经济合作与发展组织(经合组织) / OECD – （全文）中英文维基百科词条融合

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【消歧义提示】提示：此条目页的主题不是经济合作组织。
【消歧义提示】Not to be confused with OSCE.【”不要与欧安组织（OSCE）混淆。”】

0. 概述

【辽观注】此标题是我们在搬运、整合过程中添加的。

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD; French: Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques, OCDE) is an intergovernmental organisation with 38 member countries,[1][4] founded in 1961 to stimulate economic progress and world trade. It is a forum whose member countries describe themselves as committed to democracy and the market economy, providing a platform to compare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practices, and coordinate domestic and international policies of its members.
【参考译文】经济合作与发展组织（OECD；法语：Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques，OCDE）是一个由38个成员国组成的政府间组织，成立于1961年，旨在促进经济进步和世界贸易。它是一个论坛，其成员国自称致力于民主和市场经济，为比较政策经验、寻求共同问题的答案、确定最佳实践以及协调成员国的国内和国际政策提供了一个平台。

The majority of OECD members are high-income economies ranked as “very high” in the Human Development Index, and are regarded as developed countries. As of 2024 their collective population is 1.38 billion[5] people with an average life expectancy of 80 years and a median age of 40, against a global average of 30.[6] As of 2017, OECD Member countries collectively comprised 62.2% of global nominal GDP (USD 49.6 trillion)[7] and 42.8% of global GDP (Int$54.2 trillion) at purchasing power parity.[8] The OECD is an official United Nations observer.[9] OECD nations have strong social security systems; their average social welfare spending stood at roughly 21% of GDP.[10][11][12]
【参考译文】大多数OECD成员国是高收入经济体，在人类发展指数中排名为“非常高”，并被视为发达国家。截至2024年，它们的总人口为13.8亿人，平均预期寿命为80岁，中位年龄为40岁，而全球平均水平为30岁。截至2017年，OECD成员国集体占全球名义GDP的62.2%（49.6万亿美元），按购买力平价计算则占42.8%（54.2万亿美元）。OECD是联合国的正式观察员。OECD国家拥有强大的社会保障体系；他们的平均社会福利支出约占GDP的21%。

The OECD’s headquarters are at the Château de la Muette in Paris, France, which housed its predecessor organization, the Organization for European Economic Co-operation.[13] The OECD is funded by contributions from member countries at varying rates and had a total budget of €338.3 million in 2023,[3] and is recognised as a highly influential publisher of mostly economic data through publications as well as annual evaluations and rankings of member countries.[14]
【参考译文】OECD的总部位于法国巴黎的拉穆特城堡（Château de la Muette），该建筑曾是其前身组织——欧洲经济合作组织（Organization for European Economic Co-operation）的所在地。OECD通过来自成员国的不同比率贡献获得资金，2023年的总预算为3.383亿欧元，并因其主要通过出版物以及对成员国每年的评估和排名而发布的大量经济数据而被公认为具有高度影响力的出版商。

图0-1至0-3（发布于知乎想法）
Abbreviation【缩写】OECD · OCDE
Established【创立于】16 April 1948 (as OEEC)
【1948年4月16日（作为OEEC欧洲经济合作组织）】
30 September 1961 (as OECD)
【1961年9月30日（作为OECD经济合作与发展组织）】
Type【类型】Intergovernmental organisation【政府间国际组织】
Headquarters【总部】Château de la Muette
Paris, France
【法国巴黎，拉穆特城堡】
Membership【成员国】38 countries[1][2]【38个国家】
Official languages【官方语言】English【英语】
French【法语】
Secretary-General【秘书长】Mathias Cormann
Deputy Secretaries-General【副秘书长】Ulrik Vestergaard Knudsen
Yoshiki Takeuchi
Fabrizia Lapecorella
Budget【预算】€383.4 million (2023)[3]【3.834亿欧元（2023年）】
Website【网站】http://oecd.org

1. 历史 | History

1.1 欧洲经济合作组织 | Organisation for European Economic Co-operation

图1-1（发布于知乎想法）

The OECD is the successor organization to the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC),[15] established in April 1948 among the European recipients of Marshall Plan aid for the reconstruction of Europe after World War II.[16][17][18] Only Western European states were members of the OEEC, whose primary function was the allocation of American aid. Its Secretaries-General[19] were the Frenchmen Robert Marjolin (1948–1955) and René Sergent (1955–1960). It was headquartered in the Château de la Muette in Paris.
【参考译文】OECD是欧洲经济合作组织（OEEC）的继任组织，[15] OEEC成立于1948年4月，是在第二次世界大战后接收马歇尔计划援助的欧洲国家之间建立的，目的是重建欧洲。[16][17][18]只有西欧国家是OEEC的成员，其主要职能是分配美国的援助。它的秘书长[19]是法国人罗伯特·马乔林（1948-1955年）和雷内·塞尔让（1955-1960年）。它的总部设在法国巴黎的拉穆特城堡。

Following the end of Marshall aid in 1952, the OEEC focused on economic issues.[15] Its coordinating role was challenged after the 1957 Rome Treaties establishing the European Economic Community and Euratom. The OEEC provided a framework for negotiations aimed at setting up a European Free Trade Area, to bring the EEC’s Inner Six and other OEEC members together on a multilateral basis. In 1958, a European Nuclear Energy Agency was set up in response to Euratom.
【参考译文】随着1952年马歇尔援助的结束，OEEC开始关注经济问题。[15]1957年《罗马条约》建立了欧洲经济共同体和欧洲原子能联营之后，OEEC的协调作用受到了挑战。OEEC提供了一个框架，用于谈判设立欧洲自由贸易区，以使欧洲经济共同体的六国和其他OEEC成员国在多边基础上联合起来。1958年，为了应对欧洲原子能联营，成立了欧洲核能机构。

