KC-10加油机 / McDonnell Douglas KC-10 Extender(全文)- 中英文维基百科词条融合

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0. 概述

KC-10补充者(英语:KC-10 Extender)是三发动机麦道DC-10飞机的军事版本,是为美国空军改装而来。[注1] KC-10其主要角色是专门结合军事用途,拥有运输和空中加油的设备。它在开发时补充了KC-135同温层加油机的经验,用来在东南亚中东地区服役。KC-10是美国空军即麦克唐纳道格拉斯的C-9后选择的第二款麦道公司的运输飞机。其共为美国空军生产了60架。及后,有三架二手DC-10客机由荷兰皇家空军购入(其中2架于1992年向马丁航空购入,另一架于2011年购入)并改装为类似的加油机(但窗户并无像原型机般封闭),且被官方命名为KDC-10

The KC-10 plays a key role in the mobilization of US military assets, taking part in overseas operations far from home. These aircraft performed airlift and aerial refueling during the 1986 bombing of Libya (Operation Eldorado Canyon), the 1990–91 Gulf War with Iraq (Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm), the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia (Operation Allied Force), War in Afghanistan (Operation Enduring Freedom), and Iraq War (Operations Iraqi Freedom and New Dawn).
【参考译文】KC-10 在调动美国军事资产方面发挥着关键作用,参与远离本土的海外行动。这些飞机在1986年轰炸利比亚(埃尔多拉多峡谷行动)、1990-91年的海湾战争(与伊拉克的沙漠盾牌行动和沙漠风暴行动)、北约轰炸南斯拉夫(联合力量行动)、阿富汗战争(持久自由行动)以及伊拉克战争(伊拉克自由行动和新曙光行动)期间执行了空运和空中加油任务。

Role【类型】Tanker/transport【空中加油机、运输机】
National origin【原产国】United States【美国】
Manufacturer【制造商】McDonnell Douglas【麦克唐纳·道格拉斯(麦道)】
First flight【首飞】12 July 1980【1980年7月12日】
Introduction【起役日期】1 March 1981【1981年3月1日】
Retired【退役时间】2021 (RNLAF)
Status【现状】In limited service【有限使用】
Primary users【主要用户】United States Air Force【美国空军】
Omega Aerial Refueling Services【欧米茄空中加油服务公司】
Royal Netherlands Air Force (historical)【皇家荷兰空军(历史上的)】
Produced【生产年份】KC-10: 1979–1987
Number built【生产数量】KC-10: 60; KDC-10: 2
Developed from【发展自】McDonnell Douglas DC-10【麦克唐纳·道格拉斯DC-10-30】

1. 设计和发展历程 | Design and development

1.1 高级加油机-货机计划 | Advanced Tanker Cargo Aircraft Program

在1960年代末的越战中,原有的KC-135空中加油机机队已不足以为国外的美军进行补给。因此,美军曾于1972年向麦道及波音征求新一代的加油机方案,当中麦道方面提供两架DC-10作测试,而波音方案则以波音747作加油机平台。但是,该次研发计划最后不了了之。

During the Vietnam War, doubts began to form regarding the Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker fleet’s ability to meet the needs of the United States’ global commitments. The aerial refueling fleet was deployed to Southeast Asia to support tactical aircraft and strategic bombers, while maintaining the U.S.-based support of the nuclear-bomber fleet. Consequently, the Air Force sought an aerial tanker with greater capabilities than the KC-135. In 1972, two DC-10s were flown in trials at Edwards Air Force Base, simulating air refuelings to check for possible wake issues. Boeing performed similar tests with a 747.[1]
【参考译文】在越南战争期间,人们开始对波音 KC-135 加油机机队是否能够满足美国全球承诺的需求产生了怀疑。加油机队被部署到东南亚支持战术飞机和战略轰炸机,同时还要维持在美国本土对核轰炸机机队的支持。因此,空军寻求一种比 KC-135 具备更大能力的空中加油机。1972年,两架 DC-10 飞机在爱德华兹空军基地进行了试验飞行,模拟空中加油以检查可能存在的尾流问题。波音公司也使用 747 进行了类似的测试。

