以色列航空 / El Al – （全文）中英文维基百科词条融合

By cathayvista交通运输业, 区域：中东, 航空公司

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目录

0. 概述

辽观注：此标题是我们在搬运、整合过程中添加的。

EL AL Israel Airlines Ltd. (TASE: ELAL, Hebrew: אל על נתיבי אוויר לישראל בע״מ),[4] trading as EL AL (Hebrew: אל על‎, “Upwards”, “To the Skies”, or “Skywards”, stylized as ELעל‎ALאל‎; Arabic: إل-عال), is an Israeli airline and the nation’s flag carrier.[5][6] Since its inaugural flight from Geneva to Tel Aviv in September 1948, the airline has grown to serve almost 50 destinations, operating scheduled domestic and international services and cargo flights within Israel, and to Europe, the Middle East, the Americas, Africa, and the Far East, from its main base in Ben Gurion Airport.
【参考译文】EL AL以色列航空公司（特拉维夫证券交易所代码：ELAL，希伯来语：אל על נתיבי אוויר לישראל בע”מ），[4]，商业名称为EL AL（希伯来语：אל על‎，意为“向上”，“至天空”，或“天际之上”，样式化为EL על‎AL אל‎；阿拉伯语：إل-عال），是一家以色列航空公司，也是该国的国家航空公司。[5][6]自1948年9月从日内瓦飞往特拉维夫的首航以来，该航空公司已发展到服务近50个目的地，从其位于本·古里安机场的主要基地运营定期的国内和国际航班以及货运服务，航线覆盖以色列、欧洲、中东、美洲、非洲和远东地区。

EL AL is the only commercial airline to equip its planes with missile defense systems to protect its planes against surface-to-air missiles, and is considered one of the world’s most secure airlines, thanks to its stringent security procedures, both on the ground and on board its aircraft.[7][8] Although it has been the target of many attempted hijackings and terror attacks, only one El Al flight has ever been hijacked; that incident did not result in any fatalities.[9][10]
【参考译文】EL AL是全球唯一为其飞机配备导弹防御系统的商业航空公司，以保护其飞机免受地对空导弹的攻击，并因其在地面和机上实施的严格安全程序而被认为是世界上最安全的航空公司之一。[7][8]尽管曾多次成为劫机和恐怖袭击的目标，但EL AL只有一架航班曾被成功劫持，且该事件并未造成任何人员死亡。[9][10]

As Israel’s national airline, El Al has played an important role in humanitarian rescue efforts, airlifting Jews from other countries to Israel, setting the world record for the most passengers on a commercial aircraft (single plane record of 1,088 passengers on a 747) by Operation Solomon when 14,500 Jewish refugees were transported from Ethiopia in 1991.[11][12]
【参考译文】作为以色列的国家航空公司，EL AL在人道主义救援工作中发挥了重要作用，曾多次空运其他国家的犹太人前往以色列，如在1991年的“所罗门行动”中，用一架波音747创下单机载客记录1,088人，共运送了14,500名埃塞俄比亚犹太难民，创造了世界纪录。[11][12]

El Al offers only kosher in-flight meals, and does not fly passengers on the Jewish Shabbat or religious holidays.[13][14]
【参考译文】EL AL只提供符合犹太教规的空中餐食，并且不在犹太教的安息日或宗教节日期间运送乘客。[13][14]

In 2012, El Al operated an all-Boeing fleet of 42 aircraft, flying over 4 million passengers, and employed a staff of 6,056 globally. The company’s revenues for 2016 were $2.04 billion, with losses of $81 million, compared to a profit of $57 million in 2010.[15][16] In 2018, the company’s revenue was $7.7 billion, with a net loss of $187.55 million.[17] In July 2020, having lost hundreds of millions of dollars due to grounded flights and lay-offs as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic in Israel and abroad, the company reached a bailout deal with the government, and a private buyer purchased a controlling stake (42.85%) in September of that year, with the government purchasing any unwanted shares (15%).
【参考译文】到2012年，EL AL运营着一个全波音机队，共有42架飞机，运送超过400万乘客，全球员工人数达6,056人。公司2016年的收入为20.4亿美元，亏损8100万美元，相比之下2010年盈利5700万美元。[15][16]2018年，公司收入达到77亿美元，净亏损1.8755亿美元。[17]2020年7月，由于新冠疫情在以色列及海外导致的航班停飞和裁员，公司损失数亿，与政府达成救助协议，同年9月，一家私营企业收购了公司的控制性股份（42.85%），政府则收购了未被认购的股份（15%）。

此图片遵循CC BY-SA 4.0协议
图片题注：Cross-wiki upload from he.wikipedia.org【从 he.wikipedia.org 进行跨 wiki 上传】
图片作者：MasterFlisater
创立于1948年，​76年前
枢纽机场本-古里安机场
飞行常客
奖励计划		Matmid
子公司以色列货运航空Sun d’Or
机队数量44[2]
通航城市48
总部 以色列本-古里安机场
重要人物David Brodet（主席）
Avigal Sorek（CEO）
Olga Alauof
Eli Rozenberg
（控股方股东）
网站www.elal.com

1. 历史 | History

1.1 1948-1949年：成立 | 1948–1949: Foundation

图1-1（发布于知乎想法）

In September 1948, Israel’s first president, Chaim Weizmann, attended a conference in Geneva, Switzerland. Weizmann was scheduled to fly back to Israel in an Israeli government aircraft, but due to an embargo imposed on Israel at the time, this was not possible. An Israeli C-54 military transport aircraft was instead converted into a civilian plane to transport Weizmann home. The aircraft was painted with the logo of the “El Al/Israel National Aviation Company” and fitted with extra fuel tanks to enable a non-stop flight from Geneva to Israel. It departed from Ekron Air Base on 28 September and returned to Israel the next day. After the flight, the aircraft was repainted and returned to military use.[18]
【参考译文】1948年9月，以色列首任总统哈伊姆·魏茨曼出席了在瑞士日内瓦举行的一次会议。魏茨曼原计划乘坐以色列政府的飞机返回以色列，但由于当时对以色列实施的禁运，这变得不可能。因此，一架以色列的C-54军用运输机被改装成民用飞机，用于运送魏茨曼回国。该飞机涂上了“EL AL/以色列国家航空有限公司”的标志，并安装了额外的油箱，以便能够从日内瓦直飞以色列。它于9月28日从埃克龙空军基地起飞，并于次日返回以色列。这次飞行之后，飞机重新涂装并回归军事用途。[18]

The Airline was incorporated and became Israel’s national flag carrier on 15 November 1948, although it used leased aircraft until February 1949, when two unpressurized DC-4s were purchased from American Airlines. The acquisition was funded by the government of Israel, the Jewish Agency, and other Jewish organizations. The first plane arrived at Lod Airport (later renamed Ben Gurion) on 3 April 1949. Aryeh Pincus, a lawyer from South Africa, was elected head of the company. The first international flight, from Tel Aviv to Paris, with refueling in Rome, took place on 31 July 1949.[18][19] By the end of 1949, the airline had flown passengers to London and Johannesburg. A state-run domestic airline, Israel Inland Airlines, was founded in 1949 in which El Al had a 50% stake.[when?][18]
【参考译文】1948年11月15日，这家航空公司正式成立，成为以色列的国家航空公司，尽管初期使用的是租赁的飞机，直到1949年2月，从美国航空公司购买了两架未加压的DC-4飞机。这笔收购的资金由以色列政府、犹太代办处和其他犹太组织共同提供。第一架飞机于1949年4月3日抵达洛德机场（后更名为本-古里安机场）。来自南非的律师阿里耶·平库斯被选为公司负责人。第一次国际航班——从特拉维夫飞往巴黎，途中在罗马加油——发生在1949年7月31日。[18][19]到1949年底，该航空公司已经载客飞往伦敦和约翰内斯堡。1949年还成立了一家国有国内航空公司——以色列内陆航空公司，EL AL持有其50%的股份。[何时？][18]

From its earliest days, the operation of the airline in keeping with Jewish tradition has been a source of friction; when the Israeli prime minister David Ben-Gurion was forming his first coalition, the religious parties would not join unless Ben-Gurion promised that El Al would serve only kosher food on its flights and would not fly on the Jewish Sabbath.[20] El Al owes its name to David Remez, the first Minister of Transport, who based the name on a passage from the book of Hosea.[21] (Hosea 11:7)[22]
【参考译文】从最初开始，航空公司按照犹太传统运营就一直是摩擦的来源；当以色列总理大卫·本-古里安组建他的第一届联合政府时，宗教党派拒绝加入，除非本-古里安承诺EL AL航班上只提供符合犹太教规的食品，并且不在犹太安息日飞行。[20]EL AL的名字来源于首位交通部长大卫·雷梅兹，他根据《何西阿书》中的一个段落命名了这家公司。[21]（《何西阿书》11:7）[22]

1.2 20世纪50年代：增加货运服务和目的地 | 1950s: Adding cargo service and destinations

图1-2（发布于知乎想法）

A regular service to London was inaugurated in the middle of 1950. Later that year, El Al acquired Universal Airways, which was owned by South African Zionists.
【参考译文】1950年中旬，开通了至伦敦的定期航班服务。同年晚些时候，EL AL收购了由南非犹太复国主义者拥有的Universal Airways航空公司。

El Al’s cargo service was inaugurated in 1950 and initially relied on military surplus Curtiss C-46 Commando aircraft. The same aircraft type was used also for passengers transportation in certain routes.[23] The same year the airline initiated charter services to the United States, followed by scheduled flights soon after.[18]
【参考译文】EL AL的货运服务于1950年启动，最初依赖于军用剩余的柯蒂斯C-46突击队员飞机。同种机型也被用于某些航线的旅客运输。[23]同年，航空公司启动了飞往美国的包机服务，并很快跟进安排了定期航班。[18]

In 1950–1951 El Al expanded its activities in Europe and added new destinations such as Vienna and Istanbul, Athens and Nicosia. On July 31 of 1950, the company celebrated the first anniversary of its regular flight program.
【参考译文】在1950年至1951年间，EL AL在欧洲扩展业务，并新增了如维也纳、伊斯坦布尔、雅典和尼科西亚等目的地。1950年7月31日，公司庆祝了其定期航班计划运行一周年。

图1-3和1-4（发布于知乎想法）

The airline was involved in several covert operations: In the early 1950s, El Al airlifted over 160,000 immigrants to Israel from Iran, Iraq and Yemen as part of Operation Magic Carpet and Operation Ezra and Nehemiah.[24] In 1960, Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann was captured and flown from Argentina to Israel on an El Al aircraft.[25]
【参考译文】该航空公司参与了多项秘密行动：在20世纪50年代初，作为“魔毯行动”和“以斯拉与尼希米行动”的一部分，EL AL从伊朗、伊拉克和也门空运了超过16万名移民到以色列。[24]1960年，纳粹战犯阿道夫·艾希曼在阿根廷被捕，并被一架EL AL飞机押送至以色列。[25]

