尼泊尔 / Nepal – 中英文维基百科词条融合

中文词条原文链接（无法从中国内地访问）：请点击这里访问
英文词条原文链接（无法从中国内地访问）：请点击这里访问
本文基于英文词条的线索，并补充部分来自中文词条的内容（在二者冲突时，以更晚更新者为准）。辽观搬运时进行了必要的合规化处理，以使其能够在中国内地上传。

关于辽观的维基百科搬运计划，及其他已搬运的词条，请点击这里了解更多。维基百科（Wikipedia）是美国维基媒体基金会的互联网百科项目，其内容可能受到立场、信息来源等因素影响，请客观看待。正文内容不代表译者观点。

辽观提供的翻译仅供参考。文中可能包含无法从中国内地访问的链接。
辽观所搬运的词条文本与维基百科一道同样遵循CC BY-SA 4.0协议（辽观搬运的中英文对照版本），在符合协议要求的情况下您可以免费使用其内容（包括商用）。图片和视频可能遵循不同的共享协议。请点击这里访问

1. 正文（发布于知乎专栏）
2. 参见（维基百科的相关词条）| See also
3. 英文词条参考文献 | References
- 3.1 英文词条引用列表
- 3.2 来源文献（详细来源）| Bibliography
4. 中文词条参考文献
- 4.1 引用列表
- 4.2 来源文献
5. 延伸阅读 | Further reading
6. 外部链接 | External links
- 6.1 政府网站 | Government
- 6.2 信息概况 | General information

