新加坡 / Singapore – （全文）中英文维基百科词条融合

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0. 概述

辽观注：此标题是我们在搬运、整合过程中添加的。

0.1 文字说明

辽观注：此标题是我们在搬运、整合过程中添加的。

新加坡共和国（英语：Republic of Singapore；马来语：Republik Singapura；泰米尔语：சிங்கப்பூர் குடியரசு，罗马化：Ciṅkappūr Kuṭiyaracu），通称新加坡，别称星加坡、狮城、星洲、星国，是位于东南亚的岛国和城邦，位于中南半岛最南端，扼守马六甲海峡最南端的出口，位于其南面的新加坡海峡与印度尼西亚相隔，北面的柔佛海峡与马来西亚相隔，并以新柔长堤与第二通道两座桥梁相连于新马两岸之间。新加坡由新加坡岛等63个岛屿组成，面积为728平方公里，因绿化程度较高而有花园城市之美称。

It is about one degree of latitude (137 kilometres or 85 miles) north of the equator, off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, bordering the Strait of Malacca to the west, the Singapore Strait to the south along with the Riau Islands in Indonesia, the South China Sea to the east, and the Straits of Johor along with the State of Johor in Malaysia to the north. The country’s territory comprises one main island, 63 satellite islands and islets, and one outlying islet; the combined area of these has increased by approximately 25% since the country’s independence as a result of extensive land reclamation projects. It has the third highest population density of any country in the world, although there are numerous green and recreational spaces as a result of urban planning. With a multicultural population and in recognition of the cultural identities of the major ethnic groups within the nation, Singapore has four official languages: English, Malay, Mandarin, and Tamil. English is the common language, with exclusive use in numerous public services. Multi-racialism is enshrined in the constitution and continues to shape national policies in education, housing, and politics.
【参考译文】它位于赤道以北大约一度的纬度（137公里或85英里）处，在马来半岛的南端附近，西部与马六甲海峡接壤，南部与新加坡海峡以及印度尼西亚的廖内群岛相邻，东部面向南中国海，北部则与马来西亚柔佛州及柔佛海峡相接。该国领土包括一个主岛、63个卫星岛屿和小岛，以及一个偏远小岛；自独立以来，这些土地的总面积因广泛的填海造地项目而增加了约25%。新加坡是世界上人口密度第三高的国家，尽管由于城市规划，这里拥有众多的绿色空间和休闲场所。新加坡是一个多元文化的国家，为了认可国内主要族群的文化身份，新加坡有四种官方语言：英语、马来语、汉语普通话和泰米尔语。英语是通用语言，在许多公共服务中独占使用。多种族主义被写入宪法，并继续影响教育、住房和政治方面的国家政策。

Singapore’s history dates back at least eight hundred years, having been a maritime emporium known as Temasek and subsequently a major constituent part of several successive thalassocratic empires.
【参考译文】新加坡的历史至少可以追溯到八百年前，当时它是一个被称为淡马锡的海上贸易港口，后来成为几个连续的海洋帝国的重要组成部分。

1819年，任职于英国不列颠东印度公司的斯坦福·莱佛士与柔佛苏丹签订条约，获准在新加坡建立交易站和殖民地，经莱佛士的努力，逐渐发展成繁荣的转口港。由于地理位置特殊，新加坡在第二次世界大战以前一直是大英帝国在东南亚最重要的战略据点。1942年至1945年间，新加坡曾被日本占领三年半之久，其后回归英国管理，并从海峡殖民地独立出来，1959年成立自治邦，1963年以独立城邦的形式加入马来西亚，称为新加坡州（简称星州）。但在1965年8月9日，马来西亚国会以126票赞成、0票反对，同意将新加坡驱逐出马来西亚联邦，使新加坡独立建国，成立新加坡共和国。

After early years of turbulence and despite lacking natural resources and a hinterland, the nation rapidly developed to become one of the Four Asian Tigers. With its growth based on international trade and economic globalisation, it integrated itself with the world economy through free trade with minimal trade barriers and tariffs, export-oriented industrialisation, and the large accumulation of received foreign direct investments, foreign exchange reserves, and assets held by sovereign wealth funds. As a highly developed country, it has one of the highest GDP per capita (PPP) in the world. Identified as a tax haven, Singapore is the only country in Asia with a AAA sovereign credit rating from all major rating agencies. It is a major aviation, financial, and maritime shipping hub and has consistently been ranked as one of the most expensive cities to live in for expatriates and foreign workers. Singapore ranks highly in key social indicators: education, healthcare, quality of life, personal safety, infrastructure, and housing, with a home-ownership rate of 88 percent. Singaporeans enjoy one of the longest life expectancies, fastest Internet connection speeds, lowest infant mortality rates, and lowest levels of corruption in the world.
【参考译文】新加坡在成立初期虽然经历了动荡，并且缺乏自然资源和腹地，但该国迅速发展成为亚洲四小龙之一。凭借基于国际贸易和经济全球化的发展模式，新加坡通过自由贸易、最低的贸易壁垒和关税、出口导向型工业化以及大量积累的外国直接投资、外汇储备和主权财富基金持有的资产，将自己与世界经济融为一体。作为一个高度发达的国家，新加坡拥有世界上最高的人均GDP（PPP）之一。被认定为避税天堂的新加坡是亚洲唯一一个在所有主要评级机构中均获得AAA主权信用评级的国家。它是一个重要的航空、金融和海运枢纽，并一直被评为外籍人士和外国工作者生活成本最高的城市之一。新加坡在关键社会指标上排名很高：教育、医疗保健、生活质量、个人安全、基础设施和住房，其房屋拥有率为88%。新加坡人享有世界上最长的寿命预期、最快的互联网连接速度、最低的婴儿死亡率和最低的腐败水平。

1970年代以来，新加坡经济迅速发展，被誉为“亚洲四小龙”之一，人均国内生产总值、人类发展指数高居全球前列。目前，新加坡是全球重要的炼油、贸易、物流中心，也是亚洲最大的国际金融中心^[8][9]。2014年，新加坡的住房自有率为90.3%。2020年，新加坡人口逾560万，是全球人口密度最大的国家之一^{[10][11][12][13]}。新加坡是一个多元种族、多元文化、多语言的国家，其国族建构基于公民民族主义^[14][15][16]。