In 1955, after using Lockheed Constellations for several years, the airline purchased two Bristol Britannia aircraft. El Al was the second airline in the world to fly this plane, after the British Overseas Airways Corporation. In 1958, El Al ran a newspaper advertisement in the United States featuring a picture of a “shrunken” Atlantic Ocean (“Starting Dec. 23, the Atlantic Ocean will be 20% smaller”) to promote its non-stop transatlantic flights.[26] This was a bold step: the airline industry had never used images of the ocean in its advertising because of the widespread public fear of airline crashes. The advertisement, which ran only once, proved effective. Within a year, El Al’s sales tripled.[27]
【参考译文】1955年，在使用洛克希德星座飞机多年后，该公司购买了两架布里斯托尔 Britannia飞机。继英国海外航空（BOAC）之后，EL AL成为世界上第二家运营此机型的航空公司。1958年，EL AL在美国发布了一则报纸广告，其中展示了一幅“缩小”的大西洋图片（“从12月23日起，大西洋将缩小20%”），以此宣传其不停站横越大西洋的航班。[26]这是一个大胆的举措：鉴于公众普遍对空难的恐惧，航空业历来避免在其广告中使用海洋的图像。这则仅发布一次的广告被证明是有效的。不到一年，EL AL的销售额翻了三番。[27]

1.3 20 世纪 60 年代：开始盈利 | 1960s: Turning profitable

图1-5和1-6（发布于知乎想法）
图1-7和1-8（发布于知乎想法）

Despite the purchase of its Britannia and the inauguration of non-stop transatlantic flights, the airline remained unprofitable.[18][further explanation needed] When Efraim Ben-Arzi took over the company in the late 1950s, the Britannias were replaced in the next decade by the Boeing 707 and Boeing 720 jet airliners.
【参考译文】尽管购买了Britannia飞机并开启了不停站跨大西洋航班服务，该航空公司仍处于亏损状态。[18][需要进一步解释]20世纪50年代末，当埃弗莱姆·本-阿兹接手公司后，在接下来的十年里，Britannia飞机被波音707和波音720喷气式客机所取代。

1961年，以色列航空从巴西里约格朗德航空租赁一架波音707-441执飞特拉维夫-纽约航线，开始运营喷气式飞机，同年5月接收其首架自购707。[3]

1.3.1 劫机尝试 | Hijacking attempts

See also: El Al Flight 426 hijacking【参见：以色列航空426航班劫机】

In 1968, El Al experienced the first of many acts of terrorism that have been perpetrated against the airline. On 23 July, the only successful hijacking of an El Al aircraft took place, when a Boeing 707 carrying 10 crew and 38 passengers were taken over by three members of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP). The aircraft, El Al Flight 426, which was en route from Rome to Tel Aviv, was diverted to Algiers by the hijackers. Negotiations with the hijackers lasted for 40 days. Both the hijackers and the passengers, including 21 Israeli hostages, were eventually freed.[29] On 26 December of the same year, two PFLP members attacked an El Al aircraft at Athens International Airport, killing an Israeli mechanic.[30] The Israeli Defense Forces responded to the incident on 29 December, with a night-time raid on Lebanon’s Beirut Airport, destroying 14 planes on the ground belonging to Middle East Airlines, Trans Mediterranean Airways and Lebanese International Airways.[31] The military action was responsible for the demise of the LIA, which had most of its fleet destroyed.[citation needed]
【参考译文】1968 年，以色列航空经历了针对该航空公司的众多恐怖主义行为中的第一起。7 月 23 日，以色列航空发生了唯一一次成功劫持以色列航空飞机的事件，当时一架载有 10 名机组人员和 38 名乘客的波音 707 被三名巴勒斯坦解放阵线 (PFLP) 成员劫持。这架飞机是以色列航空 426 航班，当时它正从罗马飞往特拉维夫，被劫机者改道飞往阿尔及尔。与劫机者的谈判持续了 40 天。劫机者和乘客（包括 21 名以色列人质）最终都被释放。[29] 同年 12 月 26 日，两名 PFLP 成员在雅典国际机场袭击了一架以色列航空飞机，造成一名以色列机械师死亡。[30]以色列国防军于 12 月 29 日对此事件作出回应，夜间突袭了黎巴嫩贝鲁特机场，摧毁了地面上属于中东航空公司、跨地中海航空公司和黎巴嫩国际航空公司的 14 架飞机。[31] 这次军事行动导致了黎巴嫩国际航空公司的倒闭，其大部分机队被摧毁。[需要引文]

On 18 February 1969, Palestinians attacked an El Al plane at Zurich Airport, killing the copilot and injuring the pilot. One Palestinian attacker was killed and others were convicted but later released. Between September and December of that year, bomb and grenade attacks occurred at El Al offices in Athens, West Berlin, and Brussels.[32] This wave of violence culminated in the failed hijacking of an El Al 707 by Patrick Arguello and Leila Khaled on 6 September 1970, as part of the Dawson’s Field hijackings.[33]
【参考译文】1969 年 2 月 18 日，巴勒斯坦人在苏黎世机场袭击了一架以色列航空的飞机，导致副驾驶死亡，飞行员受伤。一名巴勒斯坦袭击者被击毙，其他人被定罪但后来被释放。同年 9 月至 12 月期间，以色列航空在雅典、西柏林和布鲁塞尔的办事处发生了炸弹和手榴弹袭击事件。[32] 这波暴力事件最终导致 1970 年 9 月 6 日，帕特里克·阿奎罗和莱拉·哈立德劫持了一架以色列航空 707 客机，这是道森机场劫机事件的一部分。[33]

1.4 20 世纪 70 年代：转向波音 | 1970s: Going Boeing

图1-8和1-9（发布于知乎想法）
图1-10（表格）（发布于知乎想法）

El Al acquired its first Boeing 747 jet in 1971. Many[who?] felt it was a risky purchase given the high cost of the plane and fear of attacks, but El Al operations flourished after the purchase. Another Boeing 747 was delivered in 1973 and was used to start non-stop service from Tel Aviv to New York (El Al – Boeing 707s had flown eastward nonstop since around 1961).
【参考译文】EL AL于1971年购入了其首架波音747喷气式客机。许多人（未指明是谁）认为，鉴于飞机的高昂成本和对可能遭受攻击的担忧，这一购买决定带有风险，但购入波音747后，EL AL的运营却愈发繁荣。1973年又有一架波音747交付，用以开启从特拉维夫直飞纽约的不经停服务（EL AL的波音707早在约1961年起就开始执行向东的不经停飞行）。

El Al passengers and passengers from other airlines were attacked at Lod Airport in 1972, it was known as the Lod Airport massacre.
【参考译文】1972年，EL AL的乘客与其他航空公司的乘客在洛德机场遭到袭击，这一事件被称为洛德机场大屠杀。

In the mid-1970s El Al began to schedule flights from airports outside of Israel that departed on the Jewish sabbath and landed in Israel after it had finished. However, the religious parties in the government were outraged by this change believing that it was a violation of Jewish law and contrary to the agreement signed in the early days of the state, in which El Al promised to refrain from flying on the Sabbath. In 1982 the newly re-elected prime minister Menachem Begin, brought before the Knesset a vote to ban Sabbath flights once again (it passed by a vote of 58 to 54).[34] Outraged, the secular community threatened to boycott the airline. In August 1982 El Al workers blocked Orthodox and Hasidic Jews from entering the airport.[20]
【参考译文】20世纪70年代中期，EL AL开始安排从以色列以外的机场起飞、在安息日结束后抵达以色列的航班。然而，政府中的宗教党派对此改变感到愤怒，他们认为这违反了犹太教律法，并且与国家早期签订的协议相悖，根据该协议，EL AL承诺不在安息日飞行。1982年，新当选的总理梅纳赫姆·贝京将禁止安息日航班的议案提交给了议会进行投票，并最终通过（票数为58票支持，54票反对）。[34]对此感到愤怒的世俗群体威胁要抵制该航空公司。1982年8月，EL AL工作人员阻止了正统犹太教徒和哈西德派犹太人进入机场。[20]

图1-11（发布于知乎想法）

In 1977 El Al established a charter subsidiary, El Al Charter Services Ltd., later renamed Sun D’Or International Airlines Ltd. Two years earlier the airline had suffered its first losses since the late 1950s, largely a product of the global recession. The management changed three times towards the end of the 1970s until Itzhak Shander was named president.[clarification needed] As the political situation in Iran deteriorated, El Al began to airlift Jews to Israel. All the airline’s infrastructure in Iran was eventually destroyed.[18]
【参考译文】1977年，EL AL成立了子公司El Al Charter Services Ltd.，后来更名为Sun D’Or International Airlines Ltd.。早在两年之前，由于全球经济衰退，该航空公司自20世纪50年代末以来首次遭遇亏损。在70年代末期，管理层变动了三次，直至最终任命伊扎克·尚德为总裁。[需要澄清]随着伊朗政治局势的恶化，EL AL开始空运犹太人前往以色列。该航空公司在伊朗的所有基础设施最终都被摧毁。[18]

1.5 20世纪80年代：从破产接管走向盈利 | 1980s: From receivership to profitability

El Al flights to Cairo were inaugurated in April 1980, following the Egypt–Israel peace treaty.[24] In late 1982, after a long period of labor disputes and strikes, El Al operations were suspended. The government appointed Amram Blum to run the company, which lost $123.3 million in the fiscal year ending April 1983.[35][18][clarification needed] The airline also sold its stake in Arkia at this time.[citation needed]
【参考译文】随着埃及与以色列和平条约的签署，EL AL于1980年4月开始飞往开罗的航班。[24]到了1982年末，经过长时间的劳资纠纷和罢工之后，EL AL的运营被暂停。政府任命阿姆拉姆·布鲁姆来管理公司，截至1983年4月的财年，公司亏损达到了1.233亿美元。[35][18][需要澄清]此时，航空公司也出售了其在Arkia的股份。[需要引证]

图1-12和1-13（发布于知乎想法）

Operations resumed in January 1983 under receivership. The government purchased two new Boeing 737 aircraft and announced plans to acquire four Boeing 767 jets at the cost of $200 million. Within four years, El Al was profitable again.[18] It broke another record since then surpassed, in May 1988 with a non-stop flight from Los Angeles to Tel Aviv, a journey of 7,000 nautical miles (13,000 km) in 13 hours and 41 minutes.[24][clarification needed]
【参考译文】1983年1月，在破产接管下，EL AL恢复运营。政府购买了两架新的波音737飞机，并宣布计划斥资2亿美元购买四架波音767喷气机。在四年之内，EL AL再次实现了盈利。[18]此后不久，这一记录被打破，1988年5月，EL AL完成了一次从洛杉矶到特拉维夫的直飞航班，全程7000海里（13000公里），耗时13小时41分钟。[24][需要澄清]

Flights to Poland and Yugoslavia were started in 1989.[18]
【参考译文】1989年，EL AL开始运营飞往波兰和南斯拉夫的航班。[18]

1.6 20世纪90年代：破产接管结束，埃塞俄比亚犹太人空运 | 1990s: End of receivership, Ethiopian Jews airlifted

In January 1990, North American Airlines began providing feeder services to El Al’s US destinations. El Al held a 24.9 percent stake in the airline until selling it back to Dan McKinnon in July 2003. By this time, El Al was operating a fleet of 20 aircraft, including nine Boeing 747s, and had begun replacing its aging Boeing 707s with the Boeing 757. Early that year, following the collapse of the Soviet Union, El Al inaugurated regular flights to Moscow. No airlifts from the former Soviet Union were possible at the time but permission was granted in 1991. Charter flights commenced in August 1991, with immigrants also occupying all available seats on El Al’s scheduled routes. In cooperation with Aeroflot, El Al flew more than 400,000 Jewish immigrants to Israel within a three-year period.
【参考译文】1990年1月，北美航空公司开始为EL AL在美国的目的地提供接驳服务。EL AL持有该航空公司24.9%的股份，直至2003年7月将其卖回给丹·麦金农。此时，EL AL运营着包括9架波音747在内的共20架飞机的机队，并已开始用波音757替换老旧的波音707。同年早些时候，随着苏联解体，EL AL开辟了至莫斯科的定期航班。虽然当时无法立即从前苏联地区进行大规模空运，但在1991年获得了许可。包机航班于1991年8月开始，移民也占用了EL AL所有定期航班上的可用座位。通过与俄罗斯航空的合作，EL AL在三年内将超过40万犹太移民运送到了以色列。