By this time, some leading countries felt that the OEEC had outlived its purpose but could be adapted to fulfil a more global mission, which proved to be a cumbersome task. Following several (occasionally unruly) meetings at the Hotel Majestic in Paris, which began in January 1960, a resolution was reached to create a body that would not only solve European and Atlantic economic issues, but also devise policies that could assist less developed countries. This reconstituted organisation would bring the US and Canada, who were already OEEC observers, on board as full members, and the OEEC would set to work straight away on convincing Japan to join the organisation.[20][21][22]
【参考译文】到了这个时候，一些主要国家认为OEEC已经完成了它的使命，但可以适应更广泛的全球任务，这证明是一项艰巨的任务。经过几次（有时是混乱的）在巴黎的马杰斯特克酒店举行的会议，始于1960年1月，达成了一项决议，创建一个不仅解决欧洲和大西洋经济问题，还能制定帮助欠发达国家的政策的组织。这个重组后的组织会把作为OEEC观察员的美国和加拿大吸纳为正式成员，并且OEEC立刻开始说服日本加入该组织的工作。[20][21][22]

1.2 成立 | Founding

The Convention on the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development was signed on 14 December 1960, and the OECD officially superseded the OEEC in September 1961, consisting of the European founder countries of the OEEC, with the additions of the United States and Canada. Three countries, (Netherlands, Luxembourg, and Italy)—all OEEC members—ratified the OECD Convention after September 1961, but are nevertheless considered founding members. The official founding members are the following:
【参考译文】《经济合作与发展组织公约》于1960年12月14日签署，并于1961年9月正式取代了OEEC，由OEEC的欧洲创始国组成，新增了美国和加拿大。有三个国家（荷兰、卢森堡和意大利）——都是OEEC的成员国——在1961年9月之后才批准OECD公约，但仍然被认为是创始成员国。官方的创始成员国如下：

  • Austria【奥地利】
  • Belgium【比利时】
  • Canada【加拿大】
  • Denmark【丹麦】
  • France【法国】
  • West Germany【西德】
  • Greece【希腊】
  • Iceland【冰岛】
  • Ireland【爱尔兰】
  • Italy【意大利】
  • Luxembourg【卢森堡】
  • Netherlands【荷兰】
  • Norway【挪威】
  • Portugal【葡萄牙】
  • Spain【西班牙】
  • Sweden【瑞典】
  • Switzerland【瑞士】
  • Turkey【土耳其】
  • United Kingdom【英国】
  • United States【美国】

Japan became a member in 1964, and over the following decade, Finland, Australia, and New Zealand also joined the organisation. Yugoslavia had observer status in the organisation, starting with the establishment of the OECD, until its dissolution as a country.[23] The OECD also created agencies such as the OECD Development Centre (1961), International Energy Agency (IEA, 1974), and Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering.
【参考译文】日本于1964年成为成员，随后的十年里，芬兰、澳大利亚和新西兰也加入了该组织。南斯拉夫自OECD成立以来就享有观察员地位，直到该国解体为止。[23]OECD还创建了诸如OECD发展中心（1961年）、国际能源署（IEA，1974年）和反洗钱金融行动特别工作组等机构。

The aims of the OECD are stated in Article 1 of the Convention[24] as:
【参考译文】OECD的目标如《公约》第1条所述为：

  1. to achieve the highest sustainable economic growth and employment and a rising standard of living in Member countries, while maintaining financial stability
    【参考译文】实现成员国最高的可持续经济增长和就业，并提高生活水平，同时保持金融稳定；
  2. to contribute to sound economic expansion in Member as well as non-member countries
    【参考译文】对成员国以及非成员国的稳健经济发展做出贡献；
  3. to contribute to the expansion of world trade
    【参考译文】促进世界贸易的扩大。

Unlike the Organisations of the United Nations system, OECD uses the spelling “Organisation” with an “s” in its name rather than “organization”, together with a hyphenated “Co-operation”.
【参考译文】与联合国系统内的组织不同，OECD在其名称中使用了拼写为 “Organisation”（带有 “s”）而非 “organization”，并且在 “Co-operation” 中使用了连字符。

1.3 扩大至中欧地区 | Enlargement to Central Europe

Following the Revolutions of 1989, the OECD began assisting countries in Central and Eastern Europe (especially the Visegrád Group) to prepare market economy reforms. In 1990, the Centre for Co-operation with European Economies in Transition (now succeeded by the Centre for Cooperation with Non-Members) was established, and in 1991, the programme, “Partners in Transition”, was launched to offer a partnership to Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Poland,[25] including a membership option for these countries.[25] As a result of this, Poland,[26]Hungary, the Czech Republic and Slovakia, as well as South Korea[27] and Mexico, became members of the OECD between 1996 and 2000.
【参考译文】随着1989年ge2 ming4的发生，OECD开始协助中东欧国家（特别是维谢格勒集团国家）准备市场改革。1990年，成立了与东欧转型经济合作中心（现已由与非成员国合作中心接替），并在1991年启动了“转型伙伴”计划，向捷克斯洛伐克、匈牙利和波兰提供伙伴关系，包括这些国家加入的可能性。[25]因此，在1996年至2000年间，波兰、[26] 匈牙利、捷克共和国、斯洛伐克以及韩国[27] 和墨西哥成为了OECD的成员。

