Translations to Make Voting More Accessible to a Majority of Asian American Citizens“. Election Assistance Commission. June 20, 2008. (Archived from the original on July 31, 2008).
  66. ^ David Crary (October 18, 2012). “Gallup study: 3.4 percent of US adults are LGBT”. WTOP. Associated Press. Archived from the original on May 13, 2013. Retrieved October 23, 2012.
    Gary J. Gates; Frank Newport (October 18, 2012). “Special Report: 3.4% of U.S. Adults Identify as LGBT”. Gallup. Retrieved March 17, 2017. Nonwhites are more likely than white segments of the U.S. population to identify as LGBT. The survey results show that 4.6% of African-Americans identify as LGBT, along with 4.0% of Hispanics and 4.3% of Asians. The disproportionately higher representation of LGBT status among nonwhite population segments corresponds to the slightly below-average 3.2% of white Americans who identified as LGBT.
  67. ^ Newport, Frank (May 22, 2018). “In U.S., Estimate of LGBT Population Rises to 4.5%”. Gallup. Retrieved December 9, 2019.
  68. ^ Jump up to:a b Mohamed, Besheer; Rotolo, Michael (October 11, 2023). “Religion Among Asian Americans”. Pew Research Center’s Religion & Public Life Project. Retrieved October 14, 2023.
  69. ^ “Asian Americans: A Mosaic of Faiths” (overview) (Archive). Pew Research. July 19, 2020. Retrieved on May 3, 2020.
  70. ^ Jump up to:a b c Mohamed, Besheer; Rotolo, Michael (October 11, 2023). “1. Christianity among Asian Americans”. Pew Research Center’s Religion & Public Life Project. Retrieved October 14, 2023.
  71. ^ Jump up to:a b c Mohamed, Besheer; Rotolo, Michael (October 11, 2023). “6. Religiously unaffiliated Asian Americans”. Pew Research Center’s Religion & Public Life Project. Retrieved October 14, 2023.
  72. ^ Leffel, Gregory P. Faith Seeking Action: Mission, Social Movements, and the Church in Motion Archived May 29, 2020, at the Wayback Machine. Scarecrow Press, 2007. ISBN 1461658578. p. 39
  73. ^ Sawyer, Mary R. The Church on the Margins: Living Christian Community Archived May 31, 2020, at the Wayback Machine. A&C Black, 2003. ISBN 1563383667. p. 156
  74. ^ Jump up to:a b c d Taylor, Paul; D’Vera Cohn; Wendy Wang; Jeffrey S. Passel; Rakesh Kochhar; Richard Fry; Kim Parker; Cary Funk; Gretchen M. Livingston; Eileen Patten; Seth Motel; Ana Gonzalez-Barrera (July 12, 2012). “The Rise of Asian Americans” (PDF). Pew Research Social & Demographic Trends. Pew Research Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 5, 2016. Retrieved January 28, 2013.
  75. ^ Gonzalez, Joaquin (2009). Filipino American Faith in Action: Immigration, Religion, and Civic Engagement. NYU Press. pp. 21–22. ISBN 9780814732977. Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved May 11, 2013.
    San Juan, E. Jr. (2009). “Emergency Signals from the Shipwreck”. Toward Filipino Self-Determination. SUNY series in global modernity. SUNY Press. pp. 101–102. ISBN 9781438427379. Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved May 11, 2013.
  76. ^ Martha W. McCartney; Lorena S. Walsh; Ywone Edwards-Ingram; Andrew J. Butts; Beresford Callum (2003). “A Study of the Africans and African Americans on Jamestown Island and at Green Spring, 1619–1803” (PDF). Historic Jamestowne. National Park Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 4, 2012. Retrieved May 11, 2013.
    Francis C. Assisi (May 16, 2007). “Indian Slaves in Colonial America”. India Currents. Archived from the original on November 27, 2012. Retrieved May 11, 2013.
  77. ^ Okihiro, Gary Y. (2005). The Columbia Guide To Asian American History. Columbia University Press. p. 178. ISBN 9780231115117. Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved May 10, 2013.
  78. ^ “Filipinos in Louisiana”. PBS. Archived from the original on March 21, 2012. Retrieved January 5, 2011.
  79. ^ Wachtel, Alan (2009). Southeast Asian Americans. Marshall Cavendish. p. 80. ISBN 978-0-7614-4312-4. Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved December 5, 2010.
  80. ^ John E. Van Sant (2000). Pacific Pioneers: Japanese Journeys to America and Hawaii, 1850–80. University of Illinois Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-252-02560-0. Archived from the original on January 3, 2016. Retrieved October 16, 2015.
    Sang Chi; Emily Moberg Robinson (January 2012). Voices of the Asian American and Pacific Islander Experience. ABC-CLIO. p. 377. ISBN 978-1-59884-354-5. Archived from the original on January 3, 2016. Retrieved October 16, 2015.
    Joseph Nathan Kane (1964). Famous first facts: a record of first happenings, discoveries and inventions in the United States. H. W. Wilson. p. 161. Archived from the original on May 10, 2016. Retrieved October 16, 2015.
  81. ^ Wai-Jane Cha. “Chinese Merchant-Adventurers and Sugar Masters in Hawaii: 1802–1852” (PDF). University of Hawaii at Manoa. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 18, 2009. Retrieved January 14, 2011.
  82. ^ Xiaojian Zhao; Edward J.W. Park Ph.D. (November 26, 2013). Asian Americans: An Encyclopedia of Social, Cultural, Economic, and Political History [3 volumes]: An Encyclopedia of Social, Cultural, Economic, and Political History. ABC-CLIO. pp. 357–358. ISBN 978-1-59884-240-1. Archived from the original on January 3, 2016. Retrieved October 16, 2015.
  83. ^ Ronald Takaki, Strangers from a Different Shore: A History of Asian Americans (2nd ed. 1998) pp 133–78
  84. ^ The Office of Multicultural Student Services (1999). “Filipino Migrant Workers in California”. University of Hawaii. Archived from the original on December 4, 2014. Retrieved January 12, 2011.
    Castillo, Adelaida (1976). “Filipino Migrants in San Diego 1900–1946”. The Journal of San Diego History. 22 (3). San Diego Historical Society. Archived from the original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved January 12, 2011.
  85. ^ “Center for Okinawan Studies”. Archived from the original on January 1, 2020. Retrieved January 11, 2020.
  86. ^ L. Scott Miller (1995). An American Imperative: Accelerating Minority Educational Advancement. Yale University Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-300-07279-2. Archived from the original on January 3, 2016. Retrieved October 16, 2015.
  87. ^ Richard T. Schaefer (March 20, 2008). Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society. SAGE Publications. p. 872. ISBN 978-1-4522-6586-5. Archived from the original on January 3, 2016. Retrieved October 16, 2015.
  88. ^ Stephanie Hinnershitz-Hutchinson (May 2013). “The Legal Entanglements of Empire, Race, and Filipino Migration to the United States”. Humanities and Social Sciences Net Online. Archived from the original on August 8, 2014. Retrieved August 7, 2014.
    Baldoz, Rick (2011). The Third Asiatic Invasion: Migration and Empire in Filipino America, 1898–1946. NYU Press. p. 204. ISBN 9780814709214. Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved August 7, 2014.
  89. ^ Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America (Politics and Society in Twentieth-Century America) eBook: Mae M. Ngai: Books. Princeton University Press. April 27, 2014. Archived from the original on March 11, 2021. Retrieved February 21, 2016. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
  90. ^ Elliott Robert Barkan (January 17, 2013). Immigrants in American History: Arrival, Adaptation, and Integration [4 volumes]: Arrival, Adaptation, and Integration. ABC-CLIO. p. 301. ISBN 978-1-59884-220-3. Archived from the original on May 28, 2020. Retrieved March 17, 2018.
  91. ^ Soodalter, Ron (2016). “By Soil Or By Blood”. American History. 50 (6): 56–63.
    Not including children of diplomats.
  92. ^ Takaki, Strangers from a Different Shore: A History of Asian Americans (1998) pp 370–78
  93. ^ Rothman, Lily; Ronk, Liz (February 2, 2017). “Congress Tightened Immigration Laws 100 Years Ago. Here’s Who They Turned Away”. Time. Archived from the original on June 30, 2020. Retrieved March 14, 2019. Excluded from entry in 1917 were not only convicted criminals, chronic alcoholics and people with contagious diseases, but also people with epilepsy, anarchists, most people who couldn’t read and almost everyone from Asia, as well as laborers who were “induced, assisted, encouraged, or solicited to migrate to this country by offers or promises of employment, whether such offers or promises are true or false” and “persons likely to become a public charge”.