Singapore is a parliamentary republic in the Westminster tradition of unicameral parliamentary government, and its legal system is based on common law. While the country is de jure a multi-party democracy with free elections, the government under the People’s Action Party (PAP) wields widespread control and political dominance. The PAP has governed the country continuously since full internal self-government was achieved in 1959, and holds a supermajority in Parliament. One of the five founding members of ASEAN, Singapore is also the headquarters of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Secretariat, the Pacific Economic Cooperation Council Secretariat, and is the host city of many international conferences and events. Singapore is also a member of the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the East Asia Summit, the Non-Aligned Movement, and the Commonwealth of Nations.
【参考译文】新加坡是一个采用西敏寺传统单院议会制的议会共和制国家，其法律体系基于普通法。虽然该国在法律上是一个多党民主制国家，拥有自由选举，但自1959年获得完全内部自治以来，人民行动党（PAP）一直持续执政并在政治上占据主导地位。人民行动党在议会中持有绝大多数席位。作为东盟五个创始成员国之一，新加坡也是亚太经济合作组织秘书处、太平洋经济合作委员会秘书处的总部所在地，并且是许多国际会议和活动的主办城市。新加坡还是联合国、世界贸易组织、东亚峰会、不结盟运动和英联邦的成员国。

0.2 概况表格

辽观注：此标题是我们在搬运、整合过程中添加的。

Republic of Singapore Malay:Republik Singapura Mandarin:新加坡共和国 Xīnjiāpō Gònghéguó Tamil:சிங்கப்பூர் குடியரசு Ciṅkappūr Kuṭiyaracu
Motto【国家格言】: Majulah Singapura (Malay)【前进吧，新加坡（马来语）】 “Onward Singapore”
Anthem: Majulah Singapura (Malay)【国歌：《前进吧，新加坡》（马来语）】 “Onward Singapore” Duration: 1 minute and 20 seconds.1:20【时长：1分20秒。】
Capital【首都】	Singapore (city-state)[a] 1°17′N 103°50′E
Largest planning area by population 【按人口计算的最大区划】	Bedok[2]
Official languages 【官方语言】	English【英语】 Malay【马来语】 Mandarin【华语（汉语）普通话】 Tamil【泰米尔语】
National language 【国家语言】	Malay【马来语】 {中文词条原注：《新加坡共和国宪法》第153A(2)条：国语应为马来语，并应使用罗马文字…（The national language shall be the Malay language and shall be in the Roman script…）}
Ethnic groups (2023)[b]【族群（2023年）】	62.0% Singaporean【新加坡公民】 9.1% Permanent resident 【外籍新加坡永久居民】 71.1% Citizen/resident 【新加坡公民+永久居民】 · 74.3% Chinese【华裔】 · 13.5% Malay【马来裔】 · 9.0% Indian 【印度裔】 · 3.2% Other 【其他】 28.9% Non-citizen/resident【非新加坡公民或居民】
Religion (2020)[c][注3]	31.1% Buddhism【佛教】 20.0% no religion【无宗教】 18.9% Christianity【基督宗教】（包含天主教以及新教等基督徒。） 15.6% Islam【伊斯兰教】 8.8% Taoism【道教】 5.0% Hinduism【印度教】 0.6% other【其他】
Demonym(s)【英语中对本地人的称呼】	Singaporean
Government 【政体】	Unitary parliamentary republic【单一制议会共和国】
• President 【总统】	Tharman Shanmugaratnam / 尚达曼
• Prime Minister 【总理】	Lawrence Wong / 黄循财
• Speaker of Parliament 【议长】	Seah Kian Peng / 谢健平
• Chief Justice 【首席大法官】	Sundaresh Menon / 梅达顺
Legislature 【立法机构】	Parliament / 新加坡国会
Independence from the United Kingdom and Malaysia【从英国和马来西亚独立】
• Self-governance 【从英国取得自治】	3 June 1959【1959年6月3日】
• Malaysia Agreement 【马来西亚协定】	16 September 1963【1963年9月16日[4]】
• Proclamation of Singapore 【独立建国】	9 August 1965【1965年8月9日】
Area【面积】
• Total【总计】	735.6 km2 (284.0 sq mi)[4] (176th) 【735.6平方公里（284.0平方英里）[4]（世界第176位）】
Population【人口】
• 2023 estimate 【2023年估计值】	5,917,600[d] (113th)【5,917,600[d]（世界第113位）】
• Density【人口密度】	7,804/km2 (20,212.3/sq mi) (2nd) 【7,804人/平方公里（20,212.3人/平方英里）（世界第二）】
GDP (PPP)【国内生产总值（购买力平价）】	2024 estimate【2024年估计值】
• Total【总值】	$794.179 billion[6] (38th)【7941.79亿[6]（世界第38位）】
• Per capita【人均】	$133,737[6] (3rd)【133,737美元[6]（世界第三）】
GDP (nominal)【国内生产总值（名义/按汇率）】	2024 estimate【2024年估计值】
• Total【总值】	$525.228 billion[6] (32nd)【5252.28亿美元[6]（世界第32位）】
• Per capita【人均】	$91,100[6] (5th)【91,100美元[6]（世界第五）】
Gini (2023) 【基尼系数（2023年）】	43.3[7] medium inequality【中等不平等】
HDI (2022) 【人类发展指数（2022年）】	0.949[8] very high (9th)【极高（世界第9位）】
Currency【货币】	Singapore dollar (S$) (SGD)【新加坡元（S$）（SGD）】
Time zone【时区】	UTC+8 (Singapore Standard Time)【东八区（新加坡标准时间）】
Calling code 【电话区号】	+65
ISO 3166 code 【国际国家地区码】	SG
Internet TLD / 互联网顶级域	.sg .新加坡 .சிங்கப்பூர்

