伊朗 / Iran – （全文）中英文维基百科词条融合

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0. 概述

辽观注：此标题是我们在搬运、整合过程中添加的。

0.1 文字说明

辽观注：此标题是我们在搬运、整合过程中添加的。

伊朗伊斯兰共和国（波斯语：جمهوری اسلامی ایران‎，Jomhuriye Eslâmiye Irân，[dʒomhuːˌɾije eslɒːˌmije ʔiːˈɾɒn]），通称伊朗（波斯语：ایران‎，Irān，[ʔiːˈɾɒːn]  ( 发音)），1935年前被外界称为波斯^{[注 2]}，地处西亚伊朗高原之上，气候炎热干燥，其北部紧靠里海、南濒波斯湾和阿拉伯海。伊朗东邻巴基斯坦和阿富汗，东北部与土库曼斯坦接壤，西北与亚美尼亚和阿塞拜疆纳希切万自治共和国为邻，西接土耳其和伊拉克（包括库尔德斯坦地区）。国土面积为1,648,195平方公里。人口近9000万人（根据英文词条2024年数据修正），为多民族国家，其主体民族为波斯人，约占总人口的61%，其余有阿塞拜疆人、库尔德人、阿拉伯人等。官方语言为波斯语。国教为伊斯兰教什叶派十二伊玛目宗，信众超过全国人口的90%，宪法承认的其余教派有伊斯兰教逊尼派、祆教、犹太教、基督宗教等。首都为德黑兰。

【段内注2（中文词条原注）】波斯为希腊语他称，伊朗语中始终称为“伊朗”；1935年瑙鲁兹节（波斯新年），巴列维王朝皇帝礼萨汗发表国书正式对外将国名定为“伊朗”。

With a mostly Persian-ethnic population of almost 90 million in an area of 1,648,195 km² (636,372 sq mi), Iran ranks 17th globally in both geographic size and population. It is the sixth-largest country entirely in Asia and one of the world’s most mountainous countries. Officially an Islamic republic, Iran has a Muslim-majority population. The country is divided into five regions with 31 provinces. Tehran is the nation’s capital, largest city and financial center.
【参考译文】伊朗拥有近9000万人口，主要为波斯族裔，国土面积达1,648,195平方公里（636,372平方英里），在全球范围内按地理面积和人口数量分别排在第17位。它是亚洲境内第六大国家，同时也是世界上地形最崎岖的国家之一。伊朗是一个官方认定的伊斯兰共和国，居民绝大多数信仰伊斯兰教。该国划分为五个地区和31个省份。德黑兰是国家的首都、最大城市及金融中心。

A cradle of civilization, Iran has been inhabited since the Lower Palaeolithic. It was first unified as a state by Deioces in the seventh century BC, and reached its territorial height in the sixth century BC, when Cyrus the Great founded the Achaemenid Empire, one of the largest in ancient history. Alexander the Great conquered the empire in the fourth century BC. An Iranian rebellion established the Parthian Empire in the third century BC and liberated the country, which was succeeded by the Sasanian Empire in the third century AD. Ancient Iran saw some of the earliest developments of writing, agriculture, urbanisation, religion and central government. Muslims conquered the region in the seventh century AD, leading to Iran’s Islamization. The blossoming literature, philosophy, mathematics, medicine, astronomy and art became major elements for Iranian civilization during the Islamic Golden Age.
【参考译文】作为文明的摇篮，伊朗自旧石器时代晚期以来就有人居住。它最早在公元前七世纪由戴奥凯斯统一为一个国家，并在公元前六世纪达到领土鼎盛时期，此时居鲁士大帝建立了阿契美尼德帝国，这是古代史上最大的帝国之一。公元前四世纪，亚历山大大帝征服了这个帝国。公元前三世纪，一场伊朗起义建立了帕提亚帝国，国家得以解放，随后在公元三世纪被萨珊帝国继承。古代伊朗见证了书写、农业、城市化、宗教和中央政府等最早的发展。公元七世纪，穆斯林征服了这一地区，导致伊朗伊斯兰化。在伊斯兰黄金时代，文学、哲学、数学、医学、天文学和艺术的繁荣成为伊朗文明的重要组成部分。

A series of Iranian Muslim dynasties ended Arab rule, revived the Persian language and ruled the country until the Seljuk and Mongol conquests of the 11th to 14th centuries. In the 16th century, the native Safavids re-established a unified Iranian state with Twelver Shi’ism as the official religion.
【参考译文】一系列伊朗穆斯林王朝终结了阿拉伯人的统治，复兴了波斯语，并统治这个国家直到11世纪至14世纪塞尔柱和蒙古的征服。16世纪，本土的萨法维王朝重新建立了一个统一的伊朗国家，以十二伊玛目什叶派为官方宗教。

During the Afsharid Empire in the 18th century, Iran was a leading world power, though by the 19th century, it had lost significant territory through conflicts with the Russian Empire. The early 20th century saw the Persian Constitutional Revolution and the establishment of the Pahlavi dynasty. Attempts by Mohammad Mosaddegh to nationalize the oil industry led to an Anglo-American coup in 1953. After the Iranian Revolution, the monarchy was overthrown in 1979 and the Islamic Republic of Iran was established by Ruhollah Khomeini, who became the country’s first Supreme Leader. The forces of Saddam Hussein invaded in 1980, initiating the 8-year-long Iran-Iraq War.
【参考译文】到了18世纪的阿夫沙尔王朝时期，伊朗成为了世界强国之一，但到了19世纪，由于与俄罗斯帝国的冲突，伊朗失去了大量领土。20世纪初，伊朗经历了立宪革命并建立了巴列维王朝。穆罕默德·摩萨台试图国有化石油工业的举措，导致了1953年的英美联合政变。1979年伊朗革命后，君主制被推翻，鲁霍拉·霍梅尼建立了伊斯兰共和国伊朗，并成为该国首位最高领袖。1980年，萨达姆·侯赛因领导的伊拉克军队入侵，从而引发了长达八年的两伊战争。

19世纪末至20世纪初，波斯逐渐沦为英国和俄罗斯的半殖民地。1925年，巴列维王朝建立。二战后，国王穆罕默德-礼萨·巴列维逐渐摆脱英、苏两国对伊朗的控制，奉行亲美的市场化政策，虽然是君主专制，但开明的经济建设，使国家获得较大发展，在中东地区获得了较大的影响力。1979年初，鲁霍拉·穆萨维·霍梅尼领导的伊斯兰革命爆发，王朝政权很快被推翻，成立伊朗伊斯兰共和国，同年底发生美国驻伊使馆人质事件，伊朗此后转为反美的先锋，与以美国为首的西方国家交恶。

Iran is officially governed as a unitary Islamic Republic with a Presidential system, with ultimate authority vested in a Supreme Leader. The government is authoritarian and has attracted widespread criticism for its significant violations of human rights and civil liberties. Iran is a major regional power, due to its large reserves of fossil fuels, including the world’s second largest natural gas supply, third largest proven oil reserves, its geopolitically significant location, military capabilities, cultural hegemony, regional influence, and role as the world’s focal point of Shia Islam. The Iranian economy is the world’s 19th-largest by PPP. Iran is an active and founding member of the United Nations, OIC, OPEC, ECO, NAM, SCO and BRICS. Iran is home to 27 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, the 10th highest in the world, and ranks 5th in Intangible Cultural Heritage, or human treasures. Iran was the world’s third fastest-growing tourism destination in 2019.^[12]
【参考译文】伊朗官方实行单一制的伊斯兰共和国制度，采用总统制体系，最高权力归属于最高领袖。政府具有威权性质，因严重侵犯人权和公民自由而广受国际批评。作为地区大国，伊朗凭借其庞大的化石燃料储备（包括全球第二大的天然气储量和第三大的已探明石油储量）、重要的地缘战略位置、军事实力、文化影响力、地区作用，以及作为全球什叶派伊斯兰教中心的地位而著称。伊朗经济按购买力平价计算为世界第19大经济体。伊朗是联合国、伊斯兰合作组织、石油输出国组织、经济合作组织、不结盟运动、上海合作组织和金砖国家等国际组织的积极创建成员国和成员。伊朗拥有27项联合国教科文组织世界遗产，数量位居全球第十，并在非物质文化遗产（人类非物质财富）方面排名第五。2019年，伊朗是全球增长速度第三快的旅游目的地。

伊朗伊斯兰共和国实行政教合一的政治体制，伊斯兰教在国家的政治生活中担任非常重要的角色，最高领袖是国家的最高领导人和武装力量最高统帅，由伊斯兰教神职人员组成的专家会议选举产生，霍梅尼为首任最高领袖，现任最高领袖为赛义德阿里·侯赛尼·哈梅内伊。伊朗政府实行总统共和制，总统是继最高领袖之后的国家第二号领导人，既是国家元首，又是政府首脑，但不是军事统帅，由全民普选产生，现由马苏德·佩泽希齐扬任总统职务。伊朗最高立法机构为伊斯兰议会，实行一院制，现任议长为穆罕默德·巴吉尔·卡利巴夫。伊朗司法总监是伊朗的司法最高首脑，由最高领袖任命，最高法院院长和总检察长则由司法总监任命，现任司法总监为萨迪格·拉里贾尼。

石油产业是伊朗的支柱，伊朗是世界第四大石油生产国、石油输出国组织第二大石油输出国。伊朗的货币名称为里亚尔。

0.2 概况表格

辽观注：此标题是我们在搬运、整合过程中添加的。

Motto【国家格言】: استقلال، آزادی، جمهوری اسلامی Esteqlâl, Âzâdi, Jomhuri-ye Eslâmi “Independence, freedom, the Islamic Republic”(de facto)[1] 【“独立、自由、伊斯兰共和国”（事实上的）[1]】
Anthem【国歌】: سرود ملی جمهوری اسلامی ایران Sorud-e Melli-ye Jomhuri-ye Eslâmi-ye Irân “National Anthem of the Islamic Republic of Iran“Duration: 58 seconds.0:58 【《伊朗伊斯兰共和国国歌》时长：58秒0:58】
Capital and largest city 【首都和最大城市】	Tehran / 德黑兰 35°41′N 51°25′E
Official languages 【官方语言】	Persian / 波斯语
Recognised regional languages 【得到承认的区域语言】	Predominantly Persian【以波斯语为主】 18% Azerbaijani and other Turkic languages (incl. Qashqai, Turkmen)[2]【18% 阿塞拜疆语和其他突厥语（包括卡什加语、土库曼语）】 10% Kurdish【10% 库尔德语】 7% Gilaki and Mazanderani【7% 吉拉基语和马赞德兰语】 6% Luri【6% 卢里语】 2% Balochi【2% 俾路支语】 2% Arabic【2% 阿拉伯语】 2% other[3] (incl. Armenian, Assyrian, Georgian, Laki, Semnani, Talysh, Tati)【2% 其他（包括亚美尼亚语、亚述语、格鲁吉亚语、拉基语、塞姆纳尼语、塔雷什语、塔蒂语）】

National language【国家语言】	Persian / 波斯语
Ethnic groups (2003 estimate)[5] 【族群（2003年估计情况）】	Predominantly Persians【主要为波斯人】 Azeris【阿塞拜疆人】 Kurds【库尔德人】 Mazanderanis【马赞德兰人】 Lurs【卢尔人】 Gilaks【吉拉克人】 Arabs【阿拉伯人】 Armenians【亚美尼亚人】 Turkmens【土库曼人】 Baloch【俾路支人】 Talysh【塔雷什人】 Tat【塔特人】

Demonym(s)【对当地人的称呼】	Iranian【伊朗人】
Government【政体】	Unitary presidential theocratic Islamic republic / 单一制总统制神权政治伊斯兰共和国
• Supreme Leader / 最高领袖	Ali Khamenei / 阿里·哈梅内伊
• President / 代理总统	Mohammad Mokhber (acting) / 穆罕默德·穆赫贝尔
• Vice President /  第一副总统	Mohommad Mokhber / 穆罕默德·穆赫贝尔
• Speaker of the Parliament / 议会议长	Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf / 穆罕默德·巴吉尔·卡利巴夫
• Chief Justice【首席大法官】	Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje’i
• Secretary of the Guardian Council 【宪法监护委员会秘书】	Ahmad Jannati
Legislature【立法机构】	Islamic Consultative Assembly / 伊斯兰议会
Formation【建国】
• Unified as a state【成为统一国家】	c. 678 BC
• Achaemenid Empire【阿契美尼德帝国】	550 BC
• Parthian Empire【波斯帝国】	247 BC
• Sasanian Empire【萨珊帝国】	224 AD
• Safavid Iran【萨法维伊朗】	1501
• Afsharid Iran【阿夫沙里德 伊朗】	1736
• Zand dynasty【沙王朝】	1751
• Qajar Iran【卡扎尔伊朗】	1789
• Constitutional Revolution / 波斯立宪革命	12 December 1905【1905年12月12日】
• Pahlavi Iran / 巴勒维王朝	15 December 1925【1925年12月15日】
• Iranian Revolution / 伊朗伊斯兰革命	11 February 1979【1979年2月11日】
• Current Constitution【现行宪法】	3 December 1979【1979年12月3日】
Area【面积】
• Total【总面积】	1,648,195 km2 (636,372 sq mi) (17th) 【164.8195万平方公里（63.6372万平方英里）（第17位）】
• Water (%)【水域率】	1.63 (as of 2015)[6] 【1.63（根据2015年的数据）】
Population【人口】
• 2024 estimate【2024年估计值】	89,819,750[7] (17th)【8981万9750人（世界第17位）】
• Density【人口密度】	55/km2 (142.4/sq mi) (132nd)【55人/平方公里（142.4人/平方英里）（世界第132位）】
GDP (PPP) 【国内生产总值（按购买力平价计算）】	2024 estimate【2024年估计值】
• Total【总值】	$1.855 trillion[8] (19th)【1.855万亿美元（世界第19位）】
• Per capita【人均值】	$21,220[8] (78th)【21,220美元（第78位）】
GDP (nominal) 【国内生产总值（名义值，即按汇率计算所得】	2024 estimate【2024年估计值】
• Total【总值】	$464.181 billion[8] (34th) 【4641.81亿美元（世界第34位）】
• Per capita【人均值】	$5,310[8] (113th)【5310美元（世界第113位）】
Gini (2019) / 基尼系数	40.9[9] medium【中】
HDI (2022) / 人类发展指数	0.780[10] high (78th)【高（全球第78名）】
Currency【货币】	Iranian rial (ریال) (IRR)【伊朗里亚尔】
Time zone【时区】	UTC+3:30 (IRST)【UTC+3:30（伊朗标准时间）】
ISO 3166 code	IR
Internet TLD / 互联网顶级域	.irایران.

1. 词源 | Etymology

Main article: Name of Iran【主条目：伊朗的名称】

The term Iran ‘the land of the Aryans’ derives from Middle Persian Ērān, first attested in a 3rd-century inscription at Naqsh-e Rostam, with the accompanying Parthian inscription using Aryān, in reference to the Iranians.^[13] Ērān and Aryān are oblique plural forms of gentilic nouns ēr- (Middle Persian) and ary- (Parthian), deriving from Proto-Iranian language *arya- (meaning ‘Aryan‘, i.e. of the Iranians),^[13][14] recognised as a derivative of Proto-Indo-European language *ar-yo-, meaning ‘one who assembles (skilfully)’.^[15] According to Iranian mythology, the name comes from Iraj, a legendary king.^[16]
【参考译文】伊朗“雅利安人之地”一词源于中波斯语 Ērān，最早见于 3 世纪纳格什罗斯塔姆的一块铭文，与之相伴的帕提亚铭文也使用 Aryān 来指代伊朗人。[13] Ērān 和 Aryān 是氏族名词 ēr-（中波斯语）和 ary-（帕提亚语）的间接复数形式，源自原始伊朗语 *arya-（意为“雅利安人”，即伊朗人），[13][14] 被认为是原始印欧语 *ar-yo- 的衍生词，意为“（巧妙地）聚集的人”。[15] 根据伊朗神话，这个名字来自传说中的国王伊拉吉 (Iraj)。[16]

Iran was referred to as Persia by the West, due to Greek historians who referred to all of Iran as Persís, meaning ‘the land of the Persians‘.^{[17][18][19][20]} Persia is the Fars province in southwest Iran, the 4th largest province, also known as Pârs.^[21][22] The Persian Fârs (فارس), derived from the earlier form Pârs (پارس), which is in turn derived from Pârsâ (Old Persian: 𐎱𐎠𐎼𐎿). Due to Fars’ historical importance,^[23][24] Persia originated from this territory through Greek in around 550 BC,^[25] and Westerners referred to the entire country as Persia,^[26][27] until 1935, when Reza Shah requested the international community to use its native and original name, Iran;^[28] Iranians called their nation Iran since at least 1000 BC.^[21] Today, both Iran and Persia are used culturally, while Iran remains mandatory in official use.^{[29][30][31][32][33]}
【参考译文】伊朗被西方称为波斯，因为希腊历史学家将整个伊朗称为 Persís，意思是“波斯人的土地”。[17][18][19][20] 波斯是位于伊朗西南部的法尔斯省，是伊朗第四大省，也被称为帕尔斯 (Pârs)。[21][22] 波斯语 Fârs (فارس) 源自早期形式 Pârs (پارس)，而 Pârs 又源自 Pârsâ（古波斯语：𐎱𐎠𐎼𐎿）。由于法尔斯的历史重要性[23][24]，“波斯”一名于公元前 550 年左右通过希腊人从这片领土起源[25]，西方人将整个国家称为“波斯”[26][27]，直到 1935 年，礼萨沙要求国际社会使用其本土和原始名称“伊朗”[28]；伊朗人至少从公元前 1000 年起就称他们的国家为“伊朗”[21]。[29][30][31][32][33]如今，“伊朗”和“波斯”在文化上都被使用，而“伊朗”在官方使用中仍然是强制性的。[29][30][31][32][33]

The Persian pronunciation of Iran is [ʔiːˈɾɒːn]. Commonwealth English pronunciations of Iran are listed in the Oxford English Dictionary as /ɪˈrɑːn/ and /ɪˈræn/,^[34] while American English dictionaries provide pronunciations which map to /ɪˈrɑːn, -ˈræn, aɪˈræn/,^[35] or /ɪˈræn, ɪˈrɑːn, aɪˈræn/. The Cambridge Dictionary lists /ɪˈrɑːn/ as the British pronunciation and /ɪˈræn/ as the American pronunciation. Voice of America‘s pronunciation guide provides /ɪˈrɑːn/.^[36]
【参考译文】伊朗的波斯语发音是 [ʔiːˈɾɒːn]。牛津英语词典将伊朗的英联邦英语发音列为 /ɪˈrɑːn/ 和 /ɪˈræn/，[34] 而美式英语词典提供的发音则对应为 /ɪˈrɑːn, -ˈræn, aɪˈræn/，[35] 或 /ɪˈræn, ɪˈrɑːn, aɪˈræn/。剑桥词典将 /ɪˈrɑːn/ 列为英式发音，将 /ɪˈræn/ 列为美式发音。美国之音的发音指南提供 /ɪˈrɑːn/。[36]

2. 历史 | History

Main article: History of Iran【主条目：伊朗的历史】/ 主条目：伊朗历史和波斯历史

For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Iranian history.【有关按时间顺序排列的指南，请参阅“伊朗历史年表”。】

2.1 史前 | Prehistory

Further information: Prehistory of Iran and List of archaeological sites in Iran
【更多信息：“伊朗史前史”和“伊朗考古遗址列表”】

主条目：波斯和波斯帝国

Archaeological artifacts confirm human presence in Iran since the Lower Palaeolithic.^[37] Neanderthal artifacts have been found in the Zagros region.^[38][39][40] From the 10th to the 7th millennium BC, agricultural communities flourished around the Zagros region, including Chogha Golan,^[41][42] Chogha Bonut,^[43][44] and Chogha Mish.^[45][46][47] The occupation of grouped hamlets in the area of Susa ranges from 4395 to 3490 BC.^[48] There are several prehistoric sites across the country, such as Shahr-e Sukhteh and Teppe Hasanlu, all pointing to ancient cultures and civilizations.^[49][50][51] From the 34th to the 20th century BC, northwest Iran was part of the Kura-Araxes culture, which stretched into the neighbouring Caucasus and Anatolia.
【参考译文】考古学文物证实，自旧石器时代早期以来，伊朗地区就已有人类活动的痕迹。[37]在扎格罗斯地区发现了尼安德特人的遗物。[38][39][40]从公元前10千年到公元前7千年，农业社群在扎格罗斯地区蓬勃发展，包括Chogha Golan、[41][42]Chogha Bonut、[43][44]和Chogha Mish。[45][46][47]苏萨地区的聚落群居住历史可追溯至公元前4395年至公元前3490年。[48]全国还有多个史前遗址，如Shahr-e Sukhteh和Teppe Hasanlu，这些都指向了古老的文化和文明。[49][50][51]从公元前34世纪到公元前20世纪，伊朗西北部属于库拉-阿拉克斯文化圈，这一文化圈延伸到了邻近的高加索和安纳托利亚地区。

Since the Bronze Age, the area has been home to Iranian civilization,^[52][53] including Elam, Jiroft, and Zayanderud. Elam, the most prominent, continued until the Plateau was unified as a state by the Medes in 7th century BC. The advent of writing in Elam was parallelled to Sumer; the Elamite cuneiform developed beginning in the third millennium BC.^[54] Elam was part of the early urbanization of the Near East during the Chalcolithic period. Diverse artifacts from the Bronze Age and huge structures from the Iron Age indicates suitable conditions for human civilization over the past 8,000 years in Piranshahr and other areas.^[55][56]
【参考译文】自青铜时代以来，这一地区一直是伊朗文明的发源地，[52][53]包括埃兰、杰罗夫特和扎因达鲁德文明。其中，埃兰最为显著，一直延续至公元前7世纪，当米底人在伊朗高原上统一各邦，建立国家。埃兰的文字发展与苏美尔并行，埃兰楔形文字自公元前第三千年开始形成。[54]埃兰是新石器时代晚期近东早期城市化的组成部分。青铜时代多样的文物和铁器时代宏大的建筑遗迹表明，过去8000年来，皮兰沙赫尔及其他地区具备了适合人类文明发展的条件。[55][56]

2.2 古代伊朗及统一 | Ancient Iran and unification

Main articles: Median Empire, Achaemenid Empire, Seleucid Empire, Parthian Empire, and Sasanian Empire
【主要文章：米底帝国、阿契美尼德帝国、塞琉古帝国、帕提亚帝国和萨珊帝国】

By the 2nd millennium BC, ancient Iranian peoples arrived from the Eurasian Steppe.^[57][58][59] As the Iranians dispersed into Greater Iran, it was dominated by Median, Persian, and Parthian tribes.^[60] From the 10th to 7th century BC, Iranian peoples, together with pre-Iranian kingdoms, fell under the Assyrian Empire, based in Mesopotamia.^[61] The Medes and Persians entered into an alliance with Babylonian ruler Nabopolassar, and attacked the Assyrians. Civil war ravaged the Assyrian Empire between 616 and 605 BC, freeing peoples from three centuries of Assyrian rule.^[62] The interference of the Assyrians in Zagros unified the Median tribes by Deioces in 728 BC, the foundation of the Medes Kingdom and their capital Ecbatana, unifying Iran as a state and nation for the first time in 678 BC.^[63] By 612 BC, the Medes with the Babylonians overthrown the Assyrian Empire.^[64] This ended the Kingdom of Urartu.^[65][66]
【参考译文】到了公元前第二千纪，古伊朗民族从欧亚草原迁徙而来。[57][58][59]随着伊朗民族散布到大伊朗地区，这一区域主要由米底人、波斯人和帕提亚部落主宰。[60]从公元前10世纪到公元前7世纪，伊朗民族连同前伊朗王国一同落入以美索不达米亚为基地的亚述帝国统治之下。[61]米底人和波斯人与巴比伦统治者那波帕拉萨尔结盟，共同对抗亚述人。公元前616年至公元前605年间，内战撕裂了亚述帝国，结束了这三个世纪的亚述统治，各民族得以解脱。[62]亚述人在扎格罗斯地区的干涉促使迪奥塞斯在公元前728年统一了米底部落，建立了米底王国及其首都埃克巴塔那，首次在公元前678年将伊朗作为一个国家和民族统一起来。[63]到公元前612年，米底人与巴比伦人共同推翻了亚述帝国。[64]这标志着乌拉尔图王国的终结。[65][66]

In 550 BC, Cyrus the Great defeated the last Median king, Astyages, and established the Achaemenid Empire. Conquests under Cyrus and his successors expanded it to include Lydia, Babylon, Egypt, parts of the Eastern Europe, and lands west of the Indus and Oxus rivers. In 539 BC, Persian forces defeated the Babylonians at Opis, ending four centuries of Mesopotamian domination by the Neo-Babylonian Empire.^[67] In 518 BC, Persepolis was founded by Darius the Great as the ceremonial capital of the Achaemenid Empire, then the largest ever empire; it ruled over 40% of the world’s population.^[68][69] The Empire had a successful model of centralized bureaucracy, multiculturalism, road system, postal system, use of official languages, civil service and large, professional army. It inspired similar governance by later empires.^[70] In 334 BC, Alexander the Great defeated the last Achaemenid king, Darius III and burned down Persepolis. After Alexander’s death in 323 BC, Iran fell under the Seleucid Empire, and divided into several Hellenistic states.
【参考译文】公元前550年，居鲁士大帝击败了最后一位米底国王阿斯提阿格斯，建立了阿契美尼德帝国。在居鲁士及其后继者的征服下，帝国版图扩张至吕底亚、巴比伦、埃及、东欧部分地区，以及印度河与阿姆河以西的领地。公元前539年，波斯军队在奥皮斯击败了巴比伦人，终结了新巴比伦帝国对美索不达米亚长达四个世纪的统治。[67]公元前518年，大流士一世建立了波斯波利斯作为阿契美尼德帝国的礼仪首都，那时帝国是史上最大的帝国，统治着全球约40%的人口。[68][69]该帝国拥有成功的中央集权官僚体系、多元文化政策、道路系统、邮政系统、官方语言使用、文官制度以及庞大而专业的军队，这些都为后来的帝国提供了治理模式的灵感。[70]公元前334年，亚历山大大帝击败了末代阿契美尼德国王大流士三世，并焚毁了波斯波利斯。亚历山大去世后，即公元前323年，伊朗沦入塞琉古帝国之手，并分裂为多个希腊化国家。