1. 正文（发布于知乎专栏）

第一部分（概述、名称来源、历史）请点击这里访问

第二部分（地理、政治和政府）请点击这里访问

第三部分（经济、基础设施、人口统计）请点击这里访问

第四部分（文化、外交）请点击这里访问

2. 参见（维基百科的相关词条）| See also

Nepal portal【尼泊尔主题】
Asia portal【亚洲主题】
Outline of Nepal【尼泊尔概况】

3. 英文词条参考文献 | References

3.1 英文词条引用列表

^ “Nepal | Facts, History & News”. www.infoplease.com. Archived from the original on 7 June 2020. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
^ “Nepal | Culture, History, & People”. Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 12 March 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f “नेपालको संविधान २०७२” [Constitution of Nepal 2015] (PDF). 20 September 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 August 2019. Retrieved 16 July 2019 – via Nepal Law Commission.
^ Mandal, Bidhi; Nayak, Ravi (9 June 2019). “Why English?”. Republica. Archived from the original on 23 September 2020. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
^ National Statistics Office (2021). National Population and Housing Census 2021, Caste/Ethnicity Report. Government of Nepal (Report). Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 October 2023. Retrieved 26 April 2024.
^ “Number of castes, ethnicities in Nepal increases to 142”. The Kathmandu Post. 3 June 2023. Archived from the original on 12 July 2023. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
^ Subba, Sanghamitra (20 December 2019). “A future written in the stars”. Nepali Times. Archived from the original on 31 January 2021. Retrieved 31 January 2021.
^ The Sugauli Treaty of 1816 rendered moot the degree of independence of Nepal. The sixth point of the treaty directly questions the degree of independence of Nepal. The fact that any differences between Nepal and Sikkim will be “referred to the arbitration of the East India Company” sees Nepal as a semi-independent or a vassal state or tributary of the British empire.
^ Formal recognition of Nepal as an independent and sovereign state by Great Britain.
^ “Nepal”. The World Factbook (2024 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 24 September 2022. (Archived 2022 edition.)
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c ^d “World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Nepal)”. IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. 10 October 2023. Archived from the original on 31 October 2023. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
^ “Gini Index (World Bank Estimate) – Nepal”. World Bank. Archived from the original on 8 June 2014. Retrieved 16 April 2020.
^ “Human Development Report 2019”. United Nations Development Programme. 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 May 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2020.
^ “Nepal | Definition of Nepal by Oxford Dictionary on Lexico.com also meaning of Nepal”. Lexico Dictionaries | English. Archived from the original on 17 August 2021. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
^ Fleet, John Faithfull (1888). Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Vol. 3. pp. 6–10.
^ Singh, Upinder (2008). A history of ancient and early medieval India: from the Stone Age to the 12th century. New Delhi: Pearson Longman. p. 477. ISBN 9788131716779.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c ^d Malla, Kamal P. (1983). Nepāla: Archaeology of the Word (PDF). 3rd PATA International Tourism & Heritage Conservation Conference (1–4 November). The Nepal Heritage Society Souvenir for PATA Conference. Kathmandu. pp. 33–39. Archived from the original on 22 March 2012. Retrieved 5 May 2011.
^ Nanda R. Shrestha (1917). Historical Dictionary of Nepal. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 19. ISBN 9781442277700.
^ Daniel Wright (1877). History of Nepāl. University Press. p. 107.
^ Prasad, Ishwari (1996). The Life and Times of Maharaja Juddha Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana of Nepal. New Delhi: Ashish Publishing House. ISBN 817024756X – via Google Books.
^ Hasrat, Bikram Jit (1970). History of Nepal: As told by its own and contemporary chroniclers. Hoshiarpur. p. 7.
^ Lassen, Christian (1847–1861). Indische Alterthumskunde [Indian Archaeology]. Bonn, H.B. Koenig; [etc., etc.]
^ Levi, Sylvain (1905). Le Nepal : Etude Historique d’Un Royaume Hindou. Vol. 1. Paris: Ernest Leroux. pp. 222–223.
^ Majupuria, Trilok Chandra; Majupuria, Indra (1979). Glimpses of Nepal. Maha Devi. p. 8.
^ Turner, Ralph L. (1931). A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. Archived from the original on 14 July 2012. Retrieved 8 May 2011.
^ Hodgson, Brian H. (1874). Essays on the Languages, Literature and Religion of Nepal and Tibet. London: Trübner & Co. Archived from the original on 11 November 2012. Retrieved 8 May 2011. Page 51.
^ Chatterji, Suniti Kumar (1974). Kirata-Jana-Krti: The Indo-Mongoloids: Their Contribution to the History and Culture of India (2 ed.). Calcutta: The Asiatic Society. p. 64.
^ Dyson, Tim (2018). A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day. Oxford University Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-19-882905-8. Quote: “Modern human beings—Homo sapiens—originated in Africa. Then, intermittently, sometime between 60,000 and 80,000 years ago, tiny groups of them began to enter the north-west of the Indian subcontinent. It seems likely that initially, they came by way of the coast. … it is virtually certain that there were Homo sapiens in the subcontinent 55,000 years ago, even though the earliest fossils that have been found of them date to only about 30,000 years before the present. (page 1)”
^ Michael D. Petraglia; Bridget Allchin (22 May 2007). The Evolution and History of Human Populations in South Asia: Inter-disciplinary Studies in Archaeology, Biological Anthropology, Linguistics and Genetics. Springer Science + Business Media. p. 6. ISBN 978-1-4020-5562-1. Quote: “Y-Chromosome and Mt-DNA data support the colonization of South Asia by modern humans originating in Africa. … Coalescence dates for most non-European populations average to between 73–55 ka.”
^ Fisher, Michael H. (2018). An Environmental History of India: From Earliest Times to the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge University Press. p. 23. ISBN 978-1-107-11162-2. Quote: “Scholars estimate that the first successful expansion of the Homo sapiens range beyond Africa and across the Arabian Peninsula occurred from as early as 80,000 years ago to as late as 40,000 years ago, although there may have been prior unsuccessful emigrations. Some of their descendants extended the human range ever further in each generation, spreading into each habitable land they encountered. One human channel was along with the warm and productive coastal lands of the Persian Gulf and the northern Indian Ocean. Eventually, various bands entered India between 75,000 years ago and 35,000 years ago (page 23)”
^ Petraglia, Michael D.; Allchin, Bridget (2007). “Human evolution and culture change in the Indian subcontinent”. In Michael Petraglia; Bridget Allchin (eds.). The Evolution and History of Human Populations in South Asia: Inter-disciplinary Studies in Archaeology, Biological Anthropology, Linguistics and Genetics. Springer Publishing. p. 6. ISBN 978-1-4020-5562-1. Archived from the original on 29 March 2024. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
^ Corvinus, Gudrun (March 2004). “The Prehistory of Nepal (A summary of the results of 10 years research)” (PDF). Ancient Nepal (154). Kathmandu: Department of Archaeology. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 June 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2020 – via University of Cambridge.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b Coningham, Robin; Young, Ruth (2015). The Archaeology of South Asia: From the Indus to Asoka, c. 6500 BC – 200 AD. Cambridge University Press. pp. 104–5. ISBN 978-0-521-84697-4. Archived from the original on 29 March 2024. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
^ Kulke, H.; Rothermund, D. (1 August 2004). A History of India. 4th. Routledge. pp. 21–3. ISBN 978-0-415-32920-0. Archived from the original on 29 March 2024. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
^ Singh, U. (2009). A History of Ancient and Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century. Delhi: Longman. p. 181. ISBN 978-81-317-1677-9. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
^ “The Prehistory of Nepal” (PDF).^{[permanent dead link]}
^ Krishna P. Bhattarai (2009). Nepal. Infobase publishing. ISBN 9781438105239.
^ Wang, Hua-Wei; Li, Yu-Chun; Sun, Fei; Zhao, Mian; Mitra, Bikash; Chaudhuri, Tapas Kumar; Regmi, Pasupati; Wu, Shi-Fang; Kong, Qing-Peng; Zhang, Ya-Ping (April 2012). “Revisiting the role of the Himalayas in peopling Nepal: insights from mitochondrial genomes”. Journal of Human Genetics. 57 (4): 228–234. doi:10.1038/jhg.2012.8. ISSN 1435-232X. PMID 22437208.
^ Susi Dunsmore British Museum Press, 1993 – Crafts & Hobbies – 204 pages
^ P. 17 Looking to the Future: Indo-Nepal Relations in Perspective By Lok Raj Baral
^ Sudarshan Raj Tiwari (2001). The Ancient Settlements of the Kathmandu Valley. Centre for Nepal and Asian Studies, Tribhuvan University. p. 17. ISBN 978-99933-52-07-5.
^ Nepal Antiquary. Office of the Nepal Antiquary. 1978. p. 7.
^ Klaus K. Klostermaier (2007). A Survey of Hinduism: Second Edition. SUNY Press. p. 482. ISBN 978-1-4384-0933-7.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Rose, Leo E.; Scholz, John T. (1980). Nepal: profile of a Himalayan kingdom. Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-89158-651-7.
^ Landon 1928, p. 11.
^ Kunal Chakrabarti; Shubhra Chakrabarti (2013). Historical Dictionary of the Bengalis. Scarecrow Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-8108-8024-5.
^ Landon 1928, p. 19.
^ Beckwith, Christopher I (1987). The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia: A History of the Struggle for Great Power among Tibetans, Turks, Arabs, and Chinese during the Early Middle Ages. Princeton University Press.
^ “Nepal Monarchy: Thakuri Dynasty”. royalnepal.synthasite.com. Archived from the original on 30 December 2014. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b Darnal, Prakash (31 December 2018). “A Review of Simarongarh’s History on Its Nexus Areas with References of Archaeological Evidences”. Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology. 12: 18–26. doi:10.3126/dsaj.v12i0.22176. ISSN 1994-2672.
^ Landon 1928, pp. 32–33.
^ Landon 1928, p. 39.
^ Landon 1928, pp. 52–61.
^ Petech, Luciano (1984). Medieval History of Nepal (PDF) (2nd ed.). Italy: Fondata Da Giuseppe Tucci. p. 125.
^ Father Giuseppe (1799). “Account of the Kingdom of Nepal”. Asiatick Researches. Vol. 2. London: Vernor and Hood. p. 308. Archived from the original on 16 October 2015.
^ Landon 1928, pp. 68–69.
^ Landon 1928, pp. 75–80.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b savada, andrea matles; harris, george lawrence. Nepal and Bhutan : country studies. Archived from the original on 30 June 2016. Retrieved 26 June 2016. Cite error: The named reference “auto” was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
^ Hutt 2004, p. 22.
^ Dietrich, Angela (1996). “Buddhist Monks and Rana Rulers: A History of Persecution”. Buddhist Himalaya: A Journal of Nagarjuna Institute of Exact Methods. Archived from the original on 1 October 2013. Retrieved 17 September 2013.
^ Lal, C.K. (16 February 2001). “The Rana resonance”. Nepali Times. Archived from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 17 September 2013.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Hutt 2004, pp. 3–7.