图1-14（发布于知乎想法）

On 24 May 1991, an El Al Boeing 747 cargo plane airlifted a record-breaking 1,088 Ethiopian Jews from Addis Ababa to Israel in the framework of Operation Solomon. Two babies were born during the flight. The plane carried twice as many passengers as it was designed for.[11] In less than 36 hours, 14,500 Ethiopian Jews were flown to Israel.[12] On 27 April 1994, El Al received its first Boeing 747-400.[18][36]
【参考译文】1991年5月24日，在“所罗门行动”的框架下，一架EL AL波音747货机从埃塞俄比亚首都亚的斯亚贝巴空运了创纪录的1,088名埃塞俄比亚犹太人至以色列。飞行过程中有两名婴儿出生。这架飞机搭载的乘客数量是其设计容量的两倍。[11]在不到36小时内，共有14,500名埃塞俄比亚犹太人被空运至以色列。[12]1994年4月27日，EL AL接收了其首架波音747-400。[18][36]

El Al flights were inaugurated to the Far East[when?] and, in 1995, El Al signed its first codesharing agreement with American Airlines.[18] In February 1995, the receivership under which the airline had technically been operating since 1982 came to an end.[37] In June 1996, El Al recorded its first flight from Israel to Amman, Jordan.[24]
【参考译文】EL AL开通了至远东地区的航班[何时？]，并在1995年与美国航空公司签署了首个代码共享协议。[18]1995年2月，自1982年以来技术上一直在进行的破产接管宣告结束。[37]1996年6月，EL AL记录了其首次从以色列飞往约旦安曼的航班。[24]

1992年，以色列航空开始拓展其远东航点，先是于该年4月开通飞往名古屋的包机航线，同年9月4日开航北京[7]，次年开航孟买及曼谷。1994年4月27日，以航开始运营波音747-400，同年10月5日开航香港。[8]1999年，以航更改机队涂装，2001年开始运营波音777-200ER[9]。

In 1996, El Al recorded US$83.1 million in losses, due to the resumption of terrorist activities and the government’s open skies policy.[18] To keep its planes flying during this period, El Al introduced flights “to nowhere”: passengers were offered various kinds of in-flight entertainment as the plane circled the Mediterranean. One-day shopping trips to London and visits to religious sites in eastern Europe were also promoted.[18] In 1997, El Al opened a separate cargo division.[38][clarification needed]
【参考译文】1996年，由于恐怖活动的恢复和政府的开放天空政策，EL AL录得8310万美元的亏损。[18]为了在这段时间保持飞机运营，EL AL推出了“无目的地航班”：乘客可以享受各种机上娱乐，飞机则在地中海区域盘旋。同时，公司还推广了一日往返伦敦的购物游以及前往东欧宗教圣地的访问。[18]1997年，EL AL成立了独立的货运部门。[38][需要澄清]

1.7 21世纪 | 21st century

El Al’s first Boeing 777 embarked on its maiden flight in March 2000. Later that year the controversy over flights on Shabbat erupted again, when the airline announced that it was losing US$55 million a year by grounding its planes on Saturdays. After privatization of the company began in June 2003, the policy regarding Shabbat flights was expected to change.[20][24]
【参考译文】EL AL的第一架波音777于2000年3月进行了首航。同年，关于安息日航班的争议再次爆发，该公司宣布因周六停飞飞机每年损失5500万美元。2003年6月公司私有化进程开始后，预计有关安息日飞行的政策将会改变。[20][24]

The first phase of the long-delayed privatization of the company commenced in June 2003 and by Israel’s Government Companies Authority, headed by Eyal Gabbai. 15 percent of El Al’s shares were listed on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange. By June 2004, 50% of the company had been sold to the public. By January 2005, a controlling share of the company had been transferred to Knafaim-Arkia Holdings Ltd.[24] As of October 2014, El Al’s major shareholders were Knafaim Holdings (36%), Ginsburg Group (10%) and Delek Group (10%).[39]
【参考译文】长久拖延的公司私有化的第一阶段于2003年6月由以色列政府公司管理局（由Eyal Gabbai领导）启动。EL AL 15%的股份在特拉维夫证券交易所上市。到2004年6月，公司50%的股份已向公众出售。到2005年1月，公司控股权已转让给Knafaim-Arkia Holdings Ltd.。[24]截至2014年10月，EL AL的主要股东包括Knafaim Holdings（36%）、Ginsburg Group（10%）和Delek Group（10%）。[39]

In August 2010, El Al and JetBlue signed an agreement to provide connecting through tickets between Israel and 61 destinations in the United States from October 2010, via John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York.[40]
【参考译文】2010年8月，EL AL与JetBlue签署了合作协议，从2010年10月起通过纽约肯尼迪国际机场，为往返以色列和美国61个目的地的乘客提供联程机票。[40]

In 2015, El Al introduced a requirement that female flight attendants wear high heels until passengers had been seated.[41] The airline’s workers’ union stated that the requirement would endanger the health and safety of the flight attendants and instructed its members to ignore the rule. Later that year the requirement was removed.[42]
【参考译文】2015年，EL AL引入了一项要求，即女性乘务员在乘客就座前必须穿着高跟鞋。[41]航空公司工会表示，这一要求会危害乘务员的健康和安全，并指示其成员忽略这项规定。当年晚些时候，这一要求被取消。[42]

In August 2017, El Al made their inaugural flight of the Boeing 787 Dreamliner. Their first variant of the plane was the 787-9, but in late 2019, they took delivery of the 787-8. The inaugural service was from Tel Aviv to London and Paris, with the transatlantic inaugural flight from Tel Aviv to Newark. El Al introduced a Premium Economy to this aircraft, in a 2-3-2 configuration. They also launched an upgraded Business Class with “pods” in a 1-2-1 configuration. This was upgraded from the original 2-3-2 configuration of their Business Class on the 777-200. Their Economy Class now also featured large personal touch screen entertainment and WiFi. In Business Class, the seats go to a 90° flat bed, have personal service, large touchscreen personal entertainment screens, and storage.
【参考译文】2017年8月，EL AL迎来了波音787梦想飞机的首航。他们首先引进的是787-9型，但到了2019年底，他们接收了787-8型。首航航班是从特拉维夫飞往伦敦和巴黎，跨大西洋的首航航班则是从特拉维夫飞往纽瓦克。EL AL在这款飞机上引入了高端经济舱，采用2-3-2布局。他们还推出了一款升级版商务舱，采用1-2-1布局的“舱位”。这是从他们在777-200上的商务舱原2-3-2布局升级而来。经济舱现在也配备了大型个人触摸屏娱乐系统和WiFi。商务舱的座椅可平躺至90°，提供个性化服务，拥有大型触摸屏个人娱乐屏幕和储物空间。

In April 2018 the Israel Postal Company issued a stamp with different El Al-planes commemorating the 70th anniversary of the airline.[43]
【参考译文】2018年4月，以色列邮政公司发行了一枚邮票，上面印有不同的EL AL飞机，以纪念该航空公司成立70周年。[43]

In July 2019, El Al retired its sole freight aircraft, a Boeing 747-400F, ending its dedicated cargo flights. The airline plans to use charter services by other airlines for this purpose from now on.[44]
【参考译文】2019年7月，EL AL退役了其唯一的货运飞机，一架波音747-400F，结束了专门的货运航班服务。航空公司计划从此以后通过其他航空公司的包机服务来满足这一需求。[44]

2019年11月3日，以航在使用波音747-400执飞罗马至特拉维夫的LY1747次告别航班后，正式结束其长达48年的波音747运营[15]。

In March 2020, El Al suspended operations due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The Israeli government had announced that all foreign and Israeli passport holders would have to undergo a 14-day quarantine upon arrival into the country. El Al also converted some of their Boeing 787 Dreamliner airplanes to serve as cargo flights to transport medical goods from China to Europe through Tel Aviv’s Ben Gurion Airport. El Al also offered some passenger flights to get stranded Israeli citizens home. These flights went from Tel Aviv to Miami, New York, London, Paris, and more. They also offered two services to Australia during the pandemic. This was the first ever nonstop flight from Israel to Australia. El Al offered one flight from Tel Aviv to Perth and Tel Aviv to Melbourne.
【参考译文】2020年3月，由于持续的COVID-19疫情，EL AL暂停了运营。以色列政府宣布，所有外国和以色列护照持有者入境后需接受14天的隔离。EL AL还将部分波音787梦想客机改造为货机，通过特拉维夫的本·古里安机场，从中国运输医疗物资到欧洲。此外，EL AL还提供了部分客运航班，帮助滞留海外的以色列公民回家。这些航班从特拉维夫飞往迈阿密、纽约、伦敦、巴黎等地。疫情期间，该公司还提供了两次飞往澳大利亚的服务，这是以色列首次直飞澳大利亚的航班，分别飞往珀斯和墨尔本。

On 1 July 2020, after returning substantial amounts of leased aircraft (and canceling current leases) the airline canceled all flights and suspended operations indefinitely.[45] On 6 July, the company announced it had worked out a bailout deal with the government to make up the hundreds of millions of dollars it had lost due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Israel and abroad. The proposed deal would net the airline $250 million in government loans (with a guarantee for 75 percent of the loan in case of defaults) and an additional $150 million from its own sale of company shares which, if not sold, would be purchased by the government.[46] The deal was approved by a Knesset committee. On 17 September, it was announced that Kanfei Nesharim, a company owned by 27-year-old Eli Rozenberg (son of US Centers Health Care nursing home chain founder Kenny Rozenberg), had bought a controlling 42.85% stake[47] in the airline with a $107 million offer. Under the prior negotiated bailout deal, the Israeli government, which had committed to buying any unwanted shares as part of a rescue package, bought $34 million worth of shares, for a stake that equals roughly 15% of the company. The holdings of El Al’s owners before the bailout, Knafaim Holdings, fell to 15.2% from 38%.[48] The new management will seek to emphasize “punctuality” and work to upgrade food services across all classes.
【参考译文】2020年7月1日，EL AL在归还大量租赁飞机并取消现有租约后，取消了所有航班，无限期暂停运营。[45]7月6日，该公司宣布已与政府达成一项救助协议，以弥补因国内外COVID-19疫情造成的数亿美元损失。该提议的协议包括获得政府2.5亿美元的贷款（若违约，政府将担保贷款的75%），以及另外通过公司股份出售获得1.5亿美元，若股份未能售出，政府将购买这部分股份。[46]该协议得到了以色列议会委员会的批准。9月17日，宣布由27岁的Eli Rozenberg（美国Centers Health Care养老院连锁机构创始人Kenny Rozenberg之子）所有的Kanfei Nesharim公司，以1.07亿美元的报价购买了EL AL 42.85%的控股股份。[47]根据先前谈判的救助协议，以色列政府承诺作为救援方案的一部分购买任何未售出的股份，最终购买了价值3400万美元的股份，约占公司股份的15%。EL AL之前的控股公司Knafaim Holdings在救助后的持股比例从38%降至15.2%。[48]新管理层将致力于强调“准时性”，并努力提升所有舱位的餐饮服务。