During the 1973 Yom Kippur War, the Air Force commenced Operation Nickel Grass to supply Israel with weapons and supplies. The operation demonstrated the necessity for adequate air-refueling capabilities; denied landing rights in Europe, C-5 Galaxy transports were forced to carry a fraction of their maximum payload on direct flights from the continental United States to Israel.[2][3] To address this shortfall in mobility, in 1975, under the Advanced Tanker Cargo Aircraft Program, four aircraft were evaluated—the Lockheed C-5, the Boeing 747, the McDonnell Douglas DC-10, and the Lockheed L-1011.[4] The only serious contenders were Boeing and McDonnell Douglas. In December 1977, McDonnell Douglas’s DC-10 was chosen. The primary reason for this choice was the KC-10’s ability to operate from shorter runways.[3] Initially, a batch of 12 aircraft was ordered, but this was later increased to 60.[3]
【参考译文】在1973年的赎罪日战争中,空军启动了镍草行动以向以色列提供武器和补给。该行动凸显了充足的空中加油能力的必要性;由于欧洲拒绝降落权利,C-5 伽利略运输机被迫只携带其最大载荷的一部分从美国本土直飞以色列。为了弥补这一机动能力的不足,在1975年,根据高级油罐车货机计划(Advanced Tanker Cargo Aircraft Program),四种飞机被评估——洛克希德 C-5、波音 747、麦克唐纳-道格拉斯 DC-10 和洛克希德 L-1011。真正的竞争者只有波音和麦克唐纳-道格拉斯两家。1977年12月,麦克唐纳-道格拉斯的 DC-10 被选中。选择它的主要原因是 KC-10 能够在较短的跑道上起降。最初订购了12架飞机,后来这个数字增加到了60架。

1.2 KC-10“延程”加油机 | KC-10 Extender

The KC-10 Extender first flew in July 1980. In October 1980 the first aerial refuel sortie was performed.[5][6] The design for the KC-10 involved modifications from the DC-10-30CF design. Unnecessary airline features were replaced by an improved cargo-handling system and military avionics.[7] The KC-10 retained an 88% commonality with its commercial counterparts, giving it greater access to the worldwide commercial support system.[3] Other changes from the DC-10-30CF include the removal of most windows and lower cargo doors.[8] Early aircraft featured a distinctive light gray, white and blue paint scheme, and a gray-green camouflage scheme was used on later tankers. The paint scheme was switched to a medium gray color by the late 1990s.[9]
【参考译文】KC-10 Extender 首次试飞是在1980年7月。1980年10月,首次进行了空中加油任务。KC-10的设计基于DC-10-30CF设计进行了修改。不必要的民用航空特征被更先进的货物处理系统和军用航电设备所取代。KC-10保留了与其商用版本88%的通用性,这使得它可以更好地利用全球商业支持体系。相对于DC-10-30CF的其他改动包括移除了大部分窗户和下层货舱门。早期的飞机采用了独特的浅灰色、白色和蓝色涂装方案,而后期的加油机则采用了灰绿色迷彩涂装。到了1990年代末期,涂装方案改为了中灰色。

KC-10加油机以DC-10-30货机作技术平台,并有88%部件与民用型号共通。KC-10同时装有飞桁式及飞锚式加油设备,可同时支援美军及不同盟友的战斗机。此外,KC-10客舱亦可以作人员及物资运输用途。在首架空中客车A350 XWB公务机版本(即第三代康拉德·阿登纳号飞机)首飞前,KC-10曾经是全球续航力最长的飞机,但目前仍然是续航力最长的空中加油机。

The most notable changes were the addition of the McDonnell Douglas Advanced Aerial Refueling Boom and additional fuel tanks located in the baggage compartments below the main deck. The extra tanks increase the KC-10’s fuel capacity to 356,000 lb (161,478 kg), nearly doubling the KC-135’s capacity.[5] The KC-10 has both a centerline refueling boom—unique in that it sports a control surface system at its aft end that differs from the V-tail design used on previous tankers—and a drogue-and-hose system on the starboard side of the rear fuselage. The KC-10 boom operator is seated in the rear of the aircraft with a wide window for monitoring refueling rather than prone as in the KC-135. The operator controls refueling operations through a digital fly-by wire system.[9][10] The refueling boom can deliver fuel to a receiver at the maximum rate of 1,100 gallons (4,180 liters) per minute, while the centerline drogue system has a maximum fuel offload rate of 470 gallons (1,786 liters) per minute.[11]
【参考译文】最显著的变化是增加了麦克唐纳-道格拉斯高级空中加油吊杆以及位于主甲板下方行李舱中的额外燃油箱。额外的油箱将 KC-10 的燃油容量增加到了 356,000 磅(161,478 千克),几乎翻倍于 KC-135 的容量。KC-10 具有一个中央线加油吊杆,其独特之处在于吊杆后端配备了一个控制系统,不同于先前加油机上使用的 V 形尾翼设计,并且在机身尾部右侧还有一个软管和锥形套系统。KC-10 的加油吊杆操作员坐在飞机后部,通过宽大的窗户监控加油过程,而不是像 KC-135 上那样趴着操作。操作员通过数字式电传操作系统控制加油作业。加油吊杆可以以每分钟 1,100 加仑(4,180 升)的最大速率向受油机输送燃料,而中央线软管系统的最大输油率则为每分钟 470 加仑(1,786 升)。