    Boissoneault, Lorraine (February 6, 2017). “Literacy Tests and Asian Exclusion Were the Hallmarks of the 1917 Immigration Act”. Smithsonian. Archived from the original on March 19, 2019. Retrieved March 14, 2019. The act also levied an $8 tax on every adult immigrant (about $160 today) and barred all immigrants from the “Asiatic zone”.
    Little, Becky (September 7, 2017). “The Birth of ‘Illegal’ Immigration”. History. Archived from the original on March 14, 2019. Retrieved March 14, 2019. A decade later, the Asiatic Barred Zone Act banned most immigration from Asia, as well as immigration by prostitutes, polygamists, anarchists, and people with contagious diseases.
    1917 Congressional Record, Vol. 63, Page 876 (5 February 1917)
    Uma A. Segal (August 14, 2002). A Framework for Immigration: Asians in the United States. Columbia University Press. p. 134. ISBN 978-0-231-50633-5. Archived from the original on June 4, 2020. Retrieved March 15, 2019. Less than ten years later, Congress passed the Immigration Act of February 5, 1917 (commonly known as the Barred Zone Act), which enumerated the classes of people who were ineligible to enter the United States. Among them were those who were natives of a zone defined by latitude and longitude the geographic area identified became known as the Asiatic Barred Zone, and the act clearly became the Asiatic Barred Zone Act. Under the Asiatic Barred Zone Act, the only Asians allowed entry into the United States were Japanese and Filipinos.
    Sixty-Fourth Congress (February 5, 1917). “CHAP. 29. – An Act To regulate the immigration of aliens to, and the residence of aliens in, the United States” (PDF). Library of Congress. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 12, 2019. Retrieved March 14, 2019. unless otherwise provided for by existing treaties, persons who are natives of islands not possessed by the United States adjacent to the Content of Asia, situate south of the twentieth parallel latitude north, west of the one hundred and sixtieth meridian of longitude east of Greenwich, and north of the tenth parallel of latitude south, or who are natives of any country, province, or dependency situate on the Continent of Asia west of the one hundred and tenth meridian of longitude east from Greenwich and east of the fiftieth meridian of longitude east from Greenwich and south of the fiftieth parallel of latitude north, except that portion of said territory situate between the fiftieth and the sixty-fourth meridians of longitude east from Greenwich and the twenty-fourth and thirty-eighth parallels of latitude north, and no alien now in any way excluded from, or prevented from entering, the United States shall be admitted to the United States. Alt URL Archived May 8, 2019, at the Wayback Machine
  94. ^ Franks, Joel (2015). “Anti-Asian Exclusion In The United States During The Nineteenth And Twentieth Centuries: The History Leading To The Immigration Act Of 1924”. Journal of American Ethnic History. 34 (3): 121–122. doi:10.5406/jamerethnhist.34.3.0121.
    Takaki, Strangers from a Different Shore: A History of Asian Americans (1998) pp 197–211
  95. ^ “Executive Order 9066: Resulting in Japanese-American Incarceration (1942)”. National Archives. September 22, 2021.
  96. ^ Elaine Howard Ecklund; Jerry Z. Park. “Asian American Community Participation and Religion: Civic “Model Minorities?””. Project MUSE. Baylor University. Archived from the original on March 14, 2014. Retrieved March 7, 2012.
  97. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e Jie Zong & Jeanne Batalova, Asian Immigrants in the United States Archived April 30, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, Migration Policy Institute (January 6, 2016).
  98. ^ Semple, Kirk (January 8, 2013). “Asian-Americans Gain Influence in Philanthropy”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 15, 2013. Retrieved March 3, 2013. From 2000–2010, according to the Census Bureau, the number of people who identified themselves as partly or wholly Asian grew by nearly 46%, more than four times the growth rate of the overall population, making Asian-Americans the fastest-growing racial group in the nation.
  99. ^ Semple, Ken (June 18, 2012). “In a Shift, Biggest Wave of Migrants Is Now Asian”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved May 3, 2017.
    “New Asian ‘American Dream’: Asians Surpass Hispanics in Immigration”. ABC News. United States News. June 19, 2012. Archived from the original on April 23, 2018. Retrieved May 3, 2017.
    Jonathan H. X. Lee (January 16, 2015). History of Asian Americans: Exploring Diverse Roots: Exploring Diverse Roots. ABC-CLIO. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-313-38459-2. Archived from the original on May 30, 2020. Retrieved May 3, 2017.
  100. ^ Rivitz, Jessica (September 28, 2015). “Asians on pace to overtake Hispanics among U.S. immigrants, study shows”. CNN. Atlanta. Archived from the original on June 7, 2017. Retrieved May 3, 2017.
  101. ^ Erika Lee, Chinese immigrants now largest group of new arrivals to the U.S. Archived April 19, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, USA Today (July 7, 2015).
  102. ^ Jump up to:a b Maeda, Daryl Joji (2016). “The Asian American Movement”. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.013.21. ISBN 978-0-19-932917-5. Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved February 23, 2019. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  103. ^ Rhea, Joseph Tilden (May 1, 2001). Race Pride and the American Identity. Harvard University Press. p. 43. ISBN 9780674005761. Archived from the original on May 30, 2020. Retrieved June 16, 2016.
  104. ^ Jeanie Suk Gersen, “The Uncomfortable Truth About Affirmative Action and Asian-Americans” The New Yorker (2017)
  105. ^ Jennifer Lee, “69% of Asian American Registered Voters Support Affirmative Action” AAPI Data (2022)
  106. ^ “70% of Asian Americans support affirmative action. Here’s why misconceptions persist.” NBC News (November 14, 2020).
  107. ^ We Are Siamese Twins-Fai的分裂生活 Archived December 22, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  108. ^ Lee, Elizabeth (February 28, 2013). “YouTube Spawns Asian-American Celebrities”. VAO News. Archived from the original on February 18, 2013. Retrieved March 4, 2013.
  109. ^ Chow, Kat (February 5, 2015). “A Brief, Weird History Of Squashed Asian-American TV Shows”. NPR. Archived from the original on February 8, 2015. Retrieved February 8, 2015.
    Cruz, Lenika (February 4, 2015). “Why There’s So Much Riding on Fresh Off the Boat”. The Atlantic. Archived from the original on February 7, 2015. Retrieved February 8, 2015.
    Gamboa, Glenn (January 30, 2015). “Eddie Huang a fresh voice in ‘Fresh Off the Boat'”. Newsday. Long Island, New York. Archived from the original on February 7, 2015. Retrieved February 8, 2015.
    Lee, Adrian (February 5, 2015). “Will Fresh Off The Boat wind up being a noble failure?”. MacLeans. Canada. Archived from the original on February 8, 2015. Retrieved February 8, 2015.
    Oriel, Christina (December 20, 2014). “Asian American sitcom to air on ABC in 2015”. Asian Journal. Los Angeles. Archived from the original on February 7, 2015. Retrieved February 8, 2015.
    Beale, Lewis (February 3, 2015). “The Overdue Asian TV Movement”. The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on February 11, 2015. Retrieved February 8, 2015.
    Yang, Jeff (May 2, 2014). “Why the ‘Fresh Off the Boat’ TV Series Could Change the Game”. The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on May 12, 2014. Retrieved February 8, 2015.
    Joann Faung Jean Lee (August 1, 2000). Asian American Actors: Oral Histories from Stage, Screen, and Television. McFarland. p. 98. ISBN 978-0-7864-0730-9. Archived from the original on April 27, 2016. Retrieved October 16, 2015.
    Branch, Chris (February 5, 2015). “‘Fresh Off The Boat’ Brings Asian-Americans To The Table On Network TV”. Huffington Post. Archived from the original on February 7, 2015. Retrieved February 8, 2015.
  110. ^ “Hawai’i’s Human Beatbox”. University of Hawaiʻi Foundation Office of Alumni Relations. October 19, 2018. Archived from the original on January 31, 2021. Retrieved January 23, 2021.
  111. ^ “Kapiʻolani CC alum stays on beat spreading message of perseverance”. University of Hawaiʻi News. December 13, 2018. Archived from the original on December 15, 2019. Retrieved January 23, 2021.
  112. ^ Yamashiro, Lexus (July 15, 2017). “KCC Alumnus Inspires Community Through Beatboxing, Motivational Speaking”. Kapiʻo News. Archived from the original on January 29, 2021. Retrieved January 23, 2021.
  113. ^ Ching, Kapiʻolani (December 13, 2018). “Hawaiʻi’s Human Beatbox”. University of Hawaiʻi at Kapiʻolani Alumni. Archived from the original on January 30, 2021. Retrieved January 23, 2021.
  114. ^ Lim, Woojin (January 21, 2021). “Jason Tom: Hawaii’s Human Beatbox”. The International Wave: A Collection of In-Depth Conversations With Artists of Asian Descent. Archived from the original on January 23, 2021. Retrieved January 23, 2021.