Iran remained under Seleucid occupation until 250–247 BC, when the native Parthians liberated Parthia in the northeast, and rebelled against the Seleucids, founding the Parthian Empire. Parthians became the main power, and the geopolitical arch-rivalry between the Romans and the Parthians began, culminating in the Roman–Parthian Wars. At its height, the Parthian Empire stretched from the north reaches of the Euphrates in present-day Turkey, to Afghanistan and Pakistan. Located on the Silk Road trade route between the Roman Empire and China, it became a commercial center. As the Parthians expanded west, they conflicted with Armenia and the Roman Republic.^[71]
【参考译文】伊朗一直处于塞琉古占领之下，直至公元前250年至公元前247年，原生的帕提亚人在东北部解放了帕提亚地区，反抗塞琉古人，建立了帕提亚帝国。帕提亚人成为主要力量，罗马与帕提亚之间的地缘政治对手关系由此开始，最终演变成了一系列的罗马-帕提亚战争。帕提亚帝国在其鼎盛时期，版图北起现今土耳其境内的幼发拉底河上游，南至阿富汗和巴基斯坦。作为连接罗马帝国和中国之间的丝绸之路贸易路线上的一个中心，它发展成为一个商业重镇。随着帕提亚向西扩张，他们与亚美尼亚和罗马共和国发生了冲突。[71]

After five centuries of Parthian rule, civil war proved more dangerous to stability, than invasion. Parthian power evaporated when Persian ruler Ardashir I, killed Artabanus IV, and founded the Sasanian Empire in 224 AD. Sassanids and their arch-rival, the Roman–Byzantines, were the world’s dominant powers for four centuries. Late antiquity is one of Iran’s most influential periods,^[72] its influence reached ancient Rome,^[73][74] Africa,^[75] China, and India,^[76] and played a prominent role in the mediaeval art of Europe and Asia.^[77][78] Sasanian rule was a high point, characterized by sophisticated bureaucracy, and revitalized Zoroastrianism as a legitimizing and unifying force.^[79]
【参考译文】历经五个多世纪的帕提亚统治后，内战相较于外来侵略对稳定构成了更大的威胁。帕提亚势力的消散发生在波斯统治者阿尔达希尔一世杀死阿尔达班四世，并于公元224年建立萨珊帝国之时。萨珊王朝及其宿敌——罗马-拜占庭帝国，在接下来的四个世纪里成为世界上的主导力量。晚期古迹是伊朗最具影响力的时期之一，[72]其影响遍及古代罗马、[73][74]非洲、[75]中国和印度，[76]并在欧洲和亚洲的中世纪艺术中发挥了显著作用。[77][78]萨珊王朝的统治是一个高峰，其特征是高度发达的官僚体制，并通过复兴琐罗亚斯德教作为合法化和统一的力量。[79]

2.3 中世纪伊朗和伊朗间期 | Mediaeval Iran and Iranian Intermezzo

Main articles: Early Muslim conquests, Mediaeval Iran, and Iranian Intermezzo
【主要文章：早期穆斯林征服、中世纪伊朗和伊朗间期】
参见：阿拉伯帝国、塞尔柱帝国、伊儿汗国、帖木儿帝国、萨非王朝和伊朗崇高国

637年，阿拉伯帝国的穆斯林军在卡迪西亚战役打败波斯萨珊王朝的军队，攻占其首都泰西封，开始了伊斯兰对波斯的征服，同时也终结了波斯地区的琐罗亚斯德教文化。倭马亚王朝后，蒙古帝国入侵并灭亡了伊朗一带的小国，并建立了伊儿汗国，后汗国灭亡，帖木儿帝国又相继统治伊朗。

Following early Muslim conquests, the influence of Sasanian art, architecture, music, literature and philosophy on Islamic culture, spread Iranian culture, knowledge and ideas in the Muslim world. The Byzantine–Sasanian wars, and conflict within the Sasanian Empire, allowed Arab invasion in the 7th century.^[80][81] The empire was defeated by the Rashidun Caliphate, which was succeeded by the Umayyad Caliphate, then the Abbasid Caliphate. Islamization followed, which targeted Iran’s Zoroastrian majority and included religious persecution,^[82][83][84] demolition of libraries^[85] and fire temples,^[86] a tax penalty (“jizya“),^[87][88] and language shift.^[89][90]
【参考译文】随着早期穆斯林征服的进行，萨珊艺术、建筑、音乐、文学及哲学对伊斯兰文化的影响，传播了伊朗的文化、知识和思想至整个穆斯林世界。拜占庭-萨珊战争以及萨珊帝国内部的冲突，为7世纪阿拉伯人的入侵敞开了大门。[80][81]帝国最终败给了伍麦亚王朝所继承的四大哈里发国家中的第一个——拉斯蒂德王朝，随后又被伍麦亚王朝和阿拔斯王朝所取代。随之而来的是伊斯兰化进程，这一过程针对伊朗占多数的琐罗亚斯德教信徒，包含了宗教迫害、[82][83][84]图书馆的摧毁、[85]火神庙的拆除、[86]征收吉兹亚税（”jizya”）作为非穆斯林的惩罚性税收、[87][88]以及语言的转变。[89][90]

In 750, the Abbasids overthrew the Umayyads.^[91] Arab and Persians Muslims made up the rebel army together, which was united by Persian Abu Muslim.^[92][93] In their struggle for power, society became cosmopolitan. Persians and Turks replaced Arabs. A hierarchy of officials emerged, a bureaucracy at first Persian and later Turkish which decreased Abbasid prestige and power for good.^[94] After two centuries of Arab rule, Iranian Muslim dynasties in the Plateau rose, appearing on the fringes of the declining Abbasid Caliphate.^[95] The Iranian Intermezzo was an interlude between Abbasid rule by Arabs, and the “Sunni Revival“, with the 11th-century emergence of the Seljuks. The Intermezzo ended the Arab rule over Iran, revived the Iranian national spirit and culture in Islamic form, and the Persian language. The most significant literature was Shahnameh by Ferdowsi, the national epic.^{[96][97][98][99]}
【参考译文】750年，阿拔斯王朝推翻了伍麦亚王朝。[91]阿拉伯和波斯穆斯林共同组成了叛军，由波斯人阿布·穆斯林统一领导。[92][93]在他们的权力斗争中，社会变得国际化。波斯人和突厥人取代了阿拉伯人。一个官员等级制度应运而生，起初是波斯人的官僚体系，后来转变为土耳其人体系，这逐渐削弱了阿拔斯王朝的声望和权力。[94]经过两个世纪的阿拉伯统治，伊朗高原上的伊朗穆斯林王朝兴起，出现在衰落的阿拔斯哈里发国的边缘地带。[95]伊朗插曲是阿拔斯王朝阿拉伯人统治与“逊尼派复兴”之间的一个间歇期，随着11世纪塞尔柱人的崛起而结束。这一插曲终止了阿拉伯对伊朗的统治，复兴了伊朗的民族精神和文化，并以伊斯兰形式及波斯语进行传承。最重要的文学作品是菲尔多西的《列王纪》，这是国家的史诗。[96][97][98][99]

The blossoming literature, philosophy, mathematics, medicine, astronomy and art became major elements in the Islamic Golden Age.^[100][101] This Golden Age peaked in the 10th and 11th centuries, when Iran was the main theatre of scientific activities.^[102] The 10th century saw a mass migration of Turkic tribes from Central Asia to Iran. Turkic tribesmen were first used in the Abbasid army as mamluks (slave-warriors);^[103] and gained significant political power. Portions of Iran were occupied by the Seljuk and Khwarezmian empires.^[104][105] The result of the adoption and patronage of Iranian culture by Turkish rulers was the development of a distinct Turco-Persian tradition.
【参考译文】文学、哲学、数学、医学、天文学及艺术的繁荣成为伊斯兰黄金时代的主要构成元素。[100][101]这一黄金时代在10世纪和11世纪达到顶峰，彼时伊朗是科学活动的主要舞台。[102]10世纪见证了突厥部落从中亚大规模迁徙至伊朗。突厥部落民最初被用作阿拔斯军队中的马木路克（奴隶战士）；[103]并逐渐获得了显著的政治权力。伊朗的部分地区后来被塞尔柱和花剌子模帝国占领。[104][105]土耳其统治者采纳并赞助伊朗文化的后果是形成了独特的突厥-波斯传统。

Between 1219 and 1221, under the Khwarazmian Empire, Iran suffered under the Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire. According to Steven Ward, “Mongol violence… killed up to three-fourths of the population of the Iranian Plateau, possibly 10 to 15 million people….Iran’s population did not…reach its pre-Mongol levels until the mid-20th century.” Others believe this to be an exaggeration by Muslim chroniclers.^{[106][107][108]} Following the fracture of the Mongol Empire in 1256, Hulegu Khan established the Ilkhanate Empire in Iran. In 1357, the capital Tabriz was occupied by the Golden Horde and centralised power collapsed, resulting in rivalling dynasties. In 1370, yet another Mongol, Timur, took control of Iran, and established the Timurid Empire. In 1387, Timur ordered the complete massacre of Isfahan, killing 70,000 people.^[109]
【参考译文】1219 年至 1221 年，在花剌子模帝国统治下，伊朗遭受蒙古入侵。根据史蒂芬·沃德的说法，“蒙古的暴行……杀死了伊朗高原四分之三的人口，可能有 1000 万到 1500 万人……直到 20 世纪中叶，伊朗的人口才……达到蒙古统治前的水平。”其他人认为这是穆斯林编年史家的夸大其词。[106][107][108] 1256 年蒙古帝国崩溃后，旭烈兀在伊朗建立了伊尔汗国。1357 年，首都大不里士被金帐汗国占领，中央集权崩溃，导致王朝相互竞争。1370 年，另一个蒙古人帖木儿控制了伊朗，建立了帖木儿帝国。 1387年，帖木儿下令对伊斯法罕进行彻底屠杀，造成7万人死亡。[109]

2.4 近现代早期 | Early modern period

2.4.1 萨法维王朝 | Safavids

Main articles: Safavid Iran, Portuguese–Safavid wars, and Ottoman–Safavid war (1603–1612)
【主条目：萨法维伊朗、葡萄牙–萨法维战争和奥斯曼–萨法维战争 (1603–1612)】

In 1501, Ismail I established the Safavid Empire, and chose Tabriz as capital.^[110] Beginning with Azerbaijan, he extended his authority over Iranian territories, and established Iranian hegemony over Greater Iran.^[111] The Safavids, along with the Ottomans and Mughals, were creators of the “Gunpowder empires“, flourished from mid-16th, to the early 18th century. Iran was predominantly Sunni, but Ismail forced conversion to Shia, a turning point in the history of Islam;^{[112][113][114][115][116]} Iran is the world’s only official Shia nation today.^[117][118]
【参考译文】1501年，伊斯玛仪一世建立了萨法维帝国，并选定大不里士为首都。[110]他从阿塞拜疆起始，逐步将其统治扩展到伊朗各地，确立了伊朗对大伊朗地区的霸权。[111]萨法维王朝与奥斯曼帝国和莫卧儿帝国一同，创造了“火药帝国”，这一时期从16世纪中叶持续到18世纪初。当时伊朗主要信奉逊尼派，但伊斯玛仪强制改宗为什叶派，这一转折点深刻影响了伊斯兰教的历史；[112][113][114][115][116]如今，伊朗是世界上唯一的官方什叶派国家。[117][118]

Relations between Safavids and the West began with the Portuguese, in the Persian Gulf, from the 16th century, oscillating between alliances and war up to the 18th century. The Safavid era saw integration from Caucasian populations and their resettlement within Iran’s heartlands. In 1588, Abbas the Great ascended during a troubled period. Iran developed the ghilman system where thousands of Circassian, Georgian, and Armenian slave-soldiers joined the administration and military. The Christian Iranian-Armenian community is the largest minority in Iran today.^[119]
【参考译文】萨法维王朝与西方的关系始于 16 世纪波斯湾的葡萄牙人，直到 18 世纪，双方的关系在同盟与战争之间摇摆不定。萨法维王朝时期，高加索人种开始融入伊朗，并在伊朗腹地重新定居。1588 年，阿拔斯大帝在动荡时期登基。伊朗发展了吉尔曼制度，成千上万的切尔克斯人、格鲁吉亚人和亚美尼亚奴隶士兵加入了政府和军队。信奉基督教的伊朗-亚美尼亚人社区是当今伊朗最大的少数民族。[119]

Abbas eclipsed the power of the Qizilbash in the civil administration, royal house and military. He relocated the capital from Qazvin to Isfahan, making it the focal point of Safavid architecture. Tabriz returned to Iran from the Ottomans under his rule. Following court intrigue, Abbas became suspicious of his sons and had them killed or blinded. Following a gradual decline in the late 1600s and early 1700s, caused by internal conflicts, wars with the Ottomans, and foreign interference, the Safavid rule was ended by the Pashtun rebels who besieged Isfahan, and defeated Soltan Hoseyn in 1722. Safavids’ legacy was the revival of Iran as an economic stronghold between East and West, an efficient bureaucracy based upon “checks and balances“, their architectural innovations, and patronage for fine arts. They established Twelver Shīʿīsm as the state religion-it still is-and spread Shīʿa Islam across the Middle East, Central Asia, Caucasus, Anatolia, the Persian Gulf, and Mesopotamia.^[120]
【参考译文】阿巴斯一世削弱了在民政管理、王室及军队中卡札尔巴什人的势力。他将首都从加兹温迁移到伊斯法罕，使其成为萨法维建筑的焦点。在他的统治下，大不里士从奥斯曼帝国手中重回伊朗。宫廷阴谋之后，阿巴斯对他的儿子们产生了怀疑，导致他们被杀害或弄瞎。17世纪末至18世纪初，由于内部冲突、与奥斯曼帝国的战争以及外国干涉，萨法维王朝逐渐衰落。普什图叛军围攻伊斯法罕，于1722年击败苏丹侯赛因，结束了萨法维的统治。萨法维王朝的遗产包括使伊朗重振为东西方之间经济强权、基于“制衡”原则的有效官僚体系、他们在建筑方面的创新以及对精细艺术的资助。他们将十二伊玛目什叶派定为国教——至今仍是如此，并将什叶派伊斯兰教传播到中东、中亚、高加索、安纳托利亚、波斯湾和美索不达米亚地区。[120]

2.4.2 阿夫沙尔王朝和赞德王朝 | Afsharids and Zands

Main articles: Afsharid Iran, Afsharid dynasty, Zand dynasty, Zand (tribe), and Ottoman–Persian War (1775–1776)
【主要文章：阿夫沙尔王朝伊朗、阿夫沙尔王朝、赞德王朝、赞德（部落）和奥斯曼-波斯战争 (1775–1776)】

In 1729, Nader Shah Afshar drove out Pashtun invaders, and founded the Afsharid Empire. He took back the Caucasian territories which were divided among the Ottoman and Russian authorities. Iran reached its greatest extent since the Sasanian Empire, reestablishing hegemony over the Caucasus, west and central Asia, arguably the most powerful empire at that time.^[121] Nader invaded India and sacked Delhi by the 1730s, his army defeated the Mughals at the Battle of Karnal and captured their capital. Historians have described him as the “Napoleon of Iran” and “the Second Alexander“.^[122][123] Nader’s territorial expansion and military successes declined following campaigns in the Northern Caucasus against revolting Lezgins. Nader became cruel as a result of illness and desire to extort more taxes to pay for campaigns. Nader crushed revolts, building towers from victims’ skulls in imitation of his hero Timur.^[124][125] After his assassination in 1747, most of Nader’s empire was divided between the Zands, Durranis, Georgians, and Caucasian khanates, while Afsharid rule was limited to a small local state in Khorasan. His death sparked civil war, after which Karim Khan Zand came to power in 1750.^[126]
【参考译文】1729年，纳迪尔·沙阿·阿夫沙尔驱逐了普什图侵略者，建立了阿夫沙尔王朝。他夺回了之前被奥斯曼和俄罗斯势力分割的高加索领土。伊朗版图达到了自萨珊王朝以来的最大范围，重新确立了对高加索、西亚及中亚的霸权，成为当时最强大的帝国之一。[121]到了1730年代，纳迪尔入侵印度，洗劫了德里，他的军队在卡纳尔战役中击败了莫卧儿帝国并占领了其首都。历史学家将他描述为“伊朗的拿破仑”和“第二个亚历山大”。[122][123]然而，纳迪尔在北高加索对抗起义的勒兹金人的战役后，其领土扩张和军事胜利开始衰退。疾病和对征收更多税款以支付战争需求的渴望使得纳迪尔变得残酷，他镇压叛乱，模仿他的英雄帖木儿，用受害者头骨建造塔楼。[124][125]1747年他遇刺身亡后，纳迪尔的大部分帝国被赞德王朝、杜兰尼王朝、乔治亚人以及高加索汗国瓜分，阿夫沙尔王朝的统治仅限于呼罗珊的一个小地方国家。他的死引发了内战，直到1750年卡里姆·汗·赞德掌权。[126]

Compared to preceding dynasties, the Zands’ geopolitical reach was limited. Many Iranian territories in the Caucasus gained autonomy and ruled through Caucasian khanates. However, they remained subjects and vassals to the Zand kingdom. It expanded to include much of Iran as well as parts of modern Iraq. The lands of present-day Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia were controlled by khanates – legally part of Zand rule, but actually autonomous.^[127] The reign of its most important ruler, Karim Khan, was marked by prosperity and peace. With his capital in Shiraz, arts and architecture flourished in the city. Following Khan’s death in 1779, Iran went into decline due to civil war within the Zand dynasty. Its last ruler, Lotf Ali Khan, was executed by Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar in 1794.
【参考译文】与之前的王朝相比，赞德王朝的地缘政治影响力有限。伊朗在高加索的许多领土获得了自治，并通过高加索汗国进行统治。尽管如此，它们仍作为赞德王国的附庸和臣属存在。赞德王朝的疆域扩展到包括大部分伊朗以及现代伊拉克的部分地区。现今亚美尼亚、阿塞拜疆和格鲁吉亚的土地由汗国控制——名义上属于赞德统治，但实际上享有自治。[127]最重要的统治者卡里姆·汗的统治时期以繁荣和和平为标志，他在设拉子建立首都，艺术和建筑在此兴盛。卡里姆·汗于1779年去世后，由于赞德王朝内部的内战，伊朗再度陷入衰落。其末代君主洛特菲·阿里汗于1794年被卡贾尔王朝的阿迦·穆罕默德·汗处决。

2.4.3 卡扎尔王朝 | Qajars

Main articles: Qajar Iran, Qajar dynasty, and Battle of Krtsanisi
【主条目：卡扎尔伊朗、卡扎尔王朝和克尔扎尼西战役】

The Qajars took control in 1794 and founded the Qajar Empire. In 1795, following the disobedience of Georgians and their Russian alliance, the Qajars captured Tbilisi at the Battle of Krtsanisi, and drove the Russians out of the Caucasus, re-establishing Iranian suzerainty. In 1796, Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar seized Mashhad with ease, and ended the Afsharid rule. He was crowned king and chose Tehran as capital; it still is today. His reign saw a return to a centralized and unified Iran. He was cruel and rapacious, while also viewed as a pragmatic, calculating, and shrewd military and political leader.^[128][129]
【参考译文】卡贾尔王朝于1794年夺取政权，建立了卡贾尔帝国。1795年，由于格鲁吉亚人的不服从和与俄国的结盟，卡贾尔人在克尔察尼西战役中攻占了第比利斯，将俄国人赶出了高加索，重新确立了伊朗的宗主权。1796年，阿迦·穆罕默德·汗·卡贾尔轻松夺取了马什哈德，终结了阿夫沙尔王朝的统治。他加冕为王，并选择德黑兰作为首都，这一地位沿袭至今。他的统治标志着伊朗回归中央集权和统一。他虽然残忍且贪婪，但也被视为务实、精于算计和机智的军事及政治领袖。[128][129]

The Russo-Iranian wars of 1804–1813 and 1826–1828 resulted in territorial losses for Iran in the Caucasus: South Caucasus and Dagestan.^[130] The Russians took over Iran’s integral territories in the region, which was confirmed in the treaties of Gulistan and Turkmenchay.^{[131][132][133][134]} The weakening of Iran made it a victim of the struggle between Russia and Britain known as the Great Game.^[135] Especially after the treaty of Turkmenchay, Russia was the dominant force in Iran,^[136] while the Qajars would play a role in ‘Great Game’ battles such as the sieges of Herat in 1837 and 1856. As Iran shrank, many South Caucasian and North Caucasian Muslims moved towards Iran,^[137] especially until the Circassian genocide, and the decades afterwards, while Iran’s Armenians were encouraged to settle in the newly incorporated Russian territories,^[138][139] causing demographic shifts. Around 1.5 million people—20 to 25% of the population—died as a result of the Persian famine of 1870–1872.^[140]
【参考译文】1804年至1813年及1826年至1828年的俄伊战争导致伊朗在高加索地区损失领土：南高加索和达吉斯坦。[130]俄罗斯接管了伊朗在该地区的固有领土，这一事实通过《古利斯坦条约》和《土库曼查伊条约》得到确认。[131][132][133][134]伊朗的衰弱使其成为了俄罗斯与英国之间所谓“大博弈”的牺牲品。[135]尤其是在《土库曼查伊条约》之后，俄罗斯成为伊朗的主导力量，[136]而卡贾尔王朝则在诸如1837年和1856年赫拉特围城战这样的“大博弈”冲突中扮演了角色。随着伊朗领土的缩减，许多南高加索和北高加索的穆斯林迁往伊朗，[137]特别是在切尔克斯人大屠杀及其后的几十年里，与此同时，伊朗的亚美尼亚人被鼓励迁移到新并入的俄罗斯领土上定居，[138][139]导致了人口结构的变动。大约150万人——占总人口的20%到25%——在1870年至1872年的波斯饥荒中丧生。[140]

2.4.4 宪法革命和巴列维王朝 | Constitutional Revolution and Pahlavis

Main articles: Persian Constitutional Revolution, 1st Iranian Majlis, Pahlavi Iran, and Pahlavi dynasty
【主条目：波斯宪法革命、第一届伊朗议会、巴列维伊朗和巴列维王朝】

Between 1872 and 1905, protesters objected to the sale of concessions to foreigners by Qajar monarchs, leading to the Persian Constitutional Revolution in 1905. The first Iranian constitution and national parliament were founded in 1906; the Constitution recognised Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians. This was followed by the Triumph of Tehran in 1909, when Mohammad Ali was forced to abdicate. The event ended the Minor Tyranny; the revolution was the first of its kind in the Islamic world.
【参考译文】从1872年到1905年间，抗议者对卡贾尔君主向外国人出售特权表示反对，最终引发了1905年的波斯立宪革命。1906年，伊朗第一部宪法和国民议会成立；宪法承认了基督徒、犹太人和琐罗亚斯德教徒的权利。随之而来的是1909年的德黑兰胜利，当时穆罕默德·阿里被迫退位，结束了小暴政时期，这场革命是伊斯兰世界同类革命中的首次。

The old order was replaced by new institutions. In 1907, the Anglo-Russian Convention divided Iran into influence zones. The Russians occupied north Iran and Tabriz and maintained a military presence for years. This did not end the civil uprisings and was followed by Mirza Kuchik Khan‘s Jungle Movement against the Qajar monarchy and foreign invaders.
【参考译文】旧秩序被新机构所取代。1907年，英俄协约将伊朗划分为势力范围。俄国人占领了伊朗北部和大不里士，并维持了多年的军事存在。但这并未结束民间起义，随后出现了米尔扎·库奇克·汗的丛林运动，反对卡贾尔王朝和外国侵略者。

Despite Iran’s neutrality during World War I, the Ottoman, Russian, and British Empires occupied west Iran and fought the Persian campaign before withdrawing in 1921. At least 2 million civilians died in the fighting, the Ottoman-perpetrated anti-Christian genocides or the war-induced famine of 1917–1919. Iranian Assyrian and Iranian Armenian Christians, as well Muslims who tried to protect them, were victims of mass murders committed by the invading Ottoman troops.^{[141][142][143][144]}
【参考译文】尽管伊朗在第一次世界大战中保持中立，但奥斯曼、俄国和英国帝国仍占领了伊朗西部，并在1921年前进行了波斯战役后撤军。至少有200万平民死于战斗、奥斯曼帝国制造的针对基督徒的种族灭绝或1917年至1919年战争引发的饥荒。伊朗亚述基督徒、伊朗亚美尼亚基督徒以及试图保护他们的穆斯林都成为了入侵奥斯曼军队大规模屠杀的受害者。[141][142][143][144]

