Gallon（加仑）- （全文）英文维基百科词条

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0. 概述

辽观注：此标题是我们在搬运、整合过程中添加的。

The gallon is a unit of volume in British imperial units and United States customary units. Three different versions are in current use:
【参考译文】加仑是英国皇家单位和美国习惯单位中的体积单位。目前有三种不同的版本正在使用：

• the imperial gallon (imp gal), defined as 4.54609 litres, which is or was used in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and some Caribbean countries;
  【参考译文】英制加仑（imp gal），定义为4.54609升，曾在英国、爱尔兰、加拿大、澳大利亚、新西兰和一些加勒比国家使用或正在使用；
• the US gallon (US gal), defined as 231 cubic inches (exactly 3.785411784 L),[1] which is used in the United States and some Latin American and Caribbean countries; and
  【参考译文】美制加仑（US gal），定义为231立方英寸（正好是3.785411784升），[1]在美国和一些拉丁美洲及加勒比国家使用；^[2]
• the US dry gallon (“usdrygal”), defined as 1⁄8 US bushel (exactly 4.40488377086 L).
  【参考译文】美制干货加仑（“usdrygal”），定义为1/8美制蒲式耳（正好是4.40488377086升）。

There are two pints in a quart and four quarts in a gallon. Different sizes of pints account for the different sizes of the imperial and US gallons.
【参考译文】一加仑有4夸脱，一夸脱有2品脱。不同大小的品脱导致了英制加仑和美制加仑的大小不同。

The IEEE standard symbol for both US (liquid) and imperial gallon is gal,[2] not to be confused with the gal (symbol: Gal), a CGS unit of acceleration.
【参考译文】IEEE标准符号对于美制（液体）加仑和英制加仑都是gal，[2]不要与gal（符号：Gal）混淆，gal是CGS单位中的加速度单位。

General information【一般信息】
Unit of【用于……的单位】	Volume【体积】
Symbol【符号】	gal
Conversions (imperial)-【英制加仑换算】
1 imp gal in …【1英制加仑】	… is equal to …【等同于】
SI units【国际单位制】	4.54609 L
US customary units【美国习惯单位】	≈ 1.200950 US gal【美制加仑】
US customary units【美国习惯单位】	≈ 277.4194 in3【立方英尺】
Conversions (US)【美制加仑换算】
1 US gal in …【1美制加仑】	… is equal to …【等同于】
SI units【国际单位制】	3.785411784 L
Imperial units【英制单位】	≈ 0.8326742 imp gal【英制加仑】
Imperial units【英制单位】	231 in3【立方英尺】
US dry gallon【美制干货加仑】	≈ 0.859367 US dry gal

1. 定义 | Definitions

The gallon currently has one definition in the imperial system, and two definitions (liquid and dry) in the US customary system. Historically, there were many definitions and redefinitions.
【参考译文】目前，加仑在英制中有一种定义，在美国习惯制中有两种定义（液体和干）。 历史上，有过许多定义和重新定义。

1.1 英格兰系统的加仑 | English system gallons

There were a number of systems of liquid measurements in the United Kingdom prior to the 19th century.[3]
【参考译文】19 世纪之前英国有多种液体测量系统。 [3]