^ “Nepal profile – Timeline”. BBC News. 19 February 2018. Archived from the original on 3 March 2007. Retrieved 29 September 2005.
^ “Nepal raises conflict death toll”. BBC News. 22 September 2009. Archived from the original on 5 January 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
^ Hutt, Michael (2005). “King Gyanendra’s Coup and its Implications for Nepal’s Future”. The Brown Journal of World Affairs. 12 (1): 111–123. ISSN 1080-0786. JSTOR 24590670.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b “Nepal votes to abolish monarchy”. BBC News. 28 May 2008. Archived from the original on 7 January 2017. Retrieved 18 April 2020.
^ “Nepal king stripped of most powers”. CNN. 18 May 2006. Archived from the original on 23 January 2020. Retrieved 18 April 2020.
^ Crossette, Barbara (3 June 2001). “Birenda, 55, Ruler of Nepal’s Hindu Kingdom”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 24 July 2020. Retrieved 18 April 2020.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b Kaphle, Anup (7 July 2010). “Long stalemate after Maoist victory disrupts life in Nepal”. The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 4 November 2016. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
^ “Nepal’s election The Maoists triumph”. The Economist. 17 April 2008. Archived from the original on 14 February 2009. Retrieved 29 July 2009.
^ “Baburam Bhattarai elected prime minister of Nepal”. BBC News. 28 August 2011. Archived from the original on 10 October 2011. Retrieved 12 March 2012.
^ “Nepal PM calls new elections after constitution failure”. CBC News. 28 May 2012. Archived from the original on 28 May 2012. Retrieved 28 May 2012.
^ “[Constitution special] The evolution of Nepal\’s constitution”. The Kathmandu Post. 20 September 2015. Archived from the original on 18 May 2020. Retrieved 18 April 2020.
^ “Constitution of Nepal 2015 Promulgated”. The Kathmandu Post. 20 September 2015. Archived from the original on 1 March 2021. Retrieved 18 April 2020.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c Ali, J. R.; Aitchison, J. C. (2005). “Greater India”. Earth-Science Reviews. 72 (3–4): 170–173. Bibcode:2005ESRv…72..169A. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2005.07.005.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b Whelpton, John (2005). A History of Nepal. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-80470-7.
^ Dikshit, K. R.; Schwartzberg, Joseph E. “India: Land”. Encyclopædia Britannica. pp. 1–29. Archived from the original on 8 May 2015. Retrieved 18 July 2019.
^ Prakash, B.; Kumar, S.; Rao, M. S.; Giri, S. C. (2000). “Holocene Tectonic Movements and Stress Field in the Western Gangetic Plains” (PDF). Current Science. 79 (4): 438–449. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 May 2011. Retrieved 18 July 2019.
^ van der Beek, Peter; Robert, Xavier; Mugnier, Jean-Louis; Bernet, Matthias; Huyghe, Pascale; Labrin, Erika (2006). “Late Miocene- Recent Exhumation of the Central Himalaya and Recycling in the Foreland Basin Assessed by Apatite Fission-Track Thermochronology of Siwalik Sediments, Nepal” (PDF). Basin Research. 18 (4): 413–434. Bibcode:2006BasR…18..413V. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2117.2006.00305.x. S2CID 10446424. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 December 2022. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
^ Berger, Antoine; Jouanne, Francois; Hassani, Riad; Mugnier, Jean Louis (2004). “Modelling the Spatial Distribution of Present day Deformation in Nepal: how cylindrical is the Main Himalayan Thrust in Nepal?” (PDF). Geophys. J. Int. 156 (1): 94–114. Bibcode:2004GeoJI.156…94B. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2004.02038.x. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 April 2021. Retrieved 10 February 2024.
^ Jackson, Michael; Bilham, Roger (1994). “Constraints on Himalayan Deformation inferred from Vertical Velocity Fields in Nepal and Tibet”. Journal of Geophysical Research. 99 (B7): 897–912. Bibcode:1994JGR….9913897J. doi:10.1029/94JB00714.
^ Chamlagain, Deepak; Hayashi, Daigoro (2007). “Neotectonic Fault Analysis by 2D Finite Element Modeling for Studying the Himalayan Fold and Thrust belt in Nepal”. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. 29 (2–3): 473–489. Bibcode:2007JAESc..29..473C. doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2005.10.016.
^ Jouanne, F.; et al. (2004). “Current Shortening Across the Himalayas of Nepal” (PDF). Geophys. J. Int. 157 (1): 1–14. Bibcode:2004GeoJI.157….1J. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2004.02180.x. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 April 2021. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
^ Pandey, M. R.; Tandukar, R. P.; Avouac, J. P.; Vergne, J.; Heritier, Th. (1999). “Seismotectonics of the Nepal Himalaya from a Local Seismic Network”. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. 17 (5–6): 703–712. Bibcode:1999JAESc..17..703P. doi:10.1016/S1367-9120(99)00034-6.
^ Bilham et al., 1998;^{[incomplete short citation]} Pandey et al., 1995.^{[incomplete short citation]}
^ “National Earthquake Monitoring & Research Center”. Nepal Department of Mines and Geology. Archived from the original on 30 June 2022. Retrieved 1 July 2022.
^ Summerfield & Hulton, 1994;^{[incomplete short citation]} Hay, 1998.^{[incomplete short citation]}
^ Uddin, Kabir; Shrestha, Him Lal; Murthy, M. S. R.; Bajracharya, Birendra; Shrestha, Basanta; Gilani, Hammad; Pradhan, Sudip; Dangol, Bikash (15 January 2015). “Development of 2010 national land cover database for the Nepal”. Journal of Environmental Management. Land Cover/Land Use Change (LC/LUC) and Environmental Impacts in South Asia. 148: 82–90. Bibcode:2015JEnvM.148…82U. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.07.047. PMID 25181944.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c ^d “The Status of Nepal’s Mammals: The National Red List Series”. WWF Nepal. Archived from the original on 19 September 2020. Retrieved 25 August 2019.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Paudel, Prakash Kumar; Bhattarai, Bishnu Prasad; Kindlmann, Pavel (2012), “An Overview of the Biodiversity in Nepal”, Himalayan Biodiversity in the Changing World, pp. 1–40, doi:10.1007/978-94-007-1802-9_1, ISBN 978-94-007-1801-2
^ O’Neill, A. R.; Badola, H.K.; Dhyani, P. P.; Rana, S. K. (2017). “Integrating ethnobiological knowledge into biodiversity conservation in the Eastern Himalayas”. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 13 (1): 21. doi:10.1186/s13002-017-0148-9. PMC 5372287. PMID 28356115.
^ Jha, Sasinath (2008). “Status and Conservation of Lowland Terai Wetlands in Nepal”. Our Nature. 6 (1): 67–77. doi:10.3126/on.v6i1.1657. ISSN 2091-2781.
^ “Forest cover has increased in Nepal of late”. The Himalayan Times. 13 May 2016. Archived from the original on 24 August 2019. Retrieved 24 August 2019.
^ Grantham, H. S.; et al. (2020). “Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material”. Nature Communications. 11 (1): 5978. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.5978G. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 7723057. PMID 33293507.
^ Stainton, J. D. A. (1972). Forests of Nepal. Hafner Publishing Company. ISBN 9780028527000. Archived from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
^ Goyal, Anupam (2006). The WTO and International Environmental Law: Towards Conciliation. Oxford University Press. p. 295. ISBN 978-0-19-567710-2. Archived from the original on 29 March 2024. Retrieved 26 August 2019. Quote: “The Indian government successfully argued that the medicinal neem tree is part of traditional Indian knowledge. (page 295)”
^ Hughes, Julie E. (2013). Animal Kingdoms. Harvard University Press. p. 106. ISBN 978-0-674-07480-4. At same time, the leafy pipal trees and comparative abundance that marked the Mewari landscape fostered refinements unattainable in other lands.
^ Ameri, Marta; Costello, Sarah Kielt; Jamison, Gregg; Scott, Sarah Jarmer (2018). Seals and Sealing in the Ancient World: Case Studies from the Near East, Egypt, the Aegean, and South Asia. Cambridge University Press. pp. 156–7. ISBN 978-1-108-17351-3. Quote: “The last of the centaurs has the long, wavy, horizontal horns of a markhor, a human face, a heavy-set body that appears bovine, and a goat tail … This figure is often depicted by itself, but it is also consistently represented in scenes that seem to reflect the adoration of a figure in a pipal tree or arbor and which may be termed ritual. These include fully detailed scenes like that visible in the large ‘divine adoration’ seal from Mohenjo-daro.”
^ Paul Gwynne (2011). World Religions in Practice: A Comparative Introduction. John Wiley & Sons. p. 358. ISBN 978-1-4443-6005-9. The tree under which Sakyamuni became the Buddha is a peepal tree (Ficus religiosa)
^ “National bird on verge of disappearance”. The Himalayan Times. 16 April 2016. Archived from the original on 26 August 2019. Retrieved 25 August 2019.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b Sun, Hang (2002). “Tethys retreat and Himalayas-Hengduanshan Mountains uplift and their significance on the origin and development of the sino-himalayan elements and alpine flora”. Acta Botanica Yunnanica. 24 (3): 273–288. ISSN 0253-2700. Archived from the original on 26 August 2019. Retrieved 26 August 2019.
^ USGS (5 May 1999). “The Himalayas: Two continents collide”. Archived from the original on 17 November 2017. Retrieved 26 August 2019.
^ Karanth, K. P. (25 March 2006). “Out-of-India Gondwanan Origin of Some Tropical Asian Biota” (PDF). Current Science. 90 (6): 789–792. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 April 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2011.
^ IUCN. “Table 8a: Total endemic and threatened endemic species in each country (totals by taxonomic group): VERTEBRATES” (PDF). IUCN Red List version 2019–21. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 August 2019. Retrieved 25 August 2019.
^ “Table 5: Threatened species in each country (totals by taxonomic group)” (PDF). IUCN Red List version 2019-2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 August 2019. Retrieved 25 August 2019.
^ IUCN Nepal. “Red List of Mammal Species of Nepal”. Archived from the original (jpg) on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2019.
^ Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation, Nepal. “Bengal Florican Conservation Action Plan”. Archived from the original on 19 August 2019. Retrieved 25 August 2019 – via birdlifenepal.org.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b “Conservation of white-rumped vultures in progress in Nepal”. The Himalayan Times. 16 March 2018. Archived from the original on 26 August 2019. Retrieved 25 August 2019.
^ “Chitwan National Park”. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 26 August 2019. Retrieved 25 August 2019.
^ “Mahottari declared 58th diclofenac-free district”. The Himalayan Times. 8 August 2017. Archived from the original on 26 August 2019. Retrieved 26 August 2019.
^ “Community forest value untapped”. The New Humanitarian. 26 September 2012. Archived from the original on 18 July 2019. Retrieved 24 August 2019.
^ Ojha, Hemant; Persha, Lauren; Chhatre, Ashwini (November 2009). “Community Forestry in Nepal: A Policy Innovation for Local Livelihoods” (PDF). International food policy research institute. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2019.