2020年8月31日，随着以色列与阿拉伯联合酋长国建交，以航开航飞往迪拜国际机场的航班，沙特阿拉伯首次核准以航飞机飞越领空[16]。

On 17 April 2022, El-Al started its first direct flight between the Israeli coastal city of Tel Aviv and Egypt’s Red Sea resort of Sharm el-Sheikh. Flight 5193 is operated by El-Al subsidiary Sun d’Or.[49]
【参考译文】2022年4月17日，EL AL开启了首个直飞航班，连接以色列海滨城市特拉维夫和埃及红海度假胜地沙姆沙伊赫。该航班号为5193，由EL AL的子公司Sun d’Or运营。[49]

In October 2023, following the need for the urgent return of reserve soldiers due to the start of the Israel-Hamas war, El Al gained halachic approval from the Chief Rabbinate of Israel to break a 40-year policy of not flying on Shabbat, with the last time it flew on a Sabbath being in 1982 during the First Lebanon War.[50][51]
【参考译文】2023年10月，鉴于以色列与哈马斯战争爆发后急需召回预备役士兵，EL AL获得了以色列首席拉比公会的宗教批准，打破了40年来不在安息日飞行的政策，上一次在安息日飞行是在1982年第一次黎巴嫩战争期间。[50][51]

2. 公司事务和身份识别 | Company affairs and identity

图2-1和2-2（发布于知乎想法）

2.1 总部 |Headquarters

图2-3（发布于知乎想法）

2.2 运营 | Operations

图2-4（发布于知乎想法）

During 2005, the airline transported 3.5 million passengers, a rise from 3.2 million in 2004 and 2.8 million in 2003.[53] 60% of the airline’s passengers are Israeli.[54] In 2006, El Al posted a $44.6 million loss on revenues of $1.665 billion.[55] The company is facing four lawsuits, two of which have been approved as class actions, which could cost the company $176.2 million.[when?][56] El Al spends $100 million a year to conform with airline security measures required by Israel’s Shin Bet security service.[57] In early 2007, El Al opened a new King David Lounge at Charles de Gaulle Airport in Paris. New lounges at Heathrow Airport in London and JFK International Airport in New York had also opened in late 2007.[58]
【参考译文】在2005年，该航空公司运送了350万乘客，相比2004年的320万和2003年的280万有所增长。[53]该公司60%的乘客是以色列人。[54]2006年，EL AL在16.65亿美元的收入中报告了4460万美元的亏损。[55]公司面临四起诉讼，其中两起已被批准为集体诉讼，可能使公司损失1.762亿美元。[何时？][56]EL AL每年花费1亿美元以遵守以色列国家安全局（Shin Bet）要求的航空安全措施。[57]2007年初，EL AL在巴黎戴高乐机场开设了新的King David贵宾室。同年晚些时候，位于伦敦希思罗机场和纽约肯尼迪国际机场的新贵宾室也相继开业。[58]

In 2007, El Al invested NIS 1 billion in the purchase of two new Boeing 777-200s that included an updated El Al decal. The aircraft are fitted with upgraded seats with adjustable headrests and legrests. Each seat is equipped with a touch-screen entertainment system. The first aircraft, named “Sderot“, completed its maiden flight from New York to Tel Aviv on 26 July 2007. The second, “Kiryat Shmona“, was delivered at the end of August 2007.[59]
【参考译文】2007年，EL AL投资10亿谢克尔购买了两架新的波音777-200客机，机身装饰有更新的EL AL标识。这些飞机配备了带有可调节头枕和腿靠的升级座椅，每个座位都配备了触摸屏娱乐系统。第一架名为“Sderot”的飞机于2007年7月26日完成了从纽约到特拉维夫的首航。第二架名为“Kiryat Shmona”的飞机于2007年8月底交付。[59]

After the United States Federal Aviation Administration downgraded Israel’s aviation safety rating to 2 in February 2009, an IATA member warned El Al, as well as competing airlines Arkia and Israir, that they may appear on the European blacklist of banned carriers. Giora Romm, head of the Civil Aviation Authority of Israel, responded to the claim, stating: “We are in close contact with the Europeans.” He added: “I don’t know what the fuss is about. The Europeans’ e-mail is strange. We are doing everything we can to improve security.” The European Union has yet to make an official statement on the matter.[60] El Al uses the Amadeus CRS system for reservation, inventory, check-in and online bookings.[61] In November 2012, the United States FAA restored Israel’s category 1 rating.[62]
【参考译文】2009年2月，美国联邦航空管理局将以色列的航空安全等级降级为2级后，一名国际航空运输协会（IATA）成员警告EL AL及其竞争对手Arkia和Israir，它们可能会被列入欧洲的禁飞黑名单。以色列民航局局长Giora Romm对此回应称：“我们正在与欧洲方面保持密切联系。”他还补充说：“我不知道有什么大惊小怪的。欧洲人的邮件很奇怪。我们正在尽一切可能提高安全性。”欧盟尚未就此问题发表官方声明。[60]EL AL使用Amadeus中央预订系统进行预订、库存管理、登机和在线预订。[61]2012年11月，美国联邦航空管理局恢复了以色列的第1类评级。[62]

El Al has a cargo branch, El Al Cargo, which became independent in 1997. As the national cargo airline of Israel, it operates between Tel Aviv, Liège, and New York, plus ad hoc worldwide charters with one Boeing 747-200F aircraft. Before 2001, when the Israeli air cargo market opened up to competition, El Al Cargo enjoyed a monopoly. Now, its main competition comes from CAL Cargo Air Lines.[18]
【参考译文】EL AL有一个货运分支，即EL AL Cargo，该分支在1997年独立。作为以色列的国家货运航空公司，它运营往返于特拉维夫、列日和纽约之间的航班，并拥有一架波音747-200F飞机，用于全球范围内的临时包机服务。2001年之前，当以色列空运市场向竞争开放之前，EL AL Cargo享有垄断地位。如今，它主要的竞争来自于CAL Cargo Air Lines。[18]

As of December 2022 the company employs a staff of 4,610 globally, and has a fleet of 47 aircraft.[63] The company’s revenues for 2023 were $2.503 billion, totaling profits of $263.7 million, compared to losses of $80.7 million in 2016 and a profit of $57 million in 2010.[64][15][16] El Al has offices in 46 countries, half of them in Europe.[65]
【参考译文】截至2022年12月，公司在全球范围内雇用了4610名员工，并拥有47架飞机的机队。[63]2023年，公司收入为25.03亿美元，总利润为2.637亿美元，相比2016年亏损8070万美元和2010年盈利5700万美元有了显著转变。[64][15][16]EL AL在46个国家设有办事处，其中一半在欧洲。[65]

El Al has Hebrew language voiceovers and Arabic language subtitles in its flight safety videos, which is followed by another video in English. In 2017, the safety video was presented by mentalist Lior Suchard.[66][67]
【参考译文】EL AL的安全视频以希伯来语配音和阿拉伯语字幕呈现，随后是英语版本的视频。2017年，安全视频由精神魔术师Lior Suchard呈现。[66][67]

During the period of Shabbat, El Al observes Jewish religious traditions by refraining from flight operations and occasionally diverting flights or refraining from takeoff if the scheduled arrival would occur on a Saturday.[68] Exceptions to this practice are exceptionally rare, having only occurred twice in the airline’s history: first during the First Lebanon War and later during the 2023 Israel-Hamas war, when flights operated on Shabbat due to exceptional circumstances.[50][51]
【参考译文】在安息日期间，EL AL遵循犹太宗教传统，不进行飞行操作，偶尔会因为预计到达时间在周六而改道或推迟起飞。[68]历史上仅发生过两次例外情况：第一次是在第一次黎巴嫩战争期间，第二次是在2023年以色列-哈马斯冲突期间，因特殊情况在安息日运营了航班。[50][51]

2.3 业务趋势 | Business trends

The key trends for El Al Israel Airlines Ltd. are shown below (as at year ending 31 December):[69]
【参考译文】以色列航空有限公司的主要趋势如下（截至 12 月 31 日的年度）：[69]

3. 子公司 | Subsidiaries

3.1 Borenstein Caterers

The main business of Borenstein, a company fully owned by El Al, registered in the U.S. and operating at New York’s JFK airport, is the production and supply of kosher ready meals to airlines and other institutions.
【参考译文】Borenstein是一家完全由EL AL拥有的公司，注册于美国，并在纽约肯尼迪机场运营，其主要业务是生产并向航空公司及其他机构供应犹太洁食即食餐。

3.2 Katit

Katit (a company fully owned by El Al) is mainly engaged in the production and supply of meals to the company’s employees.
【参考译文】Borenstein是一家完全由EL AL拥有的公司，注册于美国，并在纽约肯尼迪机场运营，其主要业务是生产并向航空公司及其他机构供应犹太洁食即食餐。

3.3 Sun d’Or

图2-5（发布于知乎想法）

Main article【主条目】: Sun d’Or

The charter operations of the Group is carried out through Sun D’Or, a company fully owned by El Al. Sun D’Or operates as a tourist organizer for wholesalers and individuals and markets charter and scheduled flights, both by means of leasing full aircraft capacity to third parties, or aircraft parts’ capacity to a number of partners for pre-negotiated prices, or by direct sales. Starting from 2011, Sun D’Or operates as a tourist organizer, while maintaining the “Sun D’Or” brand for scheduled and charter flights marketed by Sun D’Or. In March 2011, The Israel Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) announced the suspension of Sun d’Or’s operating license effective 1 April 2011. The CAA based its decision citing non-compliance with Israeli and international airline management standards, mainly lack of self-owned planes and crew.[73] Since then, Sun d’Or no longer operates own aircraft but utilizes planes from its parent, El Al.
【参考译文】集团的包机业务是通过Sun D’Or进行的，该公司完全隶属于EL AL。Sun D’Or作为旅游组织者，为批发商和个人提供服务，营销包机和定期航班，方式包括但不限于将整架飞机的运力租赁给第三方，或以预先协商的价格将飞机部分运力租赁给多个合作伙伴，同时也直接进行销售。自2011年起，Sun D’Or以旅游组织者的身份运营，同时保留了“Sun D’Or”品牌，用于Sun D’Or市场上销售的定期航班和包机航班。2011年3月，以色列民用航空管理局（CAA）宣布，自2011年4月1日起暂停Sun D’Or的运营许可证。CAA做出这一决定基于Sun D’Or未能达到以色列及国际航空公司的管理标准，主要是缺乏自有飞机和机组人员。[73]自此以后，Sun D’Or不再运营自有飞机，而是使用其母公司EL AL的飞机。

3.4 Superstar Holidays

Superstar (a company fully owned by El Al) is a tourist wholesaler that markets tourist package deals to travel agents and passengers, and sells airline tickets at discounted prices for flights on the company’s routes.
【参考译文】Superstar（以色列航空全资拥有的公司）是一家旅游批发商，向旅行社和乘客推销旅游套餐，并以折扣价出售该公司航线的机票。

3.5 Tamam

Tamam (a company fully owned by El Al) is mainly engaged in the production and supply of kosher ready meals to airline companies.
【参考译文】Tamam （以色列航空全资拥有的公司）主要为航空公司生产和供应犹太洁食即食食品。