  115. ^ Hulme, Julia (January 25, 2016). “Jason Tom: The Human BeatBox”. Millennial Magazine. Archived from the original on October 3, 2016. Retrieved January 23, 2021.
  116. ^ “100 Most Successful Asian American Entrepreneurs”. Archived from the original on November 24, 2010. Retrieved November 3, 2010.
  117. ^ “Broad racial disparities persist”. NBC News. November 14, 2006. Archived from the original on March 5, 2013. Retrieved December 18, 2006.
  118. ^ “Notable Asian American Professionals”. Archived from the original on October 20, 2010. Retrieved November 3, 2010.
  119. ^ “How Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders Contribute to the U.S. Economy” (PDF). Partnership for a New American Economy Research Fund. October 2017. pp. 4, 12, 19. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 15, 2020. Retrieved February 15, 2020.
  120. ^ “Eric Yuan & family”. Forbes.
  121. ^ Khan, Shahid. “Shahid Khan”. Forbes.
  122. ^ Zhao, Xiaojian; Ph.D., Edward J.W. Park (November 26, 2013). “Conclusion”. Asian Americans: An Encyclopedia of Social, Cultural, Economic, and Political History [3 volumes]: An Encyclopedia of Social, Cultural, Economic, and Political History. ABC-CLIO. p. 1. ISBN 978-1-59884-240-1. Archived from the original on June 1, 2020. Retrieved December 11, 2019.
    Collet, Christian; Lien, Pei-Te (July 28, 2009). The Transnational Politics of Asian Americans. Temple University Press. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-59213-862-3. Archived from the original on June 1, 2020. Retrieved December 11, 2019.
  123. ^ “U.S. Senate: Asian American, Pacific Islander, and Native Hawaiian Senators”. www.senate.gov. Retrieved April 26, 2023.
  124. ^ Jump up to:a b Matt Stevens (February 11, 2020). “Andrew Yang Drops Out: ‘It Is Clear Tonight From the Numbers That We Are Not Going to Win'”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 24, 2020. Retrieved February 15, 2020.
  125. ^ Kai-Hwa Wang, Francis (June 25, 2015). “Indian Americans React to Bobby Jindal Presidential Announcement”. NBC News. Archived from the original on August 28, 2019. Retrieved August 20, 2019.
  126. ^ “Hiram L. Fong, 97, Senator From Hawaii in 60’s and 70’s”. The New York Times. The Associated Press. August 19, 2004. Archived from the original on July 18, 2019. Retrieved August 20, 2019.
    Zhao, Xiaojian; Park, Edward J.W. (November 26, 2013). Asian Americans: An Encyclopedia of Social, Cultural, Economic, and Political History. ABC-CLIO. p. 435. ISBN 978-1-59884-240-1. Archived from the original on May 30, 2020. Retrieved August 21, 2019.
  127. ^ Wallace Turner (May 10, 1972). “Mrs. Mink, Vying With McGovern, Offers Oregon a Choice”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved February 15, 2020.
  128. ^ Jonathan Martin (November 18, 2015). “Bobby Jindal Quits Republican Presidential Race”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved February 15, 2020.
  129. ^ Purna Kamphampaty, Anna; Lang, Cady (November 7, 2020). “The Historic Barriers Kamala Harris Overcame to Reach the Vice-Presidency”. Time. Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved November 9, 2020.
  130. ^ “How Groups Voted in 1992 | Roper Center for Public Opinion Research”. ropercenter.cornell.edu. Retrieved November 4, 2022.
  131. ^ “Understanding The 2020 Electorate: AP VoteCast Survey”. NPR. May 21, 2021. Retrieved November 4, 2022.
  132. ^ “Despite Trump-Modi Friendship, Survey Says Indian Americans Back Biden”. NPR. Retrieved November 4, 2022.
  133. ^ Cai, Weiyi; Fessenden, Ford (December 21, 2020). “Immigrant Neighborhoods Shifted Red as the Country Chose Blue”. The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 4, 2022.
  134. ^ Jump up to:a b “Pew Study Finds Asian Americans Identify Themselves in Diverse Ways”. May 8, 2023.
  135. ^ “CONNIE CHUNG”. World Changers. Portland State University. Archived from the original on March 9, 2012. Retrieved February 21, 2012.
  136. ^ McNaughton, James C.; Edwards, Kristen E.; Price, Jay M. (November 1, 2002). “”Incontestable Proof Will Be Exacted”: Historians, Asian Americans, and the Medal of Honor”. The Public Historian. 24 (4): 11–33. doi:10.1525/tph.2002.24.4.11. ISSN 0272-3433.
  137. ^ Harper, Jon; Tritten, Travis J. (May 30, 2014). “VA Secretary Eric Shinseki resigns”. Stars and Stripes. Archived from the original on June 16, 2018. Retrieved June 25, 2014.
  138. ^ Wenjen, Mia (March 6, 2021). “Asian Pacific American female Athletes Changing the Game”. Mama Smiles. Retrieved May 19, 2021.
  139. ^ Tiangco, Arielle (April 25, 2022). “APA, AAPI, APIDA or AANHPI? The history and significance of the “Asian American” identity crisis”. The Optimist Daily. Retrieved March 25, 2024. Formerly known as Asian American and Pacific Islander Heritage Month, the name officially changed to Asian American, Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander Heritage Month in April 2021, with President Joe Biden’s signing of Proclamation 10189.
  140. ^ “About Asian-Pacific American Heritage Month”. Library of Congress. Archived from the original on August 15, 2014. Retrieved August 18, 2014.
    George Bush: “Statement on Signing Legislation Establishing Asian/Pacific American Heritage Month”, October 23, 1992. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=21645 Archived October 5, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  141. ^ Russell, Stepehn (2010). “Introduction: Asian American Parenting and Parent-Adolescent Relationships”. Asian American Parenting and Parent-Adolescent Relationships. New York, NY: Springer. pp. 1–15. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-5728-3_1. ISBN 978-1-4419-5727-6.
    Karen Kurasaki; Sumie Okazaki; Stanley Sue (December 6, 2012). Asian American Mental Health: Assessment Theories and Methods. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 260. ISBN 978-1-4615-0735-2. Archived from the original on June 1, 2020. Retrieved February 16, 2019.
  142. ^ Amy Chua (December 6, 2011). Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother. A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-4088-2509-9. Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved February 16, 2019.
    Wang, Scarlett (Spring 2013). “The “Tiger Mom”: Stereotypes of Chinese Parenting in the United States”. Opus. Archived from the original on December 20, 2018. Retrieved February 15, 2019.
    Chang, Bettina (June 18, 2014). “The Problem With A Culture of Excellence”. Pacific Standard. The Social Justice Foundation. Archived from the original on February 16, 2019. Retrieved February 15, 2019.
  143. ^ “International Medical Graduates by Country”. American Medical Association. Archived from the original on July 5, 2008.
  144. ^ Sweis, L; Guay, A (2007). “Foreign-trained dentists licensed in the United States: Exploring their origins”. J Am Dent Assoc. 138 (2): 219–224. doi:10.14219/jada.archive.2007.0140. PMID 17272378.
  145. ^ “Foreign Educated Nurses”. ANA: American Nurses Association. Archived from the original on July 27, 2011. Retrieved August 31, 2009.
  146. ^ Koehn, NN; Fryer, GE. “Jr, Phillips RL, Miller JB, Green LA. (2007) The increase in international medical graduates in family practice residency programs”. Journal of Family Medicine. 34 (6): 468–9.
  147. ^ Mick, SS; Lee, SY (1999). “Are there need-based geographical differences between international medical graduates and U.S. medical graduates in rural U.S. counties?”. J Rural Health. 15 (1): 26–43. doi:10.1111/j.1748-0361.1999.tb00596.x. PMID 10437329.
  148. ^ Gerstmann, Evan (April 4, 2020). “Irony: Hate Crimes Surge Against Asian Americans While They Are On The Front Lines Fighting COVID-19”. Forbes. Archived from the original on May 30, 2020. Retrieved May 24, 2020.
  149. ^ Jump up to:a b Regan A. R. Gurung (April 21, 2014). Multicultural Approaches to Health and Wellness in America [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 156. ISBN 978-1-4408-0350-5. Archived from the original on May 31, 2020. Retrieved February 28, 2019.
  150. ^ Caroline Young; Cyndie Koopsen (2005). Spirituality, Health, and Healing. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-7637-4024-5. Archived from the original on May 29, 2020. Retrieved February 28, 2019.
    Montenegro, Xenia P. (January 2015). The Health and Healthcare of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders Age 50+ (PDF) (Report). AARP. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 28, 2019. Retrieved February 27, 2019.