• Winchester or corn gallon was 272 in3 (157 imp fl oz; 4,460 mL) (1697 Act 8 & 9 Will III c22)
  【参考译文】温彻斯特或玉米加仑为 272 in3 (157 imp fl oz; 4,460 mL) (1697 Act 8 & 9 Will III c22)
  • Henry VII (Winchester) corn gallon from 1497 onwards was 154.80 imp fl oz (4,398 mL)
    【参考译文】亨利七世（温彻斯特）玉米加仑从1497年开始是154.80英液盎司（4398毫升）。
  • Elizabeth I corn gallon from 1601 onwards was 155.70 imp fl oz (4,424 mL)
    【参考译文】从1601年开始，伊丽莎白一世时期的玉米加仑是155.70英液盎司（4424毫升）。
  • William III corn gallon from 1697 onwards was 156.90 imp fl oz (4,458 mL)
    【参考译文】从1697年开始，威廉三世时期的玉米加仑是156.90英液盎司（4458毫升）。
• Old English (Elizabethan) ale gallon was 282 in3 (163 imp fl oz; 4,620 mL) (1700 Act 11 Will III c15)
  【参考译文】老的英格兰的（伊丽莎白时代）的麦芽酒加仑是282立方英寸（163英液盎司；4620毫升）（1700年法案11号，威廉三世第15章）
• London ‘Guildhall’ gallon (before 1688) was 129.19 imp fl oz (3,671 mL) then
  【参考译文】伦敦“市政厅”加仑当时（1688 年之前）为 129.19 imp fl oz (3,671 mL)
• Old English (Queen Anne) wine gallon was standardized as 231 in3 (133 imp fl oz; 3,790 mL) in the 1706 Act 5 Anne c27, :
  【参考译文】老的英格兰的（安妮女王）葡萄酒加仑在 1706 年安妮法 5 c27 中标准化为 231 in3（133 imp fl oz；3,790 mL）

Local variations included
【参考译文】包括本地变化

• Jersey gallon (from 1562 onwards) was 139.20 imp fl oz (3,955 mL)
  【参考译文】泽西加仑（从 1562 年起）为 139.20 imp fl oz (3,955 mL)
• Guernsey gallon (17th century origins till 1917) was 150.14 imp fl oz (4,266 mL)
  【参考译文】根西岛加仑（起源于 17 世纪直至 1917 年）为 150.14 imp fl oz (4,266 mL)
• Irish gallon was 217 in3 (125 imp fl oz; 3,560 mL) (1495 Irish Act 10 Hen VII c22 confirmed by 1736 Act Geo II c9)
  【参考译文】爱尔兰加仑为 217 in3（125 imp fl oz；3,560 mL）（1495 年爱尔兰法案 10 Hen VII c22 由 1736 法案 Geo II c9 确认）

1.2 英制加仑 | Imperial gallon

The British imperial gallon (frequently called simply “gallon”) is defined as exactly 4.54609 dm3 (4.54609 litres).[4] It is used in some Commonwealth countries, and until 1976 was defined as the volume of water at 62 °F (16.67 °C)[5][6] whose mass is 10 pounds (4.5359237 kg). There are four imperial quarts in a gallon, two imperial pints in a quart, and there are 20 imperial fluid ounces in an imperial pint,[4] yielding 160 fluid ounces in an imperial gallon.
【参考译文】英国皇家加仑（英制加仑，通常简称为“加仑”）被定义为正好4.54609立方分米（4.54609升）。[4]它在一些英联邦国家使用，并且在1976年之前被定义为62华氏度（16.67摄氏度）时水的体积，[5][6]其质量为10磅（4.5359237千克）。一加仑中有四个皇家夸脱，一个夸脱中有两个皇家品脱，一个皇家品脱中有20个皇家液盎司，[4]所以一皇家加仑中有160个液盎司。

1.3 美制液货加仑 | US liquid gallon

See also: Fluid volume【参见：液货加仑】

The US liquid gallon (frequently called simply “gallon”) is legally defined as 231 cubic inches, which is exactly 3.785411784 litres.[7][8] A US liquid gallon can contain about 3.785 kilograms or 8.34 pounds of water at 3.98 °C (39.16 °F), and is about 16.7% less than the imperial gallon. There are four quarts in a gallon, two pints in a quart and 16 US fluid ounces in a US pint, which makes the US fluid ounce equal to 1/128 of a US gallon. In order to overcome the effects of expansion and contraction with temperature when using a gallon to specify a quantity of material for purposes of trade, it is common to define the temperature at which the material will occupy the specified volume. For example, the volume of petroleum products[9] and alcoholic beverages[10] are both referenced to 60 °F (15.6 °C) in government regulations.
【参考译文】美国液货加仑（通常简称为“加仑”）在法律上被定义为231立方英寸，即正好是3.785411784升。[7][8]美国液货加仑可以容纳大约3.785千克或8.34磅的水，在3.98摄氏度（39.16华氏度）时，其容量比英制加仑少约16.7%。一加仑有四夸脱，一夸脱有两品脱，一品脱有16美液盎司，这使得美液盎司等于美加仑的1/128。在使用加仑来指定贸易用量的材料时，为了克服温度对材料膨胀和收缩的影响，通常会定义材料将占据特定体积的温度。例如，在政府的法规中，石油产品[9]和酒精饮料[10]的体积都是参照60华氏度（15.6摄氏度）来定义的。