^ “The Terai Arc Landscape Project (TAL) – Gharial Breeding Centre”. WWF Nepal. Archived from the original on 26 August 2019. Retrieved 26 August 2019.
^ “‘Joint Patrol’ for wildlife conservation in CNP”. The Himalayan Times. 22 March 2018. Archived from the original on 26 August 2019. Retrieved 26 August 2019.
^ “Nepal celebrates ‘zero poaching year’ for rhino, tiger and elephant”. IUCN. 14 March 2014. Archived from the original on 22 November 2017. Retrieved 26 August 2019.
^ Nepalnature.com (Organization); International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Nepal; Nepal Ministry of Environment, Science, and Technology (1 October 2007). “Protected Areas of Nepal”. Nepal biodiversity resource book: Protected areas, Ramsar sites, and World Heritage sites. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development. p. 41. ISBN 9789291150335. Archived from the original on 18 August 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
^ “Nepal”. Ramsar. Archived from the original on 8 July 2019. Retrieved 25 August 2019.
^ “Nepal’s holy Bagmati River choked with black sewage, trash”. Associated Press. 17 August 2022. Archived from the original on 12 July 2023. Retrieved 8 May 2024.
^ “One more report ranks Nepal among most polluted countries in the world”. Archived from the original on 8 July 2023. Retrieved 8 May 2024.
^ “WHO: Kathmandu, Nepal”. Archived from the original on 9 July 2023. Retrieved 8 May 2024.
^ “Averting an air pollution disaster in South Asia”. 21 April 2023. Archived from the original on 23 November 2023. Retrieved 8 May 2024.
^ “Trash and Overcrowding at the Top of the World”. Archived from the original on 25 April 2024. Retrieved 8 May 2024.
^ “The very air we breathe | UNICEF Nepal”. Archived from the original on 8 July 2023. Retrieved 8 May 2024.
^ “Air pollution takes its toll on Nepal’s tourism capital”. Archived from the original on 8 May 2024. Retrieved 8 May 2024.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b “Nepal elections explained”. Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 14 August 2019. Retrieved 17 August 2019.
^ “Nepal 2015 Constitution – Constitute”. www.constituteproject.org. Retrieved 27 May 2024.
^ “प्रतिनिधिसभामा १२ दल, राष्ट्रिय पार्टी ७ मात्रै”. ekantipur.com (in Nepali). Archived from the original on 13 August 2023. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
^ “Is Nepal headed towards a communist state?”. Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 26 July 2019. Retrieved 17 August 2019.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b Khadka, Narayan (1993). “Democracy and Development in Nepal: Prospects and Challenges”. Pacific Affairs. 66 (1): 44–71. doi:10.2307/2760015. ISSN 0030-851X. JSTOR 2760015.
^ “NCP to announce party department chiefs today”. The Himalayan Times. 21 July 2019. Archived from the original on 18 August 2019. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
^ “Ex-Maoist rebel leader Prachanda becomes Nepal PM for third time”. www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 7 April 2023. Retrieved 7 April 2023.
^ Brown, T. Louise (1 November 2002). The Challenge to Democracy in Nepal. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-88532-9. Archived from the original on 27 November 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b Ramachandran, Shastri; Ramachandaran, Shastri (2003). “Nepal as Seen from India”. India International Centre Quarterly. 30 (2): 81–98. ISSN 0376-9771. JSTOR 23006108.
^ Rawal, Bhim Bahadur. Nepalma samyabadi andolan: udbhab ra vikas. Kathmandu: Pairavi Prakashan. p. 83-84.
^ “CA approves ceremonial prez, bicameral legislature”. The Kathmandu Post. 16 September 2015. Archived from the original on 9 December 2017. Retrieved 8 December 2017. Provincial parliaments will be unicameral. “The CA also approved a mixed electoral system for parliamentary election with 60 percent directly elected and 40 percent proportionally elected.”
^ Jump up to:^a ^b Australian Government-The Asia Foundation Partnership on Subnational Governance in Nepal. “Diagnostic Study of Local Governance in Federal Nepal 2017” (PDF). The Asia Foundation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 July 2019. Retrieved 20 July 2019.
^ “Govt registers amendment bill to review 56 laws in bulk”. Republica. Archived from the original on 2 September 2019. Retrieved 2 September 2019.
^ “The Modified Criminal And Civil Codes”. The Rising Nepal. Archived from the original on 2 September 2019. Retrieved 2 September 2019.
^ “International Views on the Death Penalty”. Death Penalty Focus. Archived from the original on 6 November 2012. Retrieved 6 November 2012.
^ “Treaties, States parties, and Commentaries – Nepal”. International Committee of the Red Cross. Archived from the original on 2 September 2019. Retrieved 2 September 2019.
^ “निर्णय नं. ९९२१ – उत्प्रेषण/ परमादेश”. Government of Nepal. Archived from the original on 28 July 2023. Retrieved 28 July 2023.
^ Newman, Graeme (2010). Crime and Punishment around the World. ABC-CLIO. p. 171. ISBN 978-0-313-35134-1.
^ “NEPAL: Corruption in Nepal – Curse or Crime?”. Asian Human Rights Commission. Archived from the original on 15 August 2013. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
^ “INTERPOL – Kathmandu”. Interpol. Archived from the original on 5 December 2021. Retrieved 7 May 2021.
^ “The Impact of Organized Crime on Governance in Developing Countries: A Case Study of Nepal” (PDF). Center on International Cooperation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
^ “Organizational Structure and Role of NID in Nepal’s Federal Set up”. Nepal Institute for Strategic Studies. Archived from the original on 2 September 2019. Retrieved 2 September 2019.
^ “Crime rate in Nepal rose by 40 percent in past five fiscal years, police data reveals”. Kathmandu Post. Archived from the original on 27 December 2019. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
^ “Global Peace Index 2019”. Vision of Humanity. Institute for Economics & Peace. Archived from the original on 19 June 2019. Retrieved 9 January 2020.
^ “Nepali passport remains among world’s weakest”. kathmandupost.com. 12 January 2024. Retrieved 14 June 2024.
^ “Bilateral Relations – Ministry of Foreign Affairs Nepal MOFA”. Government of Nepal. Archived from the original on 25 September 2019. Retrieved 15 September 2019.
^ “Embassy of Nepal – Ministry of Foreign Affairs Nepal MOFA”. Government of Nepal. Archived from the original on 17 July 2019. Retrieved 15 September 2019.
^ “Consulates General of Nepal – Ministry of Foreign Affairs Nepal MOFA”. Archived from the original on 24 July 2019. Retrieved 15 September 2019.
^ “NON-RESIDENTIAL DIPLOMATIC MISSIONS – Ministry of Foreign Affairs Nepal MOFA”. Government of Nepal. Archived from the original on 17 July 2019. Retrieved 15 September 2019.
^ “Nepalese Peacekeepers receive UN Medal”. United Nations. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2019.
^ Gill, Peter. “The Nepalis Fighting America’s Wars”. The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 19 September 2018. Retrieved 15 September 2019.
^ “The Big Question: Who are the Gurkhas and what is their contribution”. The Independent. 30 April 2009. Archived from the original on 3 June 2019. Retrieved 15 September 2019.
^ “Nepal’s Ties With India, China”. The Rising Nepal. Archived from the original on 22 December 2018. Retrieved 11 September 2019.
^ Dahal, Girdhari (2018). “Foreign Relation of Nepal with China and India”. Journal of Political Science. XVIII: 46–61. doi:10.3126/jps.v18i0.20439.
^ “Reviewing The Treaty Of 1950”. The Rising Nepal. Archived from the original on 3 March 2018. Retrieved 11 September 2019.
^ “Is it the end of India’s special relationship with Nepal?”. Hindustan Times. 8 March 2018. Archived from the original on 6 April 2020. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
^ Anab, Mohammad; Punetha, Prem (18 September 2020). “India Nepal news: Nepal depicts Indian areas as its own in book”. The Times of India. Archived from the original on 18 April 2022.
^ Balakrishnan 2010, p. 196.
^ “Tibet’s Road Ahead: Tibetans lose a haven in Nepal under Chinese pressure”. Los Angeles Times. 6 August 2015. Archived from the original on 23 October 2019. Retrieved 12 September 2019.
^ Haviland, Charles (17 April 2008). “Nepal Arrests Tibetan Protesters”. BBC News. Archived from the original on 30 September 2009. Retrieved 29 July 2009.
^ “China urged to let Nepalis work in Taklakot”. The Himalayan Times. 7 June 2019. Archived from the original on 7 June 2019. Retrieved 12 September 2019.
^ Rajgopalan, Rajeswari Pillai. “Why Nepal’s Access to China Ports Matters”. The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 31 October 2019. Retrieved 12 September 2019.
^ “Belt and Road Initiative: Nepal’s concern and commitment”. The Himalayan Times. 23 April 2019. Archived from the original on 24 April 2019. Retrieved 12 September 2019.
^ Iqbal, Muhammad Jamshed (2006). “SAARC: Origin, Growth, Potential and Achievements” (PDF). Pakistan Journal of History & Culture. XXVII: 127–40. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 November 2013. Retrieved 11 September 2019.
^ “Nepal, Bangladesh Can Become Better Trade Partners”. The Rising Nepal. Archived from the original on 11 November 2018. Retrieved 12 September 2019.
^ “Marking the diplomatic ties between Nepal and Israel”. Republica. Retrieved 12 September 2019.
^ “UNGA vote ‘consistent with Nepal’s position on Israel, Palestine'”. The Kathmandu Post. Archived from the original on 13 August 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2019.
^ Khadka, Narayan (1997). “Foreign Aid to Nepal: Donor Motivations in the Post-Cold War Period”. Asian Survey. 37 (11): 1044–1061. doi:10.2307/2645740. ISSN 0004-4687. JSTOR 2645740.
^ “Military expenditure (current USD) | Data”. World Bank. Archived from the original on 13 August 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2019.
^ “Military expenditure (% of GDP) | Data”. World Bank. Archived from the original on 13 August 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2019.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b Raghavan, V. R. (2013). Nepal as a Federal State: Lessons from Indian Experience. Vij Books India. ISBN 9789382652014.
^ “New chief faces daunting task rebuilding Nepal Army’s image”. The Kathmandu Post. Archived from the original on 13 August 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2019.
^ “Thapa to take charge of Nepali Army as acting CoAS”. The Himalayan Times. 9 August 2018. Archived from the original on 17 September 2018. Retrieved 15 September 2019.
^ “South Asia :: Nepal – The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency”. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 15 September 2019.
^ “Nepali Army launches new helicopters”. The Himalayan Times. 23 June 2015. Archived from the original on 23 July 2016. Retrieved 15 September 2019.
^ Adhikari, Indra (2015). Military and Democracy in Nepal. Routledge. ISBN 9781317589068.
^ “Army to rescue”. Republica. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 15 September 2019.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b “Dolpa HQ connected to national road network”. The Himalayan Times. 18 November 2018. Archived from the original on 14 August 2023. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
^ Pariyar, Kamal. “Women promoted to major for first time in NA infantry”. Republica. Archived from the original on 1 June 2018. Retrieved 15 September 2019.