  151. ^ Wang, Jun; Burke, Adam; Ysoh, Janice Y.; Le, Gem M.; Stewart, Susan; Gildengorin, Ginny; Wong, Ching; Chow, Elaine; Woo, Kent (2014). “Engaging Traditional Medicine Providers in Colorectal Cancer Screening Education in a Chinese American Community: A Pilot Study”. Preventing Chronic Disease. 11: E217. doi:10.5888/pcd11.140341. PMC 4264464. PMID 25496557. Archived from the original on February 28, 2019. Retrieved February 27, 2019.
  152. ^ Pakistan American Educational Attainment Archived February 10, 2020, at archive.today United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 2, 2010.
  153. ^ “The American Community-Asians: 2004” (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. February 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 26, 2007. Retrieved September 5, 2007. (Figure 11, p.15)
  154. ^ Pakistani Migration to the United States: An economic perspective Archived January 22, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 1, 2010.
  155. ^ Jump up to:a b Stella U. Ogunwole; Malcolm P. Drewery Jr; Merarys Rios-Vargas (May 2012). “The Population With a Bachelor’s Degree or Higher by Race and Hispanic Origin: 2006–2010” (PDF). American Community Survey Briefs. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013. Retrieved February 18, 2013.
  156. ^ C.N. Le (2010). “School of Education at Johns Hopkins University-A Closer Look at Asian Americans and Education”. New Horizons for Learning. Johns Hopkins University. Archived from the original on June 30, 2015. Retrieved February 18, 2013.
  157. ^ U.S. Census Bureau (March 3, 2008). “Asian/Pacific American Heritage Month: May 2008”. Facts for Features. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on May 23, 2010. Retrieved March 6, 2013.
  158. ^ “Asian/Pacific American Heritage Month: May 2012”. Profile America Facts for Features. United States Census Bureau. March 21, 2012. Archived from the original on February 9, 2013. Retrieved February 18, 2013.
  159. ^ Richard Perez-Pena (February 23, 2012). “U.S. Bachelor Degree Rate Passes Milestone”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 25, 2018. Retrieved February 18, 2013.
  160. ^ Chen, Carolyn (December 19, 2012). “Asians: Too Smart for Their Own Good?”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 28, 2013. Retrieved March 3, 2013.
  161. ^ Jaschik, Scott (August 7, 2017). “The Numbers and the Arguments on Asian Admissions”. Inside Higher Ed. Washington, DC. Archived from the original on June 18, 2020. Retrieved June 13, 2020.
  162. ^ Fuchs, Chris (October 30, 2019). “ASIAN AMERICA After Harvard affirmative action decision, Asian American students rethink college applications”. NBC News. Archived from the original on August 7, 2020. Retrieved June 13, 2020.
    Suk Gersen, Jeannie (October 7, 2019). “The Many Sins of College Admissions”. New Yorker: 7 October 2019. Archived from the original on May 13, 2020. Retrieved June 13, 2020. {{cite magazine}}: Cite magazine requires |magazine= (help)
    Arcidiacono, Peter; Kisnler, Josh; Ransom, Tyler (April 21, 2020). Asian American Discrimination in Harvard Admissions* (PDF) (Report). Duke University. p. Peter Arcidiacono. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 2, 2020. Retrieved June 13, 2020.
  163. ^ Jaschik, Scott (November 19, 2018). “New Front in Fight Over Affirmative Action”. Inside Higher Ed. Washington, DC. Archived from the original on June 3, 2020. Retrieved June 13, 2020.
  164. ^ Gluckman, Nell (May 16, 2019). “U. of Texas Is Sued Over Affirmative Action in Admissions. Yes, Again”. The Chronicle of Higher Education. Washington, DC. Archived from the original on June 7, 2020. Retrieved June 13, 2020.
  165. ^ FAS Communications (March 28, 2019). “Harvard College admits 1,950 to Class of ’23”. The Harvard Gazette. Harvard University. Archived from the original on April 19, 2020. Retrieved June 13, 2020.
  166. ^ David Shortell and Taylor Romine (August 13, 2020). “Justice Department accuses Yale of discriminating against Asian American and White applicants”. CNN. Archived from the original on August 14, 2020. Retrieved August 14, 2020.
  167. ^ Xu, Kenny (2021). An Inconvenient Minority: The Attack on Asian American Excellence and the Fight for Meritocracy. Diversion Books. p. 288. ISBN 978-1635767568.
  168. ^ “Diverse Cultures and Shared Experiences Shape Asian American Identities”. May 8, 2023.
  169. ^ “Asian and Pacific Islander Population in the United States”. Census.gov. Retrieved February 27, 2022.
  170. ^ Fehr, Dennis Earl; Fehr, Mary Cain (2009). Teach boldly!: letters to teachers about contemporary issues in education. Peter Lang. p. 164. ISBN 978-1-4331-0491-6. Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved March 6, 2012.
    Raymond Arthur Smith (2009). “Issue Brief #160: Asian American Protest Politics: “The Politics of Identity”” (PDF). Majority Rule and Minority Rights Issue Briefs. Columbia University. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved March 6, 2012.
    Min, Pyong G. Asian Americans: Contemporary Trends andIssues. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, 2006. Google Books.Web. July 28, 2013.
  171. ^ Lee, Robert G. Orientals: Asian Americans in PopularCulture. Philadelphia: Temple UP, 1999. Google Books. Web. 28 July 2013.
  172. ^ Cheng, Joy; Charles Hsieh; Scott Lu; Sarah Talog. “Asian Americans and the Media: Perpetuating the Model Minority”. Psychology 457.002. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on May 17, 2013. Retrieved February 19, 2013.
  173. ^ Sylvia Ann Hewlett (July 28, 2011). “Asians in America: What’s Holding Back the “Model Minority?””. Forbes. Archived from the original on June 17, 2013. Retrieved February 19, 2013.
  174. ^ Anne Fisher (August 8, 2005). “Piercing the ‘Bamboo Ceiling'”. CNN. Archived from the original on April 22, 2012. Retrieved June 14, 2012.
  175. ^ Anne Fisher (November 18, 2011). “Training executives to think globally”. Crain’s New York Business. Archived from the original on April 12, 2012. Retrieved June 14, 2012.
    Anne Fisher (October 7, 2011). “Is there a ‘bamboo ceiling’ at U.S. companies?”. Fortune Magazine. Archived from the original on February 12, 2012. Retrieved June 14, 2012.
    Hans Villarica (May 15, 2012). “Study of the Day: There’s a ‘Bamboo Ceiling’ for Would-Be Asian Leaders”. The Atlantic. Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved June 14, 2012.
  176. ^ “Annual Report of Immigration Visa Applicants in the Family-sponsored and Employment-based preferences Registered at the National Visa Center as of November 1, 2012” (PDF). Bureau of Consular Affairs. United States Secretary of State. November 1, 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 17, 2013. Retrieved February 5, 2013.
    Demby, Gene (January 31, 2013). “For Asian-Americans, Immigration Backlogs Are A Major Hurdle”. National Public Radio. Archived from the original on February 5, 2013. Retrieved February 5, 2013.
  177. ^ Illegal Indians in US Archived August 15, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  178. ^ Hoeffer, Michael; Rytina, Nancy; Campbell, Christopher. “Estimates of the Unauthorized Immigrant Population Residing in the United States: January 2009” (PDF). Department of Homeland Security. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 7, 2010. Retrieved April 9, 2010.
  179. ^ “US Citizenship Important to Asian Immigrants”. VOA. March 15, 2017. Archived from the original on March 6, 2019. Retrieved March 4, 2019.
  180. ^ “Infographics 2015”. Department of Homeland Security. January 31, 2017. Archived from the original on March 4, 2019. Retrieved March 4, 2019.
  181. ^ Weingarten, Liza; Raymond Arthur Smith (2009). “Asian American Immigration Status” (PDF). Majority Rule and Minority Rights Issue Briefs. Columbia University. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 28, 2013. Retrieved March 4, 2012. Deemed successful as a complete group, the national immigration debate often leaves out Asians focusing instead on South America primarily. Furthermore, a failed attempt to naturalize can actually result in deportation. Because fluency in English is one of the criteria for naturalization, certain ethnicities within the panethnic Asian American immigrant identity are more strongly affected than others. But Asians are noticeably absent from the immigration debate, according to public radio reports.
    Ngai, Mae M. (April 27, 2014). Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America – Updated Edition. Princeton University Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-1-4008-5023-5. Archived from the original on June 1, 2020. Retrieved March 14, 2020.
    Yen, Hope (December 6, 2012). “Hispanic immigration to US has peaked, Asian immigration is rising”. The Christian Science Monitor. Associated Press. Archived from the original on June 1, 2020. Retrieved March 14, 2020.
  182. ^ Passel, Jeffrey (March 21, 2005). “Estimates of the Size and Characteristics of the Undocumented Population” (PDF). Pew Hispanic Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 29, 2018. Retrieved April 11, 2012.