3.6 曾经的子公司 | Former

3.6.1 Up

Main article【主条目】: Up (airline)

图3-1（发布于知乎想法）

On 26 November 2013, El Al unveiled its now-defunct low cost airline Up,[74][75] which commenced operations on 30 March 2014, initially to Berlin, Budapest, Kyiv, Larnaca and Prague[75] using five Boeing 737-800s transferred from the El Al fleet.[75] Up was founded by its parent El Al to be used on some routes to Europe where it replaced El Al itself. All Up flights were operated by El Al, using El Al’s call sign and codes with a four digit number.[75] For flights over two hours the airline offered a buy on board service.[76]
【参考译文】2013年11月26日，EL AL揭晓了其现已停运的低成本航空品牌Up，[74][75]该航空于2014年3月30日开始运营，初期航线包括柏林、布达佩斯、基辅、拉纳卡和布拉格。[75]Up使用了从EL AL机队转移来的五架波音737-800飞机。[75]Up由其母公司EL AL创建，旨在替代EL Al自己运营的部分欧洲航线。所有Up航班实际上由EL Al运营，使用EL Al的呼号和代码，航班编号为四位数。[75]对于超过两小时的航班，该航空公司提供付费选购的机上服务。[76]

In August 2014, Ryanair CEO Michael O’Leary foreshadowed the development of a Ryanair Israel, connecting Israel with cities across Europe. He said an inhibiting factor in the plan was Israeli authorities’ protectiveness of El Al from competition. The CEO of Up wished to recreate the airline business world.[77] Ryanair started serving Ovda Airport and Ben Gurion Airport in the winter season 2017/18 from several airports throughout Europe.
【参考译文】2014年8月，Ryanair的CEO迈克尔·奥利里预示了一个连接以色列与欧洲多城市的Ryanair以色列的发展计划。他表示，该计划的一个阻碍因素是以色列当局对EL Al的保护，使其免受竞争影响。Up的CEO希望重塑航空商业世界。[77]Ryanair从2017/18冬季航季开始，从欧洲多个机场服务于奥夫达机场和本·古里安机场。

Up ceased operations on 14 October 2018. All of its six destinations and fleet were reintegrated into mainline El Al operations.[78][79]
【参考译文】Up于2018年10月14日停止运营，其六个目的地和机队全部被重新整合进EL Al的主航线运营中。[78][79]

4. 安全 | Security

As a target for terrorism, El Al employs stringent security procedures, both on the ground and on board its aircraft. Though time-consuming, these procedures have won El Al’s security reputation.[10] In 2008, the airline was named by Global Traveler magazine as the world’s most secure airline.[7]
【参考译文】作为恐怖主义的目标，EL AL采取了严格的安保措施，无论是在地面还是在飞机上。尽管这些程序耗时较长，但它们赢得了EL Al在安全方面的声誉。[10]2008年，该航空公司被《Global Traveler》杂志评选为世界上最安全的航空公司。[7]

以色列航空是世界公认保安最安全的航空公司，因为它透过安全检查阻止大量企图劫机或恐怖袭击的人登机，而以色列航空历史上只在1968年被骑劫过一次。

4.1 机载导弹防御系统 | Onboard missile defense systems

El Al planes have been fitted with anti-missile counter-measures since the early 2000s, with the initial system known as Flight Guard.[80][81][82][83]
【参考译文】自21世纪初以来，EL AL的飞机已经装备了反导弹防御措施，最初的系统被称为Flight Guard。[80][81][82][83]

Since the early 2000s, El Al has fit its planes with systems to defend against anti-aircraft missiles. In 2014, El Al began to fit some of its planes that fly on more sensitive routes with an updated missile approach warning system (MAWS) that employs an infrared missile-tracking camera, an “infrared (IR), ultra-violet (UV), or radar missile-approach warning sensor to detect a missile launch in the very early stages of an attack” and a laser system to act as a counter-measure.[84] In November 2014, under the Israeli government’s SkyShield programme, Elbit‘s Commercial Multi-Spectral Infrared Countermeasures (C-MUSIC) system was adopted by El Al. “C-MUSIC is one of the biggest and most complex projects ever undertaken at Elbit and in Israel”.[85]
【参考译文】自2000年代初以来，EL AL为其飞机配备了防御防空导弹的系统。2014年，EL AL开始为其部分飞往更敏感航线的飞机安装了更新的导弹逼近警告系统（MAWS），该系统采用了一种红外导弹追踪摄像机，以及一个“红外（IR）、紫外线（UV）或雷达导弹逼近预警传感器，在攻击的极早期阶段检测导弹发射”，并配备激光系统作为对抗措施。[84]2014年11月，根据以色列政府的SkyShield项目，EL AL采用了Elbit的商用多光谱红外对抗系统（C-MUSIC）。“C-MUSIC是Elbit乃至以色列有史以来承担的最大、最复杂的项目之一”。[85]

4.2 机场安全措施 | Airport security measures

At Israel’s Ben Gurion Airport, plainclothes and uniformed agents monitor the premises for explosives, suspicious behavior, and other threats. Armed security personnel also patrol El Al terminals overseas. Inside the terminal, passengers and their baggage are checked by a trained team. El Al security procedures require that all passengers be interviewed individually prior to boarding, allowing El Al staff to identify possible security threats. Passengers are asked questions about their place of origin, the reason for their trip, their job or occupation, and whether they have packed their bags themselves. In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, El Al was cited to believe that interviewers could have spotted signs of nervousness.[86]
【参考译文】在以色列的本·古里安机场，便衣和制服警员监控着现场，以防爆炸物、可疑行为和其他威胁。武装安保人员也在海外的EL AL航站楼巡逻。在航站楼内部，乘客及其行李由训练有素的团队进行检查。EL AL的安全程序要求所有乘客在登机前接受个别访谈，以便EL Al工作人员识别可能的安全威胁。乘客会被问及他们的出发地、旅行原因、工作或职业，以及是否自行打包行李。9·11袭击事件后，有报道称EL Al相信面试官能发现紧张情绪的迹象。[86]

At the check-in counter, passengers’ passports and tickets are closely examined. A passport without a sticker from the security checkers will not be accepted. At passport control, passengers’ names are checked against information from the FBI, Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS), Scotland Yard, Shin Bet, and Interpol databases. Luggage is screened and sometimes hand searched. In addition, bags are put through a decompression chamber simulating pressures during flight that could trigger explosives.[87] Even at overseas airports, El Al security agents conduct all luggage searches personally, even if they are supervised by government or private security firms.[88]
【参考译文】在值机柜台，乘客的护照和机票会受到仔细检查。没有贴有安全检查员标签的护照将不被接受。在护照检查环节，乘客的名字会与来自FBI、加拿大安全情报局（CSIS）、苏格兰场、辛贝特和国际刑警组织数据库的信息进行核对。行李会经过筛查，有时还会进行手工搜查。此外，行李还会被放入模拟飞行中压力变化的减压舱，以检验可能触发爆炸的物品。[87]即使在海外机场，EL Al的安全人员也会亲自进行所有行李的搜查，即便这些搜查是由政府或私营安保公司监督的情况下也不例外。[88]

4.3 飞行安全措施 | Flight security measures

Undercover agents (sometimes referred to as sky marshals) carrying concealed firearms sit among the passengers on every international El Al flight.[89] Most El Al pilots are former Israeli Air Force pilots.[90][note 1] The cockpits in all El Al aircraft have double doors to prevent entry by unauthorized persons. A code is required to access the doors, and the second door will open only after the first has closed and the person has been identified by the captain or first officer.[90] Furthermore, there are reinforced steel floors separating the passenger cabin from the baggage hold.[91]
【参考译文】携带隐蔽枪支的卧底特工（有时被称为空中警察）坐在以色列航空的每架国际航班的乘客中间。[89] 以色列航空的大多数飞行员都是前以色列空军飞行员。[90][注 1] 所有以色列航空飞机的驾驶舱都有双门，以防止未经授权的人员进入。进入舱门需要密码，第二扇门只有在第一扇门关闭并且机长或副驾驶确认了乘客身份后才会打开。[90] 此外，客舱和行李舱之间有钢筋地板。[91]

[note 1]Most, but not all, El Al’s pilots are former pilots of the Israeli Air Force. An article dedicated to an El Al female captain can be found at “With Yom Haatzmaut Festivities, a Gender Barrier Is Broken”, The Sisterhood, The Forward.
【参考译文】[注 1]以色列航空的大多数（但并非全部）飞行员都是前以色列空军飞行员。在“以色列航空庆祝独立日，性别障碍被打破”、The Sisterhood、The Forward 上可以找到一篇专门介绍以色列航空女机长的文章。

In April 2013, the Israeli government increased payments to El Al to secure 97.5% of the airline’s security costs ahead of the Open Skies agreement to take effect in 2014 with the European Union.[92]
【参考译文】2013 年 4 月，以色列政府增加了对以色列航空的付款，以确保在 2014 年与欧盟签署的开放天空协议生效之前，该航空公司 97.5% 的安全费用。[92]

5. 争议 | Controversies

5.1 安全争议和乘客分析 | Security controversy and passenger profiling

The airline was criticized by Hungarian courts for refusing to search luggage with the passenger present, acting against Hungarian domestic laws stipulating that only authorized officials are able to undertake such searches.[93]
【参考译文】航空公司因拒绝在旅客在场的情况下开箱检查行李而受到匈牙利法院的批评，这违反了匈牙利国内法律，法律规定只有授权官员才能进行此类检查。[93]

In 2008, a civil case was brought to the Supreme Court of Israel by the Association for Civil Rights in Israel, which alleged that El Al’s practice of ethnic profiling illegally singled out Arab passengers for tougher treatment.[94] The group had petitioned “for the complete elimination of racial profiling” by the airline.[95] In 2015, the court dismissed the petition on procedural grounds, accepting in part the government’s argument “that it could not completely change without heavily burdening all travelers,” but reimbursing the Association for Civil Rights in Israel a total of NIS 30,000 for its legal fees, and finding that the petition “had already gotten security to be less discriminatory.”[95] The court left the door open for a renewed petition in the future if required.[95]
【参考译文】2008年，以色列公民权利协会向以色列最高法院提起民事诉讼，指控EL AL实行的种族剖析做法非法地单独针对阿拉伯乘客进行更严格的对待。[94]该团体请愿“彻底消除种族剖析”。[95]2015年，法院以程序理由驳回了请愿，部分接受了政府关于“不能完全改变而不给所有旅客带来沉重负担”的论点，但向以色列公民权利协会报销了总计3万新谢克尔的法律费用，并发现请愿“已经使得安全措施减少了歧视性”。[95]法院为未来可能需要时重新提出请愿留下了余地。[95]

5.2 对待女性乘客的方式 | Treatment of female passengers

In September 2014, it was reported that there have been repeated incidents where some ultra-Orthodox male passengers refused to sit next to female passengers, sometimes delaying flights. As a result, a petition was initiated with Change.org to pressure El Al to alter their policy of allowing ultra-Orthodox passengers on flights to negotiate switching seats. The petition reads: “Why does El Al Airlines permit female passengers to be bullied, harassed, and intimidated into switching seats which they rightfully paid for and were assigned to by El Al Airlines? One person’s religious rights do not trump another person’s civil rights.”[96][97][98][99]
【参考译文】2014年9月，有报道指出，曾多次发生极端正统犹太男性乘客拒绝坐在女性乘客旁边的情况，有时甚至导致航班延误。因此，有人在Change.org上发起请愿，要求EL AL改变允许极端正统犹太乘客在航班上协商换座位的政策。请愿书中写道：“为什么EL Al航空公司允许女性乘客被欺凌、骚扰和恐吓，被迫更换她们合法购买并由EL Al航空公司分配的座位？一个人的宗教权利不能凌驾于另一个人的公民权利之上。”[96][97][98][99]