^ “Bhakti Shah – the fight for gay and transgender rights in Nepal”. Saferworld. Archived from the original on 13 August 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2019.
^ “Report for Selected Countries and Subjects”. IMF. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 15 November 2019.
^ “Report for Selected Countries and Subjects”. IMF. Archived from the original on 2 March 2021. Retrieved 15 November 2019.
^ “GDP (current US$) | Data”. World Bank. Archived from the original on 12 March 2019. Retrieved 16 September 2019.
^ “Nepal | Data”. World Bank. Archived from the original on 3 June 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2021.
^ “Climbing Higher: Toward a Middle-Income Nepal”.
^ “10 Causes of Poverty in Nepal – Friends of WPC Nepal”. 29 May 2020.
^ “Poverty in Nepal, Hunger and food shortages, INF”.
^ “Accessions: Nepal”. WTO. Archived from the original on 15 November 2019. Retrieved 15 November 2019.
^ “The World Factbook”. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 30 May 2016. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
^ “National Accounts of Nepal 2018/19” (PDF). Central Bureau of Statistics Nepal. 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 May 2019. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
^ “Nepal is 19th largest receiver of remittances with $8.1 billion”. Kathmandu Post. Archived from the original on 13 August 2023. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
^ “Unskilled workers dominate Nepali labour force abroad”. Kathmandu Post. Archived from the original on 5 June 2023. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
^ “More Nepalis going abroad for employment”. Kathmandu Post. Archived from the original on 13 August 2023. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b “South Asia :: Nepal – The World Factbook”. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
^ Chaudhary, Deepak (1 November 2018). “Agricultural Policies and Rural Development in Nepal: An Overview” (PDF). Research Nepal Journal of Development Studies. 1 (2): 34–46. doi:10.3126/rnjds.v1i2.22425. ISSN 2631-2131.
^ Acharya, Khubi Ram (5 July 2019). “Nepalese Foreign Trade: Growth, Composition, and Direction”. NCC Journal. 4 (1): 91–96. doi:10.3126/nccj.v4i1.24741. ISSN 2505-0788.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c ^d “Overview”. World Bank. Archived from the original on 21 June 2019. Retrieved 23 November 2019.
^ “Bangladesh, Nepal, Rwanda top India in reducing poverty – study”. Reuters India. 19 March 2013. Archived from the original on 21 March 2013. Retrieved 19 March 2013.
^ McVeigh, Tracy (17 March 2013). “World poverty is shrinking rapidly, new index reveals”. The Guardian. Archived from the original on 16 February 2014. Retrieved 19 March 2013.
^ “Nepal: Irrigation and Water Resource Management”. World Bank. Retrieved 24 November 2019.
^ “World Bank: Nepal- Country Overview 2012”. World Bank. 2012. Archived from the original on 22 August 2012. Retrieved 31 July 2012.
^ “Nepali gov’t presents 13.71 bln USD budget for next fiscal year”. Xinhua News Agency. Archived from the original on 30 May 2019. Retrieved 24 November 2019.
^ “Finance Minister Khatiwada worried as ministries fail to spend development budget”. Setopati. Archived from the original on 29 September 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2019.
^ “DFID’s bilateral programme in Nepal”. The International Development Committee of the House of Commons. 27 March 2015. Archived from the original on 9 June 2015. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
^ “UK should cut aid to Nepal if “endemic” corruption persists: report”. Reuters. 27 March 2015. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 16 May 2015.
^ “Per capita income to reach $1,400 by 2023–24”. The Himalayan Times. 4 April 2019. Archived from the original on 5 April 2019. Retrieved 24 November 2019.
^ “EU as Nepal’s largest exporter”. ktm2day. 11 October 2011. Archived from the original on 13 October 2011. Retrieved 11 October 2011.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b “Nepal: Economy”. MSN Encarta. p. 3. Archived from the original on 28 October 2009.
^ “Development Failure: A Critical Review of Three Analyses of Development in Nepal”. Archived from the original on 17 August 2014. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
^ “A Development Failure: The Development-Conflict Nexus”. Archived from the original on 20 July 2012. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
^ Kevin Bales; et al. “Nepal”. The Global Slavery Index 2016. The Minderoo Foundation Pty Ltd. Archived from the original on 13 March 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
^ “Nepal limits imports as foreign currency reserves slide”. BBC News. 12 April 2022. Archived from the original on 13 August 2023. Retrieved 12 April 2022.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b “Nepal tourism generated Rs 240b and supported 1m jobs last year: Report”. Kathmandu Post. Archived from the original on 30 July 2019. Retrieved 2 December 2019.
^ Ghimire, Dandu Raj; et al., eds. (May 2018). “Nepal Tourism Statistics 2017” (PDF). Government of Nepal, Ministry of Culture, Tourism & Civil Aviation, Planning & Evaluation Division, Research & Statistical Section. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 January 2019. Retrieved 1 December 2019.
^ “Nepal has enough opportunities to tap tourists who visit other South Asian nations”. The Himalayan Times. 6 November 2016. Archived from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 2 December 2019.
^ “The Issues with Overtourism in Destinations Like Mount Everest”. Pegasus Magazine. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
^ “Nepal’s Discovery of Tourism and the End of the Hippie Era”. academic.oup.com. doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226429137.001.0001/upso-9780226428802-chapter-010 (inactive 8 June 2024). Retrieved 8 June 2024.
^ Sunuwar, Muna. “Homestay registration on the rise”. My Republica. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 2 December 2019.
^ “Nepal’s unemployment rate estimated at 11.4 percent”. Kathmandu Post. Archived from the original on 2 December 2019. Retrieved 2 December 2019.
^ Tavernise, Sabrina (1 September 2004). “12 Hostages From Nepal Are Executed in Iraq, a Militant Group Claims”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 3 August 2021. Retrieved 2 December 2019.
^ Sharma, Bhadra. “He narrowly escaped the 2004 Iraq massacre of 12 Nepalis”. My Republica. Archived from the original on 2 December 2019. Retrieved 2 December 2019.
^ “Basic minimum wage eludes Nepali migrant workers”. The Himalayan Times. 9 May 2019. Archived from the original on 2 December 2019. Retrieved 2 December 2019.
^ “Nepali migrant workers returning home from labour destination countries without wages”. Kathmandu Post. Archived from the original on 13 October 2019. Retrieved 2 December 2019.
^ “Nepal receiving two dead migrant workers every day for past seven years: Report”. The Himalayan Times. 24 August 2018. Archived from the original on 2 December 2019. Retrieved 2 December 2019.
^ “Nepalese Labor Migration—A Status Report”. The Asia Foundation. 6 June 2018. Archived from the original on 2 December 2019. Retrieved 2 December 2019.
^ “The plight of Nepal’s migrant workers”. Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 1 December 2019. Retrieved 2 December 2019.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b “Labour migration in Nepal (ILO in Nepal)”. ILO. Archived from the original on 2 December 2019. Retrieved 2 December 2019.
^ Mishra, Surya Nath. “Sorrows of Nepali migrant workers”. My Republica. Archived from the original on 2 December 2019. Retrieved 2 December 2019.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Nepal energy sector assessment, strategy, and road map (PDF) (Report). ADB. March 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 December 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2019.
^ Rai, Om Astha (2 November 2018). “From a fossil past to an electric future”. Archived from the original on 3 December 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2019.
^ “More than half of Nepal’s electricity imported from India”. Nepali Times. Archived from the original on 3 December 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2019.
^ “NEA to build 10 new hydropower projects”. The Himalayan Times. 26 August 2019. Archived from the original on 3 December 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2019.
^ “Power generation to increase by 750 MW”. Kathmandu Post. Archived from the original on 3 December 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2019.
^ “Nepal fails to meet energy sector targets in the current fiscal”. Kathmandu Post. Archived from the original on 3 December 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2019.
^ “Energy sector in Nepal”. Archived from the original on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c ^d “South Asia :: Nepal – The World Factbook”. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
^ “Connecting Nepal’s Rural Poor to Markets”. Archived from the original on 22 April 2013. Retrieved 4 February 2013.
^ “The rise and fall of Nepal Airlines”. Kathmandu Post. Archived from the original on 21 September 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
^ “Best and worst Asian countries for road quality”. 22 February 2018.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c ^d Nepal Telecommunications Authority MIS Report Shrawan, 2076 (PDF) (Report). Nepal Telecommunications Authority. August 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 November 2022. Retrieved 3 December 2019.
^ 2011 National Census, pp. 2, 32.
^ “Press Council Nepal classifies 833 newspapers, magazines”. The Himalayan Times. 15 January 2017. Archived from the original on 4 December 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
^ “Nepal retains its position in press freedom rankings, states RSF report”. The Himalayan Times. 19 April 2019. Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c 2011 National Census, p. 4.
^ 2011 National Census, p. 3.
^ “Population situation analysis of Nepal” (PDF). UNFPA. 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 November 2022. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
^ Bakrania, S. (2015). Urbanisation and urban growth in Nepal (GSDRC Helpdesk Research Report 1294) (Report). University of Birmingham, Birmingham: UK:GSDRC.
^ https://web.archive.org/web/20220206104652/https://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/upLoads/2022/01/Final%20Preliminary%20Report%20of%20Census%202021%20Newfinal.pdf
^ “The Constitution of Nepal” (PDF). Nepal Gazette. 20 September 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 7 May 2021.
^ “Constitution of Napal (in Nepali)” (PDF). mohp.gov.np/. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 April 2021. Retrieved 7 May 2021.
^ 2011 National Census, pp. 4, 184.
^ “Hindu Demographics & Denominations (Part One)”. Religion 101. 28 November 2012. Archived from the original on 21 August 2019. Retrieved 21 August 2019.
^ Anthologia anthropologica. The native races of Asia and Europe; by James George Frazer, Sir; Robert Angus Downie
^ KHADKA, UPENDRA LAMICHHANE and BASANT. “Eid highlights Nepal’s religious tolerance”. My Republica. Archived from the original on 13 August 2023. Retrieved 2 December 2019.
^ “Nepal-2018-international-religious-freedom-report” (PDF). US Embassy Nepal. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2019.