    Erwin De Leon (2011). “Asian Immigration and the Myth of the “Model Minority””. WNYC. Archived from the original on June 8, 2012. Retrieved June 12, 2012.
  183. ^ “New Asian Immigrants To US Now Surpass Hispanics”. CBSDC. June 19, 2012. Archived from the original on June 22, 2012. Retrieved June 19, 2012. While immigrants from Asia often obtain visas and arrive legally, many also sneak across the U.S. border or become undocumented residents after overstaying their visas.
  184. ^ Guarino, Mark (June 19, 2012). “How Asians displaced Hispanics as biggest group of new US immigrants”. The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on June 21, 2012. Retrieved June 21, 2012. For example, 45 percent of Hispanic immigrants are undocumented compared with about 13 percent of Asian immigrants, according to the survey.
  185. ^ Tanner, Russel; Margie Fletcher Shanks (2008). Rock Springs. Arcadia Publishing. p. 31 28. ISBN 9780738556420. Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved March 21, 2011.
  186. ^ “Racial Riots”. Office of Multicultural Student Services. University of Hawaii. Archived from the original on January 6, 2012. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
    “Racial hate once flared on Central Coast”. The Weekend Pinnacle Online. October 27, 2006. Archived from the original on July 19, 2011. Retrieved March 21, 2011.
    Kevin L. Nadal (March 23, 2011). Filipino American Psychology: A Handbook of Theory, Research, and Clinical Practice. John Wiley & Sons. p. 144. ISBN 978-1-118-01977-1. Archived from the original on May 30, 2020. Retrieved April 12, 2018.
  187. ^ Scott Ingram (July 2006). South Asian Americans. World Almanac Library. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-8368-7318-4. Archived from the original on May 30, 2020. Retrieved April 12, 2018.
    Seema Sohi (2014). Echoes of Mutiny: Race, Surveillance, and Indian Anticolonialism in North America. Oxford University Press. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-19-937625-4. Archived from the original on May 29, 2020. Retrieved April 12, 2018.
  188. ^ Tenbroek, Jacobus; Edward Norton Barnhart; Floyd W. Matson (1975). Prejudice, war, and the Constitution. University of California Press. p. 352. ISBN 9780520012622. Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved March 21, 2011.
  189. ^ Chung Kim, Kwang (1999). Koreans in the hood: conflict with African Americans. JHU Press. p. 146. ISBN 9780801861048. Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved March 21, 2011.
  190. ^ Bruce Cumings (November 17, 2009). Dominion from Sea to Sea: Pacific Ascendancy and American Power. Yale University Press. p. 222. ISBN 978-0-300-15497-9. Archived from the original on June 1, 2020. Retrieved April 12, 2018.
    Gregory Michno (2007). The Deadliest Indian War in the West: The Snake Conflict, 1864–1868. Caxton Press. pp. 152–153. ISBN 978-0-87004-487-8. Archived from the original on May 30, 2020. Retrieved April 12, 2018.
  191. ^ Sang Chi; Emily Moberg Robinson (February 13, 2012). Voices of the Asian American and Pacific Islander Experience [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 297. ISBN 978-1-59884-355-2. Archived from the original on May 30, 2020. Retrieved April 12, 2018.
    Franklin Odo (2002). The Columbia Documentary History of the Asian American Experience. Columbia University Press. p. 411. ISBN 978-0-231-11030-3. Archived from the original on May 30, 2020. Retrieved April 12, 2018.
  192. ^ Thomas Streissguth (2009). Hate Crimes. Infobase Publishing. p. 32. ISBN 978-1-4381-1904-5. Archived from the original on May 30, 2020. Retrieved April 12, 2018.
    “Racist Gets Life Term for L.A. Rampage / Filipino postal worker killed in hate attack”. San Francisco Chronicle. Los Angeles Times. March 27, 2001. Archived from the original on April 12, 2018. Retrieved April 11, 2018.
    Wong, Grace (August 9, 2014). “Ileto family remembers Joseph Ileto, slain 15 years ago”. Los Angeles Daily Bulletin. Archived from the original on April 12, 2018. Retrieved April 11, 2018.
    Sanchez, Rene (August 13, 1999). “L.A. Shooting Suspect Faces State, U.S. Charges”. The Washington Post. Archived from the original on April 6, 2016. Retrieved April 11, 2018.
  193. ^ Schoolyard gunman called a troubled drifter, The Deseret News (January 18, 1989)
  194. ^ Lee, Gregory B. (2003). Chinas unlimited: making the imaginaries of China and Chineseness. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 45. ISBN 0-8248-2680-9. OCLC 51722034. Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved December 5, 2020.
  195. ^ Valarie Kuar Brar (September 30, 2002). “Turbans and Terror: Racism After Sep. 11”. The Sikh Times. Archived from the original on September 28, 2011. Retrieved March 21, 2011.
    Klug, Foster (September 17, 2001). “Sikh killed, others are targeted; Arizona man held”. Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved March 21, 2011.
    Ponterotto, Joseph G.; Lisa A. Suzuki; J. Manuel Casas; Charlene M. Alexander (2009). Handbook of Multicultural Counseling. SAGE. p. 472. ISBN 9781412964326. Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved March 21, 2011.
    Min, Pyong Gap (2006). Asian Americans: contemporary trends and issues. Pine Forge Press. p. 216. ISBN 9781412905565. Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
  196. ^ Jump up to:a b “Asian youth persistently harassed by U.S. peers”. USA Today. November 13, 2005. Archived from the original on October 2, 2010. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
  197. ^ Hoye, Sarah (October 22, 2010). “Racial violence spurred Asian students to take a stand”. CNN. Archived from the original on January 29, 2011. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
    Johnson, Danielle (December 7, 2009). “Attacked Asian Students Afraid To Go to School”. WCAU. Archived from the original on April 3, 2012. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
  198. ^ C.W. Nevius (April 29, 2010). “Asian American attacks focus at City Hall”. San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on July 6, 2010. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
  199. ^ Danielle Wiener-Bronner (November 1, 2010). “Asian Students Attacked At Indiana University”. Huffington Post. Archived from the original on November 5, 2010. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
  200. ^ Lu, Hubert; Peter Schurmann (July 1, 2007). “Asian Parents and Students Face Challenge of Diversity”. Douwei Times. Archived from the original on March 20, 2012. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
    Thomas M. Menino (August 2005). “Report of the 2004 Boston Youth Survey” (PDF). Harvard Youth Violence Prevention Center. Harvard School of Public Health. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 12, 2011. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
  201. ^ Garces, Audrey (October 12, 2017). “Little Manila Center Vandalized During Filipino American History Month”. The California Report. San Francisco: KQED. Archived from the original on April 12, 2018. Retrieved April 11, 2018.
    Layug, Margaret Claire (October 12, 2017). “US-based Filipino foundation sees vandalism on property as hate crime”. GMA News. Philippines. Archived from the original on April 12, 2018. Retrieved April 11, 2018.
    Guillermo, Emil (October 13, 2017). “Not-so-little act of hate at Stockton’s Little Manila”. Philippine Daily Inquirer. Makati City. Archived from the original on April 12, 2018. Retrieved April 11, 2018.
  202. ^ Lee, Evelyn (2000). Working with Asian Americans: A Guide for Clinicians. New York: Guilford Press. p. 22. ISBN 9781572305700. Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved March 6, 2012.
  203. ^ Baltimore Sun: “Black, Korean tension is focus U.S. civil rights panel to meet in Baltimore” By Erin Texeira Archived September 27, 2015, at the Wayback Machine July 23, 1998
  204. ^ USA Today: “Bullying against Asian students roils Philadelphia high school” Archived September 17, 2015, at the Wayback Machine January 22, 2010
    CNN: “Racial violence spurred Asian students to take a stand” By Sarah Hoye Archived July 8, 2015, at the Wayback Machine October 22, 2010
    Sowell, Thomas (May 9, 2010). “Race and Resentment”. Real Clear Politics. Archived from the original on February 14, 2011. Retrieved March 21, 2011.
  205. ^ Teague, Matthew. “Heroes: South Philly High’s Protesters.” Philadelphia (magazine). August 2010. 4 Archived August 1, 2015, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on May 4, 2016,
  206. ^ Teague, Matthew. “Heroes: South Philly High’s Protesters.” Philadelphia (magazine). August 2010. 8 Archived May 25, 2017, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on January 31, 2013.
  207. ^ Kim, Kwang Chung (1999). Koreans in the Hood: Conflict With African Americans. Baltimore, Maryland: JHU Press. p. 250. ISBN 9780801861048. Archived from the original on May 29, 2020. Retrieved July 29, 2012.