1.4 改革与进一步扩大 | Reform and further enlargement

East Germany joined on 3 October 1990 through reunification with West Germany. In the 1990s, several European countries, now members of the European Union, expressed their willingness to join the Organisation. In 1995, Cyprus applied for membership, but according to the Cypriot government, it was vetoed by Turkey.[28] In 1996, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania signed a Joint Declaration expressing willingness to become members of the OECD,[29] and Slovenia also applied for membership that same year.[30] In 2005, Malta applied to join the Organisation.[31] The EU is lobbying for the admission of all EU member states.[32] Romania reaffirmed in 2012 its intention to become a member of the Organisation through the letter addressed by Romanian Prime Minister Victor Ponta to OECD Secretary-General José Ángel Gurría.[33] In September 2012, the government of Bulgaria confirmed it would apply for membership before the OECD Secretariat.[34]
【参考译文】东德于1990年10月3日通过与西德统一的方式加入了OECD。1990年代，几个现在属于欧盟的欧洲国家表达了加入该组织的愿望。1995年，塞浦路斯申请加入，但据塞浦路斯政府称，这一申请遭到了土耳其的否决。[28]1996年，爱沙尼亚、拉脱维亚和立陶宛签署了联合声明，表达了愿意成为OECD成员的愿望，[29] 斯洛文尼亚也在同年申请加入。[30]2005年，马耳他申请加入该组织。[31]欧盟正在游说所有欧盟成员国加入OECD。[32]2012年，罗马尼亚总理维克多·庞塔致函OECD秘书长何塞·安赫尔·古里亚，重申了罗马尼亚加入该组织的意愿。[33]2012年9月，保加利亚政府确认将向OECD秘书处提交加入申请。[34]

The OECD established a working group headed by ambassador Seiichiro Noboru to work out a plan for the enlargement with non-members. The working group defined four criteria that must be fulfilled: “like-mindedness”, “significant player”, “mutual benefit” and “global considerations.” The working group’s recommendations were presented at the OECD Ministerial Council Meeting on 13 May 2004, and on 16 May 2007, the OECD Ministerial Council decided to open accession discussions with Chile, Estonia, Israel, Russia, and Slovenia, and to strengthen cooperation with Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, and South Africa through a process of enhanced engagement.[35] Chile, Slovenia, Israel, and Estonia all became members in 2010.[36] In March 2014, the OECD halted membership talks with Russia in response to its role in the 2014 Annexation of Crimea.[37][38]
【参考译文】OECD设立了一个由大使野吕顺一领导的工作组，负责制定与非成员国扩大合作的计划。工作组定义了四个必须满足的标准：“志同道合”、“重要参与者”、“互惠互利”和“全球考虑”。工作组的建议在2004年5月13日的OECD部长理事会会议上提出，并于2007年5月16日决定与智利、爱沙尼亚、以色列、俄罗斯和斯洛文尼亚开展加入谈判，并通过增强参与过程加强与巴西、中国、印度、印度尼西亚和南非的合作。[35]智利、斯洛文尼亚、以色列和爱沙尼亚均于2010年成为成员。[36]2014年3月，OECD因俄罗斯在2014年克里米亚吞并中的角色暂停了与其的加入谈判。[37][38]

In 2013, the OECD decided to open membership talks with Colombia and Latvia. In 2015, the Organisation opened talks with Costa Rica and Lithuania.[39] Latvia became a member on 1 July 2016, and Lithuania soon followed on 5 July 2018.[40][41] Colombia signed the accession agreement on 30 May 2018 and became a member on 28 April 2020.[42] On 15 May 2020, the OECD decided to extend a formal invitation for Costa Rica to join the OECD,[43] which joined as a member on 25 May 2021.[2]
【参考译文】2013年，OECD决定与哥伦比亚和拉脱维亚开始加入谈判。2015年，该组织与哥斯达黎加和立陶宛开始了加入谈判。[39]拉脱维亚于2016年7月1日成为成员，立陶宛紧随其后于2018年7月5日加入。[40][41]哥伦比亚于2018年5月30日签署了加入协议，并于2020年4月28日正式成为成员。[42]2020年5月15日，OECD决定正式邀请哥斯达黎加加入OECD，[43] 哥斯达黎加于2021年5月25日成为成员。[2]

Other countries that have expressed interest in OECD membership are Argentina, Brazil,[44] Croatia,[45] Malaysia[46] and Peru.[47]
【参考译文】其他表达了加入OECD愿望的国家包括阿根廷、巴西、[44] 克罗地亚、[45] 马来西亚、[46] 和秘鲁。[47]

In January 2022, the OECD reported that membership talks were underway with Argentina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Croatia, Peru and Romania.[48]
【参考译文】2022年1月，OECD报告称正在与阿根廷、巴西、保加利亚、克罗地亚、秘鲁和罗马尼亚进行加入谈判。[48]

In March 2022, the OECD suspended the participation of Russia and Belarus due to the ongoing 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[49]
【参考译文】2022年3月，由于2022年俄罗斯入侵乌克兰的持续冲突，OECD暂停了俄罗斯和白俄罗斯的参与。[49]

In June 2022, during the annual OECD Ministerial Council Meeting, the Roadmaps for the Accession to the OECD Convention for Brazil, Bulgaria, Croatia, Peru and Romania were adopted.[50]
【参考译文】2022年6月，在年度OECD部长理事会会议上，巴西、保加利亚、克罗地亚、秘鲁和罗马尼亚加入OECD公约的道路图被采纳。[50]

1.5 工作模式与历史影响

【辽观注】此标题是我们在搬运、整合过程中添加的。

经合组织的宗旨为：帮助各成员国家的政府实现可持续性经济增长和就业，成员国生活水准上升，同时保持金融稳定，从而为世界经济发展作出贡献。其组建公约中提出：经合组织应致力于为其成员国及其它国家在经济发展过程中的稳固经济扩展提供帮助，并在多边性和非歧视性的基础上为世界贸易增长作出贡献。

对于三十五个市场经济国家来说，经合组织是个独一无二的论坛。他们在一起工作然后发表关于全球化趋势下经济，社会和政府所面临的挑战和机遇。

经合组织提供了一个框架，在此框架内成员国可以交流经济发展经验，为共同的问题寻找答案，协调在国内外政策中合作实践。在这个论坛里，各国政府可以达成没有约束性的建议（软法律）或是有约束性的条约，这些文件对国际经济和贸易环境的改善具有强大的推动力。