Apart from Agha Mohammad Khan, Qajar rule was incompetent.^[145] The inability to prevent occupation during, and immediately after, World War I, led to the British-directed 1921 Persian coup d’état. Military officer Reza Pahlavi took power in 1925, becoming Prime Minister, monarch and establishing the Pahlavi dynasty. In 1941, during World War II, the British demanded Iran expel all Germans. Pahlavi refused so the British and Soviets launched a successful surprise invasion,^[146] which secured a supply line to the USSR and limited German influence. Pahlavi was quickly surrendered, went to exile and replaced by his son, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.^{[147][148][149]} Iran became a major conduit for British and American aid to the Soviet Union and through which over 120,000 Polish refugees and Polish Armed Forces fled.^[150] At the 1943 Tehran Conference, the Allies issued the Tehran Declaration to guarantee the independence and boundaries of Iran. However, the Soviets established puppet states in north-west Iran: the People’s Government of Azerbaijan and Republic of Mahabad. This led to the Iran crisis of 1946, one of the first confrontations of the Cold War, which ended after oil concessions were promised to the USSR, which withdrew in 1946. The puppet states were overthrown, and the concessions revoked.^[151][152]
【参考译文】除了阿迦·穆罕默德·汗外，卡贾尔王朝的统治普遍无能。[145]未能阻止一战期间及之后的占领，导致了1921年由英国指导的波斯政变。军事官员礼萨·巴列维于1925年掌权，成为首相、君主并建立了巴列维王朝。1941年二战期间，英国要求伊朗驱逐所有德国人。巴列维拒绝后，英国和苏联发起了成功的突袭入侵，[146]这确保了通往苏联的补给线并限制了德国的影响。巴列维迅速投降，流亡海外，由其子穆罕默德·礼萨·巴列维接替。[147][148][149]伊朗成为了英国和美国援助苏联的重要通道，并有超过12万名波兰难民和波兰武装部队经此逃亡。[150]在1943年的德黑兰会议上，盟国发布了德黑兰宣言，保证伊朗的独立和边界。然而，苏联在伊朗西北部建立了傀儡政权：阿塞拜疆人民政府和马哈巴德共和国。这导致了1946年的伊朗危机，作为冷战初期的首次对抗之一，最终在承诺给予苏联石油特许权后，苏联于1946年撤军，傀儡政权被推翻，特许权也被撤销。[151][152]

2.5 1951–1978：摩萨台、巴列维和霍梅尼 | 1951–1978: Mosaddegh, Pahlavi and Khomeini

Main articles: Nationalization of the Iranian oil industry and 1953 Iran coup
【主条目：伊朗石油工业国有化和 1953 年伊朗政变】

参见：礼萨·汗、英苏入侵伊朗、阿贾克斯行动和白色革命

In 1951, Mohammad Mosaddegh was democratically elected Prime Minister of Iran. Mosaddegh became popular after he nationalized the oil industry, which had been controlled by foreign interests. He worked to weaken the monarchy until he was removed in the 1953 Iran coup—an Anglo-American covert operation.^[153] Before its removal, Mosaddegh’s administration introduced social and political measures such as social security, land reforms and higher taxes, including the introduction of tax on the rent of land. Mosaddegh was imprisoned, then put under house arrest until his death and buried in his home to prevent a political furore. In 2013, the US government acknowledged its role in the coup, including paying protestors and bribing officials.^[154] After the coup, Pahlavi aligned Iran with the Western Bloc and cultivated a close relationship with the United States to consolidate his power as an authoritarian ruler, relying heavily on American support amidst the Cold War.
【参考译文】1951 年，穆罕默德·摩萨台被民选为伊朗总理。摩萨台将外国利益集团控制的石油工业收归国有后，声名鹊起。他努力削弱君主制，直到 1953 年伊朗政变中被推翻——这是一次英美秘密行动。[153] 在被推翻之前，摩萨台的政府采取了社会和政治措施，如社会保障、土地改革和提高税收，包括对土地租金征税。摩萨台被监禁，随后被软禁直至去世，并被埋葬在家中，以防止政治骚动。2013 年，美国政府承认其在政变中的作用，包括向抗议者支付费用和贿赂官员。[154] 政变后，巴列维将伊朗与西方集团结盟，并与美国建立密切关系，以巩固其作为独裁统治者的权力，在冷战期间严重依赖美国的支持。

The Grand Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini first came to political prominence in 1963, when he led opposition to Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and his White Revolution. Khomeini was arrested after declaring Mohammad Reza a “wretched miserable man” who had “embarked on the…destruction of Islam in Iran.”^[155] Major riots followed, with 15,000 killed by the police.^[156] Khomeini was released after eight months of house arrest and continued his agitation, condemning Iran’s cooperation with Israel and its capitulations, or extension of diplomatic immunity, to US government personnel. In November 1964, Khomeini was re-arrested and sent into exile, where he remained for 15 years.
【参考译文】大阿亚图拉鲁霍拉·霍梅尼于 1963 年首次在政治上崭露头角，当时他领导反对穆罕默德·礼萨·巴列维及其白色革命的行动。霍梅尼在宣称穆罕默德·礼萨是一个“可怜的可悲的人”，并“开始在伊朗摧毁伊斯兰教”后被捕。[155] 随后发生了大规模骚乱，15,000 人被警察打死。[156] 霍梅尼被软禁八个月后获释，并继续他的煽动活动，谴责伊朗与以色列的合作及其对美国政府人员的屈服或扩大外交豁免权。1964 年 11 月，霍梅尼再次被捕并流亡，在那里他待了 15 年。

Mohammad Reza Pahlavi became autocratic and sultanistic, and Iran entered a decade of controversially-close relations with the US.^[157] While Mohammad Reza modernised Iran and claimed to retain it as a secular state,^[158] arbitrary arrests and torture by his secret police, the SAVAK, were used for crushing opposition.^[159] Due to the 1973 oil crisis, the economy was flooded with foreign currency, causing inflation. By 1974, Iran was experiencing double-digit inflation, and despite large modernising projects, corruption was rampant. By 1976, a recession increased unemployment, especially among youths who had migrated to the cities for construction jobs during the boom years of the early 1970s. By the late 1970s, they protested against Pahlavi’s regime.^[160
【参考译文】穆罕默德·礼萨·巴列维实行独裁和苏丹主义，伊朗与美国的关系进入了十年的争议性密切时期。[157] 虽然穆罕默德·礼萨使伊朗现代化，并声称要保留其世俗国家的身份，[158] 但他的秘密警察 SAVAK 却任意逮捕和酷刑，用来镇压反对派。[159] 由于 1973 年的石油危机，经济充斥着外汇，导致通货膨胀。到 1974 年，伊朗经历了两位数的通货膨胀，尽管有大型现代化项目，但腐败现象仍然猖獗。到 1976 年，经济衰退导致失业率上升，尤其是在 20 世纪 70 年代初经济繁荣时期移居城市从事建筑工作的年轻人中。到 20 世纪 70 年代末，他们开始抗议巴列维政权。[160]

2.6 伊朗革命 | Iranian Revolution

Main articles: Iranian Revolution, 1979 oil crisis, and Iran hostage crisis
【主条目：伊朗革命、1979 年石油危机和伊朗人质危机】

主条目：伊朗伊斯兰革命、两伊战争、哈塔米和内贾德

As ideological and political tensions persisted between Pahlavi and Khomeini, demonstrations began in October 1977, developing into civil resistance, including secularism and Islamism.^[161] In 1978, the death of hundreds in the Cinema Rex fire in August, and September’s Black Friday—catalysed the revolutionary movement, with nation-wide strikes and demonstrations paralyzing the country.^{[162][163][164]} After a year of strikes and demonstrations, in January 1979, Pahlavi fled to the US,^[165] and Khomeini returned in February, forming a new government.^[166] Millions of people gathered to greet him as he landed in the capital city Tehran.^[167]
【参考译文】由于巴列维和霍梅尼之间意识形态和政治紧张局势持续存在，1977 年 10 月爆发了示威活动，并发展成为包括世俗主义和伊斯兰主义在内的公民抵抗。[161] 1978 年，8 月 Cinema Rex 大火造成数百人死亡，9 月的黑色星期五催化了革命运动，全国性的罢工和示威活动使整个国家陷入瘫痪。[162][163][164] 经过一年的罢工和示威后，1979 年 1 月，巴列维逃往美国[165]，霍梅尼于 2 月回国，组建新政府。[166] 当他抵达首都德黑兰时，数百万人聚集在一起欢迎他。[167]

Following the March 1979 referendum, in which 98% of voters approved the shift to an Islamic republic, the government began to draft a Constitution, and Ayatollah Khomeini emerged as Supreme Leader of Iran in December 1979. He became Time magazine’s Man of the Year in 1979 for his international influence, and been described as the “virtual face of Shia Islam in Western popular culture”.^[168] Following Khomeini’s order to purge officials loyal to Pahlavi, many former ministers and officials, were executed.^[169] In the aftermath of the revolution, Iran began to back Shia militancy around the world to combat Sunni influence and establish Iranian dominance within the Muslim world. The Cultural Revolution began in 1980, with threats to close universities which did not conform to Islamization. All universities were closed in 1980, and reopened in 1983.^{[170][171][172]}
【参考译文】1979 年 3 月的全民公投中，98% 的选民同意向伊斯兰共和国转变，随后政府开始起草宪法，阿亚图拉·霍梅尼于 1979 年 12 月成为伊朗最高领袖。他因其国际影响力而成为《时代》杂志 1979 年年度人物，并被描述为“西方流行文化中什叶派伊斯兰教的代表”。[168] 霍梅尼下令清洗效忠巴列维王朝的官员，许多前部长和官员被处决。[169] 革命后，伊朗开始支持世界各地的什叶派武装，以对抗逊尼派的影响，并在穆斯林世界中确立伊朗的主导地位。文化革命始于 1980 年，威胁要关闭不符合伊斯兰化的大学。所有大学于 1980 年关闭，并于 1983 年重新开放。[170][171][172]

In November 1979, after the US refused the extradition of Pahlavi, Iranian students seized its embassy and took 53 Americans hostage.^[173] Jimmy Carter‘s administration attempted to negotiate their release, and to rescue them. On Carter’s final day in office, the last hostages were set free under the Algiers Accords. The US and Iran severed diplomatic relations in April 1980, and have had no formal diplomatic relationship since.^[174] The crisis was a pivotal episode in Iran–United States relations.
【参考译文】1979 年 11 月，在美国拒绝引渡巴列维之后，伊朗学生占领了美国大使馆并劫持了 53 名美国人质。[173] 吉米·卡特政府试图通过谈判释放这些人质，并营救他们。在卡特任职的最后一天，根据《阿尔及尔协议》，最后一批人质获释。美国和伊朗于 1980 年 4 月断绝外交关系，此后再无正式外交关系。[174] 这场危机是伊朗与美国关系的关键事件。

2.7 两伊战争（1980-1988年）| Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988)

Main articles: Iran–Iraq War, Iran–Iraq relations, and Iranian intervention in Iraq (2014–present)
【主条目：两伊战争、两伊关系和伊朗对伊拉克的干预（2014 年至今）】

In September 1980, Iraq invaded Khuzestan, initiating the Iran–Iraq War. While Iraq hoped to take advantage of Iran’s post-revolutionary chaos, the Iraqi military only made progress for three months, and by December 1980, the forces of Saddam Hussein had stalled. By mid-1982, Iranian forces began to gain momentum, successfully driving the Iraqis back into Iraq, and regaining all lost territory by June 1982. Iran rejected United Nations Security Council Resolution 514 and launched an invasion, capturing cities such as Basra. Iranian offensives in Iraq lasted for five years, with Iraq launching counter-offensives.
【参考译文】1980年9月，伊拉克入侵胡齐斯坦省，从而引发了两伊战争。伊拉克原本希望利用伊朗革命后的混乱局面，但伊拉克军队仅在头三个月取得了一些进展，到1980年12月，萨达姆·侯赛因的部队攻势已经受阻。到1982年中期，伊朗军队开始反攻，成功地将伊拉克军队逼回伊拉克境内，并于1982年6月收复了所有失地。伊朗拒绝接受联合国安理会第514号决议，并发动了进攻，占领了包括巴士拉在内的多个城市。伊朗在伊拉克境内的攻势持续了五年，期间伊拉克也发起了反击。

War continued until 1988, when Iraq defeated Iranian forces inside Iraq, and pushed Iranian troops back across the border. Khomeini accepted a truce mediated by the United Nations: both withdrew to their pre-war borders. It was the longest conventional war of the 20th century and second longest after the Vietnam War. Total Iranian casualties were estimated to be 123,000–160,000 KIA, 61,000 MIA, and 11,000–16,000 civilians killed.^[176][177] Since the downfall of Saddam Hussein, Iran has shaped Iraq’s politics, and relations between the two has warmed immensely.^{[178][179][180]} Significant military assistance has been provided by Iran to Iraq, resulting in Iran holding a large amount of influence and foothold. Iraq is heavily dependent on the more stable and developed Iran for its energy needs.^[181][182]
【参考译文】战争一直持续到1988年，伊拉克在本土击败了伊朗军队，并将伊朗军队逐回边境。霍梅尼接受了联合国斡旋的停火协议：双方撤回到战前边界。这场战争是20世纪最长的常规战争，仅次于越南战争。据估计，伊朗的总伤亡人数为12.3万至16万人阵亡，6.1万人失踪，以及1.1万至1.6万平民死亡。[176][177]自萨达姆·侯赛因倒台以来，伊朗一直在塑造伊拉克的政治局势，两国关系显著升温。[178][179][180]伊朗向伊拉克提供了大量军事援助，这使得伊朗在伊拉克拥有巨大的影响力和立足点。伊拉克在能源需求上严重依赖更为稳定和发达的伊朗。[181][182]

2.8 1990年代以来 | Since the 1990s

Main articles: Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, Operation Martyr Soleimani, and 2024 Iranian strikes against Israel【主条目：联合全面行动计划、烈士苏莱曼尼行动和 2024 年伊朗对以色列的袭击】

In 1989, Akbar Rafsanjani concentrated on a pro-business policy of rebuilding the economy without breaking with the ideology of the revolution. He supported a free market domestically, favoring privatization of state industries and a moderate position internationally.
【参考译文】1989年，阿克巴尔·哈什米·拉夫桑贾尼专注于一项亲商政策，旨在重建经济的同时不违背革命意识形态。他支持国内自由市场，倾向于国有企业私有化，并在国际上采取温和立场。

In 1997, Rafsanjani was succeeded by moderate reformist Mohammad Khatami, whose government advocated freedom of expression, constructive diplomatic relations with Asia and the European Union, and an economic policy that supported a free market and foreign investment.
【参考译文】1997年，拉夫桑贾尼被温和改革派穆罕默德·哈塔米接替，哈塔米政府倡导言论自由、与亚洲及欧盟建立建设性的外交关系，以及支持自由市场和外国投资的经济政策。

The 2005 presidential election brought conservative populist and nationalist candidate Mahmoud Ahmadinejad to power. He was known for his hardline views, nuclearisation, and hostility towards Israel, Saudi Arabia, the UK, the US and other states. He was the first president to be summoned by the parliament to answer questions regarding his presidency.^[183]
【参考译文】2005年的总统选举中，保守派民粹主义和民族主义者候选人马哈茂德·艾哈迈迪内贾德胜出。他以其强硬观点、核计划、以及对以色列、沙特阿拉伯、英国、美国等国家的敌对态度而著称。他是首位被议会传唤以回答关于其总统任期问题的总统。[183]

In 2013, centrist and reformist Hassan Rouhani was elected president. In domestic policy, he encouraged personal freedom, free access to information, and improved women’s rights. He improved Iran’s diplomatic relations through exchanging conciliatory letters.^[184] The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) was reached in Vienna in 2015, between Iran, the P5+1 (UN Security Council + Germany) and the EU. The negotiations centered around ending the economic sanctions in exchange for Iran’s restriction in producing enriched uranium.^[185] In 2018, however, the US under Trump Administration withdrew from the deal and new sanctions were imposed. This nulled the economic provisions, left the agreement in jeopardy, and brought Iran to nuclear threshold status.^[186] In 2020, IRGC general, Qasem Soleimani, the 2nd-most powerful person in Iran,^[187] was assassinated by the US, heightening tensions between them.^[188] Iran retaliated against US airbases in Iraq, the largest ballistic missile attack ever on Americans;^[189] 110 sustained brain injuries.^{[190][191][192]}
【参考译文】2013 年，中间派和改革派哈桑·鲁哈尼当选总统。在国内政策方面，他鼓励个人自由、自由获取信息，并改善妇女权利。他通过交换和解信改善了伊朗的外交关系。[184] 2015 年，伊朗、P5+1（联合国安理会 + 德国）和欧盟在维也纳达成了《联合全面行动计划》（JCPOA）。谈判的核心是结束经济制裁，以换取伊朗限制生产浓缩铀。[185] 然而，2018 年，特朗普政府领导下的美国退出了该协议，并实施了新的制裁。这导致经济条款无效，使协议陷入危险，并使伊朗进入核门槛状态。[186] 2020 年，伊朗第二大权势人物、伊朗革命卫队将军卡西姆·苏莱曼尼[187]被美国暗杀，加剧了两国之间的紧张关系。[188] 伊朗对美国在伊拉克的空军基地进行了报复，这是有史以来针对美国人的最大规模弹道导弹袭击；[189] 110 人脑部受伤。[190][191][192]

Hardliner Ebrahim Raisi ran for president again in 2021, succeeding Hassan Rouhani. During Raisi’s term, Iran intensified uranium enrichment, hindered international inspections, joined SCO and BRICS, supported Russia in its invasion of Ukraine andrestored diplomatic relations with Saudi Arabia. In April 2024, Israel’s airstrike on an Iranian consulate, killed an IRGC commander.^[193][194] Iran retaliated with UAVs, cruise and ballistic missiles; 9 hit Israel.^{[195][196][197]} Western and Jordanian military helped Israel down some Iranian drones.^[198][199] It was the largest drone strike in history,^[200] biggest missile attack in Iranian history,^[201] its first ever direct attack on Israel^[202][203] and the first time since 1991 Israel was directly attacked by a state force.^[204] This occurred during heightened tensions amid the Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip.
【参考译文】强硬派易卜拉欣·莱西于 2021 年再次竞选总统，接替哈桑·鲁哈尼。在莱西任期内，伊朗加强了铀浓缩，阻碍了国际检查，加入了上合组织和金砖国家，支持俄罗斯入侵乌克兰，并与沙特阿拉伯恢复了外交关系。2024 年 4 月，以色列空袭了伊朗领事馆，造成伊朗革命卫队指挥官死亡。[193][194] 伊朗以无人机、巡航导弹和弹道导弹进行报复；其中 9 枚击中以色列。[195][196][197] 西方和约旦军方帮助以色列击落了一些伊朗无人机。[198][199] 这是历史上最大规模的无人机袭击[200]，也是伊朗历史上最大规模的导弹袭击[201]，也是伊朗首次直接袭击以色列[202][203]，也是自 1991 年以来以色列首次遭到国家军队的直接袭击。[204]此事发生在以色列入侵加沙地带期间紧张局势加剧期间。

In May 2024, President Raisi was killed in a helicopter crash, and Iran held a presidential election in June according to the constitution, which reformist politician and former Minister of Health, Masoud Pezeshkian, came to power.^[205][206]
【参考译文】2024年5月，总统莱西在一次直升机坠毁事故中丧生，伊朗于6月根据宪法举行总统选举，改革派政治家、前卫生部长马苏德·佩泽什基安上台。[205][206]

3. 地理 | Geography

Main article: Geography of Iran【主条目：伊朗的地理】/ 主条目：伊朗地理

See also: Borders of Iran and Agriculture in Iran【参见：“伊朗的边界”和“伊朗的农业”词条】

Iran has an area of 1,648,195 km² (636,372 sq mi). It is the sixth-largest country entirely in Asia and the second-largest in West Asia.^[207] It lies between latitudes 24° and 40° N, and longitudes 44° and 64° E. It is bordered to the northwest by Armenia (35 km or 22 mi), the Azeri exclave of Nakhchivan (179 km or 111 mi),^[208] and the Republic of Azerbaijan (611 km or 380 mi); to the north by the Caspian Sea; to the northeast by Turkmenistan (992 km or 616 mi); to the east by Afghanistan (936 km or 582 mi) and Pakistan (909 km or 565 mi); to the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman; and to the west by Iraq (1,458 km or 906 mi) and Turkey (499 km or 310 mi).
【参考译文】伊朗的面积为1,648,195平方公里（636,372平方英里），是完全在亚洲境内的第六大国家，也是西亚第二大国。[207]它位于北纬24°到40°，东经44°到64°之间。其西北部与亚美尼亚（35公里或22英里）、阿塞拜疆飞地纳希切万（179公里或111英里）[208]以及阿塞拜疆共和国（611公里或380英里）接壤；北部濒临里海；东北部与土库曼斯坦（992公里或616英里）接壤；东部与阿富汗（936公里或582英里）和巴基斯坦（909公里或565英里）为邻；南部则濒临波斯湾和阿曼湾；西部与伊拉克（1,458公里或906英里）和土耳其（499公里或310英里）相接。

Iran is in a seismically active area.^[209] On average, an earthquake of magnitude seven on the Richter scale occurs once every ten years.^[210] Most earthquakes are shallow-focus and can be very devastating, such as the 2003 Bam earthquake.
【参考译文】伊朗位于地震活跃带上。[209]平均而言，里氏震级七级的地震每十年发生一次。[210]大多数地震为浅源地震，可能极具破坏性，如2003年的巴姆地震。

Iran consists of the Iranian Plateau. It is one of the world’s most mountainous countries, its landscape is dominated by rugged mountain ranges that separate basins or plateaus. The populous west part is the most mountainous, with ranges such as the Caucasus, Zagros, and Alborz, the last containing Mount Damavand, Iran’s highest point, at 5,610 m (18,406 ft), which is the highest volcano in Asia. Iran’s mountains have impacted its politics and economics for centuries.
【参考译文】伊朗由伊朗高原构成，是世界上多山的国家之一，地形以崎岖的山脉为主，这些山脉分隔了盆地或高原。人口稠密的西部地区最为多山，拥有高加索山脉、扎格罗斯山脉和阿尔伯兹山脉，其中阿尔伯兹山脉包含了伊朗的最高峰——达马万德山，海拔5,610米（18,406英尺），也是亚洲最高的火山。伊朗的山脉几个世纪以来一直影响着其政治和经济。

The north part is covered by the lush lowland Caspian Hyrcanian forests, near the southern shores of the Caspian Sea. The east part consists mostly of desert basins, such as the Kavir Desert, which is the country’s largest desert, and the Lut Desert, as well as salt lakes. The Lut Desert is the hottest recorded spot on the Earth’s surface, with 70.7 °C recorded in 2005.^{[211][212][213][214]} The only large plains are found along the coast of the Caspian and at the north end of the Persian Gulf, where the country borders the mouth of the Arvand river. Smaller, discontinuous plains are found along the remaining coast of the Persian Gulf, the Strait of Hormuz, and Gulf of Oman.^{[215][216][217]}
【参考译文】北部地区覆盖着繁茂的低地里海赫尔卡尼亚森林，靠近里海南岸。东部地区主要由沙漠盆地组成，如该国最大的沙漠——卡维尔沙漠，以及卢特沙漠，还有盐湖。卢特沙漠是地球上记录到的最热地点，2005年曾测得70.7°C的高温。[211][212][213][214]唯一的大平原分布在里海沿岸和波斯湾北端，那里是阿旺德河河口所在。较小且不连续的平原分布在波斯湾其余海岸、霍尔木兹海峡和阿曼湾沿岸。[215][216][217]

3.1 岛屿 | Islands

Main article: List of islands of Iran【主条目：伊朗的岛屿列表】

Iranian islands are mainly located in the Persian Gulf. Iran has 102 islands in Urmia Lake, 427 in Aras River, several in Anzali Lagoon, Ashurade Island in the Caspian Sea, Sheytan Island in the Oman Sea and other inland islands. Iran has an uninhabited island at the far end of the Gulf of Oman, near Pakistan. A few islands can be visited by tourists. Most are owned by the military or used for wildlife protection, and entry is prohibited or requires a permit.^{[218][219][220]}
【参考译文】伊朗的岛屿主要分布在波斯湾。伊朗在乌尔米耶湖拥有102个岛屿，在阿拉斯河有427个岛屿，在安扎利湿地有数个岛屿，里海中有阿舒拉德岛，阿曼海中有谢坦岛，以及其他内陆岛屿。伊朗还有一个无人居住的岛屿位于阿曼湾的远端，接近巴基斯坦。少数岛屿对游客开放，大多数岛屿归军队所有或用于野生动物保护，进入这些岛屿或是被禁止的，或是需要特别许可。[218][219][220]

Iran took control of Bumusa, and the Greater and Lesser Tunbs in 1971, in the Strait of Hormuz between the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman. Despite the islands being small and having little natural resources or population, they are highly valuable for their strategic location.^{[221][222][223][224][225]} Although the United Arab Emirates claims sovereignty,^{[226][227][228]} it has consistently been met with a strong response from Iran,^{[229][230][231]} based on their historical and cultural background.^[232] Iran has full-control over the islands.^[233]
【参考译文】1971年，伊朗控制了霍尔木兹海峡（位于波斯湾与阿曼湾之间）的布穆萨岛、大通布岛和小通布岛。尽管这些岛屿面积不大、自然资源有限且人口稀少，但因其战略位置极为重要。[221][222][223][224][225]虽然阿拉伯联合酋长国声称对其拥有主权，[226][227][228]但伊朗基于历史和文化背景，始终强硬回应，[229][230][231]并保持着对这些岛屿的全面控制。[233]