    Abelmann, Nancy; Lie, John (1995). Blue Dreams: Korean Americans and the Los Angeles Riots. Harvard University Press. p. 288. ISBN 9780674077058. Archived from the original on May 30, 2020. Retrieved July 29, 2012.
    Kim, Rose M. (2012). “3. “Violence and Trauma as Constitutive Elements in Korean American Racial Identity Formation: The 1992 L.A. Riots/Insurrection/Saigu.””. Ethnic & Racial Studies. 35 (11): 1999–2018. doi:10.1080/01419870.2011.602090. S2CID 144670407.
  208. ^ Goodman, Walter. “Review/Television; The Boycotting of a Korean Grocery in Brooklyn” Archived August 9, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. The New York Times. July 12, 1990
  209. ^ “Racial Tension Rising in Dallas Against Korean Community”. The Chosun Ilbo. January 31, 2012. Archived from the original on February 10, 2016. Retrieved July 28, 2012.
    “Racial tensions flare in protest of South Dallas gas station”. The Dallas Morning News. February 5, 2012. Archived from the original on February 7, 2012. Retrieved July 28, 2012.
  210. ^ Mak, Tim (August 20, 2014). “Ferguson’s Other Race Problem: Riots Damaged Asian-Owned Stores”. The Daily Beast. The Daily Beast Company LLC. Archived from the original on August 21, 2014. Retrieved August 21, 2014.
  211. ^ Aizenmen, Nurith (April 30, 2015). “Baltimore Unrest Reveals Tensions Between African-Americans And Asians”. NPR. Archived from the original on June 21, 2015. Retrieved June 16, 2015.
  212. ^ Thomas Sowell (May 9, 2010). “Race and Resentment”. Real Clear Politics. Archived from the original on February 14, 2011. Retrieved March 21, 2011.
  213. ^ C.N. Le (March 21, 2011). “Anti-Asian Racism & Violence”. asian-nation.org. Archived from the original on April 30, 2011. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
  214. ^ Sumagaysay, Levi (May 24, 2020). “Asian Americans bear brunt of blame for COVID-19”. DanvilleSanRamon.com. Pleasanton, California: Embarcadero Media. Bay City News Service. Archived from the original on June 3, 2020. Retrieved May 24, 2020.
    Yam, Kimmy (May 13, 2020). “NBC News hosts town hall on rise of anti-Asian sentiment amid coronavirus pandemic”. NBC News. Archived from the original on May 25, 2020. Retrieved May 24, 2020.
  215. ^ Jump up to:a b Chen, H. Alexander; Trinh, Jessica (May 16, 2020). “Anti-Asian sentiment in the United States – COVID-19 and history”. American Journal of Surgery. 220 (3): 556–557. doi:10.1016/j.amjsurg.2020.05.020. PMC 7229717. PMID 32425201.
  216. ^ Reichmann, Deb; Tang, Terry (March 18, 2020). “Donald Trump dubs COVID-19 ‘Chinese virus’ despite hate crime risks for Asian Americans”. KGO. San Francisco. Associated Press. Archived from the original on April 20, 2020. Retrieved May 24, 2020.
  217. ^ Scott, Dylan (March 18, 2020). “Trump’s new fixation on using a racist name for the coronavirus is dangerous”. Vox. Archived from the original on March 18, 2020. Retrieved May 24, 2020.
  218. ^ Molter, Vanessa; Webster, Graham (March 31, 2020). “Coronavirus Conspiracy Claims: What’s Behind a Chinese Diplomat’s COVID-19 Misdirection”. Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies. Stanford University. Archived from the original on January 10, 2021. Retrieved May 24, 2002.
    Sardarizdeh, Shayan; Robinson, Olga (April 26, 2020). “Coronavirus: US and China trade conspiracy theories”. BBC News. United Kingdom. Archived from the original on May 24, 2020. Retrieved May 24, 2020.
  219. ^ Rao, Maya (March 28, 2020). “Asian-Americans in Minnesota face insults, hostility during virus outbreak”. Star Tribune. Minnesota. Archived from the original on May 30, 2020. Retrieved May 24, 2020.
    Phillips, Kristine (May 21, 2020). “‘We just want to be safe’: Hate crimes, harassment of Asian Americans rise amid coronavirus pandemic”. USA Today. Archived from the original on May 22, 2020. Retrieved May 24, 2020.
    “Reports of Anti-Asian Assaults, Harassment and Hate Crimes Rise as Coronavirus Spreads”. adl.org. New York: Anti-Defamation League. May 19, 2020. Archived from the original on May 26, 2020. Retrieved May 24, 2020.
  220. ^ “Race Discrimination Not Black and White as Asians Face Surging Attacks During Pandemic”. NBC Boston. Archived from the original on August 18, 2021. Retrieved February 15, 2021.
  221. ^ Yam, Kimmy (March 16, 2021). “There were 3,800 anti-Asian racist incidents, mostly against women, in past year”. NBC News. Retrieved May 19, 2021.
  222. ^ Hwang, Ji-yoon (March 17, 2021). “애틀랜타 총격 범인, 아시아인 다 죽이겠다 말해” [Atlanta shooter tells me I’m going to kill all Asians]. Chosun Ilbo (in Korean). Retrieved March 17, 2021.
  223. ^ Jump up to:a b Yip, Alethea. “Remembering Vincent Chin”. Asian Week. Archived from the original on March 18, 2007. Retrieved March 14, 2007.
  224. ^ ACAPAA. “Pilicy Recommendation Document” (PDF). State of Michigan. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 8, 2007. Retrieved March 14, 2007.
  225. ^ Kashiwabara, Amy, Vanishing Son: The Appearance, Disappearance, and Assimilation of the Asian-American Man in American Mainstream Media, UC Berkeley Media Resources Center, archived from the original on September 22, 2018, retrieved December 28, 2012
  226. ^ “Pearl Harbor and Asian-Americans”. The New York Times. October 26, 1991. Archived from the original on May 11, 2013. Retrieved December 31, 2012.
  227. ^ Espiritu, Yen le (1993). Asian American panethnicity: bridging institutions and identities. Temple University Press. p. 139. ISBN 9781566390965. Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved March 18, 2011.
  228. ^ Jump up to:a b Committee of 100 (April 25, 2001). “Committee of 100 Announces Results of Landmark National Survey on American Attitudes towards Chinese Americans and Asian Americans”. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved June 14, 2007.
  229. ^ Jump up to:a b Yi, Matthew; et al. (April 27, 2001). “Asian Americans seen negatively”. The San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on September 14, 2011. Retrieved June 14, 2007.
  230. ^ Jump up to:a b Frank H. Wu. “Asian Americans and the Perpetual Foreigner Syndrome”. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved June 14, 2007.
  231. ^ Lien, Pei-te; Mary Margaret Conway; Janelle Wong (2004). The politics of Asian Americans: diversity and community. Psychology Press. p. 7. ISBN 9780415934657. Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved February 9, 2012. In addition, because of their perceived racial difference, rapid and continuous immigration from Asia, and on going detente with communist regimes in Asia, Asian Americans are construed as “perpetual foreigners” who cannot or will not adapt to the language, customs, religions, and politics of the American mainstream.
  232. ^ Wu, Frank H. (2003). Yellow: race in America beyond black and white. Basic Books. p. 79. ISBN 9780465006403. Retrieved February 9, 2012.[permanent dead link]
  233. ^ K. Bergquist. “Image Conscious”. Archived from the original on July 9, 2007. Retrieved June 14, 2007.
  234. ^ “Discrimination increases against Asian and Asian American population, affecting health”. ScienceDaily. November 2, 2020. Archived from the original on January 27, 2021. Retrieved March 6, 2021.
  235. ^ “Why More Policing Isn’t the Answer to a Rise in Anti-Asian Hate Crimes”. Time. February 18, 2021. Archived from the original on March 5, 2021. Retrieved March 6, 2021.
  236. ^ Vaughan, Ashley (March 5, 2021). “Attacks against Asian Americans are on the rise. Here’s what you can do”. CNN. Archived from the original on March 5, 2021. Retrieved March 6, 2021.
  237. ^ Jump up to:a b King, Shawna Chen,Hope (May 4, 2022). “Poll: Distrust of Asian Americans is rising”. Axios. Retrieved September 21, 2022.
  238. ^ Jump up to:a b Lee, S.; Martinez, G.; Ma, G.; Hsu, C. E.; Robinson, E. S.; Bawa, J.; Juon, H.-S. (January–February 2010). Glover, Elbert D. (ed.). “Barriers to Health Care Access in 13 Asian American Communities”. American Journal of Health Behavior. 34 (1). PNG Publications and Scientific Research Limited: 21–30. doi:10.5993/AJHB.34.1.3. ISSN 1945-7359. PMC 6628721. PMID 19663748. S2CID 31669071.