1/4 美制干货加仑 | US dry gallon

Main article: Dry gallon【主条目：干货加仑】

Since the dry measure is one-eighth of a US Winchester bushel of 2,150.42 cubic inches, it is equal to exactly 268.8025 cubic inches, which is 4.40488377086 L.[11] The US dry gallon is not used in commerce, and is also not listed in the relevant statute, which jumps from the dry pint to the bushel.[12]
【参考译文】由于干量是美国温彻斯特蒲式耳的八分之一，即2150.42立方英寸，因此它恰好等于268.8025立方英寸，即4.40488377086升。[11]美国干量加仑不用于商业，相关法规中也未列出，而是从干品脱直接跳到蒲式耳。[12]

2. 在世界范围的使用情况 | Worldwide usage

2.1 英制加仑 | Imperial gallon

As of 2021, the imperial gallon continues to be used as the standard petrol unit on 10 Caribbean island groups, consisting of:
【参考译文】截至 2021 年，英制加仑继续在 10 个加勒比岛屿群中使用作为标准汽油单位，包括：

• four British Overseas Territories (Anguilla,[13] the British Virgin Islands,[14][15] the Cayman Islands,[16] and Montserrat)[17][18] and
  【参考译文】四个英国海外领土（安圭拉、[13]英属维尔京群岛、[14][15]开曼群岛、[16]和蒙特塞拉特）[17][18]和
• six countries (Antigua and Barbuda,[19]Dominica,[20]Grenada,[21][22]Saint Christopher and Nevis,[23]Saint Lucia,[24] and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines[25]).
  【参考译文】六个国家（安提瓜和巴布达、[19] 多米尼克、[20] 格林纳达、[21][22] 圣克里斯托弗和尼维斯、[23] 圣卢西亚、[24] 以及圣文森特和格林纳丁斯[25]）。

All 12 of the Caribbean islands use miles per hour for speed limits signage, and drive on the left side of the road.
【参考译文】加勒比海所有 12 个岛屿均采用英里每小时作为限速标志，并在道路左侧行驶。

The United Arab Emirates ceased selling petrol by the imperial gallon in 2010 and switched to the litre, with Guyana following suit in 2013.[26][27][28] In 2014, Myanmar switched from the imperial gallon to the litre.[29]
【参考译文】阿拉伯联合酋长国于 2010 年停止以英制加仑销售汽油，转而以升为单位销售汽油，圭亚那于 2013 年也效仿。[26][27][28] 2014年，缅甸从英制加仑改为升。[29]

Antigua and Barbuda has proposed switching to selling petrol by litres since 2015.[30][19]
【参考译文】安提瓜和巴布达提议自 2015 年起转为按升销售汽油。[30][19]

In the European Union the gallon was removed from the list of legally defined primary units of measure catalogue in the EU directive 80/181/EEC for trading and official purposes, effective from 31 December 1994. Under the directive the gallon could still be used, but only as a supplementary or secondary unit.[31]
【参考译文】在欧盟，加仑已从 1994 年 12 月 31 日起生效的欧盟指令 80/181/EEC 中用于贸易和官方目的的法定主要计量单位目录中删除。根据该指令，加仑仍然可以使用， 但仅作为补充或辅助单元。[31]

As a result of the EU directive Ireland and the United Kingdom passed legislation to replace the gallon with the litre as a primary unit of measure in trade and in the conduct of public business, effective from 31 December 1993, and 30 September 1995 respectively.[32][33][34][35] Though the gallon has ceased to be a primary unit of trade, it can still be legally used in both the UK and Ireland as a supplementary unit. However, barrels and large containers of beer, oil and other fluids are commonly measured in multiples of an imperial gallon.
【参考译文】由于欧盟的指令，爱尔兰和英国分别通过立法，自1993年12月31日和1995年9月30日起，将加仑替换为升，作为贸易和公共业务中的主要计量单位。[32][33][34][35]虽然加仑已不再作为贸易的主要单位，但它仍可在英国和爱尔兰作为辅助单位合法使用。然而，啤酒、石油和其他液体的桶和大容器通常是以英制加仑的倍数来计量的。

