Ton（吨）- 英文维基百科词条

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1. 正文（发布于知乎专栏）

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2. 参见（维基百科的相关词条）| See also

Look up ton in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.【在维基词典，自由的词典中查看“ton”】

3. 参考文献 | References

  1. “Naval Architecture for All”. United States Bureau of Transportation Statistics. Archived from the original on October 10, 2008. Retrieved October 13, 2008..
    “Historically, a very important and standard cargo for European sailing vessels was wine, stored and shipped in casks called tuns. These tuns of wine, because of their uniform size and their universal demand, became a standard by which a ship’s capacity could be measured. A tun of wine weighed approximately 2,240 pounds, and occupied nearly 60 cubic
    feet.” (Gillmer, Thomas (1975). Modern Ship Design. United States Naval Institute.) “Today the ship designers standard of weight is the long ton which is equal to 2,240 pounds.” This is the weight of 35 cubic feet of Sea Water at a specific gravity of 1.025, compared to Fresh Water, specific gravity of 1.000 usually measured at 60 degrees F. Handy numbers: 35, 36, 37, number of Cubic Feet per Salt Water, Fresh Water and Lube Oil.
  2. “Definitions, Tonnages and Equivalents”. Military Sealift Fleet Support Command. Archived from the original on 2013-05-16. Retrieved 2012-12-12.
  3. “General Tables of Units of Measurement”. NIST. April 19, 2006 [November 11, 2000]. Archived from the original on 2011-12-10. Retrieved 2013-07-01.
  4. “NIST Handbook 44 Specifications: Handbook 44 – 2023 Appendix C – General Tables of Units of Measurement”(PDF). November 18, 2022. p. C-7. Retrieved May 9, 2023. “20 hundredweights = 1 ton”
  5. “Meaning of short ton in English”. Cambridge Dictionary. Retrieved May 26, 2023.
  6. Le Système international d’unités [The International System of Units] (PDF) (in French and English) (9th ed.), International Bureau of Weights and Measures, 2019, ISBN 978-92-822-2272-0
  7. Chris Evans, Göran Rydén, Baltic iron in the Atlantic world in the eighteenth century, p.257, Brill 2007 ISBN 90-04-16153-8
  8. “Report of the select committee on mines”, Reports from Committees 1866, vol.9, pp.134-136, London: House of Commons, 23 July 1866
  9. “tonne”. Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press.(Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  10. “Weights and Measures Act 1985”(PDF). Her Majesty’s Stationery Office. 1985-10-30. Archived(PDF) from the original on 2009-12-08. Retrieved 2010-02-03.
  11. “Weights and Measures Act: Canadian units of measure, Schedule II (Section 4)”. Department of Justice. Archived from the original on 2011-08-11. Retrieved 2011-07-06.
  12. Fenna, Donald (2002). A Dictionary of Weights, Measures, and Units. Oxford: Oxford University Press. assay ton. ISBN 9780198605225.
  13. Definitions of 2,000, 2,240, 2,352, and 2,400 lb are included in citations listed in the Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed. OED cites an 1858 dictionary of trade products “the legal ton by weight is usually 20 cwt”.
  14. DesVergers, Jake. “Rules of the Road: Tricky tonnage measurement not about weight”. The Triton. Retrieved 2021-04-23.
  15. Displacement ton Dictionary of international trade retrieved 22July2010
  16. A Dictionary of Weights, Measures, and Units, Donald Fenna, 2002ISBN 0-19-860522-6
  17. “MSC 2003 in Review – Financial and Statistical Review”. Msc.navy.mil. 2003-09-30. Archived from the original on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2010-07-31.
  18. “Liner Ocean Transportation Program Stabilized Breakbulk/Dry Cargo and Container Billing Rates”(PDF). Military Surface Deployment and Distribution Command. 2018.
  19. “182 F.2d 916”. Bulk.resource.org. Archived from the original on 2011-07-27. Retrieved 2010-07-31.
  20. “Pos Ttariff General Definitions”. Stocktonport.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2010-07-31.
  21. Panama Canal TollsArchived 2008-09-16 at the Wayback Machine, Panama Canal Authority. Retrieved 10 May 2006.
  22. “NIST: Units and Systems of Measurement Their Origin, Development, and Present Status”. nist.gov. Archived from the original on 16 June 2016. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  23. “GC(42)/INF/3 – Measures to Strengthen Co-operation in Nuclear, Radiation and Waste Safety”(PDF). iaea.org. Archived(PDF) from the original on 11 July 2017. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  24. Radioactive residues of the Cold War periodArchived 2005-10-16 at the Wayback Machine
  25. “2014 Key World Energy Statistics”(PDF). iea.org/publications/freepublications/. IEA. 2014. p. 6. Archived(PDF) from the original on 5 April 2015.
  26. “IEA – Unit Converter”. International Energy Agency. Archived from the original on 2 May 2015. Retrieved 5 May 2015.
  27. Goldemberg, José; Lucon, Oswaldo (1 May 2018). Energy, Environment and Development. Earthscan. ISBN 9781844077489. Retrieved 1 May 2018 – via Google Books.
  28. “Conversion factors”. OPEC Annual Statistical Bulletin 2014. Archived from the original on 2016-10-11.
  29. “Coal Conversion Statistics”. World Coal Association. Archived from the original on 16 May 2015. Retrieved 5 May 2015.
  30. Marks’ Standard handbook for Mechanical Engineers, 8th Ed., McGraw Hill, p. 19–3
  31. “ton (of refrigeration)”. Sizes.com. Archived from the original on 2006-10-20. Retrieved 2006-09-01.{{cite web}}: External link in |work= (help)
  32. Gérard P. Michon. “Measurements and Units”. Archived from the original on 2010-03-28. Retrieved 2006-09-01.
  33. Merriam-Webster’s English Dictionary defines ton as: “a great quantity”. [1]
  34. Colin R. Chapman, Weights, Money and Other Measures Used by our Ancestors, p.93, Genealogical Publishing Com, 1996 ISBN 0-8063-1501-6.
  35. MacRae-Hall, John (2011). A Deniable Asset. iUniverse. p. 85. ISBN 9781450280808.
  36. The Oxford English Dictionary 2nd ed. lists colloquial use of “ton” from 1946 for £100, and later 100 mph, and for 100 in general.
  37. Bruce Donaldson, Dutch: A Comprehensive Grammar, page 357, Routledge, 2008 ISBN 1134082363 .
  38. A Description of Holland, page 267, J. and P. Knapton, 1743.

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