经合组织成员国之间的信息交流是由设立在巴黎的秘书处提供的。秘书处集中数据，研究趋势，以及分析和预测经济发展。它也同时关注社会变化和贸易模式变化、环境、农业、科技、税务以及其他一些问题。

经合组织通过在经济增长、金融稳定、贸易和投资、技术创新、企业管理等方面的合作来帮助成员国保持繁荣并且扫除贫穷。同时它致力于在经济增长和社会发展的同时保护环境。经合组织的其他目标还包括为所有人创造就业机会、保障社会公正、建设廉洁有效能的政府等[1]。

经合组织身处倾听和努力的最前线，倾全力于帮助成员国政府对新的发展和关注做出反应，包括贸易和结构调整、网络安全以及在发展中国家脱贫中所面临的挑战。逾40年以来，经合组织已经成为世界上最大和最可靠的全球性经济和社会统计数据的来源之一。经合组织的数据库拥有跨越地域的数据，包括国家账目、经济指标、劳动力、贸易、就业、移民、教育、能源、健康、工业、税收和环境。大多数研究和分析报告已经出版。

在过去十年里，经合组织成功解决了一系列经济、社会和环境问题。因此也更加重了其在商业，贸易组合和其他有代表性的社会阶层之间的纽带作用。例如在经合组织框架下的税收和转移定价谈判就为世界范围内的双边税务谈判铺平了道路。

在其他领域里，经合组织也通过1999年2月生效的《经合组织反贪污行贿协定》而在全球范围内扮演处理贪污行贿行为的重要角色。

2. 目标与议题 | Objectives and issues

2.1 税收 | Taxation

The OECD sets the rules governing international taxation for multinationals through the OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises and Tax Administrations, a Model Tax Convention and country-by-country reporting rules.
【参考译文】OECD通过《跨国企业和税务机关转让定价指南》、《税收协定范本》以及国别报告规则来制定管理跨国企业国际税收的规则。

此图片遵循CC BY-SA 4.0协议

图片题注：Payroll and income tax by OECD country
参考译文：经合组织 (OECD) 国家的工资税和所得税

图片来源：OECD

The OECD publishes and updates a model tax convention that serves as a template for allocating taxation rights between countries. This model is accompanied by a set of commentaries that reflect OECD-level interpretation of the content of the model convention provisions. In general, this model allocates the primary right to tax to the country from which capital investment originates (i.e., the home, or resident country) rather than the country in which the investment is made (the host, or source country). As a result, it is most effective between two countries with reciprocal investment flows (such as among the OECD member countries), but can be unbalanced when one of the signatory countries is economically weaker than the other (such as between OECD and non-OECD pairings). Additionally, the OECD has published and updated the Transfer Pricing Guidelines since 1995. The Transfer Pricing Guidelines serve as a template for the profit allocation of inter-company transactions to countries. The latest version, of July 2017, incorporates the approved Actions developed under the Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) project initiated by the G20.[citation needed]
【参考译文】OECD发布并更新了一份税收协定范本，用作分配各国之间的征税权的模板。这份范本附带了一系列注释，反映了OECD层面对于模型条款内容的解释。通常情况下，该模型将征税的主要权利分配给资本投资的来源国（即母国或居住国），而不是投资所在国（东道国或来源国）。因此，它在两个相互进行投资流动的国家之间最为有效（例如OECD成员国之间），但在其中一个签字国比另一个经济实力较弱的情况下可能会失衡（例如OECD与非OECD国家配对）。此外，自1995年以来，OECD发布了并更新了《转让定价指南》。《转让定价指南》用作公司间交易利润分配的模板。最新版本于2017年7月发布，包含了根据G20发起的防止侵蚀税基和转移利润（BEPS）项目所批准的各项行动。[需要引用]

第一支柱 | Pillar 1

An OECD proposal to allocate multinational profits (for taxing purposes) to countries where they do business, by a formula, including to markets which multinationals sell into without a physical presence. This is hoped to eliminate the need for Digital Services Tax implemented by several countries, including France. There are exclusions and minimum thresholds, including banking and extractive industries. The proposal involves allocating only residual profit (i.e., profits above what is established through transfer pricing, thus creating a hybrid mechanism). This is essentially no change to what is currently allowed (routine profits allocated using transfer pricing + residual profits allocated through profit split).
【参考译文】OECD提出一项建议，通过公式化的方法将跨国公司的利润（用于征税目的）分配给那些它们开展业务的国家，包括那些跨国公司虽无实体存在但销售商品和服务的市场。这有望消除一些国家（包括法国）实施数字服务税的需求。该提案包含排除条款和最低门槛，例如银行业和资源开采行业。该提案涉及仅分配剩余利润（即超出通过转让定价确定的利润部分，从而形成一种混合机制）。这本质上是对现行允许的做法没有改变（常规利润通过转让定价分配 + 剩余利润通过利润分割分配）。

第二支柱 | Pillar 2

On 1 July 2021, finance officials from 130 countries agreed on plans for a new international taxation policy known as the global minimum corporate tax (of 15%). If a country taxes a multinational at a lower rate, the multinational’s HQ will receive the difference.
【参考译文】2021年7月1日，来自130个国家的财政官员同意了一项新的国际税收政策计划，即全球最低企业税率（15%）。如果某个国家对跨国公司征收的税率低于该最低税率，则该跨国公司的总部所在国将收取差额。

It is not certain when the proposals will be implemented.
【参考译文】目前还不确定这些提案何时能够得到实施。