  239. ^ Le, C.N. (2001). “The Model Minority Image”. Asian-Nation: The Landscape of Asian America. C.N. Le. Archived from the original on February 15, 2013. Retrieved February 18, 2013.
    Wu, Frank H. (2002). “The Model Minority: Asian American ‘Success’ as a Race Relations Failure” (PDF). Yellow: Race in America Beyond Black and White. New York: Basic Books. pp. 39–77. ISBN 9780465006403. Retrieved February 18, 2013.
  240. ^ Bureau of Justice Statistics: Criminal Offenders Statistics at the Wayback Machine (archived July 16, 2008), November 13, 2005. (archived from the original on July 16, 2008)
  241. ^ William Saletan (March 16, 2005). “The Soft Bigotry of Life Expectancy”. Slate. Archived from the original on March 7, 2008. Retrieved February 12, 2008. Asian-Americans were beating white life expectancy by six years among men and 6.5 years among women.
  242. ^ Chih-Chieh Chou, “Critique on the notion of model minority: an alternative racism to Asian American?”, Asian Ethnicity, October 2008, Vol. 9#3 Issue 3, pp 219–229
  243. ^ Wang, Yanan (October 20, 2015). “Asian Americans speak out against a decades-old ‘model minority’ myth”. The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 5, 2016. Retrieved January 12, 2016.
  244. ^ Kumar, Revathy; Maehr, Martin L. (2010). “Schooling, Cultural Diversity, and Student Motivation”. In Meece, Judith L.; Eccles, Jacquelynne S. (eds.). Handbook of Research on Schools, Schooling and Human Development. Routledge. p. 314. ISBN 9780203874844. Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved February 19, 2013.
  245. ^ “Asian Americans outperform whites in terms of their overall or average grades (GPA), grades in math, and test scores in math”, School Performance Archived February 21, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Tseng, V., Chao, R. K., & Padmawidjaja, I. (2007). Asian Americans educational experiences. In F. Leong, A. Inman, A. Ebreo, L. Yang, L. Kinoshita, & M. Fu (Eds.), Handbook of Asian American Psychology, (2nd Edition) Racial and Ethnic Minority Psychology (REMP) Series (pp. 102–123). Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications (MS Word format, via Multicultural Families and Adolescents Study Archived February 28, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, Publications Archived September 20, 2006, at the Wayback Machine).
  246. ^ Yang, Wesley (May 8, 2011). “Paper Tigers”. New York Magazine. Archived from the original on May 7, 2018. Retrieved May 31, 2018.
    Shankar, Shalini (April 6, 2015). “Fifty years on, the overachiever stereotype is still hurting Asian Americans”. Quartz. Atlantic Media Inc. Archived from the original on June 27, 2018. Retrieved May 31, 2018.
    Nicholas Daniel Hartlep (June 1, 2013). The Model Minority Stereotype: Demystifying Asian American Success. IAP. p. 96. ISBN 978-1-62396-360-6. Archived from the original on May 30, 2020. Retrieved June 1, 2018.
  247. ^ Charles Hirschman and Morrison G. Wong, “The Extraordinary Educational Attainment of Asian-Americans: A Search for Historical Evidence and Explanations”, Social Forces, September 1986, Vol. 65#1 pp 1–27
  248. ^ Museus, Samuel D.; Kiang, Peter N. (2009-03). “Deconstructing the model minority myth and how it contributes to the invisible minority reality in higher education research”. New Directions for Institutional Research. 2009(142): 5–15. doi:10.1002/ir.292. ISSN 0271-0579.
  249. ^ Nhan, Doris (May 15, 2012). “Asians Often Burdened as Model Minority”. National Journal. Archived from the original on January 9, 2013. Retrieved February 19, 2013.
  250. ^ “”Mental Health and Depression in Asian Americans”” (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on January 21, 2015.
  251. ^ Jump up to:a b Cohen, Elizabeth (May 16, 2007). “Push to achieve tied to suicide in Asian-American women”. CNN. Archived from the original on January 31, 2013. Retrieved February 19, 2013.
  252. ^ “Suicide Among Asian Americans”. American Psychological Association. Archived from the original on April 12, 2022. Retrieved June 25, 2022.
  253. ^ Chen, Moon S. (2005). “Cancer health disparities among Asian Americans”. Cancer. 104 (S12): 2895–2902. doi:10.1002/cncr.21501. ISSN 0008-543X. PMID 16270313. S2CID 27078800.
  254. ^ Lee-Lin, Frances; Menon, Usha; Nail, Lillian; Lutz, Kristin F. (September 2012). “Findings from Focus Groups Indicating what Chinese American Immigrant Women Think about Breast Cancer and Breast Cancer Screening”. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing. 41 (5): 627–637. doi:10.1111/j.1552-6909.2012.01348.x. ISSN 0884-2175. PMC 3410053. PMID 22537294.
  255. ^ Kandula, Namratha R.; Wen, Ming; Jacobs, Elizabeth A.; Lauderdale, Diane S. (2006). “Low rates of colorectal, cervical, and breast cancer screening in Asian Americans compared with non-Hispanic whites”. Cancer. 107 (1): 184–192. doi:10.1002/cncr.21968. ISSN 0008-543X. PMID 16721803. S2CID 33239504.
  256. ^ Fuchs, Chris (August 22, 2017). “Behind the ‘Model Minority’ Myth: Why the ‘Studious Asian’ Stereotype Hurts”. NBC News. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved March 27, 2019.
  257. ^ Mohan, Pavithra (July 12, 2018). “Here’s another reason why the “model minority” myth is so damaging”. Fast Company. Mansueto Ventures. Archived from the original on March 28, 2019. Retrieved March 27, 2019.
  258. ^ “Socioeconomic Statistics & Demographics : Asian-Nation :: Asian American History, Demographics, & Issues”. Asian-Nation. Archived from the original on October 8, 2019. Retrieved November 11, 2012.
    Hing, Julianne (June 22, 2012). “Asian Americans to Pew Study: We’re Not Your ‘Model Minority'”. The Hartford Guardian. Archived from the original on December 9, 2012. Retrieved June 22, 2012.
  259. ^ Patten, Eileen (July 2016). “Racial, gender wage gaps persist in U.S. despite some progress”. Pew Research Center. Archived from the original on July 3, 2016. Retrieved July 2, 2016.
  260. ^ “Income and Poverty in the United States : 2014” (PDF). Census.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 13, 2016. Retrieved February 27, 2017.
  261. ^ Jump up to:a b c “Asian-Americans: Smart, High-Incomes And … Poor?”. NPR. Archived from the original on November 20, 2017. Retrieved November 22, 2017.
    https://www.census.gov/newsroom/facts-for-features/2017/cb17-ff07.html Archived June 3, 2018, at the Wayback Machine
  262. ^ “Wealth Inequality Among Asian Americans Greater Than Among Whites – Center for American Progress”. americanprogress.org. December 20, 2016. Archived from the original on January 13, 2018. Retrieved November 22, 2017.
    “RELEASE: Wealth Inequality Among Asian Americans Greater Than Among Whites, Finds New CAP Report Based on Analysis of Exclusive Data – Center for American Progress”. americanprogress.org. December 20, 2016. Archived from the original on November 21, 2017. Retrieved November 22, 2017.
    Guo, Jeff (December 20, 2016). “The staggering difference between rich Asian Americans and poor Asian Americans”. The Washington Post. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved November 22, 2017.
    Yam, Kimberly (January 4, 2017). “Huge Asian-American Wealth Gap Pretty Much Invalidates ‘Model Minority’ Concept”. Archived from the original on November 21, 2017. Retrieved November 22, 2017 – via Huff Post.
  263. ^ Takei, Isao; Sakamoto, Arthur (January 1, 2011). “Poverty among Asian Americans in the 21st Century”. Sociological Perspectives. 54 (2): 251–276. doi:10.1525/sop.2011.54.2.251. JSTOR 10.1525/sop.2011.54.2.251. S2CID 147015408.
    Wu, Huizhong (December 14, 2015). “The ‘model minority’ myth: Why Asian-American poverty goes unseen”. mashable.com. Archived from the original on December 8, 2017. Retrieved November 22, 2017.
    Yam, Kimberly (May 8, 2017). “Asian-Americans Have Highest Poverty Rate In NYC, But Stereotypes Make The Issue Invisible”. Archived from the original on November 21, 2017. Retrieved November 22, 2017 – via Huff Post.
  264. ^ Jump up to:a b “Pass or Fail in Cambodia Town – Episodes – America By The Numbers”. Pass or Fail in Cambodia Town – Episodes – America By The Numbers. Archived from the original on November 8, 2017. Retrieved November 22, 2017.