^ “Nepal: Nepal: Bill criminalises religious conversion”. csw.org.uk. Archived from the original on 11 January 2021. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
^ “The Global Religious Landscape”. Pew Research Center. December 2012. Archived from the original on 26 September 2018. Retrieved 5 November 2018.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b Education in figures 2017 (PDF) (Report). Ministry of Education, Nepal. 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 December 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
^ “Human Development Report 2010 – Nepal”. Hdrstats.undp.org. Archived from the original on 15 April 2012. Retrieved 25 January 2011.
^ “Education”. UNICEF. Archived from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c “Nepal”. UNESCO. 27 November 2016. Archived from the original on 24 February 2024. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
^ WIPO (12 December 2023). Global Innovation Index 2023, 15th Edition. World Intellectual Property Organization. doi:10.34667/tind.46596. ISBN 9789280534320. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 30 October 2023. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
^ “Global Innovation Index”. INSEAD Knowledge. 28 October 2013. Archived from the original on 2 September 2021. Retrieved 2 September 2021.
^ “Community-based School Management The Role Politics Plays”. The Rising Nepal. Archived from the original on 4 December 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
^ “Minister Pokhrel urges teachers to be loyal to their schools”. The Himalayan Times. 15 September 2019. Archived from the original on 14 August 2023. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
^ “Free education to cost threefold”. Kathmandu Post. Archived from the original on 2 October 2023. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
^ “Types of scholarships provided to Nepalese students by government of Nepal”. Edusanjal. Archived from the original on 13 August 2023. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
^ “Medical colleges charging extra fees even from govt scholarship holders”. The Himalayan Times. 7 April 2019. Archived from the original on 14 August 2023. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
^ Sharma, Nirjana (3 July 2015). “More students seeking ‘no objection’ to study abroad”. Republica. Archived from the original on 20 October 2016. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
^ Tsering, Dolker (17 July 2015). “Losing our young”. Nepali Times. Archived from the original on 20 October 2016. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
^ “The World Factbook”. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 29 December 2018. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
^ “Nepal ranks second in lung ailment deaths”. The Himalayan Times. 12 August 2019. Archived from the original on 4 December 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
^ “Life expectancy”. Our World in Data. Archived from the original on 13 August 2020. Retrieved 18 February 2022.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b Nepal Health Research Council (NHRC), Ministry of Health and Population (MoHP) and Monitoring Evaluation and Operational Research (MEOR) (2019). Nepal Burden of Disease 2017: A Country Report based on the Global Burden of Disease 2017 Study (PDF) (Report). Kathmandu, Nepal: NHRC, MoHP, and MEOR. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 November 2023. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
^ “Study reveals high prevalence of non-communicable diseases in Nepal”. The Himalayan Times. 5 August 2019. Archived from the original on 4 December 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b “Nutrition”. UNICEF. Archived from the original on 4 December 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c Awale, Sonia (6 November 2019). “Nearly half of Nepali children still malnourished”. Archived from the original on 4 December 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b “Maternal mortality reduction target hard to meet for Nepal: Officials”. Kathmandu Post. Archived from the original on 4 December 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b “WHO | Reaching Nepal’s mothers in time”. WHO. Archived from the original on 19 July 2016. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
^ “Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births) – Nepal | Data”. World Bank. Archived from the original on 4 December 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
^ Bhattarai, Sewa (27 September 2019). “Nepal far from hitting contraceptive target”. Archived from the original on 11 December 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
^ “Health insurance plan yet to cover 38 districts in Nepal”. Kathmandu Post. Archived from the original on 4 December 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
^ “The Current State of Maternal Health in Nepal”. Maternal Health Task Force. 29 December 2017. Archived from the original on 4 December 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
^ “USDA, WFP to provide school meals”. The Himalayan Times. 4 February 2018. Archived from the original on 4 December 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
^ “Government has been trying to eliminate open defecation for over a decade. Here’s why it hasn’t worked”. Kathmandu Post. Archived from the original on 4 December 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
^ Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. “Nepal”. United Nations High Commission for Refugees. Archived from the original on 4 October 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
^ “A State Within a State: Tibetans in Nepal”. The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 4 December 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
^ “Tibet’s Road Ahead: Tibetans lose a haven in Nepal under Chinese pressure”. Los Angeles Times. 6 August 2015. Archived from the original on 23 October 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
^ “UNHCR | Refworld | Nepal: Bhutanese refugees find new life beyond the camps”. 8 October 2012. Archived from the original on 8 October 2012. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
^ “Nepal | Global Focus”. United Nations High Commission for Refugees. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
^ “700 illegals set for 3rd-country resettlement”. The Himalayan Times. 6 March 2019. Archived from the original on 4 December 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
^ “Bleak outlook for Nepal’s urban refugees”. Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 4 December 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
^ Hansen, Jan Møller. “State of statelessness | Nepali Times”. Nepali Times. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
^ “Nepal’s government has been quietly facilitating urban refugee resettlement for years”. Kathmandu Post. Archived from the original on 4 December 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
^ “नेपालमा अमेरिकादेखि उत्तरकोरियासम्मका कामदार”. Online Khabar. Archived from the original on 4 December 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
^ “Population of Overseas Indians” (PDF). Ministry of External Affairs (India). 31 December 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 July 2020. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
^ Bista, Dor Bahadur (1991). Fatalism and Development: Nepal’s Struggle for Modernization. Orient Blackswan. p. 44. ISBN 978-81-250-0188-1.
^ Acharya, Bala Ram (2005). “Sociological Analysis of Divorce: A Case Study from Pokhara, Nepal”. Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology. 1: 129–145. doi:10.3126/dsaj.v1i0.284. ISSN 1994-2672. Archived from the original on 13 August 2023. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
^ “Child Marriage”. UNFPA Nepal. 30 December 2015. Archived from the original on 30 August 2023. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
^ “World’s ‘largest animal sacrifice’ begins in defiance of ban”. The Independent. 3 December 2019. Retrieved 15 March 2021.
^ Bariyarpur, AFP in (3 December 2019). “World’s ‘largest animal sacrifice’ starts in Nepal after ban ignored”. the Guardian. Retrieved 15 March 2021.
^ Sharma, Bhadra (6 December 2019). “Nepal’s Animal-Sacrifice Festival Slays On. But Activists Are Having an Effect”. The New York Times. Retrieved 24 July 2021.
^ “Mass animal sacrifice begins despite outcry from activists”. CNN.
^ “Gadhimai: Nepal’s animal sacrifice festival goes ahead despite ‘ban'”. BBC.
^ Power, Gabriel. “What is Gadhimai festival and why is it so controversial?”. The Week UK. Retrieved 24 July 2021.
^ Criveller, Gianni. “NEPAL Buddhists and animal rights activists against animal slaughter for Durga – Asia News”. Asianews.it. Archived from the original on 16 January 2016. Retrieved 11 November 2015.
^ Bibek Bhandari (27 October 2014). “Animal rights activists want Nepal’s sacrifice festival stopped | South China Morning Post”. Scmp.com. Archived from the original on 16 January 2016. Retrieved 11 November 2015.
^ “NFC starts selling goats for Dashain”. My Republica. Archived from the original on 23 September 2017. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
^ Fernandez, Diana; Thapa, Kirti (8 August 2012). “Legislating Against Witchcraft Accusations in Nepal”. The Asia Foundation. Retrieved 7 July 2019.
^ Cite error: The named reference wn was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Jump up to:^a ^b Cite error: The named reference la was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Jump up to:^a ^b Rana, Purna Kumar (28 March 2018). “Which is witch”. The Kathmandu Post. Retrieved 7 July 2019.
^ Cite error: The named reference bini was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ https://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2018-11-19/woman-73-beaten-fed-feces-on-witchcraft-charges-in-dhading.html
^ “Cow becomes national animal of Nepal”. The Times of India. PTI. 21 September 2015. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
^ “Rhododendron facing existential crisis in Ilam highlands”. The Himalayan Times. 18 March 2017. Archived from the original on 26 August 2019. Retrieved 26 August 2019.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c “It’s official: Volleyball is the national sport of Nepal”. Online Khabar. Archived from the original on 22 July 2019. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
^ “Flag Description”. Archived from the original on 10 April 2011.
^ compare this copy of the Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal Archived 1 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine
^ “११ वर्षपछि राष्ट्रिय एकता दिवस”. 11 January 2018. Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Hutt, Michael J. (29 July 1991). Himalayan Voices: An Introduction to Modern Nepali Literature. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-07048-6.
^ Dayananda Bajracharya; Dinesh Raj Bhuju; Jiba Raj Pokhrel (2006). “Science, Research and Technology in Nepal” (PDF). UNESCO. pp. 3–6. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 18 October 2016.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b Landon Perceval (1928). Nepal Vol II.
^ Bouledroua, Daoud. “Cultural looting still a persistent crisis in South-East Asia”. unesco.org. Archived from the original on 12 February 2024. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