All the major economies agreed to pass national laws that would require corporations to pay at least 15% income tax in the countries they operate. This new policy would end the practice of locating world headquarters in small countries with very low taxation rates. Governments hope to recoup some of the lost revenue, estimated at $100 billion to $240 billion each year. The new system was promoted by the Biden Administration in the United States and the OECD. Secretary-General Mathias Cormann of the OECD said, “This historic package will ensure that large multinational companies pay their fair share of tax everywhere.”[51]
【参考译文】所有主要经济体同意通过国内法律，要求企业在其经营所在的国家至少支付15%的企业所得税。这项新政策将终结在低税率小国设立全球总部的做法。政府希望借此挽回部分损失的税收收入，估计每年损失的税收收入在1000亿至2400亿美元之间。这项新制度得到了美国拜登政府和OECD的支持。OECD秘书长马蒂亚斯·科曼表示：“这一历史性的一揽子计划将确保大型跨国公司在所有地方支付公平的税收份额。”[51]

2.2 跨国公司 | Multinational corporations

The OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises are a set of legally non-binding guidelines attached as an annex to the OECD Declaration on International Investment and Multinational Enterprises. They are recommendations providing principles and standards for responsible business conduct for multinational corporations operating in or from countries adhering to the Declaration.[52]
【参考译文】OECD跨国企业指南是一套法律上非约束性的指南，作为附件附着在OECD关于国际投资和跨国企业的宣言中。这些是推荐性指南，为在遵守宣言的国家运营或来自这些国家的跨国企业提供负责任商业行为的原则和标准。[52]

3. 出版物 | Publications

The OECD publishes books, reports, statistics, working papers, and reference materials. All titles and databases published since 1998 can be accessed via OECD iLibrary. The OECD Library & Archives collection dates from 1947, including records from the Committee for European Economic Co-operation (CEEC) and the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC), predecessors of today’s OECD. External researchers can consult OECD publications and archival material on the OECD premises by appointment.[53]
【参考译文】OECD出版书籍、报告、统计数据、工作论文和参考资料。自1998年以来出版的所有标题和数据库都可以通过OECD iLibrary访问。OECD图书馆及档案馆的收藏始于1947年，包括来自欧洲经济合作委员会（CEEC）和欧洲经济合作组织（OEEC）的记录，这两个组织是现今OECD的前身。外部研究人员可以通过预约在OECD的场所查阅OECD的出版物和档案材料。[53]

3.1 图书 | Books

图3-1（发布于知乎想法）

The OECD releases about 600 books and over 400 papers yearly on topics spanning public policy. The publications are updated to the OECD iLibrary. Most books are published in English and French. The OECD flagship titles include:
【参考译文】OECD每年发布大约600本书籍和超过400篇论文，涵盖公共政策的各个领域。这些出版物都会更新到OECD iLibrary。大多数书籍都有英文和法文版。OECD的旗舰出版物包括：

  • The OECD Economic Outlook, published twice a year. It contains forecast and analysis of the economic situation of the OECD member countries. The OECD exceptionally published the 2020 Economic Outlook on 10 June 2020 to adjust economic forecasts greatly impacted by the Coronavirus since the March Interim Economic Outlook. The June Economic Outlook assesses the economic impact of COVID-19 and provides projections for economic impact if a second outbreak were to occur.[54]
    【参考译文】《OECD经济展望》，每年发布两次。它包含了OECD成员国经济状况的预测和分析。OECD于2020年6月10日例外地发布了2020年经济展望，以调整受冠状病毒影响而大幅变化的经济预测。6月的经济展望评估了COVID-19对经济的影响，并提供了如果发生第二波疫情时的经济影响预测。[54]
  • The Main Economic Indicators, published monthly. It contains a large selection of timely statistical indicators.
    【参考译文】《主要经济指标》，每月发布一次。它包含大量及时的统计指标。
  • The OECD Factbook is published yearly and available online, as an iPhone app, and in print. The Factbook contains more than 100 economic, environmental and social indicators, each presented with a clear definition, tables, and graphs. The Factbook mainly focuses on the statistics of its member countries and sometimes other major additional countries. It is freely accessible online and delivers all the data in Excel format via StatLinks.
    【参考译文】《OECD事实手册》每年发布，并可在线获取，也有iPhone应用程序和印刷版。该手册包含100多个经济、环境和社会指标，每个指标都配有清晰的定义、表格和图表。该手册主要关注其成员国的统计数据，有时也会包括其他重要的非成员国。它可以在网上免费获取，并通过StatLinks提供Excel格式的所有数据。
  • The OECD Communications Outlook and the OECD Internet Economy Outlook (formerly the Information Technology Outlook), which rotate every year. They contain forecasts and analysis of the communications and information technology industries in OECD member countries and non-member economies.
    【参考译文】《OECD通信展望》和《OECD互联网经济展望》（以前称为《信息技术展望》），每年轮流发布。它们包含了OECD成员国和非成员国经济中通信和信息技术行业的预测和分析。
  • In 2007 the OECD published Human Capital: How what you know shapes your life, the first book in the OECD Insights series. This series uses OECD analysis and data to introduce important social and economic issues to non-specialist readers. Other books in the series cover sustainable development, international trade and international migration. The series was discontinued in 2017.[55]
    【参考译文】2007年，OECD出版了《人力资本：你所知道的知识如何塑造你的人生》，这是OECD Insights系列的第一本书。该系列利用OECD的分析和数据向非专业读者介绍重要的社会和经济问题。该系列的其他书籍涵盖了可持续发展、国际贸易和国际移民。该系列于2017年停止发行。[55]

All OECD books are available on the OECD iLibrary, the online bookshop or OECD Library & Archives.[53]
【参考译文】所有OECD的书籍都可以在OECD iLibrary、在线书店或OECD图书馆及档案馆找到。[53]