Kish island, as a free trade zone, is touted as a consumer’s paradise, with malls, shopping centres, tourist attractions, and luxury hotels. Qeshm is the largest island in Iran, and a UNESCO Global Geopark since 2016.^{[234][235][236]} Its salt cave, Namakdan, is the largest in the world, and one of the world’s longest caves.^{[237][238][239][240]}
【参考译文】基什岛作为一个自由贸易区，被誉为购物者的天堂，拥有购物中心、旅游景点和豪华酒店。格什姆岛是伊朗最大的岛屿，自2016年起成为联合国教科文组织全球地质公园。[234][235][236]其内的纳马克丹盐洞是世界上最大的盐洞，同时也是世界上最长的洞穴之一。[237][238][239][240]

3.2 气候 | Climate

Main article: Climate of Iran【主条目：伊朗的气候】

Iran’s climate is diverse, ranging from arid and semi-arid, to subtropical along the Caspian coast and northern forests.^[241] On the north edge of the country, temperatures rarely fall below freezing and the area remains humid. Summer temperatures rarely exceed 29 °C (84.2 °F).^[242] Annual precipitation is 680 mm (26.8 in) in the east part of the plain and more than 1,700 mm (66.9 in) in the west part. The UN Resident Coordinator for Iran, has said that “Water scarcity poses the most severe human security challenge in Iran today”.^[243]
【参考译文】伊朗的气候多样，从干旱和半干旱气候到里海沿岸和北部森林的亚热带气候都有分布。[241]在国家的北缘，气温很少降至冰点以下，这一区域保持湿润。夏季温度很少超过29°C（84.2°F）。[242]年降水量在东部平原部分为680毫米（26.8英寸），而在西部部分则超过1700毫米（66.9英寸）。联合国驻伊朗协调员表示，“水资源短缺构成了当今伊朗最严峻的人类安全挑战”。[243]

To the west, settlements in the Zagros basin experience lower temperatures, severe winters with freezing average daily temperatures and heavy snowfall. The east and central basins are arid, with less than 200 mm (7.9 in) of rain and have occasional deserts.^[244] Average summer temperatures rarely exceed 38 °C (100.4 °F). The southern coastal plains of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman have mild winters, and very humid and hot summers. The annual precipitation ranges from 135 to 355 mm (5.3 to 14.0 in).^[245]
【参考译文】往西，扎格罗斯盆地的居民区经历更低的气温，严冬时节日均温会降到冰点以下，并伴有大量降雪。东部和中部盆地则是干旱地带，降水量少于200毫米（7.9英寸），偶尔可见沙漠景观。[244]夏季平均温度很少超过38°C（100.4°F）。波斯湾和阿曼湾的南部沿海平原冬季温和，夏季非常潮湿且炎热。年降水量在135到355毫米（5.3到14.0英寸）之间。[245]

3.3 生物多样性 | Biodiversity

See also: Wildlife of Iran, List of national parks and protected areas of Iran, and Forests of Iran
【另请参阅：伊朗野生动物、伊朗国家公园和保护区列表以及伊朗森林】

More than one-tenth of the country is forested.^[246] About 120 million hectares of forests and fields are government-owned for national exploitation.^[247][248] Iran’s forests can be divided into five vegetation regions: Hyrcanian region which forms the green belt of the north side of the country; the Turan region, which are mainly scattered in the center of Iran; Zagros region, which mainly contains oak forests in the west; the Persian Gulf region, which is scattered in the southern coastal belt; the Arasbarani region, which contains rare and unique species. More than 8,200 plant species are grown. The land covered by natural flora is four times that of Europe’s.^[249] There are over 200 protected areas to preserve biodiversity and wildlife, with over 30 being national parks.
【参考译文】伊朗超过十分之一的国土被森林覆盖。[246]大约1.2亿公顷的森林和田野属于政府所有，用于国家开发。[247][248]伊朗的森林可以分为五个植被区域：形成国家北侧绿带的希尔卡尼亚区域；主要散布在伊朗中部的图兰区域；以橡树林为主的扎格罗斯区域，位于西部；分散在南部沿海地带的波斯湾区域；以及拥有稀有独特物种的阿拉斯巴尔尼区域。这里生长着超过8200种植物，自然植被覆盖的土地面积是欧洲的四倍。[249]为了保护生物多样性和野生动植物，设立了200多个保护区，其中超过30个为国家公园。

Iran’s living fauna includes 34 bat species, Indian grey mongoose, small Indian mongoose, golden jackal, Indian wolf, foxes, striped hyena, leopard, Eurasian lynx, brown bear and Asian black bear. Ungulate species include wild boar, urial, Armenian mouflon, red deer, and goitered gazelle.^[250][251] One of the most famous animals is the critically endangered Asiatic cheetah, which survives only in Iran. Iran lost all its Asiatic lions and the extinct Caspian tigers by the early 20th century.^[252] Domestic ungulates are represented by sheep, goat, cattle, horse, water buffalo, donkey and camel. Bird species like pheasant, partridge, stork, eagles and falcons are native.^[253][254]
【参考译文】伊朗现有的动物种类包括34种蝙蝠、印度灰獴、小印度獴、金豺、印度狼、狐狸、条纹鬣狗、豹、欧亚猞猁、棕熊和亚洲黑熊。有蹄类动物包括野猪、乌尔IAL羊、亚美尼亚盘羊、赤鹿和鹅喉羚。[250][251]其中最著名的动物之一是极度濒危的亚洲猎豹，目前仅存于伊朗。伊朗在20世纪初失去了所有的亚洲狮，并且里海虎已经灭绝。[252]家养的有蹄类动物包括绵羊、山羊、牛、马、水牛、驴和骆驼。雉鸡、鹧鸪、鹳、鹰和猎鹰等鸟类都是原生种类。[253][254]

4. 政府和政治 | Government and politics

Main articles: Government of Iran and Politics of Iran【主条目：“伊朗的政府”和“伊朗的政治”词条】/ 主条目：伊朗政治

伊朗是一个由什叶派主导的伊斯兰共和制国家。伊斯兰教在伊朗拥有至高无上的道德权威，是公共生活的最高准则。伊朗的建国领袖即明确拒绝西方民主体制，首任最高领袖霍梅尼清楚地表示，在理想的政体中，国家权力应该由乌理玛执掌，议会仅有有限的权力。^[21]伊朗的穆斯林激进派在二十世纪八十年代将本国归入“意识形态指导型”国家，同苏联并列。

伊朗是一个多党制的国家，有着较为发达的选举制度，选举结果能在相当程度上反应真实民意，类似威权政府，伊朗在一定限度内容忍公民生活方式的多元选择权。这种将神权统治和民主选举相结合的“伊斯兰共和国”迄今仍是独一无二的政治体制。^[22]最高领袖、专家会议、宪法监督委员会与确定国家利益委员会权力更大，最高权力并不在世俗政府手中。^[23]

4.1 最高领袖 | Supreme Leader

The Supreme Leader, “Rahbar”, Leader of the Revolution or Supreme Leadership Authority, is head of state and responsible for supervision of policy. The president has limited power compared to the Rahbar. Key ministers are selected with the Rahbar’s agreement and they have the ultimate say on foreign policy.^[255] The Rahbar is directly involved in ministerial appointments for Defence, Intelligence and Foreign Affairs, as well as other top ministries after submission of candidates from the president.
【参考译文】最高领袖，即革命领袖或最高领导机构“拉赫巴尔”，是国家元首，负责监督政策。与拉赫巴尔相比，总统的权力有限。主要部长是在拉赫巴尔的同意下选出的，他们对外交政策拥有最终决定权。[255] 在总统提交候选人后，拉赫巴尔直接参与国防、情报和外交部以及其他高级部委的部长任命。

Regional policy is directly controlled by the Rahbar, with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs’ task limited to protocol and ceremonial occasions. Ambassadors to Arab countries, for example, are chosen by the Quds Force, which directly reports to the Rahbar.^[256] The Rahbar can order laws to be amended.^[257] Setad was estimated at $95 billion in 2013 by Reuters, accounts of which are secret even to the parliament.^[258][259]
【参考译文】地区政策由议会直接控制，外交部的职责仅限于礼宾和礼仪场合。例如，驻阿拉伯国家的大使由圣城军选出，圣城军直接向议会汇报。[256] 议会可以下令修改法律。[257] 路透社估计，2013 年 Setad 的资产为 950 亿美元，这些账目甚至对议会来说都是秘密。[258][259]

The Rahbar is the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces, controls military intelligence and security operations, and has sole power to declare war or peace. The heads of the judiciary, state radio and television networks, commanders of the police and military, and the members of the Guardian Council are appointed by the Rahbar.
【参考译文】拉赫巴尔是武装部队的总司令，负责控制军事情报和安全行动，并拥有宣战或和平的唯一权力。司法部门负责人、国家广播电视网络负责人、警察和军队指挥官以及宪法监护委员会成员均由拉赫巴尔任命。

The Assembly of Experts is responsible for electing the Rahbar, and has the power to dismiss him on the basis of qualifications and popular esteem.^[260] To date, the Assembly of Experts has not challenged any of the Rahbar’s decisions nor attempted to dismiss him. The previous head of the judicial system, Sadeq Larijani, appointed by the Rahbar, said that it is illegal for the Assembly of Experts to supervise the Rahbar.^[261] Many believe the Assembly of Experts has become a ceremonial body without any real power.^{[262][263][264]}
【参考译文】专家会议负责选举拉赫巴尔，并有权根据资格和公众尊重程度将其免职。[260] 到目前为止，专家会议尚未质疑拉赫巴尔的任何决定，也未试图将其免职。由拉赫巴尔任命的前司法系统负责人萨迪克·拉里贾尼 (Sadeq Larijani) 表示，专家会议监督拉赫巴尔是非法的。[261] 许多人认为专家会议已成为一个没有任何实际权力的礼仪机构。[262][263][264]

The political system is based on the country’s constitution.^[265] Iran ranked 154th in the 2022 The Economist Democracy Index.^[266] Juan José Linz wrote in 2000 that “the Iranian regime combines the ideological bent of totalitarianism with the limited pluralism of authoritarianism“.^[267]
【参考译文】政治制度以国家宪法为基础。[265] 伊朗在 2022 年《经济学人》民主指数中排名第 154 位。[266] 胡安·何塞·林茨 (Juan José Linz) 在 2000 年写道：“伊朗政权将极权主义的意识形态倾向与威权主义的有限多元主义结合在一起”。[267]

4.2 总统 | President

Main article: President of Iran【主条目：伊朗总统】

The President is head of government and the second highest-ranking authority, after the Supreme Leader. The President is elected by universal suffrage for 4 years. Before elections, nominees to become a presidential candidate must be approved by the Guardian Council.^[268] The Council’s members are chosen by the Leader, with the Leader having the power to dismiss the president.^[269] The President can only be re-elected for one term.^[270] The president is the deputy commander-in-chief of the Army, the head of Supreme National Security Council, and has the power to declare a state of emergency after passage by the parliament.
【参考译文】总统是政府首脑，是仅次于最高领袖的第二大权力机构。总统由普选产生，任期为 4 年。选举前，总统候选人必须得到宪法监护委员会的批准。[268] 宪法监护委员会成员由最高领袖选定，最高领袖有权罢免总统。[269] 总统只能连任一届。[270] 总统是陆军副总司令、最高国家安全委员会主席，并有权经议会通过后宣布国家进入紧急状态。

The President is responsible for the implementation of the constitution, and for the exercise of executive powers in implementing the decrees and general policies as outlined by the Rahbar, except for matters directly related to the Rahbar, who has the final say.^[271] The President functions as the executive of affairs such as signing treaties and other international agreements, and administering national planning, budget, and state employment affairs, all as approved by the Rahbar.^[272][273]
【参考译文】总统负责执行宪法，并行使行政权力，执行议会制定的法令和一般政策，但与议会直接相关的事项除外，议会拥有最终决定权。[271] 总统负责签署条约和其他国际协议，管理国家计划、预算和国家就业事务，所有这些均经议会批准。[272][273]

The President appoints ministers, subject to the approval of the Parliament, and the Rahbar, who can dismiss or reinstate any minister.^{[274][275][276]} The President supervises the Council of Ministers, coordinates government decisions, and selects government policies to be placed before the legislature.^[277] Eight Vice Presidents serve under the President, as well as a cabinet of 22 ministers, all apointed by the president.^[278]
【参考译文】总统任命各部长，但须经议会和人民代表会议的批准，人民代表会议可以罢免或恢复任何部长的职务。[274][275][276] 总统监督部长会议，协调政府决策，并选择提交立法机关的政府政策。[277] 总统下设 8 名副总统，以及由 22 名部长组成的内阁，所有部长均由总统任命。[278]

4.3 宪法监护委员会 | Guardian Council

Main article: Guardian Council【主条目：宪法监护委员会】

Presidential and parliamentary candidates must be approved by the 12-member Guardian Council (all members of which are appointed by the Leader) or the Leader, before running to ensure their allegiance.^[279] The Leader rarely does the vetting, but has the power to do so, in which case additional approval of the Guardian Council is not needed. The Leader can revert the decisions of the Guardian Council.^[280]
【参考译文】总统和议会候选人在参选前必须得到由领袖任命的12名成员组成的宪法监护委员会或领袖本人的批准，以确保他们的忠诚度。[279]领袖很少直接进行审查，但他拥有这样做的权力，若领袖进行审查，则无需宪法监护委员会的额外批准。领袖有权推翻宪法监护委员会的决定。[280]

The constitution gives the council three mandates: veto power over legislation passed by the parliament,^[281][282] supervision of elections^[283] and approving or disqualifying candidates seeking to run in local, parliamentary, presidential, or Assembly of Experts elections.^[284] The council can nullify a law based on two accounts: being against Sharia (Islamic law), or being against the constitution.^[285]
【参考译文】宪法赋予委员会三项职责：对议会通过的立法拥有否决权，[281][282]监督选举过程，[283]以及审批或取消寻求参加地方、议会、总统或专家会议选举的候选人资格。[284]委员会可以根据两点理由废除法律：违反伊斯兰教法(Sharia)，或违反宪法。[285]

4.4 最高国家安全委员会 | Supreme National Security Council

Main article: Supreme National Security Council【主条目：最高国家安全委员会】

The Supreme National Security Council (SNSC) is at the top of the foreign policy decisions process.^{[286][287][288]} The council was formed during the 1989 Iranian constitutional referendum for the protection and support of national interests, the revolution, territorial integrity and national sovereignty.^[289] It is mandated by Article 176 of the Constitution to be presided over by the President.^[290][291]
【参考译文】最高国家安全委员会(Supreme National Security Council, SNSC)处于对外政策决策过程的顶端。[286][287][288]该委员会成立于1989年伊朗宪法公投期间，旨在保护和支持国家利益、革命、领土完整和国家主权。[289]根据宪法第176条的规定，委员会应由总统主持。[290][291]

The Leader selects the secretary of the Supreme Council, and the decisions of the council are effective after the confirmation by the Leader. The SNSC formulates nuclear policy, and would become effective if they are confirmed by the Leader.^[292][293]
【参考译文】最高领袖挑选最高委员会的秘书长，且委员会的决定需经领袖确认后方能生效。最高国家安全委员会负责制定核政策，一旦获得领袖的确认，这些政策即告生效。[292][293]

4.5 立法机构 | Legislature

Main article: Islamic Consultative Assembly【主条目：伊朗伊斯兰协商会议】

See also: Specialized Commissions of the Parliament of Iran, Supreme Audit Court of Iran, and Majlis Research Center【另见：伊朗议会专业委员会、伊朗最高审计法院、伊朗议会研究中心】

The legislature, known as the Islamic Consultative Assembly (ICA), Iranian Parliament or “Majles”, is a unicameral body comprising 290 members elected for four-years.^[294] It drafts legislation, ratifies international treaties, and approves the national budget. All parliamentary candidates and legislation from the assembly must be approved by the Guardian Council.^[295][296] The Guardian Council can and has dismissed elected members of the parliament.^[297][298] The parliament has no legal status without the Guardian Council, and the Council holds absolute veto power over legislation.^[299]
【参考译文】立法机构，即伊朗伊斯兰协商会议（ICA）、伊朗议会或“Majles”，是一个由 290 名议员组成的一院制机构，任期为四年。[294] 它负责起草立法、批准国际条约和批准国家预算。议会的所有议员候选人和立法都必须得到宪法监护委员会的批准。[295][296] 宪法监护委员会可以并已经罢免了议会的民选议员。[297][298] 没有宪法监护委员会，议会就没有法律地位，宪法监护委员会对立法拥有绝对否决权。[299]

The Expediency Discernment Council has the authority to mediate disputes between Parliament and the Guardian Council, and serves as an advisory body to the Supreme Leader, making it one of the most powerful governing bodies in Iran.^[300][301]
【参考译文】权宜判断委员会有权调解议会与宪法监护委员会之间的纠纷，并作为最高领袖的咨询机构，是伊朗最有权力的管理机构之一。[300][301]

The Parliament has 207 constituencies, including the 5 reserved seats for religious minorities. The remaining 202 are territorial, each covering one or more of Iran’s counties.
【参考译文】议会共有 207 个选区，其中包括 5 个为宗教少数派保留的席位。其余 202 个选区为领土选区，每个选区覆盖伊朗一个或多个郡。

4.6 法律体系 | Law

Main article: Judicial system of the Islamic Republic of Iran【主条目：伊朗伊斯兰共和国司法系统】

Iran uses a form of Sharia law as its legal system, with elements of European Civil law. The Supreme Leader appoints the head of the Supreme Court and chief public prosecutor. There are several types of courts, including public courts that deal with civil and criminal cases, and revolutionary courts which deal with certain offences, such as crimes against national security. The decisions of the revolutionary courts are final and cannot be appealed.
【参考译文】伊朗采用伊斯兰教法（Sharia law）作为其法律体系的基础，并融入了欧洲民法的元素。最高领袖负责任命最高法院院长和首席检察官。伊朗存在多种类型的法院，包括处理民事和刑事案件的公共法院，以及负责特定罪行（如危害国家安全罪）的革命法院。革命法院的判决为终审判决，不得上诉。

The Chief Justice is the head of the judicial system and responsible for its administration and supervision. He is the highest judge of the Supreme Court of Iran. The Chief Justice nominates candidates to serve as minister of justice, and the President selects one. The Chief Justice can serve for two five-year terms.^[302]
【参考译文】首席大法官是司法系统的首脑，负责司法行政与监督工作，同时担任伊朗最高法院的最高法官。首席大法官提名司法部长候选人，再由总统从中选择一名。首席大法官可连任两届，每届任期五年。[302]

The Special Clerical Court handles crimes allegedly committed by clerics, although it has taken on cases involving laypeople. The Special Clerical Court functions independently of the regular judicial framework and is accountable only to the Rahbar. The Court’s rulings are final and cannot be appealed.^[303] The Assembly of Experts, which meets for one week annually, comprises 86 “virtuous and learned” clerics elected by adult suffrage for 8-year terms.
【参考译文】特别神职人员法庭专门处理据称由神职人员犯下的罪行，但也曾受理涉及非神职人员的案件。特别神职人员法庭独立于常规司法框架之外，仅对领袖负责。该法庭的裁决为最终裁决，不可上诉。[303]专家会议每年集会一周，由86名“品德高尚且学识渊博”的神职人员组成，他们通过成年公民普选产生，任期8年。

4.7 行政区划 | Administrative divisions

Main articles: Regions of Iran, Provinces of Iran, and Counties of Iran
【主条目：伊朗的地区、伊朗的省份和伊朗的县份】

主条目：伊朗行政区划

See also: List of cities in Iran by province【参见：伊朗各省城市列表】

Iran is subdivided into thirty-one provinces (Persian: استان ostân), each governed from a local centre, usually the largest local city, which is called the capital (Persian: مرکز, markaz) of that province. The provincial authority is headed by a governor-general (استاندار ostândâr), who is appointed by the Minister of the Interior subject to approval of the cabinet.^[304]
【参考译文】伊朗分为 31 个省（波斯语：استان ostân），每个省由一个地方中心管辖，通常是当地最大的城市，被称为该省的首府（波斯语：مرکز，markaz）。省政府由总督（استاندار ostândâr）领导，总督由内政部长任命，经内阁批准。[304]

4.8 国际关系 | Foreign relations

Main article: Foreign relations of Iran【主条目：伊朗的国际关系】

Iran maintains diplomatic relations with 165 countries, but not the United States and Israel—a state which Iran derecognised in 1979.^[305]
【参考译文】伊朗与165个国家保持外交关系，但未与美国和以色列建立外交关系，伊朗自1979年起就不承认以色列国。[305]

Iran has an adversarial relationship with Saudi Arabia due to different political and ideologies. Iran and Turkey have been involved in modern proxy conflicts such as in Syria, Libya, and the South Caucasus.^{[306][307][308]} However, they have shared common interests, such as the issue of Kurdish separatism and the Qatar diplomatic crisis.^[309][310] Iran has a close and strong relationship with Tajikistan.^{[311][312][313][314]} Iran has deep economic relations and alliance with Iraq, Lebanon and Syria, with Syria often described as Iran’s “closest ally”.^{[315][316][317]}
【参考译文】伊朗与沙特阿拉伯之间的关系因政治体制和意识形态差异而趋于对抗。伊朗和土耳其在现代多次通过代理人参与冲突，例如在叙利亚、利比亚及南高加索地区。[306][307][308]然而，两国在某些问题上也有共同利益，比如库尔德分离主义问题及卡塔尔外交危机。[309][310]伊朗与塔吉克斯坦之间有着紧密而牢固的关系。[311][312][313][314]伊朗与伊拉克、黎巴嫩及叙利亚之间拥有深厚的经济联系及联盟，叙利亚常被称为伊朗“最亲密的盟友”。[315][316][317]

Russia is a key trading partner, especially in regard to its excess oil reserves.^[318][319] Both share a close economic and military alliance, and are subject to heavy sanctions by Western nations.^{[320][321][322][323]} Iran is the only country in Western Asia that has been invited to join the CSTO, the Russia-based international treaty organization that parallels NATO.^[324]
【参考译文】俄罗斯是伊朗的关键贸易伙伴，特别是在石油储备过剩方面。[318][319]两国间存在紧密的经济和军事联盟关系，并都遭受西方国家的严厉制裁。[320][321][322][323]伊朗是西亚地区唯一获邀加入CSTO（集体安全条约组织）的国家，这是一个以俄罗斯为基础、与北约相对应的国际条约组织。[324]

Relations between Iran and China is strong economically; they have developed a friendly, economic and strategic relationship. In 2021, Iran and China signed a 25-year cooperation agreement that will strengthen the relations between the two countries and would include “political, strategic and economic” components.^[325] Iran-China relations dates back to at least 200 BC and possibly earlier.^[326][327] Iran is one of the few countries in the world that has a good relationship with both North and South Korea.^[328]
【参考译文】伊朗与中国的关系在经济上十分紧密，双方建立了友好、经济和战略关系。2021年，伊朗和中国签署了一份为期25年的合作协议，旨在加强两国关系，涵盖“政治、战略和经济”等多个层面。[325]伊朗和中国的关系至少可以追溯到公元前200年，甚至更早。[326][327]伊朗是世界上少数几个与朝鲜（指朝鲜民主主义人民共和国，即北朝鲜）和韩国（指大韩民国，即南朝鲜）都保持良好关系的国家之一。[328]

Iran is a member of dozens of international organizations, including the G-15, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, IDA, NAM, IDB, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, OIC, OPEC, WHO, and the UN, and currently has observer status at the WTO.
【参考译文】伊朗是众多国际组织的成员，包括G-15、G-24、G-77、国际原子能机构（IAEA）、世界银行（IBRD）、国际开发协会（IDA）、不结盟运动（NAM）、伊斯兰开发银行（IDB）、国际金融公司（IFC）、国际劳工组织（ILO）、国际货币基金组织（IMF）、国际海事组织（IMO）、国际刑警组织（Interpol）、伊斯兰合作组织（OIC）、石油输出国组织（OPEC）、世界卫生组织（WHO）和联合国（UN），并且目前在世界贸易组织（WTO）中拥有观察员身份。

4.9 军事 | Military

Main articles: Military history of Iran and Islamic Republic of Iran Armed Forces
【主条目：伊朗军事史和伊朗伊斯兰共和国武装部队】

主条目：伊朗军事和伊朗核问题

The military is organized under a unified structure, the Islamic Republic of Iran Armed Forces, comprising the Islamic Republic of Iran Army, which includes the Ground Forces, Air Defence Force, Air Force, and Navy; the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, which consists of the Ground Forces, Aerospace Force, Navy, Quds Force, and Basij; and the Law Enforcement Command (Faraja), which serves an analogous function to a gendarme. While the IRIAF protects the country’s sovereignty in a traditional capacity, the IRGC is mandated to ensure the integrity of the Republic, against foreign interference, coups, and internal riots.^[329] Since 1925, it is mandatory for all male citizen aged 18 to serve around 14 months in the IRIAF or IRGC.^[330][331]
【参考译文】军队由统一的伊朗伊斯兰共和国武装部队组成，包括伊朗伊斯兰共和国陆军，包括陆军、防空部队、空军和海军；伊斯兰革命卫队，包括陆军、航空航天部队、海军、圣城军和巴斯基民兵；以及执法司令部（Faraja），其职能类似于宪兵。伊朗伊斯兰共和国空军以传统身份保护国家主权，而伊朗伊斯兰共和国革命卫队则负责确保共和国的完整，防止外国干涉、政变和内部骚乱。[329] 自 1925 年以来，所有 18 岁的男性公民必须在伊朗伊斯兰共和国国防军或伊朗伊斯兰共和国革命卫队服役约 14 个月。[330][331]