^ Smith, Emiline (2022). “The Ongoing Quest to Return Nepal’s Looted Cultural Heritage” (PDF). Georgetown Journal of International Affairs. 23 (2): 264–271. doi:10.1353/gia.2022.0039. ISSN 2471-8831. S2CID 253371754. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 October 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2023.
^ Dhakal, Ashish (8 January 2022). “Who looted Nepal’s gods?”. nepalitimes.com. Archived from the original on 8 November 2023. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
^ Small, Zachary (29 October 2021). “Citizen Activists Lead the Hunt for Antiquities Looted From Nepal”. The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 8 November 2023. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
^ Solomon, Tessa (21 March 2022). “London Gallery Returns Two Artifacts Looted from Nepalese Temples”. ARTnews.com. Archived from the original on 8 November 2023. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
^ Cherney, Elyssa. “She was the queen of Chicago’s arts community. But her collection now means trouble for the Art Institute”. chicagobusiness.com. Archived from the original on 7 November 2023. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
^ “More than 1000 artifacts in Metropolitan Museum of Art catalog linked to alleged looting and trafficking figures – ICIJ”. 20 March 2023. Archived from the original on 3 November 2023. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
^ Choi, Christy (25 October 2023). “How an 11th-century monastery reclaimed artifacts from the US — and discovered a hoard of treasures in the process”. CNN. Archived from the original on 8 November 2023. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
^ Liscia, Valentina Di (9 March 2021). “How a Tweet Led to the FBI’s Return of a Looted Nepalese Sculpture”. Hyperallergic. Archived from the original on 28 November 2023. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
^ Dafoe, Taylor (2 August 2023). “Activists Call the Rubin Museum’s Funding of a Nepalese Institution a Bid to ‘Divert Attention’ From Stolen Artifacts in Its Own Collection”. Artnet News. Archived from the original on 8 November 2023. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
^ “Upcoming Christie’s Sale Includes a Nepalese Sculpture Tied to Antiquity Looters”. Observer. 20 March 2023. Archived from the original on 8 November 2023. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
^ Chaves, Alexandra (6 June 2021). “Nepalese figures withdrawn from Bonhams auction after identified as looted art”. The National. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b Maitra, Kiran Shankar (1982). “The First Poet of Nepali Literature”. Indian Literature. 25 (5): 63–71. ISSN 0019-5804. JSTOR 23331113.
^ Sharma, V. (1992). “B. P. Koirala: A Major Figure in Modern Nepali Literature”. Journal of South Asian Literature. 27 (2): 209–218. ISSN 0091-5637. JSTOR 40874126.
^ “Nepali literature”. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 11 December 2019.
^ “Conflict-period Nepali literature holds importance for awareness”. The Rising Nepal. Archived from the original on 11 December 2019. Retrieved 11 December 2019.
^ Riccardi, Theodore (1993). “Review of Himalayan Voices: An Introduction to Modern Nepali Literature”. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 56 (1): 157–158. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00002007. ISSN 0041-977X. JSTOR 620321. S2CID 162890099.
^ “Changing winds in Kollywood”. Kathmandu Post. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Tarlo, Emma (1996). Clothing Matters: Dress and Identity in India. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-226-78976-7.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c Tarlo, Emma (1996). Clothing Matters: Dress and Identity in India. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. pp. 26–28. ISBN 978-0-226-78976-7.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b Alkazi, Roshen (2002). “Evolution of Indian Costume as a result of the links between Central Asia and India in ancient and medieval times”. In Rahman, Abdur (ed.). India’s Interaction with China, Central and West Asia. Oxford University Press. pp. 464–484. ISBN 978-0-19-565789-0.
^ गुन्यू–चोलो तथा फरिया जोगाउने अभियान. narimag.com.np (in Nepali). Retrieved 10 December 2019.
^ “Last of Tharu jewellry?”. The Himalayan Times. 11 August 2006. Retrieved 10 December 2019.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c ^d ^e “Defining our food culture”. Kathmandu Post. Retrieved 11 December 2019.
^ D Balasubramanian (16 October 2008). “Potato: historically important vegetable”. The Hindu. Chennai, India. Archived from the original on 12 July 2012. Retrieved 26 June 2012.
^ Sen, Colleen Taylor (2014). Feasts and Fasts: A History of Food in India. Reaktion Books. pp. 164–165. ISBN 978-1-78023-391-8.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c Pathak, Jyoti (2007). Taste of Nepal. Hippocrene Books. ISBN 978-0-7818-1121-7.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c Davidson, Alan (2014). The Oxford Companion to Food. Oxford University Press. p. 409. ISBN 978-0-19-967733-7.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c ^d ^e marsh, jenni (16 December 2016). “Momos to Thali: What to eat in Kathmandu”. CNN Travel. Retrieved 11 December 2019.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b Davidson, Alan (2014). The Oxford Companion to Food. Oxford University Press. p. 410. ISBN 978-0-19-967733-7.
^ Sahakian, Marlyne; Saloma, Czarina; Erkman, Suren (2016). Food Consumption in the City: Practices and patterns in urban Asia and the Pacific. Taylor & Francis. p. 50. ISBN 978-1-317-31050-1.
^ Majupuria, Indra (1990). Joys of Nepalese Cooking: A Most Comprehensive and Practical Book on Nepalese Cookery : 371 Easy-to-make, Kitchen-tested Recipes. S. Devi.
^ Heaton, Thomas (3 August 2018). “Could Nepali cuisine go global?”. Retrieved 11 December 2019.
^ Rai, Jay. Curry Cookbook – Nepal Cuisine. Springwood emedia. ISBN 978-1-4760-4069-1.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ “More than just child’s play”. The Himalayan Times. 25 February 2018. Archived from the original on 21 July 2019. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
^ “Nepal’s’ ‘national sport’ we never had: Five things you didn’t know about dandi-biyo”. Online Khabar. Archived from the original on 21 July 2019. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
^ Republica. “Dandi Biyo Championship in Dhading”. Republica. Archived from the original on 21 July 2019. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
^ “Nepal announces 12-member men’s kabaddi squad for Asian Games 2018”. Sportskeeda. 6 August 2018. Archived from the original on 21 July 2019. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
^ Jin, L.Y.; Nievergelt, J. (2009). Albert, Michael H; Nowakowski, Richard J (eds.). “Tiger and goats is a draw” (PDF). Games of No Chance. 56. MSRI Publications: 163–176. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511807251.008. ISBN 9780511807251. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 July 2019. Retrieved 22 July 2019.
^ Iida, Hiroyuki; Agarwal, Sakshi (1 October 2018). “Analyzing Thousand Years Old Game Tigers and Goats is Still Alive”. Asia-Pacific Journal of Information Technology and Multimedia. 7 (2). Archived from the original on 21 July 2019. Retrieved 21 July 2019 – via UKM e-Journal System.
^ “KUNA : Carrom… Traditional game widely loved in Gulf region – Society – 16/08/2018”. Kuwait News Agency. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
^ “Fans, frolic, frenzy await Nepal’s Lord’s visit”. ESPNcricinfo. 29 July 2018. Archived from the original on 21 July 2019. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
^ “Cricket-mad Nepal faces infrastructure challenges”. ESPNcricinfo. 18 March 2014. Archived from the original on 21 July 2019. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
^ “Football at the heart of the Himalayas”. FIFA. 5 March 2009. Archived from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 17 February 2013.
^ “Saff Championship: Nepal eye historic final”. The Kathmandu Post. Archived from the original on 22 July 2019. Retrieved 22 July 2019.
^ “Nepal crash out of SAFF C’ship after 3–0 defeat to Maldives”. The Himalayan Times. 12 September 2018. Archived from the original on 22 July 2019. Retrieved 22 July 2019.
^ “The FIFA/Coca-Cola World Ranking – Ranking Table”. FIFA. Archived from the original on 7 September 2019. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
^ “Nepal make cricket history after securing ODI status”. The Week (UK). Archived from the original on 27 June 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
^ “‘Biggest day in Nepal cricket history’ – Khadka”. ESPNcricinfo. 15 March 2018. Archived from the original on 16 March 2018. Retrieved 16 March 2018.
^ “ICC Ranking for ODI teams International Cricket Council”. ICC. Archived from the original on 24 March 2019. Retrieved 22 July 2019.
^ “ICC Ranking for T20 teams International Cricket Council”. ICC. Archived from the original on 24 March 2019. Retrieved 22 July 2019.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b “Current priorities of sports: Hosting SAG, winning medals”. The Rising Nepal. Archived from the original on 22 July 2019. Retrieved 22 July 2019.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c Shah, Rajan. “Will she quench Nepal’s thirst for Olympic medals?”. Republica. Archived from the original on 22 July 2019. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
^ “Malik overall winner, Afghanistan bag team c’ship”. The Himalayan Times. 21 July 2019. Archived from the original on 22 July 2019. Retrieved 22 July 2019.
^ “Cricket, football dominate nominations”. The Himalayan Times. 26 June 2019. Archived from the original on 22 July 2019. Retrieved 22 July 2019.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b “Blind cricketers’ horrible journey to WC”. The Himalayan Times. 22 January 2018. Archived from the original on 21 July 2019. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
^ “Nepal defeat Pakistan, seal women’s blind cricket series”. The Himalayan Times. 4 February 2019. Archived from the original on 21 July 2019. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b Katwal, Prabin Bikram. “Renovation of Dasharath Stadium takes forever, hurts nation’s football”. Republica. Archived from the original on 22 July 2019. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
^ “Grounds in Nepal”. Cricket Archive. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
^ Adhikari, Bipulendra. “Khawas passes second lieutenant test”. Republica.^{[permanent dead link]}
^ “APF athletes Parki, Koju win 5,000m races”. The Himalayan Times. 26 December 2016. Archived from the original on 22 July 2019. Retrieved 22 July 2019.
^ “National Games conclude with concerns over maintenance and upgradation of infrastructure”. The Kathmandu Post. Archived from the original on 22 July 2019. Retrieved 22 July 2019.
^ “ICC suspends Cricket Association of Nepal”. ESPNcricinfo. 26 April 2016. Archived from the original on 18 July 2019. Retrieved 22 July 2019.
^ “ICC’s suspension of CAN continues”. Republica. Archived from the original on 22 July 2019. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
^ “Athletes spend the best years of their lives playing sports, but are often left with little to retire on”. The Kathmandu Post. Retrieved 26 February 2020.