Following the incidents, Iris Richman, founder of Jewish Voices Together, a group created to address issues of religious pluralism in Israel and the U.S., encouraged passengers to protest this behavior through the US government, referencing “49 U.S. Code § 40127 – Prohibitions on discrimination: Persons in Air Transportation”. According to this directive, she wrote, “An air carrier or foreign air carrier may not subject a person in air transportation to discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, religion, sex, or ancestry.” Richman contacted the U.S. Department of Transportation, Aviation Consumer Protection Division, and stated the department “is willing to investigate any situation where any employee of a carrier – i. e., a steward/ess – participated in asking someone to change a seat because of their gender”.[100]
【参考译文】事件发生后，犹太声音联合（Jewish Voices Together）的创始人Iris Richman鼓励乘客通过美国政府抗议这种行为，她引用了“49 U.S. Code § 40127 – 空中运输中的歧视禁止”条款。据该指令，她写道，“航空承运人或外国航空承运人在空中运输中不得基于种族、肤色、国籍、宗教、性别或血统对任何人进行歧视。” Richman联系了美国交通部航空消费者保护司，并表示该部门“愿意调查任何航空公司的任何员工——即，乘务员——参与因性别原因要求某人更换座位的情况”。[100]

In November 2014, Tova Ross, in The Forward,[101] disagreed that this is discrimination against women. She wrote, “… If we [women] want the right to pray and practice and dress in the ways we see fit, why do we cast such caustic aspersions on the premise of a man who calmly asks to change his seat in order for him not to stray from his preferred religious outlook?” … “A favor for a fellow human being, no matter how archaic we may deem his beliefs. We are indulging a request that we may neither understand nor agree with, but if it doesn’t really put us out, if the flight isn’t full, and there is in fact someone who will easily volunteer to switch seats, then what is everyone’s colossal problem with the mere premise?”[102]
【参考译文】2014年11月，Tova Ross在《前进报》（The Forward）上撰文表示，这并非对女性的歧视。她写道：“……如果我们[女性]想要有权按照自己的方式祈祷、实践和着装，为什么我们要对一个平静地要求换座位以不偏离他所偏好的宗教观点的男人投去刻薄的指责呢？”……“为人类同胞做一件好事，不管我们认为他的信仰多么过时。我们是在满足一个请求，这个请求我们可能既不理解也不赞同，但如果它并没有真正给我们带来不便，如果航班不是满员的，而且确实有人愿意自愿换座位，那么大家对这个前提的巨大问题是什么？”[102]

El Al said that it would not put a policy in place to handle situations where male Haredim refuse to sit next to female passengers, but would instead attempt to satisfy passengers involved in such incidents on a case-by-case basis.[103]
【参考译文】EL AL表示，不会制定针对极端正统犹太男性拒绝与女性乘客坐在一起情况的政策，而是会在个案基础上尽力满足涉及此类事件的乘客需求。[103]

In February 2016, Renee Rabinowitz filed a successful lawsuit against El Al, after being involved in an incident where an ultra-Orthodox man refused to sit next to her on a flight from Newark International Airport to Tel Aviv and the flight attendants asked her to move seats.[104][105] Later in 2018, the airline decided to immediately remove any passengers who refuse to sit next to a woman.[106]
【参考译文】2016年2月，Renee Rabinowitz因涉及一起在纽瓦克国际机场飞往特拉维夫的航班上，一名极端正统犹太男子拒绝与她同坐，而乘务员要求她换座位的事件，成功起诉了EL AL。[104][105]到2018年晚些时候，该航空公司决定立即移除任何拒绝与女性坐在一起的乘客。[106]

6. 目的地（航点）| Destinations

Main article: List of El Al destinations【主条目：以色列航空的航点列表】/ 主条目：以色列航空航点

此图片遵循CC BY 3.0协议 图片作者：IridianD
此图片系上图的图例

El Al serves destinations on four continents in 31 countries with a well-developed European network including the transcontinental nation of Russia. The airline serves a number of gateway cities in North America such as New York–JFK, Newark, Miami, Los Angeles, and Boston. They have also expanded their service to Asia such as Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi, Mumbai, Beijing–Capital, and Hong Kong. From its founding until 2020, El Al’s inability to overfly Saudi Arabian airspace, along with that of several other Arab and Muslim countries, has reduced their ability to further expand their route network in Asia. In 2018, Saudi Arabia granted permission to Air India to fly a five times weekly flight from Tel Aviv to New Delhi using Saudi Arabian airspace.[107][108] If Saudi Arabia did not allow El Al to use their airspace, El Al might have lost a large share of their Asian market due to other airlines having shorter and cheaper flights. However, Saudi Arabia opened airspace to Israeli aircraft for the first time in September 2020.[109] El Al also offers services to Johannesburg in South Africa and Zanzibar.[110][111]
【参考译文】EL AL航空公司在四大洲的31个国家提供服务，拥有发达的欧洲网络，包括横跨欧亚大陆的俄罗斯。该航空公司服务于北美的多个门户城市，如纽约肯尼迪机场、纽瓦克、迈阿密、洛杉矶和波士顿。他们还扩展了亚洲的服务，包括曼谷素万那普机场、孟买、北京首都机场和香港。自成立以来至2020年，EL AL无法飞越沙特阿拉伯等几个阿拉伯和穆斯林国家的领空，这限制了其进一步扩大亚洲航线网络的能力。2018年，沙特阿拉伯允许印度航空每周五次使用沙特领空执飞从特拉维夫到新德里的航班。[107][108]如果沙特阿拉伯不允许EL AL使用其领空，EL AL可能会因其亚洲市场的大部分份额流向其他拥有更短、更便宜航班的航空公司而遭受重大损失。然而，沙特阿拉伯在2020年9月首次向以色列飞机开放了领空。[109]EL AL还提供飞往南非约翰内斯堡和桑给巴尔的服务。[110][111]

Prior to the COVID-19 global pandemic, the airline had plans to perform experimental direct flights between Tel Aviv and Melbourne. The service would have been the airline’s longest-ever direct flight and the first direct connection between Israel and Australia.
【参考译文】在COVID-19全球疫情爆发之前，该航空公司曾计划实施特拉维夫和墨尔本之间的实验性直飞航班。该航线本将成为该航空公司史上最长的直飞航班，也是以色列和澳大利亚之间首个直飞连接。

In June 2022, the airline announced that it would permanently terminate flights from Toronto–Pearson effective October 27, 2022. The decision ended an over-40-year presence in Canada. In response, a petition was launched on Change.org to try and reverse the decision.[112] El Al also announced that it was cancelling its routes to Brussels Airport and Warsaw Chopin Airport.[113]
【参考译文】2022年6月，该航空公司宣布将于2022年10月27日起永久终止多伦多皮尔逊机场的航班服务。这一决定结束了该公司在加拿大超过40年的运营历史。作为回应，有人在Change.org上发起了请愿，试图扭转这一决定。[112]EL AL还宣布将取消前往布鲁塞尔机场和华沙肖邦机场的航线。[113]

In December 2022, the airline started to sell tickets to its highly anticipated route of Ben Gurion Airport to Tokyo-Narita Airport, which was inaugurated on March 2, 2023.[114][115] The route was originally planned to launch in March 2020, but due to the COVID-19 global pandemic, the route was delayed until further notice.
【参考译文】2022年12月，该航空公司开始销售其备受期待的从本·古里安机场至东京成田机场航线的机票，该航线于2023年3月2日正式启动。[114][115]该航线最初计划于2020年3月开通，但由于新冠疫情全球大流行，航线开通被延迟，直至另行通知。

On 14 March 2023, El Al and the Victoria state government signed a letter of intent, in which El Al intents to inaugurate direct flights to Melbourne Airport in Melbourne, Australia. While there is no exact date for the beginning of these flights, the letter of intent stated that these flights should begin by June 2024. These flights will be operated by the Boeing 787 Dreamliner and are expected to add 44,000 seats on flights to Melbourne per year.[116] These flights will take 15 hours eastbound (Israel to Australia) and 17 hours westbound (Australia to Israel).[117][better source needed]
【参考译文】2023年3月14日，EL AL与维多利亚州政府签署了一份意向书，EL AL计划开通直飞澳大利亚墨尔本墨尔本机场的航线。虽然这些航班的具体启动日期尚未确定，但意向书中表明，这些航班应在2024年6月前开始运营。这些航班将使用波音787梦想客机执飞，预计每年为往返墨尔本的航班增加44,000个座位。[116]这些航班向东飞行（从以色列到澳大利亚）预计耗时15小时，向西飞行（从澳大利亚到以色列）预计耗时17小时。[117][需要更好的来源]

On 26 October 2023, El Al said it will cancel its seasonal routes (Dublin, Marseille, Tokyo) which were due to terminate in the October–November early due to the 2023 Israel-Hamas war and will delay the launch of its planned New Delhi & Mumbai routes until further notice. El Al said it plans to resume their seasonal routes in April 2024 (the end of IATA‘s winter schedule).[118][119] One of the oldest El Al routes, the flights to Johannesburg, South Africa was terminated in March 2024.[120]
【参考译文】2023年10月26日，EL AL宣布，由于2023年以色列与哈马斯的战争，原定于10月至11月初结束的季节性航线（都柏林、马赛、东京）将被取消，并且计划开通的前往新德里和孟买的航线将推迟启动，具体时间待定。EL AL表示，计划在2024年4月（国际航空运输协会冬季时刻表结束时）恢复这些季节性航线。[118][119]而通往南非约翰内斯堡的航线，作为EL AL最悠久的航线之一，则在2024年3月被终止。[120]

6.1 代码共享协议 | Codeshare agreements

El Al codeshares with the following airlines:[121]
【参考译文】以色列航空与以下航空公司有代码共享业务：[121]

7. 机队 | Fleet

以色列航空的现时机队全都是波音产品，其宽体客机皆为搭载劳斯莱斯特伦特“Rolls-Royce Trent”系列发动机， 截至2023年10月，以色列航空的机队如下[20]：

7.1 当前机队 | Current fleet

图7-1至7-7（发布于知乎想法）

7.2 已退役机队 | Former fleet

以色列航空曾营运以下机队:

图7-8和7-9（发布于知乎想法）

7.3 涂装 | Livery

El Al’s historic, superseded livery featured a turquoise/navy blue stripe down the side of the aircraft, and a turquoise tailfin with the flag of Israel at the top. El Al’s logo was featured above the front run of windows on each side of the plane in the turquoise/navy scheme.[154] The new livery features a blue stripe with a thick silver border on the bottom that sweeps across the side of the aircraft near the wing, disappears over the top of the plane and reappears at the bottom of the tailfin. The El Al logo is part of the design, although it has been changed slightly since then. Most of El Al’s aircraft are named for Israeli cities, such as Jerusalem, Tel Aviv, Bet Shemesh, Nazeret, Haifa, and others. The larger the aircraft – the bigger or more populated the city it is named after. The cities’ names are located near the nose of the plane beneath the cockpit windows.[155] One aircraft, a Boeing 787-9 Dreamliner, is painted in the livery that El Al used in the 1960s and 1970s as part of the airline’s 70th year of operations, using a gray belly, white roof with El Al titles, a blue cheatline, and the flag of Israel on the vertical stabilizer that was introduced with the introduction of the Boeing 707 to the El Al fleet.[138]
【参考译文】EL AL的传统涂装已不再使用，原先的设计特色是在飞机侧面有一条从头至尾的绿松石/深蓝色条纹，以及一个顶部带有以色列国旗的绿松石色尾翼。EL AL的标志则位于飞机两侧前部窗户上方，采用绿松石/深蓝配色方案。[154]新涂装设计包含一条底部带有厚银边的蓝色条纹，该条纹横贯飞机侧身靠近机翼的位置，越过机顶并在垂尾底部重现。EL AL的标志融入了这一设计之中，尽管稍作调整。EL AL的大多数飞机都以以色列城市命名，比如耶路撒冷、特拉维夫、贝特谢梅什、拿撒勒、海法等，飞机的大小与所命名城市的规模或人口相匹配。城市名称位于飞机前端，靠近驾驶舱窗户下方。[155]有一架飞机，即波音787-9梦想客机，采用的是20世纪六七十年代EL AL的涂装风格，以此庆祝公司运营70周年，涂装特点为灰色机身、带有EL AL标识的白色机顶、蓝色腰线，以及随着波音707加入EL AL机队而引入的、绘有以色列国旗的垂直安定面。[138]

By contrast, El Al’s cargo plane livery in the past lacks the painting of Israel’s flag and its airline identity; only a word “Cargo” appears on the fuselage. Subsequently, the most recent cargo plane livery (a now retired Boeing 747-400F) was painted white except for the airline’s name and Cargo.
【参考译文】相比之下，EL AL过去货机的涂装并未展示以色列国旗和航空公司身份；机身仅标有“Cargo”（货运）一词。之后，最近的货机涂装（一架现已退役的波音747-400F）则全白，仅在机身显眼位置标有航空公司名称和“Cargo”字样。

8. 服务 | Services

8.1 常旅客计划 | Frequent flyer program

Matmid is El Al’s present frequent flyer program. King David club cards (red) were issued 1991. It was re-launched in 2004 following the merger of El Al’s previous frequent flyer programs. It has five tiers: Matmid, Matmid Silver, Matmid Gold, Matmid Platinum and Matmid TOP Platinum. Points accumulated in the program entitle members to bonus tickets, flight upgrades, and discounts on car rentals, hotel stays, and other products and services.
【参考译文】Matmid是EL AL目前实行的常旅客奖励计划。早在1991年，EL AL发行了金卡级别的“King David俱乐部卡”（红色）。该计划在2004年经过重组后重新推出，整合了EL AL以往的多项常旅客计划。Matmid计划共设有五个会员等级：Matmid、Matmid Silver（银卡）、Matmid Gold（金卡）、Matmid Platinum（白金卡）以及Matmid TOP Platinum（顶级白金卡）。会员在计划中累积的积分可以兑换奖励机票、航班升舱服务，以及享受租车、酒店住宿和其他产品及服务的折扣。

8.2 合作伙伴航司 | Partners

Points are awarded for travel with El Al flights, partner airlines, as well as for nights at partner hotels and for credit card purchases.[156] Matmid points can be collected on most flights operated by South African Airways, Sun D’Or, Qantas and limited Aeroméxico[157] and Delta[158] flights. Points are accumulated for any fares (ex. promotions), and points age—i.e. lose their validity after three years. To join Matmid, a one-time fee must be paid.
【参考译文】会员可以通过乘坐EL AL的航班、合作航空公司的航班，以及在合作酒店住宿和信用卡消费来赚取积分。[156]在大多数由南非航空公司、Sun D’Or、澳航以及部分墨西哥航空[Aeroméxico]和达美航空[Delta]的航班上，均可累积Matmid积分。[157][158]任何票价级别（例如促销票价）都能积累积分，不过积分具有时效性，即在三年后失效。加入Matmid计划需一次性支付入会费。

8.3 休息室 | Lounge

The King David Lounge is the name adopted by El Al for special airport lounges that serve the airline’s premium class passengers. There are six King David Lounges worldwide at the key airports at Ben Gurion International Airport, John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York, Newark Liberty International Airport, Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport, London Heathrow Airport and Los Angeles International Airport.[159] All King David Lounges offer drinks, snacks, newspapers and magazines (Israeli and foreign), while some lounges also offer free Wi-Fi internet access. The King David Lounge at Terminal 3 at Tel Aviv-Ben Gurion airport is equipped with a telephone, shower facilities and a spa; it has a separate section for first-class passengers.[160]
【参考译文】“King David Lounge”是以色列航空EL AL为服务于其高端舱位乘客而设立的特殊机场贵宾室的名称。在全球范围内，共有六家King David Lounge，分布于关键机场，包括本·古里安国际机场、纽约肯尼迪国际机场、纽瓦克自由国际机场、巴黎戴高乐机场、伦敦希思罗机场以及洛杉矶国际机场。[159]所有King David Lounge均提供饮料、小吃、报纸和杂志（包括以色列本土及国外出版物），部分休息室还提供免费Wi-Fi互联网接入服务。位于特拉维夫-本·古里安机场第三航站楼的King David Lounge配备有电话、淋浴设施及水疗区，并设有一个独立的一等舱乘客区域。[160]

8.4 机舱 | Cabin

图8-1（发布于知乎想法）

El Al offers four types of classes on its planes:
【参考译文】EL AL在其飞机上提供四种类型的舱位：

  • First class – Boeing 777-200ER. First class is in a 2–2–2 configuration and has a pitch of 79″ and 23″ wide.
    【参考译文】头等舱 – 波音777-200ER。头等舱布局为2-2-2，座椅间距为79英寸，宽度为23英寸。
  • Business class – on all planes (type of business seat changes with type of aircraft). Business class on the 787 is in a 1-2-1 configuration while the 777 is in 2-3-2 business class configuration. Business class on the 777 has a seat pitch of 55″ and 19.5″ wide. On the 787, the dimensions are 78″ and 23″ respectively, and 44″ and 20.5″ on all 737 aircraft.
    【参考译文】商务舱 – 所有机型（商务舱座位类型随飞机型号变化）。波音787上的商务舱为1-2-1布局，而波音777则是2-3-2布局。波音777商务舱的座椅间距为55英寸，宽度为19.5英寸。波音787的座椅间距和宽度分别为78英寸和23英寸，而所有波音737机型的商务舱座椅间距和宽度分别为44英寸和20.5英寸。
  • Premium economy class – on all wide-body aircraft. Same configuration as economy on the 777 with 36″ seat pitch, and is branded as “Premium Class”. On the 787, the seat pitch is 38″ with an 18.5″ wide seat, in a 2-3-2 configuration and is branded as “Premium Economy”.
    【参考译文】高端经济舱 – 所有宽体飞机提供。波音777上的高端经济舱布局与经济舱相同，座椅间距为36英寸，品牌名为“Premium Class”。波音787上的高端经济舱座椅间距为38英寸，宽度为18.5英寸，采用2-3-2布局，品牌名为“Premium Economy”。
  • Economy class – All planes. Economy class has a seat pitch of 32″ (31″ on the 787) and 18″ seat width (17″ on the 737 and 787).
    【参考译文】经济舱 – 所有机型均提供。经济舱座椅间距为32英寸（波音787上为31英寸），座椅宽度为18英寸（波音737和787上为17英寸）。

8.5 机上娱乐 | In-flight entertainment

Personal AVOD screens are provided on all Boeing 777-200ERs and Boeing 787s. Streaming with iPads and smartphones by an El Al app is provided on Boeing 737-900ERs and some Boeing 737-800s, where there are no personal AVOD screens.
【参考译文】波音777-200ER和波音787上均提供个人AVOD（音频视频点播）屏幕。波音737-900ER和部分波音737-800机型未配备个人AVOD屏幕，但在这些飞机上，乘客可通过EL Al的应用程序使用iPad和智能手机进行流媒体播放。

9. 事故 | Accidents and incidents

图9-1（发布于知乎想法）

Over its history, El Al has been involved in the following incidents and accidents, involving both the aircraft actually operated by the airline and its outstations abroad. Most of these incidents are related to Palestinian terrorism, particularly in the period between 1968 and 1990, and so incidents are separated by terrorist and non-terrorist incidents. Despite these attacks, El Al has not lost a passenger on any passenger flight since 1955.[161]
【参考译文】在其历史上，EL AL经历了以下事故与事件，涉及航空公司实际运营的飞机以及海外站点。其中多数事件与巴勒斯坦恐怖主义相关，特别是在1968年至1990年间，因此事件被分为恐怖袭击和非恐怖袭击两类。尽管遭受了这些袭击，自1955年以来，EL AL的任何客运航班上都没有乘客丧生。[161]