0.3 国名 | Name and etymology

Main article: Names of Singapore【主条目：新加坡的国名】

The English name of “Singapore” is an anglicisation of the native Malay name for the country, Singapura (pronounced [siŋapura]), which was in turn derived from the Sanskrit word for ‘lion city’ (Sanskrit: सिंहपुर; romanised: Siṃhapura; Brahmi: 𑀲𑀺𑀁𑀳𑀧𑀼𑀭; literally “lion city”; siṃha means ‘lion’, pura means ‘city’ or ‘fortress’).^[9] Pulau Ujong was one of the earliest references to Singapore Island, which corresponds to a Chinese account from the third century referred to a place as Pú Luó Zhōng (Chinese: 蒲 羅 中), a transcription of the Malay name for ‘island at the end of a peninsula‘.^[10] Early references to the name Temasek (or Tumasik) are found in the Nagarakretagama, a Javanese eulogy written in 1365, and a Vietnamese source from the same time period. The name possibly means Sea Town, being derived from the Malay tasek, meaning ‘sea’ or ‘lake’.^[11] The Chinese traveller Wang Dayuan visited a place around 1330 named Danmaxi (Chinese: 淡馬錫; pinyin: Dànmǎxí; Wade–Giles: Tan Ma Hsi) or Tam ma siak, depending on pronunciation; this may be a transcription of Temasek, alternatively, it may be a combination of the Malay Tanah meaning ‘land’ and Chinese xi meaning ‘tin’, which was traded on the island.^[12][11]
【参考译文】“新加坡”这个名字的英文形式是对该国本土马来名字Singapura（发音为[sɪŋapura]）的英语化，而Singapura这个名字又来源于梵语中的“狮城”（梵语：सिंहपुर；转写：Siṃhapura；婆罗米字母：𑀲𑀺𑀁𑀳𑀧𑀼𑀭；字面意思是“狮城”；siṃha意为“狮子”，pura意为“城”或“堡垒”）。[9]Pulau Ujong是新加坡岛最早的名称之一，对应的是公元三世纪的一个中文记载中的地方名Pú Luó Zhōng（中文：蒲 羅 中），这是马来语“半岛末端的岛屿”的音译。[10]Temasek（或Tumasik）这个名字的早期参考可以在1365年编写的爪哇颂词Nagarakretagama以及同时期的越南文献中找到。这个名字可能意味着“海镇”，源自马来语tasek，意思是“海”或“湖”。[11]大约在1330年，中国旅行家王大渊访问了一个名为Danmaxi（中文：淡马锡；拼音：Dànmǎxí；威妥玛拼音：Tan Ma Hsi）或Tam ma siak的地方，这可能是Temasek的音译，或者另一种解释是马来语Tanah（意为“土地”）与中国话xi（意为“锡”，该岛上曾交易过锡）的组合。[12][11]

“新加坡”（sin-ka-pho）源自于福建话对于英语名称“Singapore”的音译。其英文名则来自马来语“Singapura”，继而来自梵语“सिंहपुर”（IAST: Siṃhapura），其中siṃha意为狮子，pura意为城市，因此新加坡又被称为“狮城”，其国徽和著名象征鱼尾狮也源于此。过去，“新加坡”一直用“新嘉坡”作为其独立初期的通用国名。

Variations of the name Siṃhapura were used for a number of cities throughout the region prior to the establishment of the Kingdom of Singapura. In Hindu–Buddhist culture, lions were associated with power and protection, which may explain the attraction of such a name.^[13][14] The name Singapura supplanted Temasek sometime before the 15th century, after the establishment of the Kingdom of Singapura on the island by a fleeing Sumatran Raja (prince) from Palembang. However, the precise time and reason for the name change is unknown. The semi-historical Malay Annals state that Temasek was christened Singapura by Sang Nila Utama, a 13th-century Sumatran Raja from Palembang. The Annals state that Sang Nila Utama encountered a strange beast on the island that he took to be a lion. Seeing this as an omen, he established the town of Singapura where he encountered the beast.^{[15]: 37, 88–92 [16]: 30–31} The second hypothesis, drawn from Portuguese sources, postulates that this mythical story is based on the real life Parameswara of Palembang. Parameswara declared independence from Majapahit and mounted a Lion Throne. After then being driven into exile by the Javanese, he usurped control over Temasek. He may have rechristened the area as Singapura, recalling the throne he had been driven from.^[17]
【参考译文】Siṃhapura这个名字的变体在新加坡王国建立之前就被用于该地区的多个城市。在印度教-佛教文化中，狮子与权力和保护相关联，这或许可以解释为何这样的名字如此吸引人。[13][14]Singapura这个名字在15世纪之前某个时候取代了Temasek，这发生在一位从巴邻旁逃离的苏门答腊王子在岛上建立了新加坡王国之后。然而，具体的时间和改名的原因并不清楚。半历史性的《马来纪年》记载称，Temasek是由来自13世纪的苏门答腊王子Sang Nila Utama重新命名为Singapura的。据说Sang Nila Utama在岛上遇到了一种奇怪的野兽，他将其视为狮子。他认为这是个吉兆，并在他遇到这种野兽的地方建立了Singapura镇。[15]: 37, 88–92 [16]: 30–31  另一个假设来源于葡萄牙史料，认为这个神话故事基于真实的历史人物Parameswara的故事。Parameswara宣布从满者伯夷独立，并登上了狮子宝座。后来被爪哇人驱逐流亡后，他篡夺了Temasek的控制权。他可能将此地重新命名为Singapura，以此纪念他曾被驱逐的那个狮子宝座。[17]

1967年新加坡政府成立统一街名翻译委员会，开始对新加坡的地名、街名进行统一工作。1972年4月25日，“新加坡”正式成为国家的华文译名。新加坡独立之前出现不少衍生的国名称谓，例如“星嘉坡”、“星加坡”、“新架坡”、“星架坡”、“石叻”、“叻埠”、“石叻埠”和“实叻埠”等，而外界也普遍以“星洲”、“狮城”或“星国”作为简称来描述新加坡^[17][18][19]。

早期新加坡名为淡马锡，新加坡的别名有新嘉坡、星架坡、星加坡、星洲、星港、星岛^{[注 4]}、星国、狮城、石叻^{[注 5]}、石叻坡、叻埠、昭南等。最早的名称为“Pulau Ujong”（命名于3世纪），在马来语中意思为“（马来半岛）末端的岛屿”。

注4：而“星岛新闻集团”及旗下包括“星岛日报”等各产品与新加坡无关，该报1938年在香港创办，主要运营地区包括香港、美国、加拿大，并从未在新加坡发行过任何报刊。

注5：来自马来语Selat（意为“海峡”）。

Under Japanese occupation, Singapore was renamed Syonan-to (Japanese: 昭 南, Hepburn: Shōnan), meaning ‘light of the south’.^[18][19] Singapore is sometimes referred to by the nickname the “Garden City”, in reference to its parks and tree-lined streets.^[20] Another informal name, the “Little Red Dot“, was adopted after an article in the Asian Wall Street Journal of 4 August 1998 said that Indonesian President B. J. Habibie referred to Singapore as a red dot on a map.^{[21][22][23][24]}
【参考译文】在日本占领期间，新加坡被更名为昭南岛（日语：昭南，罗马化：Shōnan），意为“南方之光”。[18][19]新加坡有时被称为“花园城市”，这是因为其众多的公园和绿树成荫的街道。[20]另一个非正式的名字，“小红点”，是在1998年8月4日的《亚洲华尔街日报》一篇文章中被采用的，文章提到印尼总统哈比比曾将新加坡比喻为地图上的一个小红点。[21][22][23][24]