Iran has over 610,000 active troops and around 350,000 reservists, totalling over 1 million military personnel, one of the world’s highest percentage of citizens with military training.^{[332][333][334][335]} The Basij, a paramilitary volunteer militia within the IRGC, has over 20 million members, 600,000 available for immediate call-up, 300,000 reservists, and a million that could be mobilized when necessary.^{[336][337][338][339]} Faraja, the Iranian uniformed police force, has over 260,000 active personnel. Most statistical organizations do not include the Basij and Faraja in their ratings report.
【参考译文】伊朗现役军人超过 61 万，预备役军人约 35 万，总军人人数超过 100 万，是世界上受过军事训练的公民比例最高的国家之一。[332][333][334][335] 伊朗革命卫队内的准军事志愿民兵组织巴斯基民兵拥有 2000 多万成员，其中 60 万可立即应召，30 万预备役军人，100 万可在必要时动员。[336][337][338][339] 伊朗制服警察部队法拉贾民兵拥有 26 万多名现役人员。大多数统计机构的评级报告中均未包括巴斯基民兵和法拉贾民兵。

Excluding the Basij and Faraja, Iran has been identified as a major military power, owing it to the size and capabilities of its armed forces. It possesses the world’s 14th strongest military.^[340] It ranks 13th globally in terms of overall military strength, 7th in the number of active military personnel,^[341] and 9th in the size of both its ground force and armoured force. Iran’s armed forces are the largest in West Asia and comprise the greatest Army Aviation fleet in the Middle East.^{[342][343][344]} Iran is among the top 15 countries in terms of military budget.^[345] In 2021, its military spending increased for the first time in four years, to $24.6 billion, 2.3% of the national GDP.^[346] Funding for the IRGC accounted for 34% of Iran’s total military spending in 2021.^[347]
【参考译文】除巴斯基民兵和法拉贾民兵外，伊朗因其武装部队的规模和能力而被认定为主要军事强国。伊朗拥有世界第 14 强军队。[340] 其总体军事实力在全球排名第 13 位，现役军人数量在全球排名第 7 位，[341] 其地面部队和装甲部队规模在全球排名第 9 位。伊朗武装部队是西亚最大的武装部队，也是中东最大的陆军航空兵舰队。[342][343][344] 伊朗是军事预算排名前 15 的国家之一。[345] 2021 年，伊朗军费开支四年来首次增加，达到 246 亿美元，占国内生产总值的 2.3%。[346] 2021 年，伊朗革命卫队的资金占伊朗总军费开支的 34%。[347]

Since the Revolution, to overcome foreign embargoes, Iran has developed a domestic military industry capable of producing indigenous tanks, armoured personnel carriers, missiles, submarines, missile destroyer, radar systems, helicopters, naval vessels, and fighter planes.^[348] Official announcements have highlighted the development of advanced weaponry, particularly in rocketry.^{[349][n 1]} Consequently, Iran has the largest and most diverse ballistic missile arsenal in the Middle East and is only the 5th country in the world with hypersonic missile technology.^[350][351] It is the world’s 6th missile power.^[352] Iran designs and produces a variety of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and is considered a global leader and superpower in drone warfare and technology.^{[353][354][355]} It is one of the world’s five countries with cyberwarfare capabilities and is identified as “one of the most active players in the international cyber arena”.^{[356][357][358]} Iran is an key exporter of arms since 2000s.^[359]
【参考译文】自革命以来，为克服外国的禁运，伊朗已发展出能够生产国产坦克、装甲运兵车、导弹、潜艇、导弹驱逐舰、雷达系统、直升机、海军舰艇及战斗机的本国军事工业。[348]官方声明特别强调了先进武器的发展，尤其是在火箭技术领域。[349][n 1]因此，伊朗拥有中东最大、种类最多的弹道导弹武库，并且是世界上仅有的第五个拥有高超音速导弹技术的国家。[350][351]它是全球第六大导弹强国。[352]伊朗设计并生产各种无人驾驶飞行器（UAVs），被认为是无人机作战与技术领域的全球领导者和超级大国。[353][354][355]它是世界上具备网络战能力的五个国家之一，被确认为“国际网络领域最活跃的参与者之一”。[356][357][358]自2000年代以来，伊朗一直是重要的武器出口国。[359]

Following Russia’s purchase of Iranian drones during the invasion of Ukraine,^{[360][361][362]} in November 2023, the Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force (IRIAF) finalized arrangements to acquire Russian Sukhoi Su-35 fighter jets, Mil Mi-28 attack helicopters, air defence and missile systems.^[363][364] The Iranian Navy has had joint exercises with Russia and China.^[365]
【参考译文】在俄罗斯于乌克兰入侵期间购买伊朗无人机后，[360][361][362]2023年11月，伊斯兰共和国伊朗空军（IRIAF）敲定了购买俄罗斯苏-35战斗机、米-28攻击直升机、防空及导弹系统的安排。[363][364]伊朗海军曾与俄罗斯和中国进行过联合演习。[365]

4.10 核项目 | Nuclear program

Main article: Nuclear program of Iran【主条目：伊朗核计划】

Iran’s nuclear program dates back to the 1950s.^[366] Iran revived it after the Revolution, and its extensive nuclear fuel cycle, including enrichment capabilities, became the subject of intense international negotiations and sanctions.^[367] Many countries have expressed concern Iran could divert civilian nuclear technology into a weapons programme.^[368] In 2015, Iran and the P5+1 agreed to the Joint Comprehensive Plan on Action (JCPOA), aiming to end economic sanctions in exchange for restriction in producing enriched uranium.^[369]
【参考译文】伊朗的核计划可追溯到1950年代。[366]革命之后，伊朗重启了这一计划，其广泛的核燃料循环，包括铀浓缩能力，成为了国际间密集谈判与制裁的对象。[367]许多国家担心伊朗可能会将民用核技术转向武器项目。[368]2015年，伊朗与P5+1国家达成《联合全面行动计划》（JCPOA），旨在通过限制浓缩铀的生产来换取经济制裁的解除。[369]

In 2018, however, the US withdrew from the deal under the Trump administration, and reimposed sanctions. This was met with resistance by Iran and other members of the P5+1.^{[370][371][372]} A year later, Iran began decreasing its compliance.^[373] By 2020, Iran announced it would no longer observe any limit set by the agreement.^[374][375] Progress since then has brought Iran to the nuclear threshold status.^{[376][377][378]} As of November 2023, Iran had uranium enriched to up to 60% fissile content, close to weapon grade.^{[379][380][381][382]} Some analysts already regard Iran as a de facto nuclear power.^{[383][384][385]}
【参考译文】然而，在2018年，特朗普政府领导下的美国退出了该协议，并重新实施制裁，这一举动遭到伊朗及其他P5+1成员国的反对。[370][371][372]一年后，伊朗开始减少对协议的遵守。[373]到2020年，伊朗宣布不再遵守协议中的任何限制。[374][375]自此之后的发展使伊朗达到了核门槛国家的地位。[376][377][378]截至2023年11月，伊朗已将铀浓缩至最高60%的裂变浓度，接近武器级。[379][380][381][382]一些分析人士已将伊朗视为事实上拥有核武器的国家。[383][384][385]

4.11 区域影响力 | Regional influence

Main articles: Iranian influence in Lebanon, Iranian intervention in the Syrian civil war, and Iranian intervention in Iraq (2014–present)
【主条目：伊朗对黎巴嫩的影响、伊朗对叙利亚内战的干预以及伊朗对伊拉克的干预（2014 年至今）】

Since the Revolution, Iran has grown its influence across and beyond the region.^{[390][391][392][393]} It has built military forces with a wide network of state and none-state actors, starting with Hezbollah in Lebanon in 1982.^[394][395] The IRGC has been key to Iranian influence, through its Quds Force.^{[396][397][398]} The instability in Lebanon (from the 1980s),^[399] Iraq (from 2003) ^[400] and Yemen (from 2014) ^[401] has allowed Iran to build strong alliances and footholds beyond its borders. Iran has a prominent influence in the social services, education, economy and politics of Lebanon,^[402][403] and Lebanon provides Iran access to the Mediterranean Sea.^[404][405] Hezbollah’s strategic successes against Israel, such as its symbolic victory during the 2006 Israel–Hezbollah War, elevated Iran’s influence in the Levant and strengthened its appeal across the Muslim World.^[406][407]
【参考译文】自革命以来，伊朗的影响力已经扩展到地区内外。[390][391][392][393]伊朗构建了一支军事力量，通过与国家和非国家行动者广泛网络的合作，始于1982年在黎巴嫩建立的真主党。[394][395]伊朗革命卫队（IRGC）通过其圣城军（Quds Force）成为了伊朗扩大影响力的 关键。[396][397][398]黎巴嫩（自1980年代起）[399]、伊拉克（自2003年起）[400]和也门（自2014年起）[401]的动荡局势让伊朗得以在国界之外建立强有力的联盟和立足点。伊朗在黎巴嫩的社会服务、教育、经济和政治方面具有显著影响力，[402][403]黎巴嫩为伊朗提供了通往地中海的通道。[404][405]真主党在对抗以色列方面的战略成功，如2006年以色列-真主党战争中的象征性胜利，提升了伊朗在黎凡特地区的影响力，并增强了其在整个穆斯林世界的吸引力。[406][407]

Since the US invasion of Iraq in 2003 and the arrival of ISIS in the mid-2010s, Iran has financed and trained militia groups in Iraq.^{[408][409][410]} Since the Iran-Iraq war in 1980s and the fall of Saddam Hussein, Iran has shaped Iraq’s politics.^{[411][412][413]} Following Iraq’s struggle against ISIS in 2014, companies linked to the IRGC such as Khatam al-Anbiya, started to build roads, power plants, hotels and businesses in Iraq, creating an economic corridor worth around $9 billion before COVID-19.^[414] This is expected to grow to $20 billion.^[415][416]
【参考译文】自2003年美国入侵伊拉克以及2010年代中期ISIS的出现以来，伊朗一直在资助和训练伊拉克的民兵组织。[408][409][410]自1980年代两伊战争及萨达姆·侯赛因倒台以来，伊朗一直在塑造伊拉克的政治格局。[411][412][413]随着伊拉克在2014年对抗ISIS的斗争，与IRGC有关联的公司，如卡塔姆·安比耶集团，开始在伊拉克修建道路、发电厂、酒店和企业，创建了一个价值约90亿美元的经济走廊，这一数字在COVID-19疫情之前。预计这一数字将增长至200亿美元。[414][415][416]

During Yemen’s civil war, Iran provided military support to the Houthis,^{[420][421][422]} a Zaydi Shiite movement fighting Yemen’s Sunni government since 2004.^[423][424] They gained significant power in recent years.^{[425][426][427]} Iran has considerable influence in Afghanistan and Pakistan through militant groups such as Liwa Fatemiyoun and Liwa Zainebiyoun.^{[428][429][430]}
【参考译文】在也门内战期间，伊朗向胡塞武装提供了军事支持，[420][421][422]这是一支自2004年以来与也门逊尼派政府作战的栽德派什叶派运动。[423][424]近年来，他们获得了显著的势力增长。[425][426][427]伊朗通过诸如法蒂米勇旅和宰奈卜勇旅等激进组织，在阿富汗和巴基斯坦拥有相当大的影响力。[428][429][430]

In Syria, Iran has supported President Bashar al-Assad;^[431][432] the two countries are long-standing allies.^[433][434] Iran has provided significant military and economic support to Assad’s government,^[435][436] so has a considerable foothold in Syria.^[437][438] Iran has long supported the anti-Israel fronts in North Africa in countries like Algeria and Tunisia, embracing Hamas in part to help undermine the popularity of the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO).^[439] Iran’s support of Hamas emerged more clearly in later years.^{[440][441][442][443]} According to US intelligence, Iran does not have full control over these state and non-state groups.^[444]
【参考译文】在叙利亚，伊朗支持总统巴沙尔·阿萨德；[431][432]两国是长期盟友。[433][434]伊朗向阿萨德政府提供了重大的军事和经济支持，[435][436]因此在叙利亚拥有显著的立足点。[437][438]伊朗长期以来一直支持北非国家如阿尔及利亚和突尼斯的反以色列阵线，部分原因是通过拥抱哈马斯来削弱巴勒斯坦解放组织（PLO）的受欢迎程度。[439]伊朗对哈马斯的支持在后来几年变得更加明显。[440][441][442][443]根据美国情报，伊朗并未完全控制这些国家和非国家团体。[444]

4.12 人权和审查制度 | Human rights and censorship

Main articles: Human rights in Iran, Capital punishment in Iran, and Censorship in Iran
【主要文章：伊朗的人权、伊朗的死刑和伊朗的审查制度】

The Iranian government has been denounced by various international organizations and governments for violating human rights.^[446] The government has frequently persecuted and arrested critics of the government. Iranian law does not recognize sexual orientations. Sexual activity between members of the same sex is illegal and is punishable by death.^[447][448] Capital punishment is a legal punishment, and according to the BBC, Iran “carries out more executions than any other country, except China”.^[449] UN Special Rapporteur Javaid Rehman has reported discrimination against several ethnic minorities in Iran.^[450] A group of UN experts in 2022 urged Iran to stop “systematic persecution” of religious minorities, adding that members of the Baháʼí Faith were arrested, barred from universities, or had their homes demolished.^[451][452]
【参考译文】伊朗政府因侵犯人权而受到各种国际组织和政府的谴责。[446] 政府经常迫害和逮捕批评政府的人。伊朗法律不承认性取向。同性之间的性行为是违法的，可判处死刑。[447][448] 死刑是合法的惩罚，据英国广播公司报道，伊朗“除中国外，执行死刑的人数比任何其他国家都多”。[449] 联合国特别报告员贾维德·雷赫曼报告了伊朗对几个少数民族的歧视。[450] 2022 年，一组联合国专家敦促伊朗停止对宗教少数群体的“系统性迫害”，并补充说，巴哈伊教成员被逮捕、被禁止进入大学，或者他们的家园被拆毁。[451][452]

Censorship in Iran is ranked among the most extreme worldwide.^{[453][454][455]} Iran has strict internet censorship, with the government persistently blocking social media and other sites.^{[456][457][458]} Since January 2021, Iranian authorities have blocked a list of social media platforms; Instagram, WhatsApp, Facebook, Telegram, Twitter and YouTube.^[459]
【参考译文】伊朗的审查制度在全世界范围内名列前茅。[453][454][455] 伊朗对互联网实行严格的审查，政府持续封锁社交媒体和其他网站。[456][457][458] 自 2021 年 1 月以来，伊朗当局封锁了一系列社交媒体平台：Instagram、WhatsApp、Facebook、Telegram、Twitter 和 YouTube。[459]

The 2006 election results were widely disputed, resulting in protests.^{[460][461][462][463]} The 2017–18 Iranian protests swept across the country in response to the economic and political situation.^[464] It was formally confirmed that thousands of protesters were arrested.^[465] The 2019–20 Iranian protests started on 15 November in Ahvaz, and spread across the country after the government announced increases in fuel prices of up to 300%.^[466] A week-long total Internet shutdown marked one of the most severe Internet blackouts in any country, and the bloodiest governmental crackdown of the protestors.^[467] Tens of thousands were arrested and hundreds were killed within a few days according to multiple international observers, including Amnesty International.^[468]
【参考译文】2006 年选举结果引起广泛争议，引发抗议活动。[460][461][462][463] 2017-18 年，伊朗抗议活动席卷全国，抗议经济和政治局势。[464] 正式确认有数千名抗议者被捕。[465] 2019-20 年，伊朗抗议活动于 11 月 15 日在阿瓦士开始，在政府宣布燃油价格上涨高达 300% 后蔓延至全国。[466] 长达一周的全面互联网关闭是任何国家最严重的互联网停电之一，也是政府对抗议者最血腥的镇压。[467] 据国际特赦组织等多名国际观察员称，几天之内就有数万人被捕，数百人被杀。[468]

Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752, was a scheduled international civilian passenger flight from Tehran to Kyiv, operated by Ukraine International Airlines. On 8 January 2020, the Boeing 737–800 flying the route was shot down by the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) shortly after takeoff, killing all 176 occupants on board and leading to protests. An international investigation led to the government admitting to the shootdown, calling it a “human error”.^[469][470] Another Protests against the government began on 16 September 2022 after a woman named Mahsa Amini died in police custody following her arrest by the Guidance Patrol, known commonly as the “morality police”.^{[471][472][473][474]}
【参考译文】乌克兰国际航空 752 航班是一架从德黑兰飞往基辅的定期国际民用客运航班，由乌克兰国际航空运营。2020 年 1 月 8 日，这架波音 737-800 客机起飞后不久被伊朗革命卫队 (IRGC) 击落，机上 176 名乘客全部遇难，引发抗议。国际调查导致政府承认击落事件，称其为“人为失误”。[469][470] 另一场针对政府的抗议始于 2022 年 9 月 16 日，当时一名名叫 Mahsa Amini 的妇女在被指导巡逻队（通常被称为“道德警察”）逮捕后在警方拘留期间死亡。[471][472][473][474]

5. 经济 | Economy

Main article: Economy of Iran【主条目：伊朗的经济】/ 主条目：伊朗经济和伊朗石油

See also: Subsidies in Iran and Banking and insurance in Iran【另请参阅：伊朗的补贴和伊朗的银行业和保险业】

As of 2024, Iran has the world’s 19th largest economy (by PPP). It is a mixture of central planning, state ownership of oil and other large enterprises, village agriculture, and small-scale private trading and service ventures.^[476] Services contribute the largest percentage of GDP, followed by industry (mining and manufacturing) and agriculture.^[477] The economy is characterized by its hydrocarbon sector, in addition to manufacturing and financial services.^[478] With 10% of the world’s oil reserves and 15% of gas reserves, Iran is an energy superpower. Over 40 industries are directly involved in the Tehran Stock Exchange.
【参考译文】截至2024年，伊朗拥有世界第19大经济体（按购买力平价计算）。该国经济体系混合了中央计划、国有石油和其他大型企业、乡村农业，以及小规模的私营贸易和服务企业。[476]服务业对国内生产总值（GDP）的贡献最大，其次是工业（采矿和制造业）和农业。[477]该国经济的特点在于其油气部门，以及制造业和金融服务。拥有世界10%的石油储量和15%的天然气储量，伊朗是一个能源超级大国。超过40个行业直接参与德黑兰证券交易所。

Tehran is the economic powerhouse of Iran.^[479] About 30% of Iran’s public-sector workforce and 45% of its large industrial firms are located there, and half those firms’ employees work for government.^[480] The Central Bank of Iran is responsible for developing and maintaining the currency: the Iranian rial. The government does not recognise trade unions other than the Islamic labour councils, which are subject to the approval of employers and the security services.^[481] Unemployment was 9% in 2022.^[482]
【参考译文】德黑兰是伊朗的经济中心。[479]大约30%的伊朗公共部门劳动力和45%的大工业企业位于此地，而这些大企业中有一半的员工为政府工作。[480]伊朗中央银行负责发展和维护货币——伊朗里亚尔。政府只承认伊斯兰劳工委员会这一工会形式，而且这些委员会需得到雇主和安全部门的批准。[481]2022年失业率为9%。[482]

Budget deficits have been a chronic problem, mostly due to large state subsidies, that include foodstuffs and especially petrol, totalling $100 billion in 2022 for energy alone.^[484][485] In 2010, the economic reform plan was to cut subsidies gradually and replace them with targeted social assistance. The objective is to move towards free market prices and increase productivity and social justice.^[486] The administration continues reform, and indicates it will diversify the oil-reliant economy. Iran has developed a biotechnology, nanotechnology, and pharmaceutical industry.^[487] The government is privatising industries.
【参考译文】预算赤字一直是伊朗经济的一个慢性问题，这主要归因于庞大的国家补贴，其中包括食品和特别是汽油补贴，仅在2022年，能源补贴总额就达到了1000亿美元。[484][485]2010年，经济改革计划逐步削减补贴，并以有针对性的社会援助取而代之。改革的目标是迈向自由市场价格，提高生产效率和社会正义。[486]政府继续推进改革，并表示将使依赖石油的经济多元化。伊朗已经发展了生物技术、纳米技术和制药产业。[487]政府正在私有化产业。

Iran has leading manufacturing industries in automobile manufacture, transportation, construction materials, home appliances, food and agricultural goods, armaments, pharmaceuticals, information technology, and petrochemicals in the Middle East.^[488] Iran is among the world’s top five producers of apricots, cherries, cucumbers and gherkins, dates, figs, pistachios, quinces, walnuts, Kiwifruit and watermelons.^[489] International sanctions against Iran have damaged the economy.^[490]
【参考译文】伊朗在中东地区拥有领先的制造业，包括汽车制造、交通运输、建筑材料、家电、食品和农产品、武器装备、医药、信息技术和石化产品。[488]伊朗是全球前五大杏子、樱桃、黄瓜和小黄瓜、枣、无花果、开心果、榅桲、核桃、奇异果和西瓜的生产国之一。[489]针对伊朗的国际制裁严重损害了其经济。[490]

5.1 旅游业 | Tourism

Main article: Tourism in Iran【主条目：伊朗的旅游业】

Tourism had been rapidly growing before the COVID-19 pandemic, reaching nearly 9 million foreign visitors in 2019, the world’s third fastest-growing tourism destination.^[492][493] In 2022 it expanded its share to 5% of the economy.^[494] Iran’s tourism experienced a growth of 43% in 2023, attracting 6 million foreign tourists.^[495] The government ended visa requirements for 60 countries in 2023.^[496]
【参考译文】在新冠疫情爆发之前，伊朗旅游业一直在迅速增长，2019 年接待了近 900 万外国游客，是全球增长第三快的旅游目的地。[492][493] 2022 年，伊朗旅游业在经济中的份额扩大到 5%。[494] 2023 年，伊朗旅游业增长了 43%，吸引了 600 万外国游客。[495] 2023 年，伊朗政府取消了对 60 个国家的签证要求。[496]

98% of visits are for leisure, while 2% are for business, indicating the country’s appeal as a tourist destination.^[497] Alongside the capital, the most popular tourist destinations are Isfahan, Shiraz and Mashhad.^[498] Iran is emerging as a preferred destination for medical tourism.^[499][500] Travellers from other West Asian countries grew 31% in the first seven months of 2023, surpassing Bahrain, Kuwait, Iraq, and Saudi Arabia.^[501] Domestic tourism is one of the world’s largests; Iranian tourists spent $33bn in 2021.^{[502][503][504]} Iran projects investment of $32 billion in the tourism sector by 2026.^[505]
【参考译文】98% 的访问是为了休闲，而 2% 是为了商务，这表明该国作为旅游目的地的吸引力。[497] 除首都外，最受欢迎的旅游目的地是伊斯法罕、设拉子和马什哈德。[498] 伊朗正在成为医疗旅游的首选目的地。[499][500] 2023 年前 7 个月，来自其他西亚国家的游客增长了 31%，超过了巴林、科威特、伊拉克和沙特阿拉伯。[501] 国内旅游是世界上最大的旅游来源之一；伊朗游客在 2021 年花费了 330 亿美元。[502][503][504] 伊朗预计到 2026 年将在旅游业投资 320 亿美元。[505]

5.2 农业和渔业 | Agriculture and fishery

Main article: Agriculture in Iran【主条目：伊朗的农业】

Roughly one-third of Iran’s total surface area is suited for farmland. Only 12% of the total land area is under cultivation, but less than one-third of the cultivated area is irrigated; the rest is devoted to dryland farming. Some 92% of agricultural products depend on water.^[506] The western and northwestern portions of the country have the most fertile soils. Iran’s food security index stands at around 96 percent.^[507][508] 3% of the total land area is used for grazing and fodder production. Most of the grazing is done on mostly semi-dry rangeland in mountain areas and on areas surrounding the large deserts of Central Iran. Progressive government efforts and incentives during the 1990s, improved agricultural productivity, helping Iran toward its goal of reestablishing national self-sufficiency in food production.
【参考译文】伊朗约三分之一的国土适合耕种。只有 12% 的土地用于耕种，但灌溉面积不到三分之一；其余用于旱地耕作。约 92% 的农产品依赖水。[506] 该国西部和西北部土壤最肥沃。伊朗的粮食安全指数约为 96%。[507][508] 3% 的土地用于放牧和饲料生产。大部分放牧是在山区半干旱牧场和伊朗中部大沙漠周围地区进行的。20 世纪 90 年代，政府的进步努力和激励措施提高了农业生产力，帮助伊朗实现了重建国家粮食生产自给自足的目标。

Access to the Caspian Sea, the Persian Gulf, the Gulf of Oman, and many river basins provides Iran the potential to develop excellent fisheries. The government assumed control of commercial fishing in 1952. Expansion of the fishery infrastructure enabled the country to harvest an estimated 700,000 tons of fish annually from the southern waters. Since the Revolution, increased attention has been focused on producing fish from inland waters. Between 1976 and 2004, the combined take from inland waters by the state and private sectors increased from 1,100 tons to 110,175 tons.^[509] Iran is the world’s largest producer and exporter of caviar, exporting more than 300 tonnes annually.^[510][511]
【参考译文】通往里海、波斯湾、阿曼湾和许多河流流域的通道为伊朗提供了发展优质渔业的潜力。 1952 年，政府接管了商业捕鱼。渔业基础设施的扩张使该国每年能够从南部水域捕捞约 70 万吨鱼。自革命以来，人们越来越关注从内陆水域生产鱼类。1976 年至 2004 年间，国家和私营部门从内陆水域捕捞的鱼量从 1,100 吨增加到 110,175 吨。[509] 伊朗是世界上最大的鱼子酱生产国和出口国，每年出口超过 300 吨。[510][511]