3.2 杂志 | Magazine

OECD Observer, an award-winning magazine,[n 1] was launched in 1962.[56] The magazine appeared six times a year until 2010, and became quarterly in 2011 with the introduction of the OECD Yearbook, launched for the 50th anniversary of the organisation.[57] The online and mobile[58] editions contained news, analysis, reviews, commentaries and data on global economic, social and environmental challenges and listings of the latest OECD books.[59] An OECD Observer Crossword was introduced in Q2 2013.[60] The OECD Observer was last issued in the fourth quarter of 2019, with a double edition looking ahead at artificial intelligence, and a cover leading on why statistical offices should hire a comedian. The OECD Observer website closed in the first quarter of 2021; the archive can be consulted at www.oecd.org.
【参考译文】《OECD观察家》是一份屡获殊荣的杂志[n 1]，于1962年创刊。[56]该杂志直到2010年每年发行六期，在2011年随着《OECD年鉴》的推出改为季刊，以庆祝该组织成立50周年。[57]在线和移动[58]版本包含了有关全球经济、社会和环境挑战的新闻、分析、评论和数据，以及最新的OECD书籍列表。[59]《OECD观察家》在2013年第2季度引入了填字游戏。该杂志最后一次发行是在2019年第4季度，双期特刊展望了人工智能的发展，并且封面文章探讨了为什么统计局应该聘请喜剧演员。《OECD观察家》网站在2021年第1季度关闭；存档资料可以在http://www.oecd.org查阅。

3.3 统计资料 | Statistics

The OECD is known as a statistical agency, as it publishes comparable statistics on numerous subjects. In July 2014, the OECD publicly released its main statistical databases through the OECD Data Portal, an online platform that allows visitors to create custom charts based on official OECD indicators.[61][62]
【参考译文】OECD作为一个统计机构而闻名，因为它发布了许多主题的可比较统计数据。2014年7月，OECD通过OECD数据门户公开发布了其主要统计数据库，这是一个在线平台，允许访客根据官方OECD指标创建自定义图表。[61][62]

OECD statistics are available in several forms:
【参考译文】OECD的统计资料以多种形式提供：

  • as interactive charts on the OECD Data Portal,
    【参考译文】作为OECD数据门户上的交互式图表，
  • as interactive databases on iLibrary together with key comparative and country tables,
    【参考译文】作为iLibrary上的交互式数据库，附带关键比较和国家表格，
  • as static files or dynamic database views on the OECD Statistics portal,
    【参考译文】作为OECD统计资料门户上的静态文件或动态数据库视图，
  • as StatLinks (in most OECD books, there is a URL that links to the underlying data).
    【参考译文】作为StatLinks（在大多数OECD书籍中，有一个URL链接指向底层数据）。

In July 2024, the OECD announced that it “has transitioned to [an] open-access information model” and that Creative Commons CC‑BY‑4.0 attribution licenses will be used on all data and publications. [63]
【参考译文】2024年7月，OECD宣布已“过渡到开放获取信息模式”，并且将在所有数据和出版物上使用Creative Commons CC-BY-4.0归属许可。[63]

3.4 工作论文 | Working papers

There are 15 working papers series published by the various directorates of the OECD Secretariat. They are available on iLibrary, as well as on many specialised portals.
【参考译文】OECD秘书处的各个司局共出版了15个系列的工作论文。这些工作论文可在iLibrary以及许多专业门户网站上获取。

3.5 参考文献 | Reference works

The OECD is responsible for the OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, a continuously updated document that is a de facto standard (i.e., soft law).[64]
【参考译文】OECD负责维护《OECD化学品测试指南》，这是一份不断更新的文件，实际上已成为一项标准（即软法）。[64]

It published the OECD Environmental Outlook to 2030 in March 2008, which argues that tackling key environmental problems—including climate change, biodiversity loss, water scarcity, and the health impacts of pollution—is both achievable and affordable.[65]
【参考译文】2008年3月，OECD发布了《2030年环境展望》，该报告认为应对关键环境问题——包括气候变化、生物多样性的丧失、水资源短缺以及污染对健康的影响——既可行又负担得起。[65]

3.6 SDG路径探索者 | SDG Pathfinder

In 2020, the inaugural University Press Redux Sustainability Award was given to OECD by the Association of Learned and Professional Society Publishers (ALPSP) and Cambridge University Press.[66] The award recognized the development of the SDG Pathfinder, an open-access digital discovery tool for finding content and data relating to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).[67][68]
【参考译文】2020年，OECD获得了学会和专业出版社协会（ALPSP）与剑桥大学出版社共同颁发的首届大学出版社Redux可持续发展奖。[66]该奖项认可了SDG路径探索者的开发，这是一个开放获取的数字发现工具，用于查找与可持续发展目标（SDGs）相关的内容和数据。[67][68]

4. 结构 | Structure

The OECD’s structure consists of three main elements:[69]
【参考译文】OECD的结构主要包括三个部分：[69]

  • The OECD member countries, each represented by a delegation led by an ambassador. Together, they form the OECD Council. Member countries act collectively through Council (and its Standing Committees) to provide direction and guidance to the work of Organisation.
    【参考译文】OECD成员国，每个国家由一名大使领导的代表团代表。他们共同组成了OECD理事会。成员国通过理事会（及其常设委员会）集体行动，为组织的工作提供方向和指导。
  • The OECD Substantive Committees, one for each work area of the OECD, plus their various subsidiary bodies. Committee members are typically subject-matter experts from member and non-member governments. The Committees oversee all the work on each theme (publications, task forces, conferences, and so on). Committee members then relay the conclusions to their capitals.
    【参考译文】OECD实质委员会，每个工作领域都有一个委员会，加上其各种下属机构。委员会成员通常是来自成员国和非成员国政府的专业人士。委员会监督每个主题的所有工作（包括出版物、工作组、会议等）。然后，委员会成员将结论传回他们的本国政府。
  • The OECD Secretariat, led by the Secretary-General (currently Mathias Cormann), provides support to Standing and Substantive Committees. It is organised into Directorates, which include about 2,500 staff.
    【参考译文】OECD秘书处，在秘书长（现任为Mathias Cormann）的领导下，为常设和实质委员会提供支持。秘书处按司局组织，约有2500名工作人员。