Unlike the KC-135, the KC-10’s hose-and-drogue system allows refueling of Navy, Marine Corps, and most allied aircraft, all in one mission.[5] The final twenty KC-10s produced included wing-mounted pods for added refueling locations.[1] The KC-10 can carry a complement of 75 personnel with 146,000 lb (66,225 kg) of cargo, or 170,000 lb (77,110 kg) in an all-cargo configuration.[5] With that, it can transport those weights for an unrefueled range of 4,400 miles (7,040 km).[11] The KC-10 has a side cargo door for loading and unloading cargo. Handling equipment is required to raise and lower loads to the cargo opening. It can carry cargo and serve as a tanker on overseas missions.[12]
【参考译文】与 KC-135 不同,KC-10 的软管和锥形套系统允许在单次任务中为海军、海军陆战队以及大多数盟军的飞机进行加油。最后生产的20架 KC-10 包括安装在机翼上的吊舱,用于增加加油位置。KC-10 可以搭载75名人员和146,000磅(66,225千克)的货物,或者在全货运配置下装载170,000磅(77,110千克)的货物。在这种情况下,它可以不进行加油的情况下飞行4,400英里(7,040公里)。KC-10 有一侧货物门用于装卸货物。需要装卸设备来提升和降低货物到货物开口处。它可以携带货物并作为加油机执行海外任务。

1.3 进一步发展 | Further developments

A need for new transport aircraft for the Royal Netherlands Air Force (Koninklijke Luchtmacht) was first identified in 1984.[13] The 1991 Gulf War highlighted the deficiencies in mobility of European forces.[14] In 1991 four categories of transport requirements were established. Category A required a large cargo aircraft with a range of at least 4,500 km and the capability to refuel F-16s. In 1992, two DC-10-30CFs were acquired from Martinair in a buy/leaseback contract. When one of the two aircraft was lost in the Martinair Flight 495 crash, a third aircraft was bought from Martinair.[13]
【参考译文】荷兰皇家空军(Koninklijke Luchtmacht)对新型运输机的需求最早在1984年被确认。1991年的海湾战争突显了欧洲部队在机动性上的不足。1991年设定了四个运输需求类别。其中,类别A要求大型货机至少有4,500公里的航程,并且具备为F-16战斗机加油的能力。1992年,通过买/租回合同从马丁航空(Martinair)购入了两架DC-10-30CF飞机。当其中一架飞机在马丁航空495号航班事故中损失后,又从马丁航空购买了第三架飞机。

The conversion was handled via the United States foreign military sales program, which contracted McDonnell Douglas. Costs for the conversion were initially estimated at $89.5 million (FY 1994). The aircraft were to be equipped with both a boom and a probe and drogue system. Because McDonnell Douglas did not have any experience with the requested Remote Aerial Refueling Operator (RARO) system, and because the third aircraft differed from the original two, the program could not be completed at budget. By omitting the probe and drogue system and a fixed partition wall between the cargo and passenger, the cost could be limited at $96 million.[13]
【参考译文】改装工作是通过美国外国军事销售项目进行的,该项目与麦克唐纳·道格拉斯公司签订了合同。最初的改装成本估计为8950万美元(1994财年)。这些飞机计划配备一个加油管和一个探头与拖管系统。由于麦克唐纳·道格拉斯没有所需远程空中加油操作员(RARO)系统的经验,加之第三架飞机与最初两架不同,该计划无法按预算完成。通过取消探头与拖管系统和固定客舱与货舱隔墙,成本被控制在9600万美元。

To make up for the cost increase McDonnell Douglas hired Dutch companies to do part of the work. The conversion of the aircraft was performed by KLM and was done from October 1994 to September 1995 for the first aircraft and from February to December 1995 for the second. This was much longer than planned, mostly because McDonnell Douglas delivered the parts late. This would have again increased the cost, but in the contract for the AH-64 Apaches which the Royal Netherlands Air Force also bought from McDonnell Douglas, the price was agreed to be kept at $96 million.[13]
【参考译文】为了弥补成本增加,麦克唐纳·道格拉斯聘请了荷兰公司来完成部分工作。飞机的改装由荷兰皇家航空(KLM)执行,第一架飞机的改装从1994年10月至1995年9月完成,第二架则从1995年2月至12月完成。这比原计划的时间要长得多,主要是因为麦克唐纳·道格拉斯交付零部件延误。这本会再次增加成本,但在荷兰皇家空军从麦克唐纳·道格拉斯购买AH-64阿帕奇直升机的合同中,价格保持在9600万美元不变。