中国三国时期吴国康泰在出使南海诸国后写成的《扶南土俗》中记载“拘利正东行，极崎头海边有居人，人皆有尾五六寸，名蒲罗中国，其俗食人”，许云樵据此在《马来亚史》中提出“蒲罗中国”为马来语“Pulau Ujong”的音译，其马来语意为“极端的岛国”也和记载中“极崎头海边”相符，是当时新加坡的名称，官方的《新加坡年鉴》在1999至2005年间也采信了该说法；但饶宗颐、陈育崧等学者认为其证据不足，并提出康泰出使时初具雏形的古马来语尚未出现，且“拘利正东行”的记载也与拘利和新加坡实际的地理位置不符等反对意见^[20]。

1. 历史 | History

Main article: History of Singapore / 主条目：新加坡历史

1.1 古代新加坡 | Ancient Singapore

Further information: Early history of Singapore【延伸阅读：新加坡的早期历史】

新加坡在3世纪已经有马来人居住，其最早的文献记载源自3世纪东吴将领康泰所著的《吴时外国传》记载“拘利正东行，极犄头海边有居人，名蒲罗中国”^[21]。据新加坡学者许云樵考证，蒲罗中是马来语Pulau Ujong之对音，指半岛南端的岛国。蒲罗中是新加坡最古老的名称。比淡马锡早一千多年^[22]。

In 1299, according to the Malay Annals, the Kingdom of Singapura was founded on the island by Sang Nila Utama.^[25] Although the historicity of the accounts as given in the Malay Annals is the subject of academic debates,^[26] it is nevertheless known from various documents that Singapore in the 14th century, then known as Temasek, was a trading port under the influence of both the Majapahit Empire and the Siamese kingdoms,^[27] and was a part of the Indosphere.^{[28][29][30][31][32]} These Indianised kingdoms were characterised by surprising resilience, political integrity and administrative stability.^[33] Historical sources also indicate that around the end of the 14th century, its ruler Parameswara was attacked by either the Majapahit or the Siamese, forcing him to move to Malacca where he founded the Sultanate of Malacca.^[34] Archaeological evidence suggests that the main settlement on Fort Canning Hill was abandoned around this time, although a small trading settlement continued in Singapore for some time afterwards.^[17] In 1613, Portuguese raiders burned down the settlement, and the island faded into obscurity for the next two centuries.^[35] By then, Singapore was nominally part of the Johor Sultanate.^[36] The wider maritime region and much trade was under Dutch control for the following period after the 1641 Dutch conquest of Malacca.^[37]
【参考译文】1299年，根据《马来编年史》的记载，新加坡岛上由Sang Nila Utama建立了新加坡王国。[25] 尽管《马来编年史》中给出的记述的真实性是学术界争论的主题，[26] 但各种文件都显示，14世纪的新加坡，当时被称为Temasek，是一个在满者伯夷帝国和暹罗王国影响下的贸易港口，[27] 并且是印度文化圈的一部分。[28][29][30][31][32] 这些印度化的王国以其惊人的韧性、政治完整性和行政稳定性为特征。[33] 历史资料还表明，大约在14世纪末，其统治者Parameswara被满者伯夷或暹罗攻击，迫使他迁移到马六甲，在那里他创立了马六甲苏丹国。[34] 考古证据表明，这一时期左右，Fort Canning山上的主要定居点被遗弃，尽管在此后的一段时间内，新加坡仍然保持着小规模的贸易定居点。[17] 1613年，葡萄牙掠夺者烧毁了该定居点，接下来的两个世纪里，这个岛屿变得默默无闻。[35] 那时，新加坡名义上是柔佛苏丹国的一部分。[36] 在接下来的时期，更广泛的海上区域和许多贸易处于荷兰人的控制之下，此后是在1641年荷兰征服马六甲之后。[37]

14世纪，明朝把新加坡称作“淡马锡”（爪哇语：Temasek，意为 “水镇”）、莫干岛。

1.2 英国的殖民化 | British colonisation

Main articles: Founding of modern Singapore and Singapore in the Straits Settlements
【主条目：“现代新加坡的建立”和“海峡殖民地中的新加坡”】

The British governor Stamford Raffles arrived in Singapore on 28 January 1819 and soon recognised the island as a natural choice for the new port.^[40] The island was then nominally ruled by Tengku Abdul Rahman, the Sultan of Johor, who was controlled by the Dutch and the Bugis.^[41] However, the Sultanate was weakened by factional division: Abdul Rahman, the Temenggong of Johor to Tengku Abdul Rahman, as well as his officials, were loyal to the Sultan’s elder brother Tengku Long, who was living in exile in Penyengat Island, Riau Islands. With the Temenggong’s help, Raffles managed to smuggle Tengku Long back into Singapore. Raffles offered to recognise Tengku Long as the rightful Sultan of Johor, under the title of Sultan Hussein, as well as provide him with a yearly payment of $5000 and another $3000 to the Temenggong; in return, Sultan Hussein would grant the British the right to establish a trading post on Singapore.^[42] The Treaty of Singapore was signed on 6 February 1819.^[43][44]
【参考译文】英国总督斯坦福·莱佛士于1819年1月28日抵达新加坡，很快便认识到这个岛屿是新港口的自然选择。[40] 当时，这个岛屿名义上由柔佛苏丹Tengku Abdul Rahman统治，他受到荷兰人和布吉人控制。[41] 然而，这个苏丹国因派系分裂而削弱：柔佛的Temenggong Abdul Rahman及其官员们忠于苏丹的哥哥Tengku Long，后者流亡在廖内群岛的Penyengat岛上。在Temenggong的帮助下，莱佛士成功将Tengku Long偷运回新加坡。莱佛士提议承认Tengku Long为柔佛的合法苏丹，称号为苏丹侯赛因，并每年向他支付5000美元，另外再给Temenggong支付3000美元；作为回报，苏丹侯赛因将授予英国人在新加坡建立贸易站的权利。[42] 《新加坡条约》于1819年2月6日签署。[43][44]

In 1824, a further treaty with the Sultan led to the entire island becoming a part of the British Empire.^[45] In 1826, Singapore became part of the Straits Settlements, then under the jurisdiction of British India. Singapore became the regional capital in 1836.^[46] Prior to Raffles’ arrival, there were only about a thousand people living on the island, mostly indigenous Malays along with a handful of Chinese.^[47] By 1860 the population had swelled to over 80,000, more than half being Chinese.^[45] Many of these early immigrants came to work on the pepper and gambier plantations.^[48] In 1867, the Straits Settlements were separated from British India, coming under the direct control of Britain.^[49] Later, in the 1890s, when the rubber industry became established in Malaya and Singapore,^[50] the island became a global centre for rubber sorting and export.^[45]
【参考译文】1824年，与苏丹的进一步条约导致整座岛成为大英帝国的一部分。[45] 1826年，新加坡成为海峡殖民地的一部分，当时隶属于英属印度。1836年，新加坡成为区域首府。[46] 在莱佛士到来之前，岛上只有大约一千人居住，主要是土著马来人以及少数中国人。[47] 到1860年，人口激增至超过80,000，其中一半以上是中国人。[45] 这些早期移民中许多人来到岛上是为了在胡椒和甘蜜种植园工作。[48] 1867年，海峡殖民地从英属印度分离出来，直接受英国控制。[49] 后来，在1890年代，当橡胶工业在马来亚和新加坡建立时，[50] 这个岛屿成为了全球橡胶分类和出口的中心。[45]