Miles per imperial gallon is used as the primary fuel economy unit in the United Kingdom and as a supplementary unit in Canada on official documentation.[36][37][38]
【参考译文】在英国，每英制加仑英里被用作主要燃油经济性单位，在加拿大被用作官方文件的补充单位。[36][37][38]

2.2 美制液体加仑 | US liquid gallon

Other than the United States, petrol is sold by the US gallon in 13 other countries, and one US territory:
【参考译文】除美国外，其他 13 个国家和一个美国领土均按美加仑出售汽油：

• the Caribbean countries of Dominican Republic and Haiti,
  【参考译文】加勒比国家多米尼加共和国和海地，
• the Central American countries of Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua,
  【参考译文】中美洲国家伯利兹、危地马拉、洪都拉斯和尼加拉瓜，
• the South American countries of Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru,
  【参考译文】哥伦比亚、厄瓜多尔和秘鲁等南美国家，
• the Pacific Ocean countries of Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, and Palau, which are associated countries of the United States,
  【参考译文】太平洋国家马绍尔群岛、密克罗尼西亚联邦和帕劳，它们是美国的联系国，
• the African country of Liberia, a former protectorate of the United States,[39] and
  【参考译文】非洲国家利比里亚，美国前保护国，[39] 和
• the US territories of American Samoa,[40] the Northern Mariana Islands,[41]Guam,[42] and the US Virgin Islands.[43]Puerto Rico ceased selling petrol by the US gallon in 1980.[44]
  【参考译文】美国领土美属萨摩亚、[40] 北马里亚纳群岛、[41] 关岛、[42] 和美属维尔京群岛。 [43] 波多黎各于 1980 年停止按美加仑销售汽油。[44]

The latest country to cease using the gallon is El Salvador in June 2021.[45]
【参考译文】萨尔瓦多于 2021 年 6 月停止使用加仑。[45]

2.3 英制和美制液体加仑 | The Imperial and US liquid gallon

Both the US gallon and imperial gallon are used in the Turks and Caicos Islands – to an increase in tax duties which was disguised by levying the same duty on the US gallon (3.79 L) as was previously levied on the Imperial gallon (4.55 L),[46] and the Bahamas.[47][48]
【参考译文】特克斯和凯科斯群岛以及巴哈马都使用美制加仑和英制加仑——这是为了增加税收，而政府通过将以前对英制加仑（4.55升）征收的税同样应用于美制加仑（3.79升）来掩饰这一点。[46][47][48]

2.4 遗留 | Legacy

In some parts of the Middle East, such as the United Arab Emirates and Bahrain, 18.9-litre water cooler bottles are marketed as five-gallon bottles.[49]
【参考译文】在中东的一些地区，比如阿拉伯联合酋长国和巴林，18.9升的水冷却器瓶被当作五加仑的瓶子来销售。[49]

3. 与其他单位的关系 | Relationship to other units

Both the US liquid and imperial gallon are divided into four quarts (quarter gallons), which in turn are divided into two pints, which in turn are divided into two cups (not in customary use outside the US), which in turn are further divided into two gills. Thus, both gallons are equal to four quarts, eight pints, sixteen cups, or thirty-two gills.
【参考译文】美制液体和英制加仑均分为四夸脱（四分之一加仑），然后再分为两品脱，再分为两杯（美国以外地区不常用），然后再进一步分为两杯 分成两个鳃。 因此，两加仑等于四夸脱、八品脱、十六杯或三十二鳃。