4.1 会议 | Meetings

图4-1（发布于知乎想法）

Delegates from the member countries attend committee and other meetings. Former Deputy Secretary-General Pierre Vinde [sv] estimated in 1997 that the cost borne by the member countries, such as sending their officials to OECD meetings and maintaining permanent delegations, is equivalent to the cost of running the secretariat.[70] This ratio is unique among inter-governmental organisations.[citation needed] In other words, the OECD is more a persistent forum or network of officials and experts than an administration.
【参考译文】成员国的代表参加委员会和其他会议。前副秘书长皮埃尔·温德（Pierre Vinde）在1997年估计，成员国承担的成本，如派遣官员参加OECD会议和维持常驻代表团，相当于运行秘书处的成本。[70]这种比例在政府间组织中是独一无二的。[需要引证]换句话说，OECD更像是一个持续的论坛或官员和专家网络，而不是一个行政机构。

The OECD regularly holds minister-level meetings and forums as platforms for a discussion on a broad spectrum of thematic issues relevant to the OECD charter, member countries, and non-member countries.[71]
【参考译文】OECD定期举行部长级会议和论坛，作为讨论与OECD宪章、成员国以及非成员国相关的一系列主题议题的平台。[71]

Noteworthy meetings include:
【参考译文】值得注意的会议包括：

  • The yearly Ministerial Council Meeting, with the Ministers of Economy of all member countries and the candidates for enhanced engagement among the countries.
    【参考译文】每年的部长级理事会会议，所有成员国的经济部长以及增强参与资格的候选国的部长们参加。
  • The annual OECD Forum, which brings together leaders from business, government, labour, civil society and international organisations. Held every year since June 2000, the OECD Forum takes the form of conferences and discussions, is open to public participation and is held in conjunction with the MCM.
    【参考译文】每年的OECD论坛，汇集了来自商界、政府、劳工、民间社会和国际组织的领导人。自2000年6月以来每年举办一次，OECD论坛采取会议和讨论的形式，向公众开放，并与部长级理事会会议同期举行。
  • Thematic Ministerial Meetings, held among Ministers of a given domain (i.e., all Ministers of Labour, all Ministers of Environment, etc.).
    【参考译文】主题部长级会议，由特定领域的部长们参加（例如，所有劳动部长、所有环境部长等）。
  • The bi-annual World Forum on Statistics, Knowledge and Policies, which does not usually take place in the OECD. This series of meetings has the ambition to measure and foster progress in societies.
    【参考译文】双年度的世界统计、知识和政策论坛，通常不在OECD所在地举行。这一系列会议旨在衡量并促进社会进步。
  • The Forum for Harmful Tax Practices
    【参考译文】有害税收行为论坛
  • The Committee on Fiscal Affairs[citation needed]
    【参考译文】财政事务委员会[citation needed]
  • OECD Eurasia Week, which includes several high-level policy dialogue discussions to share best practices and experiences in addressing common development and economic challenges in Eurasia.[72]
    【参考译文】OECD欧亚周，包括几个高级别政策对话讨论，分享应对欧亚地区共同发展的经济挑战的最佳实践和经验。[72]

4.2 秘书处 | Secretariat

图4-2（发布于知乎想法）

Exchanges between OECD governments benefit from the information, analysis, and preparation of the OECD Secretariat. The secretariat collects data, monitors trends, and analyses and forecasts economic developments. Under the direction and guidance of member governments, it also researches social changes or evolving patterns in trade, environment, education, agriculture, technology, taxation and other areas.
【参考译文】各国政府之间的交流得益于OECD秘书处提供的信息、分析和准备工作。秘书处收集数据、监测趋势并分析和预测经济发展。在成员国政府的指导和指导下，它还研究社会变化或贸易、环境、教育、农业、技术、税收等领域的发展模式。

The secretariat is organised in Directorates:[73]
【参考译文】秘书处按司局组织：[73]

  • Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs, Regions and Cities【创业、中小企业、地区和城市中心】
  • Centre for Tax Policy and Administration【税收政策与管理中心】
  • Development Co-operation Directorate【发展合作司】
  • Directorate for Education and Skills【教育与技能司】
  • Directorate for Employment, Labour, and Social Affairs【就业、劳动和社会事务司】
  • Directorate for Financial and Enterprise Affairs【金融和企业事务司】
  • Directorate for Science, Technology, and Innovation【科学、技术和创新司】
  • Economics Department【经济部】
  • Environment Directorate【环境司】
  • Public Governance Directorate【公共治理司】
  • Statistics Directorate【统计司】
  • Trade and Agriculture Directorate【贸易和农业司】
  • General Secretariat【总秘书处】
  • Executive Directorate【执行司】
  • Public Affairs and Communication Directorate【公共事务和传播司】

4.3 秘书长 | Secretary-General

The head of the OECD Secretariat and chair of the OECD Council is the Secretary-General. Secretary-General selections are made by consensus, meaning all member states must agree on a candidate.[74]
【参考译文】OECD秘书处的负责人和OECD理事会的主席是秘书长。秘书长的选拔采用共识方式，这意味着所有成员国必须就候选人达成一致意见。[74]

4.4 委员会 | Committees

Representatives of member and observer countries meet in specialised committees on specific policy areas, such as economics, trade, science, employment, education, development assistance or financial markets. There are about 200 committees, working groups and expert groups. Committees discuss policies and review progress in the given policy area.[81]
【参考译文】成员国和观察员国的代表在专门委员会中就特定政策领域（如经济、贸易、科学、就业、教育、发展援助或金融市场）会面。大约有200个委员会、工作组和专家小组。委员会讨论政策并对给定政策领域的进展进行审议。[81]