5.3 工业及相关服务 | Industry and services

Main article: Industry of Iran【主条目：伊朗的工业】

Iran is globally ranked 16th in car manufacturing, ahead of the UK, Italy, and Russia.^[513][514] It has outputted 1.188 million cars in 2023, a 12% growth compared to the previous years. Iran has exported various cars to countries such as Venezuela, Russia and Belarus. From 2008 to 2009, Iran leaped to 28th place from 69th in annual industrial production growth rate.^[515]
【参考译文】伊朗在全球汽车制造领域排名第16位，领先于英国、意大利和俄罗斯。[513][514]2023年，伊朗生产了118.8万辆汽车，相比前一年增长了12%。伊朗已向委内瑞拉、俄罗斯和白俄罗斯等国家出口了多种汽车。从2008年至2009年，伊朗的年工业产值增长率从第69位跃升至第28位。[515]

Iranian contractors have been awarded several foreign tender contracts in different fields of construction of dams, bridges, roads, buildings, railroads, power generation, and gas, oil and petrochemical industries. As of 2011, some 66 Iranian industrial companies are carrying out projects in 27 countries.^[516] Iran exported over $20 billion worth of technical and engineering services over 2001–2011. The availability of local raw materials, rich mineral reserves, experienced manpower have all played crucial role in winning the bids.^[517]
【参考译文】伊朗承包商在不同建设领域，如水坝、桥梁、道路、建筑物、铁路、电力生成以及油气和石化工业的海外招标中赢得了多个合同。截至2011年，约有66家伊朗工业公司在27个国家开展项目。2001年至2011年间，伊朗出口了价值超过200亿美元的技术和工程服务。当地原材料的可获取性、丰富的矿产储备以及熟练的劳动力都在竞标中发挥了关键作用。[516][517]

45% of large industrial firms are located in Tehran, and almost half of their workers work for government.^[518] The Iranian retail industry is largely in the hands of cooperatives, many of them government-sponsored, and of independent retailers in the bazaars. The bulk of food sales occur at street markets, where the Chief Statistics Bureau sets the prices.^[519] Iran’s main exports are to Iraq, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Oman, Syria, Germany, Spain, the Netherlands, France, Canada, Venezuela, Japan, South Korea and Turkey.^[520][521] Iran’s automotive industry is the second most active industry of the country, after its oil and gas industry. Iran Khodro is the largest car manufacturer in the Middle East, and ITMCO is the biggest tractor manufacturer. Iran is the 12th largest automaker in the world. Construction is one of the most important sectors in Iran accounting for 20–50% of the total private investment.
【参考译文】45% 的大型工业公司位于德黑兰，近一半的员工为政府工作。[518] 伊朗零售业主要由合作社（其中许多是政府资助的）和集市上的独立零售商控制。大部分食品在街头市场销售，价格由首席统计局确定。[519] 伊朗主要出口到伊拉克、阿富汗、土库曼斯坦、塔吉克斯坦、俄罗斯、乌克兰、白俄罗斯、巴基斯坦、沙特阿拉伯、科威特、阿拉伯联合酋长国、卡塔尔、阿曼、叙利亚、德国、西班牙、荷兰、法国、加拿大、委内瑞拉、日本、韩国和土耳其。[520][521] 伊朗汽车工业是该国第二大活跃行业，仅次于石油和天然气工业。伊朗霍德罗是中东最大的汽车制造商，而 ITMCO 是最大的拖拉机制造商。伊朗是世界第 12 大汽车制造商。建筑业是伊朗最重要的行业之一，占私人投资总额的20-50％。

Iran is one of the most important mineral producers in the world, ranked among 15 major mineral-rich countries.^[522][523] Iran has become self-sufficient in designing, building and operating dams and power plants. Iran is one of the six countries in the world that manufacture gas- and steam-powered turbines.^[524]
【参考译文】伊朗是世界上最重要的矿产生产国之一，位列 15 个主要矿产资源丰富的国家之一。[522][523] 伊朗在设计、建造和运营水坝和发电厂方面已实现自给自足。伊朗是世界上六个制造燃气和蒸汽涡轮机的国家之一。[524]

5.4 交通 | Transport

Main article: Transport in Iran【主条目：伊朗的交通】

In 2011 Iran had 173,000 kilometres (107,000 mi) of roads, of which 73% were paved.^[525] In 2008 there were nearly 100 passenger cars for every 1,000 inhabitants.^[526] Tehran Metro is the largest in the Middle East,^[527][528] it carries more than 3 million passengers daily and in 2018, 820 million trips.^[529][530] Trains operate on 11,106 km (6,901 mi) of track.^[531] The country’s major port of entry is Bandar Abbas on the Strait of Hormuz. Imported goods are distributed through the country by trucks and freight trains. The Tehran–Bandar Abbas railroad connects Bandar-Abbas to the railroad system of Central Asia, via Tehran and Mashhad. Other major ports include Bandar e-Anzali and Bandar e-Torkeman on the Caspian Sea and Khorramshahr and Bandar-e Emam Khomeyni on the Persian Gulf.
【参考译文】2011年，伊朗拥有173,000公里（107,000英里）的道路，其中73%是铺设好的。在2008年，每1000名居民就有近100辆客车。德黑兰地铁是中东最大的地铁系统，每天运送超过3百万乘客，2018年，共运输了8.2亿次。火车在11,106公里（6,901英里）的轨道上运行。该国的主要入境港口是位于霍尔木兹海峡的班达尔阿巴斯。进口商品通过卡车和货运列车分送到全国各地。德黑兰至班达尔阿巴斯铁路将班达尔-阿巴斯与中亚的铁路系统相连，经过德黑兰和马什哈德。其他主要港口包括里海的班达尔-安扎利和班达尔-托尔克曼以及波斯湾的霍拉姆沙赫尔和班达尔-伊玛目霍梅尼。

Dozens of cities have airports that serve passenger and cargo planes. Iran Air, the national airline, operates domestic and international flights. All large cities have mass transit systems using buses, and private companies provide bus services between cities. Over a million people work in transport, accounting for 9% of GDP.^[532]
【参考译文】数十个城市拥有服务于客运和货运飞机的机场。伊朗航空，国家航空公司，运营国内和国际航班。所有大城市都有使用公共汽车的大众交通系统，私人公司提供城市间的巴士服务。超过一百万人从事交通运输工作，占GDP的9%。

5.5 能源 | Energy

Main articles: Energy in Iran and Petroleum industry in Iran【主条目：”伊朗的能源“和”伊朗的石油工业“】

Iran is an energy superpower and petroleum plays a key part.^[534][535] As of 2023, Iran produced 4% of the world’s crude oil (3.6 million barrels (570,000 m³) per day),^[536] which generates US$36bn^[537] of export revenue and is the main source of foreign currency.^[538] Oil and gas reserves are estimated at 1.2 trn barrels;^[539] Iran holds 10% of world oil reserves and 15% for gas. It ranks 3rd in oil reserves^[540] and is OPEC‘s 2nd largest exporter. It has the 2nd largest gas reserves,^[541] and 3rd largest natural gas production. In 2019, Iran discovered a southern oil field of 50 bn barrels^{[542][543][544][545]} and in April 2024, the NIOC discovered 10 giant shale oil deposits, totalling 2.6 bn barrels.^{[546][547][548]} Iran plans to invest $500 billion in oil by 2025.^[549]
【参考译文】伊朗是一个能源超级大国，石油在其中扮演着关键角色。截至2023年，伊朗生产的原油占全球的4%（每天360万桶（57万立方米）），这产生了360亿美元的出口收入，是外汇的主要来源。石油和天然气储量估计为1.2万亿桶；伊朗拥有世界石油储备的10%和天然气的15%。它在石油储备方面排名第三，是欧佩克第二大出口国。它拥有第二大天然气储备，以及第三大天然气产量。2019年，伊朗发现了一个南部油田，储量为500亿桶，2024年4月，NIOC发现了10个巨型页岩油藏，总计26亿桶。伊朗计划到2025年在石油领域投资5000亿美元。

Iran manufactures 60–70% of its industrial equipment domestically, including turbines, pumps, catalysts, refineries, oil tankers, drilling rigs, offshore platforms, towers, pipes, and exploration instruments.^[550] The addition of new hydroelectric stations and streamlining of conventional coal and oil-fired stations increased installed capacity to 33 GW; about 75% was based on natural gas, 18% on oil, and 7% on hydroelectric power. In 2004, Iran opened its first wind-powered and geothermal plants, and the first solar thermal plant began in 2009. Iran is the world’s third country to develop GTL technology.^[551]
【参考译文】伊朗国内制造其60-70%的工业设备，包括涡轮机、泵、催化剂、炼油厂、油轮、钻机、海上平台、塔架、管道和勘探仪器。新增的水电站和对传统煤及燃油发电站的优化将装机容量提高到了33吉瓦；大约75%基于天然气，18%基于石油，7%基于水力发电。2004年，伊朗开设了首个风力发电和地热发电站，首个太阳能热发电站于2009年开始运行。伊朗是世界第三个发展GTL技术的国家。

Demographic trends and intensified industrialization have caused electric power demand to grow by 8% per year. The government’s goal of 53 GW of installed capacity by 2010 is to be reached by bringing on line new gas-fired plants, and adding hydropower and nuclear generation capacity. Iran’s first nuclear power plant went online in 2011.^[552][553]
【参考译文】人口趋势和工业化进程加快导致电力需求每年增长 8%。政府的目标是到 2010 年将装机容量达到 53 吉瓦，这将通过新建燃气电厂、增加水电和核电容量来实现。伊朗第一座核电站于 2011 年投入使用。[552][553]

5.6 科学和技术 | Science and technology

Main article: Science and technology in Iran【主条目：伊朗的科学和技术】

Iran has made considerable advances in science and technology, despite western sanctions. In the biomedical sciences, Iran’s Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics has a UNESCO chair in biology.^[554] In 2006, Iranian scientists successfully cloned a sheep at the Royan Research Center in Tehran.^[555] Stem cell research is among the top 10 in the world.^[556] Iran ranks 15th in the world in nanotechnologies.^{[557][558][559]} Iranian scientists outside Iran have made major scientific contributions. In 1960, Ali Javan co-invented the first gas laser, and fuzzy set theory was introduced by Lotfi A. Zadeh.^[560]
【参考译文】尽管受到西方制裁，伊朗在科学和技术领域取得了相当大的进步。在生物医学科学方面，伊朗的生物化学与生物物理研究所拥有一个联合国教科文组织生物学主席职位。2006年，伊朗科学家在德黑兰的罗扬研究中心成功克隆了一只羊。干细胞研究位居世界前十。伊朗在纳米技术方面排名世界第15位。伊朗境外的伊朗科学家也做出了重大的科学贡献。1960年，阿里·贾万共同发明了第一个气体激光器，模糊集理论由洛特菲·A·扎德引入。

Cardiologist Tofy Mussivand invented and developed the first artificial cardiac pump, the precursor of the artificial heart. Furthering research in diabetes, the HbA1c was discovered by Samuel Rahbar. Many papers in string theory are published in Iran.^[561] In 2014, Iranian mathematician Maryam Mirzakhani became the first woman, and Iranian, to receive the Fields Medal, the highest prize in mathematics.^[562]
【参考译文】心脏病专家托菲·穆西万德发明并开发了第一台人工心脏泵，这是人工心脏的前身。在糖尿病研究方面，塞缪尔·拉巴尔发现了糖化血红蛋白。伊朗发表了许多弦理论论文。[561] 2014 年，伊朗数学家玛丽亚姆·米尔扎哈尼成为第一位获得菲尔兹奖的女性和伊朗人，菲尔兹奖是数学界的最高奖项。[562]

Iran increased its publication output nearly tenfold from 1996 through 2004, and ranked first in output growth rate, followed by China.^[563] According to a study by SCImago in 2012, Iran would rank fourth in research output by 2018, if the trend persisted.^[564] The Iranian humanoid robot Sorena 2, which was designed by engineers at the University of Tehran, was unveiled in 2010. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) has placed the name of Surena among the five most prominent robots, after analyzing its performance.^[565]
【参考译文】1996 年至 2004 年间，伊朗的出版物产量增加了近 10 倍，产量增长率位居世界第一，仅次于中国。[563] 根据 SCImago 在 2012 年的一项研究，如果这一趋势持续下去，伊朗将在 2018 年成为研究产出排名第四的国家。[564] 由德黑兰大学工程师设计的伊朗人形机器人 Sorena 2 于 2010 年亮相。电气电子工程师协会 (IEEE) 在分析了 Surena 的性能后，将其列为五大最杰出的机器人之一。[565]

5.6.1 伊朗航天局 | Iranian Space Agency

Main articles: Iranian Space Agency, Iranian Space Research Center, and Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Aerospace Force【主要文章：伊朗航天局、伊朗空间研究中心和伊斯兰革命卫队航天部队。】

The Iranian Space Agency (ISA) was established in 2004. Iran became an orbital-launch-capable nation in 2009,^[566] and is a founding member of the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space. Iran placed its domestically built satellite Omid into orbit on the 30th anniversary of the Revolution, in 2009,^[567] through its first expendable launch vehicle Safir. It became the 9th country capable of both producing a satellite and sending it into space from a domestically made launcher.^[568] Simorgh‘s launch in 2016, is the successor of Safir.^[569]
【参考译文】伊朗航天局（ISA）成立于2004年。伊朗在2009年成为具有轨道发射能力的国家，并且是联合国和平使用外层空间委员会的创始成员。伊朗在2009年革命30周年之际，通过其首个一次性运载火箭Safir将国内制造的卫星Omid送入轨道。它成为了第九个既能生产卫星又能从国内制造的发射器将其送入太空的国家。2016年发射的Simorgh是Safir的继任者。

In January 2024, Iran launched the Soraya satellite into its highest orbit yet (750 km),^[570][571] a new space launch milestone for the country.^[572][573] It was launched by Qaem 100 rocket.^[574][575] Iran also successfully launched 3 indigenous satellites, The Mahda, Kayan and Hatef,^[576] into orbit using the Simorgh carrier rocket.^[577][578] It was the first time in country’s history that it simultaneously sent three satellites into space.^[579][580] The three satellites are designed for testing advanced satellite subsystems, space-based positioning technology, and narrowband communication.^[581]
【参考译文】2024 年 1 月，伊朗将 Soraya 卫星发射升空，进入迄今为止最高的轨道（750 公里），[570][571] 这是该国航天发射的新里程碑。[572][573] 它由 Qaem 100 火箭发射。[574][575] 伊朗还使用 Simorgh 运载火箭成功将 3 颗本土卫星 Mahda、Kayan 和 Hatef[576] 送入轨道。[577][578] 这是伊朗历史上首次同时将三颗卫星送入太空。[579][580] 这三颗卫星用于测试先进的卫星子系统、天基定位技术和窄带通信。[581]

In February 2024, Iran launched its domestically developed imaging satellite, Pars 1, from Russia into orbit.^[582][583] This was the second time since August 2022, when Russia launched another Iranian remote-sensing, Khayyam satellite, into orbit from Kazakhstan, reflecting deep scientific cooperation between the countries.^[584][585]
【参考译文】2024 年 2 月，伊朗从俄罗斯发射了其自主研发的成像卫星 Pars 1 进入轨道。[582][583] 这是自 2022 年 8 月俄罗斯从哈萨克斯坦发射另一颗伊朗遥感卫星 Khayyam 进入轨道以来第二次发射，反映了两国之间深入的科学合作。[584][585]

Iran is the world’s 7th country to produce uranium hexafluoride, and controls the entire nuclear fuel cycle.^[586]
【参考译文】伊朗是世界上第七个生产六氟化铀的国家，控制着整个核燃料循环。[586]

5.7 电信 | Telecommunication

Main articles: Communications in Iran, Telecommunication Company of Iran, and Iran Electronics Industries
【主要文章：伊朗的通信、伊朗电信公司和伊朗电子工业】

Iran’s telecommunications industry is almost entirely state-owned, dominated by the Telecommunication Company of Iran (TCI). As of 2020, 70 million Iranians use high-speed mobile internet. Iran is among the first five countries which have had a growth rate of over 20 percent and the highest level of development in telecommunication.^[587] Iran has been awarded the UNESCO special certificate for providing telecommunication services to rural areas.
【参考译文】伊朗的电信行业几乎完全由国家所有，由伊朗电信公司（TCI）主导。截至2020年，7000万伊朗人使用高速移动互联网。伊朗是前五个增长率超过20%并且在电信发展水平上最高的国家之一。伊朗因向农村地区提供电信服务而被授予联合国教科文组织特别证书。

Globally, Iran ranks 75th in mobile internet speed and 153rd in fixed internet speed.^[588]
【参考译文】在全球范围内，伊朗在移动互联网速度方面排名第75位，在固定互联网速度方面排名第153位。

6. 人口统计 | Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Iran【主条目：伊朗的人口】

Iran’s population grew rapidly from about 19 million in 1956 to about 85 million by February 2023.^[589] However, Iran’s fertility rate has dropped dramatically, from 6.5 children born per woman to about 1.7 two decades later,^{[590][591][592]} leading to a population growth rate of about 1.39% as of 2018.^[593] Due to its young population, studies project that the growth will continue to slow until it stabilises around 105 million by 2050.^{[594][595][596]}
【参考译文】伊朗的人口从1956年的约1900万迅速增长到2023年2月的约8500万。然而，伊朗的生育率急剧下降，从每位妇女生育6.5个孩子降到二十年后的大约1.7个，导致截至2018年的人口增长率约为1.39%。由于其年轻的人口结构，研究预测人口增长将继续放缓，直到2050年稳定在1.05亿左右。

Iran hosts one of the largest refugee populations, with almost one million,^[597] mostly from Afghanistan and Iraq.^[598] According to the Iranian Constitution, the government is required to provide every citizen with access to social security, covering retirement, unemployment, old age, disability, accidents, calamities, health and medical treatment and care services.^[599] This is covered by tax revenues and income derived from public contributions.^[600]
【参考译文】伊朗是接收难民最多的国家之一，难民人数接近一百万，[597] 其中大部分来自阿富汗和伊拉克。[598] 根据伊朗宪法，政府有义务为每位公民提供社会保障，包括退休、失业、养老、残疾、事故、灾难、卫生和医疗以及护理服务。[599] 这些保障来自税收和公共捐助收入。[600]

The country has one of the highest urban growth rates in the world. From 1950 to 2002, the urban proportion of the population increased from 27% to 60%.^[601] Iran’s population is concentrated in its western half, especially in the north, north-west and west.^[602]
【参考译文】伊朗是世界上城市化增长率最高的国家之一。从 1950 年到 2002 年，城市人口比例从 27% 增加到 60%。[601] 伊朗人口集中在西半部，尤其是北部、西北部和西部。[602]

Tehran, with a population of around 9.4 million, is Iran’s capital and largest city. The country’s second most populous city, Mashhad, has a population of around 3.4 million, and is capital of the province of Razavi Khorasan. Isfahan has a population of around 2.2 million and is Iran’s third most populous city. It is the capital of Isfahan province and was also the third capital of the Safavid Empire.
【参考译文】德黑兰是伊朗的首都和最大城市，人口约 940 万。该国第二大城市马什哈德人口约 340 万，是礼萨呼罗珊省的首府。伊斯法罕人口约 220 万，是伊朗第三大城市，是伊斯法罕省的首府，也是萨法维帝国的第三大首都。

6.1 族群 | Ethnic groups

Main article: Ethnicities in Iran【主条目：伊朗的族群】

Ethnic group composition remains a point of debate, mainly regarding the largest and second largest ethnic groups, the Persians and Azerbaijanis, due to the lack of Iranian state censuses based on ethnicity. The World Factbook has estimated that around 79% of the population of Iran is a diverse Indo-European ethno-linguistic group,^[603] with Persians (including Mazenderanis and Gilaks) constituting 61% of the population, Kurds 10%, Lurs 6%, and Balochs 2%. Peoples of other ethnolinguistic groups make up the remaining 21%, with Azerbaijanis constituting 16%, Arabs 2%, Turkmens and other Turkic tribes 2%, and others (such as Armenians, Talysh, Georgians, Circassians, Assyrians) 1%.
【参考译文】族群构成仍是一个争议点，主要是关于最大和第二大族群——波斯人和阿塞拜疆人，这是由于缺乏基于种族的伊朗国家人口普查。世界事实手册估计，大约79%的伊朗人口是一个多样化的印欧民族语言群体，其中波斯人（包括马赞德兰人和吉拉克人）占人口的61%，库尔德人占10%，卢尔人占6%，俾路支人占2%。其他民族语言群体的人口占剩余的21%，其中阿塞拜疆人占16%，阿拉伯人占2%，土库曼人和其他突厥语部落占2%，其他（如亚美尼亚人、塔雷什人、格鲁吉亚人、切尔卡斯人、亚述人）占1%。

The Library of Congress issued slightly different estimates: 65% Persians (including Mazenderanis, Gilaks, and the Talysh), 16% Azerbaijanis, 7% Kurds, 6% Lurs, 2% Baloch, 1% Turkic tribal groups (including Qashqai and Turkmens), and non-Iranian, non-Turkic groups (including Armenians, Georgians, Assyrians, Circassians, and Arabs) less than 3%.^[604][605]
【参考译文】美国国会图书馆发布了略有不同的估计：65%的波斯人（包括马赞德兰人、吉拉克人和塔雷什人），16%的阿塞拜疆人，7%的库尔德人，6%的卢尔人，2%的俾路支人，1%的突厥语部落群组（包括卡什凯人和土库曼人），以及非伊朗、非突厥语群组（包括亚美尼亚人、格鲁吉亚人、亚述人、切尔卡斯人和阿拉伯人）不到3%。

6.2 语言 | Languages

Main article: Languages of Iran【主条目：伊朗的语言】

Most of the population speaks Persian, the country’s official and national language.^[3] Others include speakers of other Iranian languages, within the greater Indo-European family, and languages belonging to other ethnicities. The Gilaki and Mazenderani languages are widely spoken in Gilan and Mazenderan, northern Iran. The Talysh language is spoken in parts of Gilan. Varieties of Kurdish are concentrated in the province of Kurdistan and nearby areas. In Khuzestan, several dialects of Persian are spoken. South Iran also houses the Luri and Lari languages.
【参考译文】大部分人口讲波斯语，这是国家的官方和民族语言。其他人包括讲其他伊朗语言的人，这些语言属于更大的印欧语系，以及其他族群的语言。在伊朗北部的吉兰和马赞德兰，广泛使用吉拉基语和马赞德兰尼语。塔雷什语在吉兰的某些地区被使用。库尔德语的各种方言集中在库尔德斯坦省及附近地区。在胡齐斯坦，人们讲几种波斯语方言。南伊朗还有卢里语和拉里语。

Azerbaijani, the most-spoken minority language in the country,^[606] and other Turkic languages and dialects are found in various regions, especially Azerbaijan. Notable minority languages include Armenian, Georgian, Neo-Aramaic, and Arabic. Khuzi Arabic is spoken by the Arabs in Khuzestan, and the wider group of Iranian Arabs. Circassian was also once widely spoken by the large Circassian minority, but, due to assimilation, no sizable number of Circassians speak the language anymore.^{[607][608][609][610]}
【参考译文】阿塞拜疆语是该国使用最广泛的少数民族语言，[606]和其他突厥语系语言及方言在各个地区都有分布，特别是在阿塞拜疆。显著的少数民族语言包括亚美尼亚语、格鲁吉亚语、新亚述语和阿拉伯语。胡齐阿拉伯语由胡齐斯坦的阿拉伯人以及更广泛的伊朗阿拉伯人群体所使用。切尔卡斯语也曾被大量的切尔卡斯少数民族广泛使用，但由于同化作用，现在没有大量的切尔卡斯人再讲这种语言了。

Percentages of spoken language continue to be a point of debate, most notably regarding the largest and second largest ethnicities in Iran, the Persians and Azerbaijanis. Percentages given by the CIA‘s World Factbook include 53% Persian, 16% Azerbaijani, 10% Kurdish, 7% Mazenderani and Gilaki, 7% Luri, 2% Turkmen, 2% Balochi, 2% Arabic, and 2% the remainder Armenian, Georgian, Neo-Aramaic, and Circassian.^[4]
【参考译文】关于伊朗最大和第二大族群——波斯人和阿塞拜疆人所使用的语言比例，持续存在争议。中央情报局《世界概况》给出的百分比包括53%的波斯语、16%的阿塞拜疆语、10%的库尔德语、7%的马赞德兰语和吉拉基语、7%的卢尔语、2%的土库曼语、2%的俾路支语、2%的阿拉伯语，以及2%的其他语言（亚美尼亚语、格鲁吉亚语、新亚述语和切尔卡斯语）。

6.3 宗教 | Religion

Main article: Religion in Iran【主条目：伊朗的宗教】 / 主条目：伊朗宗教

Twelver Shia Islam is the state religion, to which 90%-95% of Iranians adhere;^{[612][613][614][615]} about 5–10% are in the Sunni and Sufi branches of Islam.^[616] 96% of Iranians believe in Islam, but 14% identify as not religious.^{[617][page needed]}
【参考译文】十二伊玛目派伊斯兰教是国教，90%-95%的伊朗人信奉此教；大约5-10%的人信奉伊斯兰教的逊尼派和苏菲派。96%的伊朗人信仰伊斯兰教，但有14%的人认为自己不宗教信仰。

There is a large population of adherents to Yarsanism, a Kurdish indigenous religion, estimated to be over half a million to one million followers.^{[618][619][620][621][622]} The Baháʼí Faith is not officially recognized and has been subject to official persecution.^[623] Since the Revolution, the persecution of Baháʼís has increased.^[624][625] Irreligion is not recognized by the government.
【参考译文】雅尔赞主义（Yarsanism），一种库尔德土著宗教，在伊朗有大量的信徒，估计有超过五十万到一百万追随者。巴哈伊信仰没有得到官方承认，并受到官方迫害。自革命以来，对巴哈伊的迫害有所增加。政府不承认无宗教。