Singapore was not greatly affected by the First World War (1914–18), as the conflict did not spread to Southeast Asia. The only significant event during the war was the 1915 Singapore Mutiny by Muslim sepoys from British India, who were garrisoned in Singapore.^[51] After hearing rumours that they were to be sent to fight the Ottoman Empire, a Muslim state, the soldiers rebelled, killing their officers and several British civilians before the mutiny was suppressed by non-Muslim troops arriving from Johore and Burma.^[52]
【参考译文】新加坡并未受到第一次世界大战（1914-1918年）的严重影响，因为冲突未蔓延至东南亚。战争期间唯一的重大事件是1915年由驻扎在新加坡的英国印度穆斯林士兵发起的新加坡兵变。[51] 这些士兵听到谣言说他们将被派去与奥斯曼帝国作战，那是一个穆斯林国家，于是他们反叛，杀害了他们的军官和几名英国平民，直到来自柔佛和缅甸的非穆斯林部队到达并镇压了这场兵变。[52]

After World War I, the British built the large Singapore Naval Base as part of the defensive Singapore strategy.^[53] Originally announced in 1921, the construction of the base proceeded at a slow pace until the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931. Costing $60 million and not fully completed in 1938, it was nonetheless the largest dry dock in the world, the third-largest floating dock, and had enough fuel tanks to support the entire British navy for six months.^[53][54][55] The base was defended by heavy 15-inch (380 mm) naval guns stationed at Fort Siloso, Fort Canning and Labrador, as well as a Royal Air Force airfield at Tengah Air Base. Winston Churchill touted it as the “Gibraltar of the East”, and military discussions often referred to the base as simply “East of Suez“. However, the British Home Fleet was stationed in Europe, and the British could not afford to build a second fleet to protect their interests in Asia. The plan was for the Home Fleet to sail quickly to Singapore in the event of an emergency. As a consequence, after World War II broke out in 1939, the fleet was fully occupied with defending Britain, leaving Singapore vulnerable to Japanese invasion.^[56][57]
【参考译文】一战结束后，英国人建造了庞大的新加坡海军基地，作为防御性新加坡战略的一部分。[53] 该基地最初于1921年宣布建设，但进展缓慢，直到1931年日本入侵满洲。耗资6000万美元，到1938年尚未完全建成，但它仍然是世界上最大的干船坞，世界第三大浮动船坞，并且拥有足够的燃料罐以支持整个英国海军六个月。[53][54][55] 这个基地由安装在西洛索堡、坎宁堡和拉布拉多的巨大15英寸（380毫米）海军炮以及位于登加空军基地的皇家空军机场进行防守。温斯顿·丘吉尔将其誉为“东方的直布罗陀”，军事讨论经常简单地将该基地称为“苏伊士以东”。然而，英国本土舰队驻扎在欧洲，英国无法负担建立第二支舰队来保护其在亚洲的利益。计划是在紧急情况下，本土舰队迅速驶往新加坡。因此，在1939年第二次世界大战爆发后，这支舰队全力防守英国，使新加坡容易受到日本的入侵。[56][57]

1.3 日本的占领 | Japanese occupation

Main article: Japanese occupation of Singapore【主条目：日本占领新加坡】

During the Pacific War, the Japanese invasion of Malaya culminated in the Battle of Singapore. When the British force of 60,000 troops surrendered on 15 February 1942, British prime minister Winston Churchill called the defeat “the worst disaster and largest capitulation in British history”.^[58] British and Empire losses during the fighting for Singapore were heavy, with a total of nearly 85,000 personnel captured.^[59] About 5,000 were killed or wounded,^[60] of which Australians made up the majority.^[61][62][63] Japanese casualties during the fighting in Singapore amounted to 1,714 killed and 3,378 wounded.^[59][f] The occupation was to become a major turning point in the histories of several nations, including those of Japan, Britain, and Singapore. Japanese newspapers triumphantly declared the victory as deciding the general situation of the war.^[64][65] Between 5,000 and 25,000 ethnic Chinese people were killed in the subsequent Sook Ching massacre.^[66] British forces had planned to liberate Singapore in 1945/1946; however, the war ended before these operations could be carried out.^[67][68]
【参考译文】太平洋战争期间，日本入侵马来亚，最终爆发了新加坡战役。1942 年 2 月 15 日，6 万名英军投降，英国首相温斯顿·丘吉尔称这次失败是“英国历史上最严重的灾难和最大的投降”。[58] 英国和帝国在新加坡战役中损失惨重，共有近 85,000 名人员被俘。[59] 约有 5,000 人死亡或受伤，[60] 其中澳大利亚人占大多数。[61][62][63] 日本在新加坡战役中的伤亡人数为 1,714 人死亡，3,378 人受伤。[59][f] 占领新加坡成为包括日本、英国和新加坡在内的多个国家历史上的重大转折点。日本报纸得意洋洋地宣称，这场胜利决定了战争的总体局势。[64][65]随后发生的肃清屠杀造成 5,000 至 25,000 名华裔被杀害。[66] 英国军队原计划于 1945/1946 年解放新加坡；然而，战争在这些行动实施之前就结束了。[67][68]

1.4 战后时期 | Post-war period

Main article: Colony of Singapore【主条目：新加坡殖民地】

After the Japanese surrender to the Allies on 15 August 1945, Singapore fell into a brief state of violence and disorder; looting and revenge-killing were widespread. British, Australian, and Indian troops led by Lord Louis Mountbatten returned to Singapore to receive the formal surrender of Japanese forces in the region from General Seishirō Itagaki on behalf of General Hisaichi Terauchi on 12 September 1945.^[67][68] Meanwhile, Tomoyuki Yamashita was tried by a US military commission for war crimes, but not for crimes committed by his troops in Malaya or Singapore. He was convicted and hanged in the Philippines on 23 February 1946.^[69][70]
【参考译文】1945年8月15日，日本向盟军投降后，新加坡陷入了短暂的暴力和混乱状态；抢劫和报复性杀戮行为泛滥。由路易斯·蒙巴顿勋爵领导的英国、澳大利亚和印度军队返回新加坡，于1945年9月12日接受该地区日军的正式投降，代表的是寺内寿一将军。[67][68] 同时，山下奉文被美国军事委员会审判战争罪，但没有因为马来亚或新加坡的罪行而受审。他被判有罪，并于1946年2月23日在菲律宾被绞死。[69][70]