3.2 来源文献（详细来源）| Bibliography

Balakrishnan, T. K. (2010). “India’s Foreign Policy for Nepal, Bangladesh & Sri Lanka”. Foreign Policy of India: Problems and Paradoxes. Mohini Publishers & Distributors. ISBN 978-81-909928-1-7 – via Google Books.
Landon, Perceval (1928). Nepal, Vol. 1. Public Resource. Constable & Co. (Edinburgh). ISBN 8-120-60724-4 – via Internet Archive.
“National Population and Housing Census 2011 (National Report)” (PDF). Central Bureau of Statistics (Nepal). November 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 April 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2012.
Hutt, Michael, ed. (2004). Himalayan ‘people’s War’: Nepal’s Maoist Rebellion. C. Hurst & Co. ISBN 978-1-85065-722-4. Retrieved 18 April 2020.

4. 中文词条参考文献

4.1 引用列表

^ According to Interim Constitution Nepali is only the official language (article 5, point 2). Other languages spoken as the mother tongue in Nepal are the national languages (article 5, point 1). According to article 5, point 3, all languages are accepted as official languages at the regional level. Today’s more than 90% people speak Nepali as a 1st language. Nepal_Interim_Constitution2007 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
^ Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division. World Population Prospects, Table A.1 (PDF). 2008 revision. United Nations. 2009 [2009-03-12]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2009-03-18）.
^ 跳转到：^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 Nepal. World Economic Outlook Database. International Monetary Fund (IMF). 2022-04 [2022-05-29]. （原始内容存档于2022-05-29） （英语）.
^ Human Development Report 2019 (PDF). UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME. [2019-12-22]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2018-10-24）.
^ It is Federal Democratic Republic Nepal, not just Nepal, parliamentary committee says. The Kathmandu Post. 9 November 2020 [28 June 2021]. （原始内容存档于2021-07-07）.
^ Prez, VP to be addressed as ‘His Excellency’. eKantipur.com. 2008年7月23日 [2008-07-25]. （原始内容存档于2008年7月25日） （英语）.
^ The World Factbook: Rank order population. CIA. [2014-02-14]. （原始内容存档于2014-02-09）.
^ 存档副本. [2011-05-08]. （原始内容存档于2010-09-13）.
^ （英）约翰·菲尔普顿著；杨恪译. 尼泊尔史. 上海：东方出版中心. 2016-07: 239. ISBN 978-7-5473-0973-5.
^ 尼泊尔宪政危机国王解散政府. BBC中文网. 2005-02-01 [2015-03-26]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
^ 84岁柯伊拉腊第五次出任尼泊尔首相. 东北网. 2006-04-30 [2015-03-26]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
^ 尼泊尔王国KINGDOM OF NEPAL^{[永久失效链接]}
^ 存档副本. [2006-06-15]. （原始内容存档于2006-09-04）.
^ 存档副本. [2006-06-15]. （原始内容存档于2012-07-09）.
^ 存档副本. [2006-11-08]. （原始内容存档于2019-08-21）.
^ 尼泊尔政治历史大事纪互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2014-02-01.
^ 跳转到：^17.0 ^17.1 Anbarasan Ethirajan. India and China: How Nepal’s new map is stirring old rivalries. 2020-06-10 [2020-06-18]. （原始内容存档于2020-06-18）.
^ Shubhajit Roy. India raises with Nepal killing of Bihar man at border. 2020-06-13 [2020-06-18]. （原始内容存档于2020-06-18）.
^ 誓言夺回印占领土尼泊尔在15个边境哨所部署部队. [2020-08-07]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-09）.
^ 艾米•卡兹明. 尼泊尔新版地图惹怒印度. 2020-06-16 [2020-06-16]. （原始内容存档于2020-06-17）.
^ 临时宪法，第5条，第1项
^ 尼泊尔临时宪法，第5条，第2项
^ Nepali – UCLA. [2008-05-30]. （原始内容存档于2011-06-05）.
^ 临时宪法，第5条，第3项
^ India Reacts to New Nepal Map, Says Kathmandu’s ‘Cartographic Assertion’ is Unacceptable. The Wire. 2020-05-21 [2020-06-16]. （原始内容存档于2020-06-15） （英语）.
^ Nepal Takes First Parliamentary Step to Ratify New Map, ‘Untenable’ Says India. The Wire. 2020-06-14 [2020-06-16]. （原始内容存档于2020-06-15） （英语）.

4.2 来源文献

Glacial Lakes and Glacial Lake Outburst Floods in Nepal. – International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Kathmandu, March 2011

5. 延伸阅读 | Further reading

Shaha, Rishikesh (1992). Ancient and Medieval Nepal. New Delhi: Manohar Publications. ISBN 978-81-85425-69-6.
Tiwari, Sudarshan Raj (2002). The Brick and the Bull: An account of Handigaun, the Ancient Capital of Nepal. Himal Books. ISBN 978-99933-43-52-3.
Crossette, Barbara (1995). So Close to Heaven: The Vanishing Buddhist Kingdoms of the Himalayas. New York: Vintage. ISBN 978-0-679-74363-7.
Dor Bahadur Bista (1967). People of Nepal. Department of Publicity, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of Nepal. ISBN 978-99933-0-418-0.
Murphy, Dervla (1968). The Waiting Land: A Spell in Nepal. Transatlantic Arts. ISBN 978-0-7195-1745-7.
Rishikesh Shaha (2001). Modern Nepal: A Political History. Manohar Publishers and Distributors. ISBN 978-81-7304-403-8.
Jane Wilson-Howarth (2012). A Glimpse of Eternal Snows: a family’s journey of love and loss in Nepal. Bradt Travel Guides, UK. p. 390. ISBN 978-1-84162-435-8.
Mulmi, Amish Raj (2021). All Roads Lead North: Nepal’s Turn to China. Context. ISBN 9789390679096.
Sharma, Sudheer (2019). The Nepal Nexus: An Inside Account of the Maoists, the Durbar and New Delhi. India: Penguin Viking. ISBN 9780670089307.