Christianity, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, and the Sunni branch of Islam are officially recognised by the government and have reserved seats in the Parliament.^[626] Iran is home to the largest Jewish community in the Muslim World and the Middle East, outside of Israel.^[627][628] Around 250,000 to 370,000 Christians reside in Iran, and Christianity is the country’s largest recognised minority religion, most are of Armenian background, as well as a sizable minority of Assyrians.^{[629][630][631][632]} The Iranian government has supported the rebuilding and renovation of Armenian churches, and has supported the Armenian Monastic Ensembles of Iran. In 2019, the government registered the Vank Cathedral, in Isfahan, as a World Heritage Site. Currently three Armenian churches in Iran have been included in the World Heritage List.^[633][634]
【参考译文】基督教、犹太教、琐罗亚斯德教和伊斯兰教的逊尼派被政府正式认可，并在议会中保留了席位。伊朗是穆斯林世界和中东地区（除以色列外）最大的犹太人社区所在地。大约有25万到37万基督徒居住在伊朗，基督教是该国最大的被认可的少数宗教，大多数是亚美尼亚背景，以及相当多的亚述人。伊朗政府支持重建和修缮亚美尼亚教堂，并支持伊朗的亚美尼亚修道院合唱团。2019年，政府将位于伊斯法罕的凡克大教堂注册为世界遗产。目前，伊朗有三座亚美尼亚教堂被列入世界遗产名录。

6.4 教育 | Education

Main article: Education in Iran【主条目：伊朗的教育】

Education is highly centralised. K–12 is supervised by the Ministry of Education, and higher education is supervised by the Ministry of Science and Technology. Literacy among people aged 15 and older was 86% as of 2016, with men (90%) significantly more educated than women (81%). Government expenditure on education is around 4% of GDP.^[635]
【参考译文】教育高度集中。K-12教育由教育部监督，高等教育由科学技术部监督。截至2016年，15岁及以上人口的识字率为86%，其中男性（90%）的教育程度显著高于女性（81%）。政府在教育上的支出约占GDP的4%。

The requirement to enter into higher education is to have a high school diploma and pass the Iranian University Entrance Exam. Many students do a 1–2-year course of pre-university.^[636] Iran’s higher education is sanctioned by different levels of diplomas, including an associate degree in two years, a bachelor’s degree in four years, and a master’s degree in two years, after which another exam allows the candidate to pursue a doctoral programme.^[637]
【参考译文】进入高等教育的要求是拥有高中文凭并通过伊朗大学入学考试。许多学生会参加为期1-2年的预科课程。伊朗的高等教育按不同的学位级别授予证书，包括两年制的副学士学位、四年制的学士学位以及两年制的硕士学位，之后通过另一项考试可攻读博士项目。

6.5 卫生健康 | Health

Main articles: Health in Iran and Healthcare in Iran【主条目：“伊朗的卫生健康”和“伊朗的医疗”】

Healthcare is provided by the public-governmental system, the private sector, and NGOs.^[639]
【参考译文】医疗保健由公共政府系统、私营部门和非政府组织提供。

Iran is the only country in the world with a legal organ trade.^[640] Iran has been able to extend public health preventive services through the establishment of an extensive Primary Health Care Network. As a result, child and maternal mortality rates have fallen significantly, and life expectancy at birth has risen. Iran’s medical knowledge rank is 17th globally, and 1st in the Middle East and North Africa. In terms of medical science production index, Iran ranks 16th in the world.^[641] Iran is fast emerging as a preferred destination for medical tourism.^[499]
【参考译文】伊朗是世界上唯一一个有合法器官交易的国家。通过建立广泛的初级卫生保健网络，伊朗能够扩展公共预防性卫生服务。结果，儿童和孕产妇死亡率显著下降，出生时的预期寿命有所提高。伊朗的医学知识排名全球第17位，在中东和北非地区排名第一。就医学科学产出指数而言，伊朗在世界排名第16位。伊朗正迅速成为医疗旅游的首选目的地。

The country faces the common problem of other young demographic nations in the region, which is keeping pace with growth of an already huge demand for various public services. An anticipated increase in the population growth rate will increase the need for public health infrastructures and services.^[642] About 90% of Iranians have health insurance.^[643]
【参考译文】该国面临着该地区其他年轻人口国家共有的问题，即如何跟上已大量需求的各类公共服务的增长步伐。预计人口增长率的增加将增加对公共卫生基础设施和服务的需求。大约90%的伊朗人拥有健康保险。

7. 文化 | Culture

Main article: Culture of Iran【主条目：伊朗的文化】/ 主条目：伊朗文化

7.1 艺术 | Art

Main articles: Iranian art, Arts of Iran, and Iranian modern and contemporary art
【主条目：伊朗艺术、伊朗的艺术、伊朗现代与当代艺术】

Iran has one of the richest art heritages in history and been strong in many media including architecture, painting, literature, music, metalworking, stonemasonry, weaving, calligraphy and sculpture. At different times, influences from neighbouring civilizations have been important, and latterly Persian art gave and received major influences as part of the wider styles of Islamic art.
【参考译文】伊朗拥有历史上最丰富的艺术遗产之一，在许多媒介中都表现出色，包括建筑、绘画、文学、音乐、金属工艺、石雕、编织、书法和雕塑。在不同的时期，来自邻近文明的影响都很重要，后来波斯艺术作为伊斯兰艺术更广泛风格的一部分，给予了重要的影响并接受了重要的影响。

From the Achaemenid Empire of 550–330 BC, the courts of successive dynasties led the style of Persian art, and court-sponsored art left many of the most impressive pieces that remain. The Islamic style of dense decoration, geometrically laid out, developed in Iran into an elegant and harmonious style, combining motifs derived from plants with Chinese motifs such as the cloud-band, and often animals represented at a smaller scale. During the Safavid Empire in the 16th century, this style was used across a variety of media, and diffused from the court artists of the king, most being painters.^[645]
【参考译文】从公元前550-330年的阿契美尼德帝国开始，历代王朝的宫廷引领了波斯艺术的风格，宫廷赞助的艺术留下了许多令人印象深刻的作品。密集装饰的伊斯兰风格，几何布局，在伊朗发展成为优雅和谐的风格，结合了来源于植物的图案和中国图案如云纹，通常还有以较小比例表现的动物。在16世纪的萨法维帝国期间，这种风格被用于各种媒介，并从国王的宫廷艺术家那里传播开来，其中大多数是画家。

By the time of the Sasanians, Iranian art had a renaissance.^[646] During the Middle Ages, Sasanian art played a prominent role in the formation of European and Asian mediaeval art.^{[647][648][649][650]} The Safavid era is known as the Golden Age of Iranian art.^[651] Safavid art exerted noticeable influences upon the Ottomans, the Mughals, and the Deccans, and was influential through its fashion and garden architecture on 11th–17th-century Europe.
【参考译文】在萨珊王朝时期，伊朗艺术经历了一次复兴。在中世纪，萨珊艺术在形成欧洲和亚洲中世纪艺术中扮演了突出的角色。萨法维时代被称为伊朗艺术的黄金时代。萨法维艺术对奥斯曼帝国、莫卧儿帝国和德干地区产生了显著影响，并通过其时尚和园林建筑在第11至17世纪的欧洲产生了影响。

Iran’s contemporary art traces its origins to Kamal-ol-molk, a prominent realist painter at the court of the Qajar Empire who affected the norms of painting and adopted a naturalistic style that would compete with photographic works. A new Iranian school of fine art was established by him in 1928, and was followed by the so-called “coffeehouse” style of painting. Iran’s avant-garde modernists emerged by the arrival of new western influences during World War II. The contemporary art scene originates in the late 1940s, and Tehran’s first modern art gallery, Apadana, was opened in 1949 by Mahmud Javadipur, Hosein Kazemi, and Hushang Ajudani.^[652] The new movements received official encouragement by the 1950s,^[653] which led to the emergence of artists such as Marcos Grigorian.^[654]
【参考译文】伊朗的当代艺术可以追溯到卡马尔-奥勒-穆尔克，他是卡扎尔王朝宫廷中的一位杰出的现实主义画家，影响了绘画的规范并采用了一种自然主义风格，这种风格将与摄影作品竞争。他在1928年建立了一所新的伊朗美术学校，随后出现了所谓的“咖啡馆”绘画风格。伊朗的前卫现代主义者在世界二战期间随着新的西方影响的到达而出现。当代艺术场景起源于20世纪40年代末，德黑兰的第一个现代艺术画廊Apadana在1949年由Mahmud Javadipur、Hosein Kazemi和Hushang Ajudani开设。到了1950年代，新运动得到了官方的鼓励，这导致了像Marcos Grigorian这样的艺术家的出现。

7.2 建筑 | Architecture

Main articles: Iranian architecture and Persian gardens【主条目：伊朗建筑和波斯花园】

The history of architecture in Iran dates back to at least 5,000 BC, with characteristic examples distributed over an area from what is now Turkey and Iraq to Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, and from the Caucasus to Zanzibar. The Iranians made early use of mathematics, geometry and astronomy in their architecture, yielding a tradition with structural and aesthetic variety.^[655] The guiding motif is its cosmic symbolism.^[656]
【参考译文】建筑在伊朗的历史可以追溯到至少公元前5000年，典型的实例分布在从现在的土耳其和伊拉克到乌兹别克斯坦和塔吉克斯坦，以及从高加索到桑给巴尔的广大地区。伊朗人在建筑中很早就运用了数学、几何学和天文学，形成了具有结构和美学多样性的传统。其指导性主题是宇宙象征主义。

Without sudden innovations, and despite the trauma of invasions and cultural shocks, it developed a recognizable style distinct from other regions of the Muslim world. Its virtues are “a marked feeling for form and scale; structural inventiveness, especially in vault and dome construction; a genius for decoration with a freedom and success not rivalled in any other architecture”.^[657] In addition to historic gates, palaces, and mosques, the rapid growth of cities such as Tehran has brought a wave of construction. Iran ranks 7th among UNESCO‘s list of countries with the most archaeological ruins and attractions from antiquity.^[658]
【参考译文】尽管经历了入侵和文化冲击的创伤，但并没有突然的创新，它发展出了一种与其他穆斯林世界地区截然不同的独特风格。其优点是“对形式和规模的明显感觉；在拱顶和圆顶构造方面的结构性创新；装饰天赋的自由和成功，在任何其他建筑中都无与伦比”。除了历史悠久的大门、宫殿和清真寺外，德黑兰等城市的快速增长也带来了一波建设浪潮。伊朗在联合国教科文组织列出的拥有最多考古遗址和古代景点的国家名单中排名第7。

7.3 世界遗产 | World Heritage Sites

Main articles: List of World Heritage Sites in Iran and Iran National Heritage List
【主条目：“伊朗世界遗产名录”和“伊朗国家遗产名录”】

Iran’s rich culture and history is reflected by its 27 World Heritage Sites, ranking 1st in the Middle East, and 10th in the world. These include Persepolis, Naghsh-e Jahan Square, Chogha Zanbil, Pasargadae, Golestan Palace, Arg-e Bam, Behistun Inscription, Shahr-e Sukhteh, Susa, Takht-e Soleyman, Hyrcanian forests, the city of Yazd and more. Iran has 24 Intangible Cultural Heritage, or Human treasures, which ranks 5th worldwide.^[659][660]
【参考译文】伊朗丰富的文化和历史反映在其27个世界遗产地上，这在中东地区排名第一，世界排名第10。这些包括波斯波利斯、纳格什-贾汉广场、乔加赞比尔、帕萨尔加达、戈勒斯坦宫、阿尔格巴姆、贝希斯敦铭文、夏尔苏克特、苏萨、塔赫特-苏莱曼、赫尔卡尼亚森林、亚兹德城等。伊朗拥有24项非物质文化遗产，即人类宝藏，这在全球范围内排名第五。

7.4 编织 | Weaving

Main articles: Persian carpet, Tabriz rug, and Ardabil Carpet【主条目：波斯地毯、大不里士地毯和阿尔达比勒地毯】

Iran’s carpet-weaving has its origins in the Bronze Age and is one of the most distinguished manifestations of Iranian art. Carpet weaving is an essential part of Persian culture and Iranian art. Persian rugs and carpets were woven in parallel by nomadic tribes in village and town workshops, and by royal court manufactories. As such, they represent simultaneous lines of tradition, and reflect the history of Iran, Persian culture, and its various peoples. Although the term “Persian carpet” most often refers to pile-woven textiles, flat-woven carpets and rugs like Kilim, Soumak, and embroidered tissues like Suzani are part of the manifold tradition of Persian carpet weaving.
【参考译文】伊朗的地毯编织起源于青铜时代，是伊朗艺术中最杰出的表现形式之一。地毯编织是波斯文化和伊朗艺术的重要组成部分。波斯地毯和挂毯由游牧部落在村庄和城镇工坊以及皇家宫廷工厂中并排织造。因此，它们代表了传统的双重线索，反映了伊朗、波斯文化及其各个民族的历史。尽管“波斯地毯”一词最常指代绒面纺织物，但平织地毯和挂毯如基里姆、苏马克，以及刺绣织物如苏扎尼，也是波斯地毯编织传统的组成部分。

Iran produces three-quarters of the world’s handmade carpets, and has 30% of export markets.^[661][662] In 2010, the “traditional skills of carpet weaving” in Fars Province and Kashan were inscribed to the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage List.^{[663][664][665]} Within the Oriental rugs produced by the countries of the “rug belt”, the Persian carpet stands out by the variety and elaborateness of its manifold designs.^[666]
【参考译文】伊朗生产了世界上四分之三的手工地毯，并占据了30%的出口市场。2010年，法尔斯省和卡尚的“地毯编织传统技艺”被列入联合国教科文组织非物质文化遗产名录。在“地毯带”国家生产的东方地毯中，波斯地毯因其多样化和复杂的设计而脱颖而出。

Carpets woven in towns and regional centres like Tabriz, Kerman, Ravar, Neyshabour, Mashhad, Kashan, Isfahan, Nain and Qom are characterized by their specific weaving techniques and use of high-quality materials, colours and patterns. Hand-woven Persian rugs and carpets have been regarded as objects of high artistic value and prestige, since they were mentioned by ancient Greek writers.
【参考译文】在城镇和地区中心如大不里士、克尔曼、拉瓦尔、内沙布尔、马什哈德、卡尚、伊斯法罕、奈因和库姆织造的地毯，以其特定的编织技术、高质量的材料、颜色和图案而著称。自古代希腊作家提及以来，手工织造的波斯地毯和挂毯一直被视为具有高度艺术价值和声望的物品。

7.5 文学 | Literature

Main articles: Literature in Iran, Iranian literature, and Persian literature
【主条目：伊朗文学、伊朗文学和波斯文学】

Iran’s oldest literary tradition is that of Avestan, the Old Iranian sacred language of the Avesta, which consists of the legendary and religious texts of Zoroastrianism and the ancient Iranian religion.^[667][668] The Persian language was used and developed through Persianate societies in Asia Minor, Central Asia, and South Asia, leaving extensive influences on Ottoman and Mughal literatures, among others. Iran has several famous mediaeval poets, notably Mawlana, Ferdowsi, Hafez, Sa’adi, Omar Khayyam, and Nezami Ganjavi.^[669]
【参考译文】伊朗最古老的文学传统是阿维斯陀语，这是《阿维斯塔》的古伊朗神圣语言，包含了琐罗亚斯德教和古伊朗宗教的传奇和宗教文本。波斯语在小亚细亚、中亚和南亚的波斯化社会中被使用和发展，对奥斯曼和莫卧儿文学等产生了广泛影响。伊朗有几位著名的中世纪诗人，特别是马鲁拉纳、费尔多西、哈菲兹、萨迪、欧玛尔·海亚姆和内扎米·甘贾维。

Described as one of the great literatures of humanity,^[670] including Goethe‘s assessment of it as one of the four main bodies of world literature,^[671] Persian literature has its roots in surviving works of Middle Persian and Old Persian, the latter of which dates back as far as 522 BCE, the date of the earliest surviving Achaemenid inscription, the Behistun Inscription. The bulk of surviving Persian literature, however, comes from the times following the Muslim conquest in c. 650 CE. After the Abbasids came to power (750 CE), the Iranians became the scribes and bureaucrats of the Islamic Caliphate and, increasingly, also its writers and poets. The New Persian language literature arose and flourished in Khorasan and Transoxiana because of political reasons, early Iranian dynasties of post-Islamic Iran such as the Tahirids and Samanids being based in Khorasan.^[672]
【参考译文】被描述为人类伟大文学之一，包括歌德将其评估为世界四大主要文学体系之一，波斯文学的根源在于现存的中古波斯语和古波斯语作品中，后者最早的作品可以追溯到公元前522年，即最早的幸存的阿契美尼德铭文，比希斯顿铭文。然而，现存的波斯文学作品大部分来自穆斯林征服时期（约公元650年）之后。阿拔斯王朝上台后（公元750年），伊朗人成为了伊斯兰哈里发的抄写员和官僚，并越来越多地成为作家和诗人。新波斯语言文学因政治原因在呼罗珊和河中地区兴起并繁荣起来，早期伊斯兰伊朗的伊朗王朝如塔希尔人和萨曼人就以呼罗珊为基地。

7.6 哲学 | Philosophy

Main articles: Ancient philosophy § Ancient Iranian philosophy, and Iranian philosophy
【主条目：“古代哲学”词条的“古代伊朗哲学”章节，以及“伊朗哲学”词条】

Iranian philosophy can be traced back as far as Old Iranian philosophical traditions and thoughts which originated in ancient Indo-Iranian roots and were influenced by Zarathustra‘s teachings. Throughout Iranian history and due to remarkable political and social changes such as the Arab and Mongol invasions, a wide spectrum of schools of thoughts showed a variety of views on philosophical questions, extending from Old Iranian and mainly Zoroastrianism-related traditions, to schools appearing in the late pre-Islamic era such as Manicheism and Mazdakism as well as post-Islamic schools.
【参考译文】伊朗哲学可以追溯到古老的伊朗哲学传统和思想，这些传统和思想起源于古代印度-伊朗根源，并受到琐罗亚斯德教教义的影响。在伊朗历史上，由于阿拉伯和蒙古的入侵等显著的政治和社会变革，一系列广泛的思想学派展现了对哲学问题的多样化观点，从与旧伊朗和主要是琐罗亚斯德教相关的传统，到前伊斯兰晚期出现的学派如摩尼教和玛兹达克主义，以及后伊斯兰学派。

The Cyrus Cylinder is seen as a reflection of the questions and thoughts expressed by Zoroaster and developed in Zoroastrian schools of the Achaemenid era.^[673] Post-Islam Iranian philosophy is characterized by different interactions with the Old Iranian philosophy, the Greek philosophy and with the development of Islamic philosophy. The Illumination School and the Transcendent Philosophy are regarded as two of the main philosophical traditions of that era in Iran. Contemporary Iranian philosophy has been limited in its scope by intellectual repression.^[674]
【参考译文】居鲁士圆柱被视为反映了琐罗亚斯德提出并由阿契美尼德时代的琐罗亚斯德教学派发展的问题和思想。后伊斯兰时期的伊朗哲学以与旧伊朗哲学、希腊哲学以及伊斯兰哲学发展的不同互动为特征。照明学派和超验哲学被视为那个时代伊朗主要的哲学传统之一。当代伊朗哲学的范围受到了智力压迫的限制。

7.7 神话与民间传说 | Mythology and folklore

Main articles: Persian mythology and Iranian folklore【主条目：波斯神话和伊朗民间传说】

Iranian mythology consists of ancient Iranian folklore and stories of extraordinary beings reflecting on good and evil (Ahura Mazda and Ahriman), actions of the gods, and the exploits of heroes and creatures. The tenth-century Persian poet, Ferdowsi, is the author of the national epic known as the Shahnameh (“Book of Kings”), which is for the most part based on Xwadāynāmag, a Middle Persian compilation of the history of Iranian kings and heroes,^[675] as well as the stories and characters of the Zoroastrian tradition, from the texts of the Avesta, the Denkard, the Vendidad and the Bundahishn. Modern scholars study the myths to shed light on the religious and political institutions of not only Iran but of the Greater Iran, which includes regions of West Asia, Central Asia, South Asia, and Transcaucasia where the culture of Iran has had significant influence.
【参考译文】伊朗神话由古老的伊朗民间传说和反映善恶（阿胡拉·马兹达和阿里曼）的非凡生物故事组成，涉及神的行为以及英雄和生物的壮举。十世纪的波斯诗人费尔多西是被称为《王书》(“Shahnameh”)的国家史诗的作者，这部作品在很大程度上基于《Xwadaynamag》，这是一部关于伊朗国王和英雄历史的中古波斯语汇编，以及来自《阿维斯塔》、《登卡尔德》、《文迪达德》和《本达希申》等琐罗亚斯德教传统文本的故事和人物。现代学者研究这些神话，以揭示不仅伊朗而且大伊朗地区的宗教和政治机构的情况，大伊朗包括西亚、中亚、南亚和外高加索地区，这些地区的文化受到伊朗的显著影响。

Storytelling has an significant presence in Iranian folklore and culture.^[676] In classical Iran, minstrels performed for their audiences at royal courts and in public theatres.^[677] A minstrel was referred to by the Parthians as gōsān, and by the Sasanians as huniyāgar.^[678] Since the Safavid Empire, storytellers and poetry readers appeared at coffeehouses.^[679][680] After the Iranian Revolution, it took until 1985 to found the MCHTH (Ministry of Cultural Heritage, Tourism and Handicrafts),^[681] a now heavily centralized organization, supervising all kinds of cultural activities. It held the first scientific meeting on anthropology and folklore in 1990.^[682]
【参考译文】在伊朗民间传说和文化中，讲故事占有重要地位。[676] 在古典伊朗，吟游诗人在皇家宫廷和公共剧院为观众表演。[677] 帕提亚人称吟游诗人为gōsān，萨珊王朝时期称为huniyāgar。[678] 自萨法维帝国以来，说书人和诗歌朗读者出现在咖啡馆。[679][680] 伊朗革命后，直到1985年才成立了文化遗产、旅游和手工业部（MCHTH），[681] 这是一个现在高度集中化的组织，监督各种文化活动。它在1990年举行了第一次人类学和民俗学科学会议。[682]

7.8 博物馆 | Museums

Main article: List of museums in Iran【主条目：伊朗的博物馆列表】

The National Museum of Iran in Tehran is the country’s most important cultural institution.^[683] As the first and biggest museum in Iran, the institution includes the Museum of Ancient Iran and the Museum of the Islamic Era. The National Museum is the world’s most important museum in terms of preservation, display and research of archaeological collections of Iran,^[684] and ranks as one of the few most prestigious museums globally in terms of volume, diversity and quality of its monuments.^[685]
【参考译文】德黑兰的伊朗国家博物馆是该国最重要的文化机构。[683] 作为伊朗第一个且最大的博物馆，该机构包括古代伊朗博物馆和伊斯兰时代博物馆。就保存、展示和研究伊朗考古收藏而言，国家博物馆是世界上最重要的博物馆之一，[684] 并且在全球少数几个以其纪念碑的数量、多样性和质量而著称的最有声望的博物馆中名列前茅。[685]

There are many other popular museums across the country such as the Golestan Palace (World Heritage Site), The Treasury of National Jewels, Reza Abbasi Museum, Tehran Museum of Contemporary Art, Sa’dabad Complex, The Carpet Museum, Abgineh Museum, Pars Museum, Azerbaijan Museum, Hegmataneh Museum, Susa Museum and more. Around 25 million people visited the museums in 2019.^[686][687]
【参考译文】全国还有许多其他受欢迎的博物馆，如戈勒斯坦宫（世界遗产）、国家珍宝库、雷扎·阿巴西博物馆、德黑兰当代艺术博物馆、萨达巴德综合体、地毯博物馆、阿布金尼博物馆、帕尔斯博物馆、阿塞拜疆博物馆、赫格马塔内博物馆、苏萨博物馆等。2019年，大约有2500万人参观了这些博物馆。[686][687]

7.9 音乐和舞蹈 | Music and dance

Main articles: Music of Iran, Iranian dance, and Classical Persian dance
【主条目：伊朗的音乐、伊朗的舞蹈、波斯古典舞】

Iran is the apparent birthplace of the earliest complex instruments, dating to the third millennium BC.^[688] The use of angular harps have been documented at Madaktu and Kul-e Farah, with the largest collection of Elamite instruments documented at Kul-e Farah. Xenophon‘s Cyropaedia mentions singing women at the court of the Achaemenid Empire. Under the Parthian Empire, the gōsān (Parthian for “minstrel”) had a prominent role.^[689][690]
【参考译文】伊朗显然是最早复杂乐器的发源地，可以追溯到公元前第三千年。[688] 在马达克图和库尔-法拉赫发现了角形竖琴的使用记录，其中最大的埃兰乐器收藏是在库尔-法拉赫发现的。色诺芬的《居鲁士的教育》提到了阿契美尼德帝国宫廷中的女歌手。在帕提亚帝国时期，gōsān（帕提亚语中的“吟游诗人”）扮演了重要角色。[689][690]