Much of Singapore’s infrastructure had been destroyed during the war, including those needed to supply utilities. A shortage of food led to malnutrition, disease, and rampant crime and violence. A series of strikes in 1947 caused massive stoppages in public transport and other services. However, by late 1947 the economy began to recover, facilitated by a growing international demand for tin and rubber.^[71] The failure of Britain to successfully defend its colony against the Japanese changed its image in the eyes of Singaporeans. British Military Administration ended on 1 April 1946, and Singapore became a separate Crown Colony.^[71] In July 1947, separate Executive and Legislative Councils were established and the election of six members of the Legislative Council was scheduled for the following year.^[72]
【参考译文】新加坡在战争中的大部分基础设施遭到破坏，包括那些供应公共设施所需的基础设施。食品短缺导致营养不良、疾病以及犯罪和暴力行为泛滥。1947年的一系列罢工导致公共交通和其他服务大规模中断。然而，到了1947年末，随着国际对锡和橡胶需求的增加，经济开始复苏。[71] 英国未能成功保卫其殖民地免受日本侵略，改变了新加坡人对英国的看法。英国军事管理于1946年4月1日结束，新加坡成为一个独立的皇家殖民地。[71] 1947年7月，建立了单独的行政和立法委员会，并计划于次年选举立法委员会的六名成员。[72]

During the 1950s, Chinese communists, with strong ties to the trade unions and Chinese schools, waged a guerrilla war against the government, leading to the Malayan Emergency. The 1954 National Service riots, Hock Lee bus riots, and Chinese middle schools riots in Singapore were all linked to these events.^[73] David Marshall, pro-independence leader of the Labour Front, won Singapore’s first general election in 1955.^[74] He led a delegation to London, and Britain rejected his demand for complete self-rule. He resigned and was replaced by Lim Yew Hock in 1956, and after further negotiations Britain agreed to grant Singapore full internal self-government for all matters except defence and foreign affairs on 3 June 1959.^[75] Days before, in the 30 May 1959 election, the People’s Action Party (PAP) won a landslide victory.^[76] Governor Sir William Allmond Codrington Goode served as the first Yang di-Pertuan Negara (Head of State).^[77]
【参考译文】在1950年代，与工会和华校有着密切联系的中国共产党人在新加坡发动了一场针对政府的游击战，导致了马来亚紧急状态。1954年的国家服务暴动、福克力巴士暴动和新加坡华文中学暴动都与这些事件有关。[73] 劳工阵线的亲独立领袖大卫·马歇尔在1955年赢得了新加坡的首次大选。[74] 他率领一个代表团前往伦敦，但英国拒绝了他要求完全自治的要求。他在1956年辞职，由林有福接替，经过进一步谈判，英国同意在1959年6月3日授予新加坡除国防和外交事务外的全部内部自治权。[75] 就在几天前的1959年5月30日大选中，人民行动党（PAP）赢得了压倒性胜利。[76] 威廉·奥德蒙·科德灵顿·古德爵士担任了首位国家元首（Yang di-Pertuan Negara）。[77]

1.5 在马来西亚内 | Within Malaysia

Main article: Singapore in Malaysia【主条目：在马来西亚之内的新加坡】

PAP leaders believed that Singapore’s future lay with Malaya, due to strong ties between the two. It was thought that reuniting with Malaya would benefit the economy by creating a common market, alleviating ongoing unemployment woes in Singapore. However, a sizeable left-wing faction of the PAP was strongly opposed to the merger, fearing a loss of influence, and hence formed the Barisan Sosialis, after being kicked out from the PAP.^[78][79] The ruling party of Malaya, United Malays National Organisation (UMNO), was staunchly anti-communist, and it was suspected UMNO would support the non-communist factions of PAP. UMNO, initially sceptical of the idea of a merger due to distrust of the PAP government and concern that the large ethnic Chinese population in Singapore would alter the racial balance in Malaya on which their political power base depended, became supportive of the idea of the merger due to joint fear of a communist takeover.^[80]
【参考译文】PAP领导人认为，由于两地之间的紧密联系，新加坡的未来与马来亚息息相关。他们认为，与马来亚的重新联合将通过创建一个共同市场来促进经济发展，缓解新加坡持续的失业问题。然而，PAP中一个相当大的左翼派别强烈反对合并，担心失去影响力，因此在被PAP开除后成立了社会主义阵线。[78][79] 马来亚的执政党，即马来西亚国民组织（UMNO），坚决反对共产主义，人们怀疑UMNO会支持PAP中的非共产主义派别。UMNO最初对合并的想法持怀疑态度，因为他们不信任PAP政府，并担心新加坡大量的华人人口会改变马来亚的种族平衡，而这正是他们政治权力基础所依赖的。但由于共同害怕共产主义接管，UMNO变得支持合并的想法。[80]

On 27 May 1961, Malaya’s prime minister, Tunku Abdul Rahman, made a surprise proposal for a new Federation called Malaysia, which would unite the current and former British possessions in the region: the Federation of Malaya, Singapore, Brunei, North Borneo, and Sarawak.^[80][81] UMNO leaders believed that the additional Malay population in the Bornean territories would balance Singapore’s Chinese population.^[75] The British government, for its part, believed that the merger would prevent Singapore from becoming a haven for communism.^[82] To obtain a mandate for a merger, the PAP held a referendum on the merger. This referendum included a choice of different terms for a merger with Malaysia and had no option for avoiding merger altogether.^[83][84] On 16 September 1963, Singapore joined with Malaya, the North Borneo, and Sarawak to form the new Federation of Malaysia under the terms of the Malaysia Agreement.^[85] Under this Agreement, Singapore had a relatively high level of autonomy compared to the other states of Malaysia.^[86]
【参考译文】1961年5月27日，马来亚首相东古·阿卜杜勒·拉赫曼提出了一个令人惊讶的提议，建议成立一个新的联邦，名为马来西亚，将该地区现有的和曾经是英国殖民地的地区联合起来：马来亚联邦、新加坡、文莱、北婆罗洲和砂拉越。[80][81] UMNO领导人认为，婆罗洲地区的马来人口增加将平衡新加坡的华人人口。[75] 就英国政府而言，他们认为合并将防止新加坡成为共产主义的避风港。[82] 为了获得合并的授权，PAP举行了一次关于合并的公投。这次公投包括了与马来西亚合并的不同条款选择，但没有完全避免合并的选项。[83][84] 1963年9月16日，新加坡与马来亚、北婆罗洲和砂拉越一起，根据马来西亚协议的条款，组成了新的马来西亚联邦。[85] 根据这项协议，与其他马来西亚州相比，新加坡拥有相对较高的自治权。[86]