The imperial gill is further divided into five fluid ounces, whereas the US gill is divided into four fluid ounces, meaning an imperial fluid ounce is 1/20 of an imperial pint, or 1/160 of an imperial gallon, while a US fluid ounce is 1/16 of a US pint, or 1/128 of a US gallon. Thus, the imperial gallon, quart, pint, cup and gill are approximately 20% larger than their US counterparts, meaning these are not interchangeable, but the imperial fluid ounce is only approximately 4% smaller than the US fluid ounce, meaning these are often used interchangeably.
【参考译文】英制吉耳进一步分为五个液盎司，而美制吉耳分为四个液盎司，这意味着英制液盎司是英制品脱的1/20，或英制加仑的1/160，而美制液盎司是美制品脱的1/16，或美制加仑的1/128。因此，英制加仑、夸脱、品脱、杯和吉耳比它们的美国对应物大约大20%，这意味着它们是不可互换的，但英制液盎司仅比美制液盎司小约4%，这意味着它们通常可以互换使用。

Historically, a common bottle size for liquor in the US was the “fifth“, i.e. one-fifth of a US gallon (or one-sixth of an imperial gallon). While spirit sales in the US were switched to metric measures in 1976, a 750 mL bottle is still sometimes known as a “fifth”.[50][51]
【参考译文】从历史上看，美国常见的酒瓶尺寸是“五分之一”，即美制加仑的五分之一（或英制加仑的六分之一）。 虽然美国的烈酒销售在 1976 年改为公制单位，但 750 毫升的瓶子有时仍被称为“五分之一”。[50][51]

4. 历史 | History

The term derives most immediately from galun, galon in Old Norman French,[52] but the usage was common in several languages, for example jale in Old French and gęllet (bowl) in Old English. This suggests a common origin in Romance Latin, but the ultimate source of the word is unknown.[53]
【参考译文】这个术语最直接地来源于古诺曼法语中的galun、galon，[52]但这一用法在多种语言中都很常见，例如在古法语中为jale，在古英语中为gęllet（碗）。这表明它们共同起源于罗曼语系拉丁语，但这个词的最终来源尚不清楚。[53]

The gallon originated as the base of systems for measuring wine and beer in England. The sizes of gallon used in these two systems were different from each other: the first was based on the wine gallon (equal in size to the US gallon), and the second one either the ale gallon or the larger imperial gallon.
【参考译文】加仑最初是英格兰测量葡萄酒和啤酒系统的基础。这两种系统中使用的加仑大小各不相同：第一个是基于葡萄酒加仑（大小相当于美制加仑），第二个则是麦芽酒加仑或更大的英制加仑。

By the end of the 18th century, there were three definitions of the gallon in common use:
【参考译文】到18世纪末，加仑有三种常见的定义：

• The corn gallon, or Winchester gallon, of about 268.8 cubic inches (≈ 4.405 L),
  【参考译文】玉米加仑，或温彻斯特加仑，约为268.8立方英寸（≈4.405升），
• The wine gallon, or Queen Anne’s gallon, which was 231 cubic inches[54] (≈ 3.785 L), and
  【参考译文】葡萄酒加仑，或安妮女王加仑，为231立方英寸[54]（≈3.785升），
• The ale gallon of 282 cubic inches (≈ 4.622 L).
  【参考译文】麦芽酒加仑为282立方英寸（≈4.622升）。

The corn or dry gallon is used (along with the dry quart and pint) in the United States for grain and other dry commodities. It is one-eighth of the (Winchester) bushel, originally defined as a cylindrical measure of 18+1/2 inches in diameter and 8 inches in depth, which made the dry gallon 8 in × (9+1/4 in)2 × π ≈ 2150.42017 cubic inches. The bushel was later defined to be 2150.42 cubic inches exactly, thus making its gallon exactly 268.8025 in3 (4.40488377086 L); in previous centuries, there had been a corn gallon of between 271 and 272 cubic inches.
【参考译文】玉米加仑或干加仑（以及干夸脱和干品脱）在美国用于谷物和其他干货的测量。它是（温彻斯特）蒲式耳的八分之一，最初定义为直径为18+1/2英寸，深度为8英寸的圆柱形测量单位，这使得干加仑为8英寸×（9+1/4英寸）²×π≈2150.42017立方英寸。后来蒲式耳被精确地定义为2150.42立方英寸，因此其加仑也精确地为268.8025立方英寸（4.40488377086升）；在之前的几个世纪里，玉米加仑在271至272立方英寸之间。