The history of Sasanian music is better documented than earlier periods and is especially more evident in Avestan texts.^[691] By the time of Khosrow II, the Sasanian royal court hosted prominent musicians, namely Azad, Bamshad, Barbad, Nagisa, Ramtin, and Sarkash. Iranian traditional musical instruments include string instruments such as chang (harp), qanun, santur, rud (oud, barbat), tar, dotar, setar, tanbur, and kamanche, wind instruments such as sorna (zurna, karna) and ney, and percussion instruments such as tompak, kus, daf (dayere), and naqare.
【参考译文】萨珊音乐的历史比早期有更详尽的记载，在阿维斯陀文献中尤为明显。[691] 到霍斯劳二世时期，萨珊王朝宫廷中已有著名的音乐家，即阿扎德、巴姆沙德、巴巴德、纳吉萨、拉姆丁和萨尔卡什。伊朗传统乐器包括弦乐器，如 chang（竖琴）、qanun、santur、rud（乌德琴、巴巴特琴）、tar、dotar、setar、tanbur 和 kamanche，管乐器，如 sorna（zurna、karna）和 ney，以及打击乐器，如 tompak、kus、daf（dayere）和 naqare。

Iran’s first symphony orchestra, the Tehran Symphony Orchestra, was founded in 1933. By the late 1940s, Ruhollah Khaleqi founded the country’s first national music society and established the School of National Music in 1949.^[692] Iranian pop music has its origins in the Qajar era.^[693] It was significantly developed since the 1950s, using indigenous instruments and forms accompanied by electric guitar and other imported characteristics. Iranian rock emerged in the 1960s and hip hop in the 2000s.^[694][695]
【参考译文】伊朗第一个交响乐团，德黑兰交响乐团，成立于1933年。到了20世纪40年代末，鲁霍拉·哈利基创立了该国第一个国家音乐协会，并于1949年建立了国家音乐学院。[692] 伊朗流行音乐起源于卡扎尔时期。[693] 自20世纪50年代以来，它得到了显著发展，使用本土乐器和形式伴随着电吉他和其他进口特征。伊朗摇滚乐在20世纪60年代兴起，嘻哈音乐在21世纪初兴起。[694][695]

Iran has known dance in the forms of music, play, drama or religious rituals since at least the 6th millennium BC. Artifacts with pictures of dancers were found in archaeological prehistoric sites.^[696] Genres of dance vary depending on the area, culture, and language of the local people, and can range from sophisticated reconstructions of refined court dances to energetic folk dances.^[697] Each group, region, and historical epoch has specific dance styles associated with it. The earliest researched dance from historic Iran is a dance worshipping Mithra. Ancient Persian dance was significantly researched by Greek historian Herodotus. Iran was occupied by foreign powers, causing a slow disappearance of heritage dance traditions.
【参考译文】至少从公元前 6 千年开始，伊朗就以音乐、戏剧、戏剧或宗教仪式的形式出现舞蹈。在史前考古遗址中发现了带有舞者图画的文物。[696] 舞蹈的流派因当地人的地区、文化和语言而异，从精致的宫廷舞蹈的复杂重建到充满活力的民间舞蹈。[697] 每个群体、地区和历史时代都有与之相关的特定舞蹈风格。历史上伊朗最早研究的舞蹈是一种崇拜密特拉的舞蹈。古波斯舞蹈得到了希腊历史学家希罗多德的深入研究。伊朗被外国势力占领，导致传统舞蹈逐渐消失。

The Qajar period had an important influence on Persian dance. In this period, a style of dance began to be called “classical Persian dance“. Dancers performed artistic dances in court for entertainment purposes such as coronations, marriage celebrations, and Norouz celebrations. In the 20th century, the music came to be orchestrated and dance movement and costuming gained a modernistic orientation to the West.
【参考译文】卡扎尔时期对波斯舞蹈产生了重要影响。在这个时期，一种舞蹈风格开始被称为“古典波斯舞蹈”。舞者们在宫廷中为娱乐目的表演艺术舞蹈，如加冕礼、婚礼庆典和诺鲁兹庆祝活动。在20世纪，音乐开始被管弦乐队编排，舞蹈动作和服装也向西方现代主义方向发展。

7.10 时尚与服饰 | Fashion and clothing

Main article: Fashion in Iran【主条目：伊朗的时尚】

The exact date of the emergence of weaving in Iran is not yet known, but it is likely to coincide with the emergence of civilization. Ferdowsi and many historians have considered Keyumars to be first to use animals’ skin and hair as clothing, while others propose Hushang.^[698] Ferdowsi considers Tahmuras to be a kind of textile initiator in Iran. The clothing of ancient Iran took an advanced form, and the fabric and colour of clothing became very important. Depending on the social status, eminence, climate of the region and the season, Persian clothing during the Achaemenian period took various forms. This clothing, in addition to being functional, had an aesthetic role.^[698]
【参考译文】伊朗出现纺织的确切日期尚不清楚，但这很可能与文明的出现相吻合。费尔多西和许多历史学家认为Keyumars是第一个使用动物皮毛作为衣物的人，而其他人则提议是Hushang。费尔多西认为Tahmuras是伊朗的一种纺织发起者。古伊朗的服装呈现出先进的形式，面料和颜色变得非常重要。根据社会地位、名望、地区气候和季节的不同，波斯服装在阿契美尼德时期采取了多种形式。这种服装除了具有功能性外，还具有审美作用。[698]

7.11 电影、动画和戏剧 | Cinema, animation and theatre

Main articles: Cinema of Iran, Iranian animation, and Persian theatre
【主条目：伊朗电影、伊朗动画和波斯戏剧】

主条目：伊朗电影

A third-millennium BC earthen goblet discovered at the Burnt City in southeast Iran depicts what could be the world’s oldest example of animation.^[700] The earliest attested Iranian examples of visual representations, however, are traced back to the bas-reliefs of Persepolis, the ritual centre of the Achaemenid Empire.^[701]
【参考译文】在伊朗东南部的焦土城发现的公元前三千纪的陶制高脚杯描绘了可能是世界上最早的动画实例。[700] 然而，最早的伊朗视觉表现例子可以追溯到波斯波利斯的浅浮雕，那里是阿契美尼德帝国的仪式中心。[701]

The first Iranian filmmaker was probably Mirza Ebrahim (Akkas Bashi), the court photographer of Mozaffar-ed-Din of the Qajar Empire. Mirza Ebrahim obtained a camera and filmed the Qajar ruler’s visit to Europe. In 1904, Mirza Ebrahim (Sahhaf Bashi) opened the first public cinema in Tehran.^[702] The first Iranian feature film, Abi and Rabi, was a silent comedy directed by Ovanes Ohanian in 1930. The first sound one, Lor Girl, was produced by Ardeshir Irani and Abd-ol-Hosein Sepanta in 1932. Iran’s animation industry began by the 1950s and was followed by the establishment of the influential Institute for the Intellectual Development of Children and Young Adults in 1965.^[703][704] With the screening of the films Qeysar and The Cow, directed by Masoud Kimiai and Dariush Mehrjui respectively in 1969, alternative films set out to establish their status in the film industry and Bahram Beyzai‘s Downpour and Nasser Taghvai‘s Tranquility in the Presence of Others followed. Attempts to organise a film festival, which had begun in 1954 within the Golrizan Festival, resulted in the festival of Sepas in 1969. It also resulted in the formation of Tehran’s World Film Festival in 1973.^[705]
【参考译文】第一位伊朗电影制作人可能是Mirza Ebrahim（Akkas Bashi），他是卡扎尔帝国Mozaffar-ed-Din的宫廷摄影师。Mirza Ebrahim获得了一台摄像机并拍摄了卡扎尔统治者访问欧洲的情况。1904年，Mirza Ebrahim（Sahhaf Bashi）在德黑兰开设了第一家公共电影院。[702] 第一部伊朗长篇电影《阿比和拉比》是一部由Ovanes Ohanian于1930年执导的无声喜剧。第一部有声电影《Lor Girl》由Ardeshir Irani和Abd-ol-Hosein Sepanta于1932年制作。伊朗的动画产业始于20世纪50年代，随后在1965年成立了对儿童和青少年智力发展有重大影响的研究所。[703][704] 随着Masoud Kimiai和Dariush Mehrjui分别在1969年执导的电影《Qeysar》和《The Cow》的放映，另类电影开始在电影产业中确立其地位，Bahram Beyzai的《Downpour》和Nasser Taghvai的《Tranquility in the Presence of Others》紧随其后。自1954年起在Golrizan节内开始组织电影节的尝试，导致了1969年的Sepas节。这也导致了1973年德黑兰世界电影节的形成。[705]

Following the Cultural Revolution, a new age emerged in Iranian cinema, starting with Long Live! by Khosrow Sinai and followed by other directors, such as Abbas Kiarostami and Jafar Panahi. Kiarostami, an acclaimed director, planted Iran firmly on the map of world cinema when he won the Palme d’Or for Taste of Cherry in 1997.^[707] The presence of Iranian films in prestigious international festivals, such as Cannes, Venice and Berlin, attracted attention to Iranian films.^[708] In 2006, 6 films represented Iranian cinema at Berlin; critics considered this a remarkable event in Iranian cinema.^[709][710] Asghar Farhadi, an Iranian director, has received a Golden Globe Award and two Academy Awards, representing Iran for Best Foreign Language Film in 2012 and 2017, with A Separation and The Salesman.^{[711][712][713]} In 2020, Ashkan Rahgozar’s “The Last Fiction” became the first representative of Iranian animated cinema in the competition section, in Best Animated Feature and Best Picture categories at the Academy Awards.^{[714][715][716][717]}
【参考译文】文化革命后，伊朗电影进入了一个新时代，从霍斯罗·西奈的《万岁！》开始，随后是阿巴斯·基亚罗斯塔米和贾法尔·帕纳西等其他导演。基亚罗斯塔米是一位广受好评的导演，1997 年凭借《樱桃的滋味》获得金棕榈奖，使伊朗在世界电影版图上牢牢占据一席之地。[707] 伊朗电影出现在戛纳、威尼斯和柏林等著名国际电影节上，引起了人们对伊朗电影的关注。[708] 2006 年，有 6 部电影代表伊朗电影在柏林电影节上亮相；评论家认为这是伊朗电影史上的一件大事。[709][710] 伊朗导演阿斯哈·法哈蒂凭借《一次别离》和《推销员》获得了金球奖和两项奥斯卡奖，2012 年和 2017 年他代表伊朗获得最佳外语片奖。[711][712][713] 2020 年，阿什坎·拉赫戈扎尔 (Ashkan Rahgozar) 的《最后的虚构》成为伊朗动画电影首次在奥斯卡金像奖最佳动画片和最佳影片奖竞赛单元获得代表作。[714][715][716][717]

The oldest Iranian initiation of theatre can be traced to ancient epic ceremonial theatres such as Sug-e Siāvuڑ (“mourning of Siāvaڑ“), as well as dances and theatre narrations of Iranian mythological tales reported by Herodotus and Xenophon. Iran’s traditional theatrical genres include Baqqāl-bāzi (“grocer play”, a form of slapstick comedy), Ruhowzi (or Taxt-howzi, comedy performed over a courtyard pool covered with boards), Siāh-bāzi (the central comedian appears in blackface), Sāye-bāzi (shadow play), Xeyme-ڑab-bāzi (marionette), and Arusak-bāzi (puppetry), and Ta’zie (religious tragedy plays).^[718]
【参考译文】伊朗最早的戏剧起源可以追溯到古代史诗仪式剧场，如 Sug-e Siāvuڑ（“哀悼 Siāvaڑ”），以及希罗多德和色诺芬报道的伊朗神话故事的舞蹈和戏剧叙述。伊朗的传统戏剧类型包括 Baqqāl-bāzi（“杂货店戏剧”，一种闹剧喜剧）、Ruhowzi（或 Taxt-howzi，在用木板覆盖的庭院水池上表演的喜剧）、Siāh-bāzi（中心喜剧演员涂黑脸出现）、Sāye-bāzi（皮影戏）、Xeyme-ڑab-bāzi（牵线木偶）、Arusak-bāzi（木偶戏）和 Ta’zie（宗教悲剧）。[718]

The Roudaki Hall is home to the Tehran Symphony Orchestra, the Tehran Opera Orchestra, and the Iranian National Ballet Company, and was officially renamed Vahdat Hall after the Revolution.
【参考译文】鲁达基音乐厅是德黑兰交响乐团、德黑兰歌剧管弦乐团和伊朗国家芭蕾舞团的所在地，革命后正式更名为瓦赫达特音乐厅。

7.12 媒体 | Media

Main article: Media of Iran【主条目：伊朗的媒体】

Iran’s largest media corporation is the state-owned IRIB. The Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance is responsible for the cultural policy, including activities regarding communications and information.^[719] Most of the newspapers published in Iran are in Persian, the country’s official and national language. The country’s most widely circulated periodicals are based in Tehran, among which are Etemad, Ettela’at, Kayhan, Hamshahri, Resalat, and Shargh.^[503] Tehran Times, Iran Daily, and Financial Tribune are among the famous English-language newspapers based in Iran.
【参考译文】伊朗最大的媒体公司是国有的 IRIB。文化和伊斯兰指导部负责文化政策，包括有关通信和信息的活动。[719] 伊朗出版的大多数报纸都是波斯语，波斯语是该国的官方语言和民族语言。该国发行量最大的期刊位于德黑兰，其中包括 Etemad、Ettela’at、Kayhan、Hamshahri、Resalat 和 Shargh。[503] 德黑兰时报、伊朗日报和金融论坛报是伊朗著名的英文报纸。

Iran ranks 17th among countries by number of Internet users. Google Search is Iran’s most widely used search engine and Instagram is the most popular online social networking service.^[720] Direct access to many worldwide mainstream websites has been blocked in Iran, including Facebook, which has been blocked since 2009. About 90% of Iran’s e-commerce takes place on the Iranian online store Digikala, which has around 750,000 visitors per day and is the most visited online store in the Middle East.^[721]
【参考译文】伊朗在互联网用户数量方面位居第 17 位。谷歌搜索是伊朗使用最广泛的搜索引擎，Instagram 是最受欢迎的在线社交网络服务。[720]伊朗已经屏蔽了对许多全球主流网站的直接访问，包括自 2009 年以来就被屏蔽的 Facebook。伊朗大约 90% 的电子商务发生在伊朗网上商店 Digikala 上，该商店每天有大约 75 万访客，是中东访问量最大的网上商店。[721]

7.13 饮食 | Cuisine

Main article: Iranian cuisine【主条目：伊朗的饮食】/ 主条目：伊朗饮食

Iranian main dishes include varieties of kebab, pilaf, stew (khoresh), soup and āsh, and omelette. Lunch and dinner meals are commonly accompanied by side dishes such as plain yogurt or mast-o-khiar, sabzi, salad Shirazi, and torshi, and might follow dishes such as borani, Mirza Qasemi, or kashk e bademjan. In Iranian culture, tea is widely consumed.^[722][723] Iran is the world’s seventh major tea producer.^[724] One of Iran’s most popular desserts is the falude.^[725] There is also the popular saffron ice cream, known as Bastani Sonnati (“traditional ice cream”),^[726] which is sometimes accompanied with carrot juice.^[727] Iran is also famous for its caviar.^[728]
【参考译文】伊朗的主菜包括各种烤肉、炒饭、炖菜（khoresh）、汤和āsh，以及煎蛋卷。午餐和晚餐通常配有配菜，如原味酸奶或mast-o-khiar、sabzi、沙拉Shirazi和torshi，并且可能会在诸如borani、Mirza Qasemi或kashk e bademjan等菜肴之后上桌。在伊朗文化中，茶被广泛消费。[722][723] 伊朗是世界第七大茶叶生产国。[724] 伊朗最受欢迎的甜点之一是falude。[725] 还有一种受欢迎的藏红花冰淇淋，被称为Bastani Sonnati（“传统冰淇淋”），[726] 有时会配以胡萝卜汁。[727] 伊朗也以其鱼子酱而闻名。[728]

Typical Iranian main dishes are combinations of rice with meat, vegetables and nuts. Herbs are frequently used, along with fruits such as plums, pomegranates, quince, prunes, apricots and raisins. Characteristic Iranian spices and flavourings such as saffron, cardamom, and dried lime and other sources of sour flavoring, cinnamon, turmeric and parsley are mixed and used in various dishes.
【参考译文】典型的伊朗主菜是米饭、肉类、蔬菜和坚果的组合。经常使用草药，以及李子、石榴、榅桲、梅子、杏干和葡萄干等水果。伊朗特有的香料和调味料，如藏红花、豆蔻、干石灰和其他酸味来源、肉桂、姜黄和欧芹混合在一起，用于各种菜肴中。

7.14 体育 | Sports

Main article: Sport in Iran【主条目：伊朗的体育】

Iran is the most likely birthplace of polo,^{[729][730][731]} locally known as Chogan, with its earliest records attributed to the ancient Medes.^[732] Freestyle wrestling is traditionally considered the national sport, and Iran’s wrestlers have been world champions many times. Iran’s traditional wrestling, called koڑti e pahlevāni (“heroic wrestling”), is registered on UNESCO’s Intangible Cultural Heritage list.^[733] Iran’s National Olympic Committee was founded in 1947. Wrestlers and weightlifters have achieved the country’s highest records at the Olympics. In 1974, Iran became the first country in West Asia to host the Asian Games.^{[734][735][736]}
【参考译文】伊朗很可能是马球最有可能的发源地，[729][730][731]在当地被称为Chogan，其最早的记录可以追溯到古代米底人。[732] 自由式摔跤传统上被认为是国家运动，伊朗的摔跤手曾多次获得世界冠军。伊朗的传统摔跤，称为koḡti e pahlevāni（“英雄摔跤”），已被列入联合国教科文组织的非物质文化遗产名录。[733] 伊朗的国家奥林匹克委员会成立于1947年。摔跤手和举重运动员在奥运会上取得了该国最高纪录。1974年，伊朗成为西亚第一个举办亚洲运动会的国家。[734][735][736]

As a mountainous country, Iran is a venue for skiing, snowboarding, hiking, rock climbing,^[737] and mountain climbing.^[738][739] It is home to ski resorts, the most famous being Tochal, Dizin, and Shemshak.^[740] Dizin is the largest, and authorised by FIS to administer international competitions.^[741]
【参考译文】作为一个多山的国家，伊朗是滑雪、单板滑雪、徒步旅行、攀岩[737]和登山[738][739]的场所。它是滑雪胜地的所在地，最著名的是托查尔、迪津和谢姆沙克。[740]迪津是最大的，并经国际滑雪联合会（FIS）授权举办国际比赛。[741]

Football is the most popular sport, with the men’s national team having won the Asian Cup three times. The men’s team ranks 2nd in Asia and 20th in the FIFA World Rankings as of April 2024.^[742] The Azadi Stadium in Tehran is the largest association football stadium in West Asia and on a list of top-20 stadiums in the world.^[743] Volleyball is the second most popular sport.^[744][745] Having won the 2011 and 2013 Asian Men’s Volleyball Championships, the men’s national team is the 2nd strongest in Asia, and 15th in the FIVB World Rankings as of January 2024. Basketball is also popular, with the men’s national team having won three Asian Championships since 2007.^[746]
【参考译文】足球是最受欢迎的运动，男子国家队曾三次赢得亚洲杯。截至2024年4月，男子队在亚洲排名第二，在世界FIFA排名中位列第20位。[742] 位于德黑兰的阿扎迪体育场是西亚最大的足球场，也在世界前20大体育场之列。[743] 排球是第二受欢迎的运动。[744][745] 男子国家队赢得了2011年和2013年的亚洲男子排球锦标赛，是亚洲第二强的队伍，截至2024年1月，在国际排联世界排名中位列第15位。篮球也很受欢迎，男子国家队自2007年以来已赢得三次亚洲锦标赛。[746]

7.15 节日庆典 | Observances

See also: List of festivals in Iran【主条目：伊朗的节日列表】

Iran’s official New Year begins with Nowruz, an ancient Iranian tradition celebrated annually on the vernal equinox and described as the Persian New Year.^[748] It was registered on the UNESCO’s list of Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity in 2009.^{[749][750][751][752]} On the eve of the last Wednesday of the preceding year, as a prelude to Nowruz, the ancient festival of بārڑanbe Suri celebrates Ātar (“fire”) by performing rituals such as jumping over bonfires and lighting fireworks.^[753][754]
【参考译文】伊朗的官方新年从诺鲁兹开始，这是一个古老的伊朗传统，每年在春分庆祝，被称为波斯新年。[748] 它于2009年被列入联合国教科文组织的人类口头和非物质遗产杰作名录。[750][751][752] 在去年最后一个星期三的前夕，作为诺鲁兹的前奏，古代节日بārڑanbe Suri通过跳过篝火和点燃烟火等仪式来庆祝Ātar（“火”）。[753][754]

Yaldā, another ancient tradition,^[755] commemorates the ancient goddess Mithra and marks the longest night of the year on the eve of the winter solstice (usually on 20 or 21 December),^[756][757] during which families gather to recite poetry and eat fruits.^[758][759] In some regions of Mazanderan and Markazi,^{[760][761][762][763]} there is a midsummer festival, Tirgān,^[764] which is observed on Tir 13 (2 or 3 July) as a celebration of water.^[765][766]
【参考译文】另一个古老的传统是雅尔达节[755]，它纪念古代女神密特拉，并在冬至（通常在 12 月 20 日或 21 日）前夕标志着一年中最长的夜晚，[756][757]在此期间，家人聚在一起朗诵诗歌、吃水果。[758][759]在马赞德兰和马尔卡齐的一些地区[760][761][762][763]，有一个仲夏节，蒂尔甘节[764]，在蒂尔月 13 日（7 月 2 日或 3 日）庆祝，庆祝水。[765][766]

Islamic annual events such as Ramezān, Eid e Fetr, and Ruz e Āڑurā are marked by the country’s population, Christian traditions such as Noel,^[767] elle ye Ruze, and Eid e Pāk are observed by the Christian communities, Jewish traditions such as Hanukā^[768] and Eid e Fatir (Pesah)^[769][770] are observed by the Jewish communities, and Zoroastrian traditions such as Sade^[771] and Mehrgān are observed by the Zoroastrians.
【参考译文】该国民众庆祝伊斯兰教年度活动，如斋月、开斋节和红月节；基督教徒庆祝圣诞节、红月节和巴基斯坦节等基督教传统活动；犹太教徒庆祝光明节[768]和逾越节[769][770]等犹太传统活动；琐罗亚斯德教徒庆祝萨德节[771]和梅尔甘节等琐罗亚斯德教传统活动。

7.15.1 公共假日 | Public holidays

Main article: Public holidays in Iran【主条目：伊朗的公共假日】

With 26, Iran has one of the world’s highest number of public holidays.^[772][773] It ranks 1st in the world with the most paid leave days: 52.^[774][775] Iran’s official calendar is the Solar Hejri calendar, beginning at the vernal equinox in the Northern Hemisphere.^[776] Each of the 12 months of the Solar Hejri calendar correspond with a zodiac sign, and the length of each year is solar.^[776] Alternatively, the Lunar Hejri calendar is used to indicate Islamic events, and the Gregorian calendar marks international events.
【参考译文】伊朗拥有26个公共假日，是世界上公共假日数量最多的国家之一。[772][773] 在带薪休假天数方面，伊朗以52天位居世界第一：[774][775] 伊朗的官方日历是太阳历希吉来历，从北半球的春分开始。[776] 太阳历希吉来历的12个月与黄道十二宫相对应，每年的长度是太阳年。[776] 另外，月亮历希吉来历用于指示伊斯兰事件，而公历用于标记国际事件。

Legal public holidays based on the Iranian solar calendar include the cultural celebrations of Nowruz (Farvardin 1–4; 21–24 March) and Sizdebedar (Farvardin 13; 2 April), and the political events of Islamic Republic Day (Farvardin 12; 1 April), the death of Ruhollah Khomeini (Khordad 14; 4 June), the Khordad 15 event (Khordad 15; 5 June), the anniversary of the Iranian Revolution (Bahman 22; 10 February), and Oil Nationalization Day (Esfand 29; 19 March).^[777]
【参考译文】按照伊朗阳历，法定公共假日包括文化庆祝活动诺鲁孜节（Farvardin 1-4 日；3 月 21-24 日）和节日（Farvardin 13 日；4 月 2 日），政治事件包括伊斯兰共和国日（Farvardin 12 日；4 月 1 日）、鲁霍拉·霍梅尼逝世日（Khordad 14 日；6 月 4 日）、Khordad 15 事件（Khordad 15 日；6 月 5 日）、伊朗革命周年纪念日（Bahman 22 日；2 月 10 日）和石油国有化日（Esfand 29 日；3 月 19 日）。[777]

Lunar Islamic public holidays include Tasua (Muharram 9), Ashura (Muharram 10), Arba’een (Safar 20), Muhammad’s death (Safar 28), the death of Ali al-Ridha (Safar 29 or 30), the birthday of Muhammad (Rabi-al-Awwal 17), the death of Fatimah (Jumada-al-Thani 3), the birthday of Ali (Rajab 13), Muhammad’s first revelation (Rajab 27), the birthday of Muhammad al-Mahdi (Sha’ban 15), the death of Ali (Ramadan 21), Eid al-Fitr (Shawwal 1–2), the death of Ja’far al-Sadiq (Shawwal 25), Eid al-Qurban (Zulhijja 10), and Eid al-Qadir (Zulhijja 18).^[777]
【参考译文】农历伊斯兰公共假期包括塔苏阿 (Muharram 9)、阿舒拉 (Muharram 10)、Arba’een (Safar 20)、穆罕默德逝世 (Safar 28)、Ali al-Ridha 逝世 (Safar 29 或 30)、穆罕默德的生日（Rabi-al-Awwal 17）、法蒂玛去世（Jumada-al-Thani 3）、阿里生日（Rajab 13）、穆罕默德的第一个启示（Rajab 27）、穆罕默德·马赫迪生日（Sha’ban） 15）、阿里之死（斋月 21）、开斋节（Shawwal 1-2）、贾法尔·萨迪克之死（Shawwal 25）、开斋节（Zulhijja 10）和开斋节卡迪尔 (Zulhijja 18)。[777]

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