Indonesia opposed the formation of Malaysia due to its own claims over Borneo and launched Konfrontasi (“Confrontation” in Indonesian) in response to the formation of Malaysia.^[87] On 10 March 1965, a bomb planted by Indonesian saboteurs on a mezzanine floor of MacDonald House exploded, killing three people and injuring 33 others. It was the deadliest of at least 42 bomb incidents which occurred during the confrontation.^[88] Two members of the Indonesian Marine Corps, Osman bin Haji Mohamed Ali and Harun bin Said, were eventually convicted and executed for the crime.^[89] The explosion caused US$250,000 (equivalent to US$2,417,107 in 2023) in damages to MacDonald House.^[90][91]
【参考译文】印度尼西亚反对马来西亚的成立，因为它对婆罗洲有自己的主张，并针对马来西亚的形成发起了“对抗”（Konfrontasi）。[87] 1965年3月10日，印度尼西亚破坏分子在麦克唐纳大厦的一个夹层放置的炸弹爆炸，造成3人死亡，33人受伤。这是至少42起炸弹事件中死亡人数最多的一次。[88] 两名印度尼西亚海军陆战队员，奥斯曼·本·哈吉·穆罕默德·阿里和哈伦·本·赛义德，最终被定罪并处以死刑。[89] 这次爆炸给麦克唐纳大厦造成了25万美元（相当于2023年的241万7107美元）的损失。[90][91]

Even after the merger, the Singaporean government and the Malaysian central government disagreed on many political and economic issues.^[92] Despite an agreement to establish a common market, Singapore continued to face restrictions when trading with the rest of Malaysia. In retaliation, Singapore did not extend to Sabah and Sarawak the full extent of the loans agreed to for economic development of the two eastern states. Talks soon broke down, and abusive speeches and writing became rife on both sides. This led to communal strife in Singapore, culminating in the 1964 race riots.^[93] On 7 August 1965, Malaysian prime minister Tunku Abdul Rahman, seeing no alternative to avoid further bloodshed (and with the help of secret negotiations by PAP leaders, as revealed in 2015)^[94] advised the Parliament of Malaysia that it should vote to expel Singapore from Malaysia.^[92] On 9 August 1965, the Malaysian Parliament voted 126 to 0 to move a bill to amend the constitution, expelling Singapore from Malaysia, which left Singapore as a newly independent country.^{[75][95][96][97][98][94]}
【参考译文】即使在合并之后，新加坡政府和马来西亚中央政府在许多政治和经济问题上仍然存在分歧。[92] 尽管有建立共同市场的协议，但新加坡在与马来西亚其他地区进行贸易时仍然面临限制。作为报复，新加坡没有将同意用于两个东部州经济发展的贷款全部发放给沙巴和砂拉越。谈判很快破裂，双方开始出现辱骂性的言论和文字。这导致新加坡出现了种族冲突，最终导致了1964年的种族骚乱。[93] 1965年8月7日，马来西亚首相东古·阿卜杜勒·拉赫曼认为没有其他选择可以避免进一步流血（并在PAP领导人的秘密谈判帮助下，如2015年所揭露）[94]建议马来西亚议会投票将新加坡从马来西亚中驱逐出去。[92] 1965年8月9日，马来西亚议会以126票对0票的结果通过了修改宪法的法案，将新加坡从马来西亚中驱逐出去，使新加坡成为一个新独立的国家。[75][95][96][97][98][94]

1963年，新加坡连同当时的马来亚联合邦、砂拉越以及北婆罗洲（现沙巴）共组成立马来西亚联邦，进而完全脱离英国统治。在马来西亚期间，李光耀和当时的马来西亚联邦政府在种族权利分配上意见不合，李光耀主张以“马来西亚人的马来西亚”的民族平等方式，反对“马来人至上”的保护政策，人民行动党与执政马来民族统一机构（巫统）的政治较量更在1964年7月及9月两次引发新加坡种族骚乱。

最后，时任首相东古·阿卜杜勒·拉赫曼以避免局势恶化为由，在1965年8月7日下令将新加坡州自马来西亚联邦中除名。于是，1965年8月9日，以巫统为首的执政联盟在马来西亚国会紧急修宪，并以126票赞成、0票反对通过了解除新加坡与马来西亚的关系，将其“踢出”联邦，使新加坡被迫成为独立的主权国家。

1.6 新加坡共和国 | Republic of Singapore

See also: Independence of Singapore Agreement 1965【主条目：1965年新加坡独立协议】

1965年8月9日，新加坡在脱离马来西亚联邦后开始寻求国际承认，同年9月21日加入联合国，10月加入英联邦。1967年8月8日，在新加坡的协助下，成立了东南亚国家联盟。1981年12月31日23时30分，时任马来西亚总理马哈蒂尔·穆罕默德宣布把马来亚半岛时间调快30分钟使之与东马时间相同，新加坡政府也随之更改，一直沿用至今。

After being expelled from Malaysia, Singapore became independent as the Republic of Singapore on 9 August 1965,^[99][100] with Lee Kuan Yew and Yusof bin Ishak as the first prime minister and president respectively.^[101][102] In 1967, the country co-founded the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).^[103] Race riots broke out once more in 1969.^[104] Lee Kuan Yew’s emphasis on rapid economic growth, support for business entrepreneurship, and limitations on internal democracy shaped Singapore’s policies for the next half-century.^[105][106] Economic growth continued throughout the 1980s, with the unemployment rate falling to 3% and real GDP growth averaging at about 8% up until 1999. During the 1980s, Singapore began to shift towards high-tech industries, such as the wafer fabrication sector, in order to remain competitive as neighbouring countries began manufacturing with cheaper labour. Singapore Changi Airport was opened in 1981 and Singapore Airlines was formed.^[107] The Port of Singapore became one of the world’s busiest ports and the service and tourism industries also grew immensely during this period.^[108][109]
【参考译文】在被马来西亚驱逐后，新加坡于1965年8月9日成为独立的共和国——新加坡共和国，[99][100] 李光耀和尤索夫·本·伊萨克分别担任首任总理和总统。[101][102] 1967年，该国共同创立了东南亚国家联盟（ASEAN）。[103] 1969年，种族骚乱再次爆发。[104] 李光耀强调迅速的经济增长、支持商业创业以及对内部民主的限制，这些塑造了新加坡接下来半个世纪的政策。[105][106] 经济增长在整个1980年代持续，失业率降至3%，实际GDP增长率平均约为8%，直至1999年。在1980年代，随着邻国开始利用更便宜的劳动力进行制造，新加坡开始转向高科技产业，如晶圆制造领域，以保持竞争力。新加坡樟宜机场于1981年开放，新加坡航空公司成立。[107] 新加坡港成为世界上最繁忙的港口之一，服务和旅游行业在此期间也大幅增长。[108][109]