In 2010 the USAF awarded a contract to Boeing to upgrade the fleet of 59 aircraft with new Communication, navigation and surveillance and air traffic management (CNS/ATM) system. This was to allow the aircraft to fly in civil airspace as new ICAO and FAA standards took effect in 2015.[15] Rockwell Collins was awarded a contract in 2011 for avionics and systems integration for the cockpit modernization program.[16][17]
【参考译文】为了弥补成本增加,麦克唐纳·道格拉斯聘请了荷兰公司来完成部分工作。飞机的改装由荷兰皇家航空(KLM)执行,第一架飞机的改装从1994年10月至1995年9月完成,第二架则从1995年2月至12月完成。这比原计划的时间要长得多,主要是因为麦克唐纳·道格拉斯交付零部件延误。这本会再次增加成本,但在荷兰皇家空军从麦克唐纳·道格拉斯购买AH-64阿帕奇直升机的合同中,价格保持在9600万美元不变。

1.4 子型号 | Variants

  • KC-10A: Initial military tanker version based on the DC-10-30CF.
    【参考译文】KC-10A:基于 DC-10-30CF 的初始军事加油机版本。
  • KDC-10: Conversion of DC-10-30CF aircraft to tanker/transport configuration. While a FMS program run through McDonnell Douglas, conversion of two aircraft was carried out by KLM. Omega Aerial Refueling Services operates KDC-10-40.[citation needed]
    【参考译文】KDC-10:将 DC-10-30CF 飞机改装为加油/运输配置。虽然这是一个通过麦克唐纳·道格拉斯公司的外国军事销售项目运行的计划,但两架飞机的实际改装工作是由荷兰皇家航空(KLM)完成的。Omega Aerial Refueling Services 运营 KDC-10-40 型号。(注:此处缺少引用来源)
  • KC-10B: After McDonnell Douglas did the KDC-10 conversion for the Royal Netherlands Air Force in 1992, they proposed a tanker/transport version of the MD-11CF which had the in-house designation KMD-11. MDC offered either conversion of second hand aircraft (KMD-11) or new build aircraft (KC-10B), the proposed KMD-11 offered 35,000 lbs more cargo capacity and 8,400 lbs more transferable fuel than the KC-10A. It was offered to the RNAF and Royal Saudi Air Force (RSAF) in the 1990s and the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) in the early 2000s.[18]
    【参考译文】KC-10B:在1992年为荷兰皇家空军完成了 KDC-10 改装之后,麦克唐纳·道格拉斯提出了基于 MD-11CF 的加油/运输版本,内部代号为 KMD-11。麦克唐纳·道格拉斯提供了两种选择:二手飞机的改装(KMD-11)或全新制造的飞机(KC-10B)。提议的 KMD-11 提供比 KC-10A 多 35,000 磅的货载能力和多 8,400 磅可转移燃料。该型号曾于1990年代提供给荷兰皇家空军和沙特皇家空军(RSAF),并在2000年代初提供给澳大利亚皇家空军(RAAF)。

2. 运营历史 | Operational history

2.1 美国 | United States

The first KC-10 was delivered to the Air Force’s Strategic Air Command (SAC) in March 1981 at Barksdale AFB. In 1982 a newly renamed 22d Air Refueling Wing, formerly the 22d Bombardment Wing, was re-equipped with KC-10A Extenders and became the second Air Force unit to operate the new tankers.[citation needed] The 60th and final KC-10 was delivered on 29 November 1988.[19] The KC-10s served with SAC until 1992, when they were reassigned to the newly established Air Mobility Command. In the aerial refueling role, the KC-10s have been operated largely in the strategic refueling of large number of tactical aircraft on ferry flights and the refueling of other strategic transport aircraft. Conversely, the KC-135 fleet has operated largely in the in-theater tactical role. There are 59 KC-10 Extenders in service with the USAF as of 2010.[12][15] The USAF’s KC-10s are stationed primarily at Travis AFB, California, and McGuire AFB, now part of Joint Base McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst, in New Jersey.
【参考译文】首架 KC-10 于1981年3月交付给美国空军的战略空军司令部(SAC),部署在巴克斯代尔空军基地(Barksdale AFB)。1982年,原第22轰炸机联队更名为第22空中加油联队,并装备了 KC-10A Extender,成为第二个运营这种新型加油机的空军单位。最后一架 KC-10,也就是第60架,于1988年11月29日交付。KC-10 一直在 SAC 服役直到1992年,随后它们被重新分配给了新成立的空中机动司令部(Air Mobility Command)。在空中加油角色中,KC-10 主要用于战略加油任务,例如大量战术飞机的转场飞行加油和其他战略运输机的加油。相比之下,KC-135 机队主要承担战场内的战术加油任务。截至2010年,美国空军共有59架 KC-10 Extender 在役。美国空军的 KC-10 主要部署在加利福尼亚州的特拉维斯空军基地(Travis AFB)和新泽西州的麦圭尔空军基地(McGuire AFB),后者现在是麦圭尔-迪克斯-莱克赫斯特联合基地(Joint Base McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst)的一部分。