  265. ^ Jump up to:a b c d “Key facts about Asian Americans, a diverse and growing population”. pewresearch.org. September 8, 2017. Archived from the original on November 20, 2017. Retrieved November 22, 2017.
  266. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e “Critical Issues Facing Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders – The White House”. whitehouse.gov. March 21, 2016. Archived from the original on January 22, 2017. Retrieved November 22, 2017 – via National Archives.
  267. ^ “How to Improve Access to Health Care: Issues & Potential Solutions”. healthadministrationdegree.usc.edu. Los Angeles and Sacramento, California: USC Price School of Public Policy, University of Southern California. 2023. Archived from the original on April 21, 2023. Retrieved May 12, 2023.
  268. ^ PBS (October 2, 2014). “AMERICA BY THE NUMBERS – Model Minority Myth – PBS”. Archived from the original on June 20, 2020. Retrieved November 22, 2017 – via YouTube.
    “These groups of Asian-Americans rarely attend college, but California is trying to change that”. PBS NewsHour. May 21, 2015. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved November 22, 2017.
    Ngo, Bic; Lee, Stacey J. (December 1, 2007). “Complicating the Image of Model Minority Success: A Review of Southeast Asian American Education”. Review of Educational Research. 77 (4): 415–453. doi:10.3102/0034654307309918. S2CID 145367905.
    http://www.searac.org/sites/default/files/SEARAC_Fact_Sheets_OVERVIEW_FINAL.pdf Archived February 19, 2018, at the Wayback Machine
  269. ^ “Educational Attainment in the United States: 2007” (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 24, 2017. Retrieved December 9, 2017.
  270. ^ “Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2008” (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. 2009. p. 9. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 20, 2009. Retrieved December 9, 2017.
  271. ^ “Median houseland income in the past 12 months (in 2014 inflation-adjusted dollars)”. American Community Survey. United States Census Bureau. 2014. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved December 5, 2017.
  272. ^ Jump up to:a b c “New poverty measure highlights positive effect of government assistance”. Epi.org. Archived from the original on June 28, 2018. Retrieved January 9, 2018.
  273. ^ “Key facts about Asian Americans, a diverse and growing population”. Pewresearch.org. September 8, 2017. Archived from the original on November 20, 2017. Retrieved January 9, 2018.
  274. ^ Wu, Huizhong (December 14, 2015). “The ‘model minority’ myth: Why Asian-American poverty goes unseen”. Mashable.com. Archived from the original on December 8, 2017. Retrieved January 9, 2018.
  275. ^ “Nepalese in the U.S. Fact Sheet”. Pewsocialtrends.org. September 8, 2017. Archived from the original on March 20, 2018. Retrieved January 9, 2018.
  276. ^ Ngo, Bic; Lee, Stacey (December 2007). “Complicating the Image of Model Minority Success: A Review of Southeast Asian American Education”. Review of Educational Research. 77 (4): 415–453. doi:10.3102/0034654307309918. S2CID 145367905.
    http://www.thehartfordguardian.com/2012/06/22/asian-americans-to-pew-study-were-not-your-model-minority/ Archived December 9, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
    http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/fact-sheet/asian-americans-vietnamese-in-the-u-s-fact-sheet/ Archived March 23, 2018, at the Wayback Machine
    Smith-Hefner, Nancy Joan (1999). “Growing Up American: How Vietnamese Children Adapt to Life in the United States”. Journal of Asian American Studies. 2 (1): 111–113. doi:10.1353/jaas.1999.0005. S2CID 144973197. Project MUSE 14542.
  277. ^ NAWHO. “Mental Health and Depression in Asian Americans” (PDF). National Asian Women’s Health Organization. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 21, 2015. Retrieved March 20, 2015.
    Lee, S., & Chang, J. (2012a). “Mental health status of the Hmong Americans in 2011: Three decades revisited.” Journal of Social Work in Disability and Rehabilitation, 11(1), 55–70.
    Lee, S., & Chang, J. (2012b). “Revisiting 37 years later: A brief summary of existing sources related to Hmong and their mental health status.” Hmong Studies Journal, 13.2, 1–13.
    Chung, R. C; Bemak, F.; Wong, S. (2000). “Vietnamese refugees’ level of distress, social support, and acculturation: Implications for mental health counseling”. Journal of Mental Health & Counseling (22): 150–161.
  278. ^ Friis, Robert H.; Garrido-Ortega, Claire; Safer, Alan M.; Wankie, Che; Griego, Paula A.; Forouzesh, Mohammed; Trefflich, Kirsten; Kuoch, Kimthai (May 18, 2011). “Socioepidemiology of Cigarette Smoking Among Cambodian Americans in Long Beach, California”. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health. 14 (2): 272–280. doi:10.1007/s10903-011-9478-1. ISSN 1557-1912. PMID 21590336. S2CID 19850949.
  279. ^ “New to America, Bhutanese refugees face suicide crisis”. America.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on March 18, 2015. Retrieved January 9, 2018.
  280. ^ Mintier, Tom (November 19, 2002). “One-way ticket for convicted Cambodians”. CNN. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved October 3, 2006.
    Schwartzapfel, Beth (May 14, 2005). “Fighting to Stay”. AlterNet. Archived from the original on February 24, 2012. Retrieved October 3, 2006.
    “Cambodian-Americans confronting deportation”. The Boston Globe. January 27, 2013. Archived from the original on March 25, 2018. Retrieved May 10, 2014.
  281. ^ Pirro, John (January 12, 2010). “Police tie 2005 Bethel home invasion, rape to violent NYC gang”. The News-Times. Danbury, CT. Archived from the original on December 11, 2013. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
    Minnesota – Gangland Documentary – Menace Of Destruction Gang (MOD) Archived December 23, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, Gangland
    Gang Criminal Justice Directory Archived June 14, 2018, at the Wayback Machine
    WILLWERTH, JAMES (June 24, 2001). “From Killing Fields to Mean Streets”. Time. ISSN 0040-781X. Archived from the original on June 1, 2016. Retrieved October 25, 2017.
    Hanna, Maddie. 10 arrested during series of Lowell gang raids Archived April 7, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, Boston.com, July 20, 2008.

3.2 来源文献列表 Bibliography

4. 中文词条参考文献

  1. ACS DEMOGRAPHIC AND HOUSING ESTIMATES: 2016 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates. United States Census Bureau. [March 20, 2017]. （原始内容存档于2017-03-20）.
  2. ^ Asian. AskOxford.com. [2007-09-29]. （原始内容存档于2008-04-15）.
  3. ^ Body Image by Thomas F. Cash, Thomas Pruzinsky ISBN 9781593850159 pg. 245; all references to Asians on this page say they have epicanthic folds
  4. ^ Blacks and Asians in America by Hazel M. McFerson ISBN 9781594601026 pg. 223. “In addition, most Asian women have the epicanthic eye fold (Asian eyes), a flat nose/broad nose bridge…”
  5. ^ Cornell Asian American Studies （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）; contains mentions to South Asians
  6. ^ UC Berkeley – General Catalog – Asian American Studies Courses （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）; South and Southeast Asian courses are present
  7. ^ Asian Eyes. [2009-02-25]. （原始内容存档于2009-02-21）.
  8. ^ Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2004 (PDF). [2009-02-25]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-03-28）.
  9. ^ Median household income newsbrief, US Census Bureau 2005. [2006-09-24]. （原始内容存档于2006-10-29）.
  10. ^ US Census Bureau, Personal income for Asian Americans, age 25+, 2006. [2006-12-17]. （原始内容存档于2006-09-29）.
  11. ^ K. Connie Kang, “Yuji Ichioka, 66; Led Way in Studying Lives of Asian Americans,” Los Angeles Times, September 7, 2002. Reproduced at （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） ucla.edu by the Asian American Studies Center （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）.
  12. ^ Gabriel J. Chin, “The Civil Rights Revolution Comes to Immigration Law: A New Look at the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965,” 75 North Carolina Law Review 273(1996). [2009-03-03]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-08）.
  13. ^ 跳转到：13.0 13.1 Jessica S. Barnes and Claudette E. Bennett. The Asian Population: 2000 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Census Bureau publication c2kbr01-16. Issued February 2002.
  14. ^ https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src=bkmk （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）.
  15. ^ HASSAN, ADEEL; CARLSEN, AUDREY. 巨富与赤贫：亚裔成美国收入差距最大族群. 纽约时报中文网. [2019-08-11]. （原始内容存档于2020-12-23）.
  16. ^ Chavda, Janakee. Most Asian Americans View Their Ancestral Homelands Favorably, Except Chinese Americans. Pew Research Center Race & Ethnicity. 2023-07-19 [2023-10-25]. （原始内容存档于2023-11-27） （美国英语）.

5. 外部链接 | External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Asian Americans.
【维基共享资源上有与亚裔美国人相关的媒体文件。】

分享到：