图4-3（发布于知乎想法）

4.5 专门机构 | Special bodies

OECD has a number of specialised bodies:[82]
【参考译文】OECD拥有一系列专门机构：[82]

5. 投票 | Voting

OECD decisions are made through voting, which requires unanimity among all of those voting. Each member country has one vote.[83] However, dissenting members which do not wish to block a decision but merely to signal their disapproval can abstain from voting.[84] 22 of the OECD member countries are also EU member states.[85]
【参考译文】OECD的决策是通过投票作出的，这需要所有参与投票的国家一致同意。每个成员国有一票。[83]但是，不同意但又不想阻止决定而只是想表示不赞成的成员国可以选择弃权。[84]22个OECD成员国同时也是欧盟成员国。[85]

6. 成员国 | Member countries

6.1 当前的成员 | Current members

As of May 2021 there are 38 members of the OECD:[1][2]
【参考译文】截至2021年5月，OECD共有38个成员国：[1][2]

6.2 非成员合作关系

当前有25个国家或地区以观察员身份或等同成员国的权限，参与OECD部分委员会的工作；除了个别欧洲联盟成员国外，欧盟委员会亦分别参与OECD的工作。此外，OECD理事会于2007年5月的部长级会议中决定，正式开始考虑俄罗斯联邦的入会申请，并与若干经济规模较大的发展中国家建立“强化合作伙伴”（英语：Enhanced Engagement）关系，以追求世界各区域间的均衡发展。[6]列表中打*号者是世界银行“高收入经济体”[2]。

6.2.1 附属领土 | Dependent territories

Dependent territories of member states are not members in their own right, but may have membership as part of their sovereign state.[109] As of January 2021, the Dutch Caribbean and the British territories of Guernsey, Jersey, the Isle of Man, Gibraltar, and Bermuda are included as part of the OECD memberships of the Netherlands and the U.K., respectively.[110][111] Other dependent territories of OECD member states are not members of the OECD.
【参考译文】成员国的附属领土本身不是成员，但可以作为其主权国家的一部分拥有会员资格。[109]截至2021年1月，荷兰加勒比海地区和英国的根西岛、泽西岛、曼岛、直布罗陀及百慕大作为荷兰和英国各自OECD会员的一部分被包括在内。[110][111]其他OECD成员国的附属领土不是OECD的成员。

6.2.2 参与伙伴 | Participating partners

The European Commission participates in the work of the OECD alongside the EU member states.[112] The OECD designates Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, and South Africa as Key Partners, which participate in policy discussions in OECD bodies, and take part in regular OECD surveys.[113][114]
【参考译文】欧盟委员会与欧盟成员国一起参与OECD的工作。[112]OECD指定巴西、中国、印度、印度尼西亚和南非为关键伙伴，它们参与OECD机构的政策讨论，并定期参与OECD的调查。[113][114]

6.3.3 委员会观察员或其他参与者

6.3 正在谈判加入的国家 | Negotiating membership

6.3+1 申请加入的国家 | Applicants

  •  Malta applied in 2007[118]【马耳他 于2007年申请[118]】
  •  Ukraine applied in 2022[119]【乌克兰 于2022年申请[119]】

6.5 表达兴趣的国家 | Expressed interest

6.6 曾经的成员国 | Former members

The Free Territory of Trieste (Zone A) was a member of the OEEC until 1954, when it merged with Italy and ceased to exist as an independent territorial entity.[15]
【参考译文】特里斯特自由区（A区）曾是OEEC的成员国，直到1954年与意大利合并，不再作为一个独立的领土实体存在。[15]

6.7 加入谈判中止的国家 | Accession talks terminated

In May 2007, the OECD decided to open accession negotiations with Russia.[35] In March 2014, the OECD halted membership talks in response to Russia’s role in that year’s Crimean Annexation and continuous human and civil rights abuses.[37][38] On 25 February 2022, the OECD terminated the accession process with Russia after it invaded Ukraine.[123] In March 2022, Belarus was suspended from any participation in the OECD.[124]
【参考译文】2007年5月，OECD决定启动与俄罗斯的加入谈判。[35]2014年3月，鉴于俄罗斯在当年克里米亚事件中的角色以及持续的人权和公民权利侵犯行为，OECD暂停了与俄罗斯的成员国资格谈判。[37][38]2022年2月25日，在俄罗斯入侵乌克兰后，OECD终止了与俄罗斯的加入进程。[123]2022年3月，白俄罗斯被暂停参与OECD的任何活动。[124]

7. 预算 | Budget

As of 2023, the OECD’s budget is composed of Part I and Part II programmes of work. All member countries contribute funding to the Part I budget, representing around two thirds of OECD Part I expenditure. The contributions (see table below) are based on both a proportion that is shared equally among member countries and a scale that is proportional to the relative size of their economies. The Part I budget for 2023 is €219.6 million. The part II budgets, meanwhile, cover programmes that are of interest to a limited number of members and are funded according to scales of contributions or other agreements among the participating countries. The consolidated Part II budgets for 2023 amount to €118.7 million.[3]
【参考译文】截至2023年，OECD的预算由第一部分和第二部分的工作计划组成。所有成员国都为第一部分预算提供资金，这部分约占OECD第一部分支出的三分之二。贡献（见下表）基于成员国之间平均分配的比例以及与其经济体相对规模成比例的尺度。2023年第一部分预算为2.196亿欧元。与此同时，第二部分预算涵盖了仅对少数成员国感兴趣的项目，并根据参与国之间的贡献尺度或其他协议提供资金。2023年的第二部分合并预算总额为1.187亿欧元。[3]

The overall combined OECD budget for 2023 comes to €338.3 million.[3]
【参考译文】2023年OECD的整体合并预算总计为3.383亿欧元。[3]

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