When faced with refusals of basing and overflight rights from continental European countries during Operation El Dorado Canyon, the U.S. was forced to use the UK-based F-111s in the 1986 air-strikes against Libya. The KC-10s and KC-135s allowed 29 F-111s, along with other Air Force and Navy aircraft, to reach their targets.[20]
【参考译文】在1986年针对利比亚的埃尔多拉多峡谷行动(Operation El Dorado Canyon)中,面对来自欧洲大陆国家拒绝提供基地和过境权的情况,美国被迫使用驻扎在英国的 F-111 飞机进行对利比亚的空袭。KC-10 和 KC-135 加油机使得29架 F-111 以及其他空军和海军飞机能够抵达目标。

The KC-10 again played a key role during Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm in 1991. KC-10s facilitated the deployment of tactical, strategic, and transport aircraft to Saudi Arabia. In the early stages of Operation Desert Shield, aerial refueling was key to the rapid airlift of materiel and forces. In addition to refueling airlift aircraft, the KC-10, along with the smaller KC-135, moved thousands of tons of cargo and thousands of troops in support of the massive buildup. The KC-10 and the KC-135 conducted about 51,700 separate refueling operations and delivered 125 million gallons (475 million liters) of fuel without missing a single scheduled rendezvous.[12]
【参考译文】1991年,在沙漠盾牌行动(Operation Desert Shield)和沙漠风暴行动(Operation Desert Storm)期间,KC-10 再次发挥了关键作用。KC-10 促进了战术、战略和运输飞机前往沙特阿拉伯。在沙漠盾牌行动初期,空中加油对于迅速空运物资和部队至关重要。除了为运输机加油外,KC-10 与较小的 KC-135 一起运送了数千吨物资和数千名士兵,以支持大规模的集结。KC-10 和 KC-135 进行了大约51,700次单独加油行动,提供了1.25亿加仑(约4.75亿升)的燃料,没有错过任何一个预定的加油会合点。

Since then, the KC-10 had participated in other smaller conflicts. In March 1999, NATO launched Operation Allied Force against the government of Yugoslavia. The mobility portion of the operation began in February and was heavily dependent on tankers. By early May 1999, some 150 KC-10s and KC-135s deployed to Europe where they refueled bombers, fighters and support aircraft engaged in the conflict. The KC-10 flew 409 missions throughout the entire Allied Force campaign and continued support operations in Kosovo.[12] Since 11 September 2001, KC-10s had flown more than 350 missions guarding U.S. skies as a part of Operation Noble Eagle. During Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom, KC-10s flew more than 1,390 missions delivering critical air refueling support to numerous joint and Coalition receiver aircraft.[12] As of 2004, KC-10s were expected to serve until 2043.[21]
【参考译文】自那以后,KC-10 参与了其他一些规模较小的冲突。1999年3月,北约对南斯拉夫政府发起了联合力量行动(Operation Allied Force)。该行动的机动部分始于2月份,并严重依赖于加油机。到1999年5月初,大约150架 KC-10 和 KC-135 部署到欧洲,为参与冲突的轰炸机、战斗机和支持飞机加油。在整个联合力量行动期间,KC-10 执行了409次任务,并继续支持在科索沃的行动。自2001年9月11日以来,KC-10 已经执行了超过350次任务,作为诺布尔鹰行动(Operation Noble Eagle)的一部分,守护美国领空。在持久自由行动(Operation Enduring Freedom)和伊拉克自由行动(Operation Iraqi Freedom)期间,KC-10 执行了超过1,390次任务,为众多联合和联盟接收飞机提供关键的空中加油支持。截至2004年,预计 KC-10 将服役至2043年。

The Air Force considered retiring its fleet of KC-10 tankers in response to sequestration budget cuts as part of the service’s FY 2015 budget. A “vertical chop” to divest all KC-10s was suggested because there are fewer KC-10s than KC-135s, having three different tanker models in service after the introduction of the KC-46 would be costly, and a “horizontal cut” across the refueling fleets would achieve small efficiencies.[22] Some believed retiring the KC-10 would not benefit the Air Force, given that it is equipped with both boom and hose-and-drogue refueling systems and the fleet’s relatively young age.[23]
【参考译文】美国空军考虑退役其 KC-10 加油机机队作为应对自动减赤措施预算削减的一部分,这是在2015财年预算规划中的一个选项。有人建议采取“垂直削减”,即退役所有 KC-10 飞机,因为 KC-10 的数量少于 KC-135,而在引入 KC-46 之后维持三种不同类型的加油机会增加成本,而且对加油机机队进行“水平削减”只能实现微小的效率提升。有些人认为退役 KC-10 并不会给空军带来好处,因为它装备了加油吊杆和软管与锥形套两种加油系统,并且机队相对较新。