9.1 恐怖袭击与事件 | Terrorist attacks and incidents

  • On 23 July 1968, El Al Flight 426, operated by a Boeing 707-458C en route from London to Tel Aviv via Rome, registered 4X-ATA, was hijacked by three members of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) shortly after take-off from Rome-Fiumicino airport and forcibly diverted to Algiers. The hijacking ended after 40 days and is considered to be the only successful hijacking involving an El Al jet.
    【参考译文】1968 年 7 月 23 日，以色列航空 426 号航班由一架波音 707-458C 执飞，从伦敦经罗马飞往特拉维夫，注册号为 4X-ATA，在从罗马菲乌米奇诺机场起飞后不久被三名巴勒斯坦解放阵线 (PFLP) 成员劫持，并被迫改道飞往阿尔及尔。劫机事件在 40 天后结束，被认为是唯一一次成功劫持以色列航空客机的事件。
  • On 18 February 1969, El Al Flight 432, operated Boeing 720-058B, registered 4X-ABB, was attacked at Zurich Airport by members of the PFLP while taxiing for takeoff en route from Amsterdam to Tel Aviv, via a Zurich intermediate stop. Seven people were wounded including the copilot who later died from his wounds. In a firefight involving security personnel aboard the aircraft, one hijacker was killed, while the others were arrested. The hijackers were later put on trial in Winterthur, Switzerland but were released following the Dawson’s Field hijackings one year later.[162]
    【参考译文】1969 年 2 月 18 日，以色列航空 432 号航班（波音 720-058B，注册号 4X-ABB）在苏黎世机场遭到解放巴勒斯坦人民阵线成员的袭击，当时该航班正从阿姆斯特丹飞往特拉维夫，途经苏黎世中途经停。机上七人受伤，包括副驾驶，后者因伤势过重不治身亡。在与机上安保人员的交火中，一名劫机者被击毙，其他人被捕。劫机者后来在瑞士温特图尔接受审判，但在一年后的道森机场劫机事件中被释放。[162]
  • On 6 September 1970, El Al Flight 219 from Tel Aviv to New York, with a stopover in Amsterdam, operated by a Boeing 707-458C registered 4X-ATB, was the target of an attempted hijacking by Leila Khaled and Patrick Argüello, members of the Sandinistas working in concert with the PLFB after taking off from Amsterdam. The hijacking was meant to be one of the Dawson’s Field hijackings, but it was thwarted by the pilots, cabin crew and the on-board air marshals. The aircraft diverted to Heathrow Airport, where Argüello and Khaled were turned over to British authorities; Argüello, who was shot earlier, died en route to a hospital.[163]
    【参考译文】1970 年 9 月 6 日，以色列航空 219 号航班由一架波音 707-458C（注册号 4X-ATB）执飞，从特拉维夫飞往纽约，经停阿姆斯特丹。从阿姆斯特丹起飞后，桑地诺民族解放阵线成员莱拉·哈立德和帕特里克·阿圭罗与巴勒斯坦自由民兵联手，企图劫持该航班。这次劫机原本是道森机场劫机事件之一，但被飞行员、机组人员和机上空中警察挫败。飞机改道飞往希思罗机场，阿圭罗和哈立德被移交给英国当局；此前遭枪击的阿圭罗在送往医院途中死亡。[163]
  • On 16 August 1972, a bomb exploded in the luggage compartment of El Al Flight 444 shortly after takeoff from Rome. The plane returned to Rome safely and no casualties were recorded. The bomb had been hidden in the luggage of two British nationals who had the bombs placed there by Arab acquaintances.
    【参考译文】1972 年 8 月 16 日，以色列航空 444 号航班从罗马起飞后不久，行李舱内发生炸弹爆炸。飞机安全返回罗马，无人员伤亡。炸弹被藏在两名英国人的行李中，是阿拉伯熟人放置的。
  • On 13 January 1975, several men, including Carlos the Jackal, made an unsuccessful attempt to destroy an El Al airliner parked at Paris Orly Airport. The men tried again on January 17, also without success.[164][165]
    【参考译文】1975 年 1 月 13 日，包括豺狼卡洛斯在内的数名男子试图摧毁停在巴黎奥利机场的一架以色列航空客机，但没有成功。1 月 17 日，他们再次尝试，但同样没有成功。[164][165]
  • On 27 December 1985, after several failed attempts to attack El Al aircraft, guerrillas of the Fatah Revolutionary Council attacked El Al and TWA ticket counters at Rome-Fiumicino and Vienna-Schwechat airports, killing 18 people.[30]
    【参考译文】1985 年 12 月 27 日，在多次袭击以色列航空飞机未遂后，法塔赫革命委员会游击队袭击了罗马-菲乌米奇诺机场和维也纳-施韦夏特机场的以色列航空和环球航空售票柜台，造成 18 人死亡。[30]
  • A terrorist attack was foiled on 18 April 1986 in what became known as the Hindawi Affair. A pregnant Irishwoman named Anne-Marie Murphy was about to board an El Al flight at London’s Heathrow airport when her bag was found to contain three pounds of plastic explosives. These had been planted by her fiancé Nezar Hindawi, who was booked on a different flight. Hindawi was jailed for 45 years, the longest sentence (short of a life sentence) ever delivered by a British court.[166] There was evidence that Syrian officials were involved and as a result, Britain cut off diplomatic relations with Syria.[167]
    【参考译文】1986 年 4 月 18 日，一起恐怖袭击事件被挫败，此案被称为辛达维事件。一名怀孕的爱尔兰女子安妮-玛丽·墨菲正准备在伦敦希思罗机场登上以色列航空的航班，她的行李中被发现装有三磅塑料炸药。这些炸药是由她的未婚夫内扎尔·辛达维放置的，他预订了另一趟航班。辛达维被判入狱 45 年，这是英国法院判处的最长刑期（低于终身监禁）。[166] 有证据表明叙利亚官员参与其中，因此英国切断了与叙利亚的外交关系。[167]
  • On 4 July 2002, Hesham Mohamed Hadayet shot six Israeli passengers at El Al’s ticket counter at Los Angeles International Airport before he was shot and killed by an El Al security guard.[168] Two of the victims died. Although not linked to any terrorist group, Hadayet, an Egyptian, espoused anti-Israeli views and was opposed to US policy in the Middle East.[169] The US Federal Bureau of Investigation classified the shooting as a terrorist act, one of the few on US soil since the September 11, 2001 attacks.
    【参考译文】2002 年 7 月 4 日，Hesham Mohamed Hadayet 在洛杉矶国际机场以色列航空售票柜台向六名以色列乘客开枪，随后被以色列航空一名保安人员开枪打死。[168] 两名受害者死亡。尽管 Hadayet 不属于任何恐怖组织，但他是埃及人，他支持反以色列观点，反对美国在中东的政策。[169] 美国联邦调查局将枪击事件定性为恐怖主义行为，这是自 2001 年 9 月 11 日袭击事件以来美国本土发生的少数恐怖袭击事件之一。
  • On 17 November 2002, El Al Flight 581, a flight operated by a Boeing 767-258(ER) from Tel Aviv to Istanbul, registered 4X-EBS, was the scene of an attempted hijacking by Tawfiq Fukra, a twenty-three-year-old Israeli Arab reportedly armed with a pocket knife. Fukra attempted to break into the cockpit in order to fly the aircraft back to Israel and crash it into a building. He was apprehended by on-board security personnel.[170][171][172]
    【参考译文】2002 年 11 月 17 日，以色列航空 581 号航班（注册号为 4X-EBS，由波音 767-258(ER) 执飞）从特拉维夫飞往伊斯坦布尔，机上装有波音 767-258(ER) 客机。据报道，23 岁的以色列阿拉伯人陶菲克·福克拉 (Tawfiq Fukra) 手持一把小刀，企图劫持该航班。福克拉试图闯入驾驶舱，将飞机开回以色列，然后撞向一栋建筑。他被机上安保人员抓获。[170][171][172]
  • On 18 February 2024, The Jerusalem Post reported on an incident on an El Al flight LY88 from Phuket to Tel Aviv being targeted by an Unknown “Hostile Element” in Somalia. The incident involved an attempt to control the communication system on the Boeing 787-9, and to divert the aircraft into enemy territory. The pilots were suspicious of the sudden difference in their communication and foiled the attack. The aircraft landed safely in Tel Aviv
    【参考译文】2024 年 2 月 18 日，《耶路撒冷邮报》报道了一起以色列航空 LY88 航班从普吉岛飞往特拉维夫的事件，该航班在索马里遭到不明“敌对分子”的攻击。该事件涉及试图控制波音 787-9 的通信系统，并将飞机转移到敌方领土。飞行员对他们突然出现的通信差异感到怀疑，并挫败了袭击。飞机安全降落在特拉维夫

9.2 非恐怖主义事故和事件 | Non-terrorist accidents and incidents

  • On 24 November 1951, a Douglas DC-4, registered 4X-ADN, on a cargo flight from Tel Aviv to Amsterdam via Zurich crashed on approach to Zürich, killing 6 crew members.[173]
    【参考译文】1951 年 11 月 24 日，一架道格拉斯 DC-4（注册号 4X-ADN）在从特拉维夫经苏黎世飞往阿姆斯特丹的货运航班上坠毁，造成 6 名机组人员死亡。[173]
  • On 27 July 1955, a Lockheed Constellation operating El Al Flight 402, registered 4X-AKC, was shot down by two Bulgarian Air Force fighter jets over Blagoevgrad, near Sofia, Bulgaria, after it strayed into Bulgarian airspace in rough weather. All 58 passengers and crew were killed.[174][175][176]
    【参考译文】1955 年 7 月 27 日，一架洛克希德星座飞机（注册号 4X-AKC）在保加利亚索非亚附近布拉戈耶夫格勒上空飞行时，因天气恶劣而误入保加利亚领空，被两架保加利亚空军战斗机击落。机上 58 名乘客和机组人员全部遇难。[174][175][176]
  • On 4 October 1992, El Al Flight 1862, a cargo flight from New York to Tel Aviv via Amsterdam, operated by a Boeing 747-258F cargo plane registered 4X-AXG, crashed into two highrise apartment buildings (Kruitberg and Groeneveen) in Bijlmermeer, a neighborhood of Amsterdam, shortly after takeoff and while attempting to return to Amsterdam. The crash was caused by structural failure of the fuse pins on the #3 engine, causing that engine to detach from the aircraft, knocking off the #4 engine with it, causing the aircraft to roll to the right. The three crew members, one passenger in a jump seat, and 39 people on the ground were killed.[177]
    【参考译文】1992 年 10 月 4 日，以色列航空 1862 号航班，一架波音 747-258F 货机（注册号 4X-AXG）执飞，从纽约经阿姆斯特丹飞往特拉维夫，在起飞后不久试图返回阿姆斯特丹时，撞上了阿姆斯特丹比梅尔梅尔街区的两栋高层公寓楼（克鲁特堡和格罗内文）。飞机坠毁的原因是 3 号发动机上的保险丝针结构故障，导致该发动机脱离飞机，连带撞掉 4 号发动机，导致飞机向右滚动。三名机组人员、一名坐在折叠座椅上的乘客和地面上的 39 人遇难。[177]

10. 知名员工 | Notable employees

图10-1（发布于知乎想法）

10.1 管理层 | Management

  • Ephraim Ben-Artzi – Commander of the Quartermasters Directorate, served as El Al CEO 1956–1967
    【埃弗莱姆·本-阿茨里（Ephraim Ben-Artzi）：曾任以色列空军后勤主任，1956年至1967年间担任EL AL首席执行官。】
  • Mordechai Hod – Commander of the Israeli Air Force during the 1967 Six-Day War, served as El Al CEO 1977–1979
    【莫迪凯·霍德（Mordechai Hod）：1967年六日战争期间的以色列空军指挥官，1977年至1979年间担任EL AL首席执行官。】
  • Eliezer Shkedi – Former commander of the Israeli Air Force, served as El Al CEO 2010–2014
    【埃利泽尔·夏克迪（Eliezer Shkedi）：曾任以色列空军指挥官，2010年至2014年间担任EL Al首席执行官。】

10.2 飞行员 | Pilots

  • Pinchas Ben-Porat – Palmach Member, one of Israel’s first aviators
    【平卡斯·本-波拉特（Pinchas Ben-Porat）：帕尔马赫成员，以色列最早的飞行员之一。】
  • Giora Epstein – Israeli Air Force pilot, flying ace
    【吉奥拉·埃泼斯坦（Giora Epstein）：以色列空军飞行员，空战王牌。】
  • Eliezer Cohen – politician
    【埃利泽尔·科恩（Eliezer Cohen）：政治家。】
  • Yoav Kish – politician
    【约阿夫·基什（Yoav Kish）：政治家。】
  • Abie Nathan – humanitarian and peace activist
    【阿比·内森（Abie Nathan）：人道主义者和和平活动家。】

10.3 空乘 | Flight attendants

  • Gali Atari – singer and actress, winner of the 1979 Eurovision Song Contest
    【加利·阿塔里（Gali Atari）：歌手及演员，1979年欧洲歌唱大赛冠军。】
  • Janna Gur – food writer, editor and cook book author
    【杰娜·古尔（Janna Gur）：美食作家、编辑及烹饪书籍作者。】
  • Miki Haimovich – anchorwoman, television presenter
    【米基·海伊莫维奇（Miki Haimovich）：新闻主播、电视节目主持人。】
  • Adir Miller – actor, screenwriter and comedian
    【阿迪尔·米勒（Adir Miller）：演员、编剧及喜剧演员。】
  • Sara Netanyahu – wife of current Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu
    【萨拉·内塔尼亚胡（Sara Netanyahu）：现任以色列总理本杰明·内塔尼亚胡的妻子。】
  • Alma Zack – actress
    【阿尔玛·扎克（Alma Zack）：演员。】

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