The wine, fluid, or liquid gallon has been the standard US gallon since the early 19th century. The wine gallon, which some sources relate to the volume occupied by eight medieval merchant pounds of wine, was at one time defined as the volume of a cylinder 6 inches deep and 7 inches in diameter, i.e. 6 in × (3+1/2 in)2 × π ≈ 230.907 06 cubic inches. It was redefined during the reign of Queen Anne in 1706 as 231 cubic inches exactly, the earlier definition with π approximated to 22/7.
【参考译文】葡萄酒加仑、流体加仑或液体加仑自19世纪初以来一直是美国的标准加仑。葡萄酒加仑，一些资料将其与八中世纪商人磅葡萄酒所占的体积联系起来，一度被定义为深6英寸、直径7英寸的圆柱体的体积，即6英寸×（3+1/2英寸）²×π≈230.90706立方英寸。它在1706年安妮女王统治期间被重新定义为精确的231立方英寸，之前的定义中π近似为22/7。

Although the wine gallon had been used for centuries for import duty purposes, there was no legal standard of it in the Exchequer, while a smaller gallon (224 cu in) was actually in use, requiring this statute; the 231 cubic inch gallon remains the US definition today.
【参考译文】尽管葡萄酒加仑几个世纪以来一直被用于进口关税目的，但在财政部并没有它的法定标准，而实际上使用的是一种较小的加仑（224立方英寸），这需要该法令；231立方英寸的加仑至今仍是美国的标准定义。

In 1824, Britain adopted a close approximation to the ale gallon known as the imperial gallon, and abolished all other gallons in favour of it. Inspired by the kilogram-litre relationship, the imperial gallon was based on the volume of 10 pounds of distilled water weighed in air with brass weights with the barometer standing at 30 inches of mercury and at a temperature of 62 °F (17 °C).
【参考译文】1824年，英国采用了与麦芽酒加仑非常接近的英制加仑，并废除了所有其他加仑，转而采用英制加仑。受到千克-升关系的启发，英制加仑是以空气中用黄铜砝码称量的10磅蒸馏水的体积为基础的，气压计显示为30英寸汞柱，温度为62°F（17°C）。

In 1963, this definition was refined as the space occupied by 10 pounds of distilled water of density 0.998859 g/mL weighed in air of density 0.001217 g/mL against weights of density 8.136 g/mL (the original “brass” was refined as the densities of brass alloys vary depending on metallurgical composition), which was calculated as 4.546091879 L to ten significant figures.[5]
【参考译文】1963年，这一定义被进一步细化为由密度为0.998859克/毫升的10磅蒸馏水在密度为0.001217克/毫升的空气中占据的空间，其砝码密度为8.136克/毫升（原先的“黄铜”被细化，因为黄铜合金的密度取决于冶金成分），经计算为4.546091879升，精确到小数点后十位。[5]

The precise definition of exactly 4.54609 cubic decimetres (also 4.54609 L, ≈ 277.419433 in3) came after the litre was redefined in 1964. This was adopted shortly afterwards in Canada, and adopted in 1976 in the United Kingdom.[5]
【参考译文】1964年升被重新定义后，精确到4.54609立方分米（也是4.54609升，≈277.419433立方英寸）的精确定义才出现。不久后，加拿大采用了这一定义，英国也于1976年采用了这一定义。[5]

4.1 各种加仑的大小 | Sizes of gallons

Historically, gallons of various sizes were used in many parts of Western Europe. In these localities, it has been replaced as the unit of capacity by the litre.
【参考译文】历史上，西欧许多地方都使用过不同大小的加仑。在这些地方，加仑作为容量单位已经被升所取代。

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B. 外部链接 | External links

• Definitions from Wiktionary【维基词典中的“加仑”】
• Media from Commons【维基媒体共享中的“加仑”】
• Travel information from Wikivoyage【维基旅行中的出行信息】
• Data from Wikidata【维基数据中的相关数据】