At first, officials claimed that the initial focus on retiring the KC-10 in September 2013 was a “trial balloon” to call attention to Air Force operating cost issues. As of early 2013, the KC-10 had a per hour flying cost of $21,170 and a mission capable rate of 87 percent.[24] A FY 2015 budget plan did not include cuts to the KC-10.[25] In July 2020, the first US KC-10 to be retired, tail number 86-0036, was transferred to the 309th Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneration Group (AMARG) for storage at Davis Monthan Air Force Base, Arizona.[26]
【参考译文】起初,官员们声称2013年9月关于优先退役 KC-10 的提议只是一个“试探气球”,目的是引起人们对空军运营成本问题的关注。截至2013年初,KC-10 的每小时飞行成本为21,170美元,任务可用率为87%。2015财年的预算计划并未包括对 KC-10 的削减。2020年7月,第一架退役的美国 KC-10(尾号 86-0036)被转移到位于亚利桑那州戴维斯-蒙森空军基地的第309航天维修和再生大队(AMARG)进行封存。

In July 2021, the 2d ARS was the first KC-10 squadron to start conversion to the KC-46.[27] In August 2021, the KC-10 took part in the largest non-combatant evacuation in support of Operation Allies refuge and contributing to the safe evacuation of more than 124,000 Afghan refugees.[28]
【参考译文】2021年7月,第2空中加油中队成为了第一个开始转换到 KC-46 的 KC-10 中队。2021年8月,KC-10 参与了盟友庇护行动(Operation Allies Refuge)中的非战斗人员撤离行动,为安全撤离超过124,000名阿富汗难民做出了贡献。

In January 2023 the USAF announced that all KC-10s are to be retired by 30 September 2024.[29] The KC-10 flew its last combat sortie for the USAF on 5 October 2023.[30]
【参考译文】2023年1月,美国空军宣布所有 KC-10 将在2024年9月30日前退役。2023年10月5日,KC-10 为美国空军执行了最后一次作战任务。

2.2 荷兰 | Netherlands

于1984年,荷兰皇家空军亦开始研究引进空中加油机。直至波斯湾战争后的1992年,荷兰皇家空军终于向国内马丁航空通过售后租回方式,购入两架二手DC-10-30客货两用机,以改装为加油机。

The two Dutch KDC-10s were used for both refueling and transport.[31] They were stationed on Eindhoven Airport as part of the 334th Transport Squadron. Of the 5,500 hours flown in the first 3 years of use, the aircraft were used in their tanker role for 50% of the time. Besides being used by the air force and NATO allies, the KDC-10s were also used to support peacekeeping and humanitarian aid operations. Of the first three years, 32% of the flight hours were used for peacekeeping and humanitarian aid.[13]
【参考译文】两架荷兰的 KDC-10 既用于空中加油也用于运输任务。它们驻扎在埃因霍温机场,隶属于第334运输中队。在服役的头三年里,总共飞行了5,500小时,其中一半的时间用于空中加油任务。除了为空军和北约盟国服务外,KDC-10 还被用于支持维和以及人道主义援助行动。在这三年中,有32%的飞行时间用于维和及人道主义援助。

In this function, the aircraft was deployed to Kosovo to evacuate refugees, to the Caribbean and Central America to provide humanitarian aid after the hurricanes Luis, Georges and Mitch and to various countries in Africa and Asia to provide development aid. In 1998, the aircraft were used to evacuate Dutch citizens from Indonesia during the Fall of Suharto. Dutch KDC-10s operated out of Manas AFB in support of allied forces during Operation Enduring Freedom and in support of Allied Air Force over Iraq and Syria.
【参考译文】在这项职能中,飞机被部署到科索沃撤离难民,前往加勒比海地区和中美洲在飓风路易斯、乔治和米奇之后提供人道主义援助,并前往非洲和亚洲多个国家提供发展援助。1998年,这些飞机还用于从印尼撤离荷兰公民,当时正值苏哈托政权垮台之际。荷兰的 KDC-10 在曼纳斯空军基地运作,支持盟军在持久自由行动中的行动,并为伊拉克和叙利亚上空的盟军空军提供支持。

但在购入相关飞机后,由于第二架飞机(注册号PH-MBN)在马丁航空495号班机空难中坠毁,马丁航空需向空军赔偿第三架同款飞机。于1994年,上述租约期满,两架DC-10-30原订送往美国进行改装,成为KDC-10加油机。但基于成本等问题,最后由荷兰皇家航空进行改装。两架改装后的加油机最后分别于1995年9月及12月入役。KDC-10与KC-10大致相似,但窗户并无封闭。

到2011年,荷兰军方再购入二手DC-10货机,并改装为第三架KDC-10(编号T-255)。但由于国防预算遭到削减,第三架KDC-10只服役三年即告退役,其后于英国康和郡报废拆解[7]

A third DC-10, registered T-255 was acquired and served for three years before being withdrawn from service in April 2014 due to Dutch defense cuts and flown to Newquay Airport for scrapping.[32] The KDC-10s in Dutch service were replaced with the Airbus A330 MRTT.[33] The first aircraft, registered T-264/’Prins Bernhard’ and due for a major service, was withdrawn from use in November 2019, prior to being transferred to its new owner, Omega Aerial Refueling Services.[34] The last KDC-10, registered T-235/’Jan Scheffer’ remained in Dutch service until October 2021.[35] The aircraft left The Netherlands bound for service with Omega in the U.S. in October 2021.[36][33]
【参考译文】第三架 DC-10,注册号为 T-255,在服役三年后于2014年4月由于荷兰国防削减而退出现役,并飞往纽基机场进行拆解。[32]荷兰服役的 KDC-10 被空客 A330 MRTT 替代。第一架飞机,注册号 T-264/”普林斯·伯纳德”,在2019年11月接受大修前停止使用,并随后转移给新的所有者 Omega Aerial Refueling Services。[34]最后一架 KDC-10,注册号 T-235/”扬·舍弗”,一直服役至2021年10月。[35]这架飞机在2021年10月离开荷兰,前往美国为 Omega 提供服务。[36][33]

2.3 民间运营者 | Civilian operators

Commercial refueling companies Omega Aerial Refueling Services and Global Airtanker Service operate three KDC-10 tankers, N974VV, N235UL and N264DE, for lease.[37][38] They were converted from DC-10s and provide probe and drogue refueling capabilities from wing pods similar to the KC-10.[39]
【参考译文】商业加油公司 Omega Aerial Refueling Services 和 Global Airtanker Service 运营三架 KDC-10 加油机,注册号分别为 N974VV、N235UL 和 N264DE,用于租赁服务。[37][38]这些飞机是从 DC-10 改装而来,提供了与 KC-10 类似的翼下吊舱探管和拖锥加油能力。[39]

In June and July 2011, Omega Air’s KDC-10 supported three Royal Australian Air Force‘s F/A-18 Hornets, en route to Red Flag – Alaska.[40]
【参考译文】2011年6月和7月,Omega Air 的 KDC-10 支援了三架澳大利亚皇家空军的 F/A-18 大黄蜂战斗机,使其能够前往参加“红旗 – 阿拉斯加”演习。[40]

In 2019, Omega agreed to purchase the Netherlands’ two KDC-10s. One was received in November 2019,[34] and the second delivered in October 2021.[36][33]
【参考译文】2019年,Omega 同意购买荷兰退役的两架 KDC-10。其中一架在2019年11月接收,[34] 第二架则在2021年10月交付。[36][33]

2.4 执行任务

美军的KC-10加油机在入役后,首次参与的战争为1986年4月对利比亚的轰炸行动,与KC-135一同为F-111战斗轰炸机加油。

及后,KC-10亦投入到1991年波斯湾战争中,为沙特阿拉伯军队输送物资及加油。而在1999年的北约轰炸南斯拉夫行动,KC-10亦有协助为轰炸机补给燃油。

进入2000年代,KC-10亦在中东的两场战争中派上用场(包括阿富汗战争伊拉克战争)。

而荷兰的KDC-10加油机除了用于空中加油,亦担当不少撤侨及人道救援行动(包括在科索沃战争期间撤出难民,以及参与加勒比海地区风灾救援行动)。在1998年印尼“黑色五月bao4 dong4”期间,荷方首次派出此款加油机撤出侨民[8]

2.5 去向

美国目前仍然使用的59架KC-10在2010年完成现代化工程。[9];而后来由于军费削减,首架KC-10于2020年正式封存。与此同时,美军亦打算开展KC-Y计划,以研制KC-10的后继机种。

但是,荷兰的KDC-10命运则截然不同:由于军方选择购入空中客车A330 MRTT作北约联用加油机,首两架KDC-10因此需要退役。当中,首架飞机(编号T-264)已于2019年11月售予美商Omega空中加油服务公司,而第二架飞机(编号T-235)亦已于2021年转让至该公司[10]

3. 运营者 | Operators

3.1 United States【美国】

3.1.1 United States Air Force – 3 KC-10 aircraft in use as of August 2024[citation needed]
【美国空军 – 截至2024年8月有3架KC-10飞机在役[citation needed]】

Strategic Air Command 【战略空军司令部】

Air Mobility Command 【空运司令部】

  • 22d Air Refueling Wing – March AFB 1992–1994【第22空中加油联队 – 马奇空军基地 1992-1994】
    • 6th Air Refueling Squadron【第6空中加油中队】
    • 9th Air Refueling Squadron【第9空中加油中队】
  • 458th Operations Group – Barksdale AFB 1992–1994【第458作战群 – 巴克斯代尔空军基地 1992-1994】
    • 2d Air Refueling Squadron【第2空中加油中队】
    • 32d Air Refueling Squadron【第32空中加油中队】
  • 4th Operations Group – Seymour-Johnson AFB 1992–1995
    【第4作战群 – 西摩-约翰逊空军基地 1992-1995】
    • 344th Air Refueling Squadron 1992-1994【第344空中加油中队 1992-1994】
    • 711th Air Refueling Squadron 1994-1994【第711空中加油中队 1994-1994】
    • 744th Air Refueling Squadron 1994-1995【第744空中加油中队 1994-1995】
    • 911th Air Refueling Squadron 1992-1994【第911空中加油中队 1992-1994】
  • 60th Air Mobility WingTravis AFB, California 1994–present
    【第60空运联队 – 加利福尼亚州特拉维斯空军基地 1994-至今】
  • 305th Air Mobility WingMcGuire AFB, New Jersey 1994–2023
    【第305空运联队 – 新泽西州麦格瑞尔空军基地 1994-2023】
  • 380th Air Expeditionary WingAl Dhafra Air Base, United Arab Emirates 2002–2023
    【第380远征联队 – 阿联酋阿尔达夫拉空军基地 2002-2023】
    • 908th Expeditionary Air Refueling Squadron【第908远征空中加油中队】
  • 722d Air Refueling Wing – March AFB 1994–1996【第722空中加油联队 – 马奇空军基地 1994-1996】
    • 6th Air Refueling Squadron 1994–1996【第6空中加油中队 1994-1996】
    • 9th Air Refueling Squadron 1994【第9空中加油中队 1994】

Air Force Reserve Command【空军预备役司令部】

  • 98th Air Refueling Group (Associate) – Barksdale AFB 1987–1994
    【第98空中加油群(附属) – 巴克斯代尔空军基地 1987-1994】
    • 78th Air Refueling Squadron【第78空中加油中队】
  • 452d Air Refueling Wing (Associate) – March AFB 1981–1995
    【第452空中加油联队(附属) – 马奇空军基地 1981-1995】
    • 78th Air Refueling Squadron 1981–1987【第78空中加油中队 1981-1987】
    • 79th Air Refueling Squadron 1982–1995【第79空中加油中队 1982-1995】
  • 349th Air Mobility Wing (Associate) – Travis AFB 1994–present
    【第349空运联队(附属) – 特拉维斯空军基地 1994-至今】
  • 514th Air Mobility Wing (Associate) – McGuire AFB 1994–2023
    【第514空运联队(附属) – 麦格瑞尔空军基地 1994-2023】
  • 916th Air Refueling Group (Associate) – Seymour-Johnson 1985–1994
    【第916空中加油群(附属) – 西摩-约翰逊 1985-1994】

3.2 Netherlands【荷兰】

  • Royal Netherlands Air Force operated two KDC-10s, which upon retirement were sold to Omega Aerial Refueling Services. The Dutch tankers were replaced by Airbus A330 MRTTs owned by NATO as part of the Multinational Multi-Role Tanker Transport Fleet (MMF).[41] A DC-10 transport, registered T-255 served for three years before being withdrawn from service in April 2014 due to Dutch defence cuts.[42]
    【参考译文】荷兰皇家空军运营过两架KDC-10,在退役后被卖给了Omega Aerial Refueling Services。荷兰的加油机被北约拥有的空中客车A330 MRTT取代,这些飞机属于多国多功能加油运输机队(MMF)。[41]一架DC-10运输机,注册号T-255,服役了三年,但由于荷兰国防预算削减于2014年4月退出现役。[42]

4. 意外 | Incidents

  • 1987年9月17日,一架编号为82-0190的KC-10加油机于什里夫波特进行维修时发生大火,造成负责地勤的军人一死两伤,而全机亦告焚毁。这次亦是KC-10加油机涉及的唯一一宗航空事故[11],以及唯一一架意外报销的KC-10。

5. 在展的飞机 | Aircraft on display

6. 规格 | Specifications

Data from USAF Fact sheet,[12] Steffen[47]【数据来源于美国空军事实表,[12] Steffen[47]】

6.1 一般特点 | General characteristics

  • 机组人员:4(飞机指挥官,副驾驶,飞行工程师,动臂操作员); 可以增加额外的机组人员,如航空医疗撤离队和货物处理人员
  • 长度:55.35米
  • 翼展:50.41米
  • 高度:17.70米
  • 翼面积:367.71平方米
  • 空重:109,328公斤
  • 装载重量:268,980公斤
  • 最大 起飞重量:267,620公斤
  • 最大燃油量:161,480公斤
  • 动力装置:3×通用电气CF6-50C2型涡轮风扇发动机

6.2 性能 | Performance

  • 最大速度:538节/ 0.89马赫(619英里每小时/ 996公里每小时)
  • 航距:7,080公里
  • 续航距离:18,507公里
  • 升限:12,800米
  • 爬升速度:2,094米/分钟/34.9米/秒

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