The PAP has remained in power since independence. Some activists and opposition politicians see the government’s strict regulation of political and media activities as an infringement on political rights.^[110] In response, Singapore has seen several significant political changes, such as the introduction of the non-constituency members of parliament in 1984 to allow up to three losing candidates from opposition parties to be appointed as MPs. Group representation constituencies (GRCs) were introduced in 1988 to create multi-seat electoral divisions, intended to ensure minority representation in parliament.^[111] Nominated members of parliament were introduced in 1990 to allow non-elected non-partisan MPs.^[112] The constitution was amended in 1991 to provide for an elected president who has veto power in the use of past reserves and appointments to certain public offices.^[113]
【参考译文】自独立以来，PAP一直保持着权力。一些活动人士和反对派政治家认为，政府对政治和媒体活动的严格管制侵犯了政治权利。[110] 作为回应，新加坡经历了几次重大的政治变革，例如在1984年引入非选区议员制度，允许多达三名来自反对党的落选候选人被任命为议员。团体代表选区（GRCs）于1988年引入，以创建多议席选区，旨在确保议会中有少数族裔的代表。[111] 1990年引入了提名议员制度，允许非选举产生的无党派议员。[112] 1991年修订了宪法，设立了一位有选举产生的总统，他在使用过去储备金和某些公共职位任命方面拥有否决权。[113]

In 1990, Goh Chok Tong succeeded Lee and became Singapore’s second prime minister.^[114] During Goh’s tenure, the country went through the 1997 Asian financial crisis and the 2003 SARS outbreak.^[115][116] In 2004, Lee Hsien Loong, the eldest son of Lee Kuan Yew, became the country’s third prime minister.^[116] Lee Hsien Loong’s tenure included the 2008 global financial crisis, the resolution of a dispute over land ownership at Tanjong Pagar railway station between Singapore and Malaysia, the introduction of the two integrated resorts (IRs), located at the Marina Bay Sands and Resorts World Sentosa, and the COVID-19 pandemic.^[117] The PAP suffered its worst ever electoral results in 2011, winning just 60% of votes, amidst debate over issues including the influx of foreign workers and the high cost of living.^[118] On 23 March 2015, Lee Kuan Yew died, and a one-week period of public mourning was observed nationwide.^[106] Subsequently, the PAP regained its dominance in Parliament through the September general election, receiving 69.9% of the popular vote,^[119] although this remained lower than the 2001 tally of 75.3%^[120] and the 1968 tally of 86.7%.^[121] The 2020 election held in July saw the PAP drop to 61% of the vote, while the Workers’ Party took 10 of the 93 seats, the highest number ever won by another party.^[122] On 15 May 2024, Lawrence Wong became Singapore’s fourth Prime Minister; he is the first prime minister born after independence.^[123]
【参考译文】1990年，吴作栋接替李光耀成为新加坡的第二任总理。[114] 在吴作栋的任期内，国家经历了1997年的亚洲金融危机和2003年的非典疫情。[115][116] 2004年，李显龙，李光耀的长子，成为该国的第三任总理。[116] 李显龙的任期包括了2008年全球金融危机、解决了新加坡和马来西亚之间关于丹戎巴葛火车站土地所有权的争端、引入了两个综合度假村（IRs），位于滨海湾金沙和圣淘沙名胜世界，以及新冠疫情。[117] 2011年，PAP遭受了有史以来最糟糕的选举结果，仅赢得了60%的选票，这发生在关于外籍工人涌入和生活成本高昂等问题的辩论中。[118] 2015年3月23日，李光耀去世，全国举行了为期一周的公共哀悼期。[106] 随后，通过9月的大选，PAP重新获得了议会的主导地位，获得了69.9%的普选票，[119] 尽管这仍然低于2001年的75.3%[120]和1968年的86.7%。[121] 2020年7月举行的选举中，PAP的得票率降至61%，而工人党赢得了93个席位中的10个，这是另一个党派赢得的最高数量。[122] 2024年5月15日，黄循财成为新加坡的第四任总理；他是独立后出生的第一位总理。[123]

2. 政府和政治 | Government and politics

Main articles: Government of Singapore, Politics of Singapore, and Administrative divisions of Singapore
【主条目：新加坡政府、新加坡政治和新加坡行政区划】

主条目：新加坡政治

根据《新加坡宪法》，新加坡实行的是一院议会制（内阁制）政府，为代议民主制单一制体系，分类上属威斯敏斯特体系^[23]。

Singapore is a parliamentary republic based on the Westminster system. The Constitution of Singapore is the supreme law of the country, establishing the structure and responsibility of governance. The President is the head of state.^[124][125] The governance of Singapore is separated into three branches:
【参考译文】新加坡是一个基于威斯敏斯特体制的议会制共和国。《新加坡宪法》是该国的最高法律，确立了治理结构和责任。总统是国家元首。[124][125] 新加坡的治理分为三个部门：

• Executive: The executive consists of the cabinet, led by the prime minister, and the Attorney General’s Chambers led by the Attorney-General.^[126] The cabinet is collectively responsible for all government policies and the day-to-day administration of the affairs of state. It is typically composed of members of the Singapore Parliament. The prime minister is appointed by the President, and the ministers in the cabinet and the attorney-general are appointed by the president, acting on the advice and consent of the prime minister. The prime minister is the effective head of the executive branch of government.^[127][124]
  【参考译文】行政机构：行政机构由内阁和总检察长办公室组成，分别由总理和总检察长领导。内阁集体负责所有政府政策及国家日常事务的管理。它通常由新加坡国会的成员组成。总理由总统任命，内阁中的部长和总检察长也由总统根据总理的建议和同意任命。总理是政府行政部门的实际负责人。
• Legislature: The Singapore Parliament is unicameral and, together with the president, comprises the legislature.^[128] Members of Parliament (MP) consist of elected, non-constituency, and nominated members. The majority of MPs are elected into parliament at a general election. The Singapore Parliament is collectively responsible for enacting the laws governing the state.^[124] The president holds limited discretionary powers of oversight over the government. The president’s veto powers are further subject to parliamentary overruling.^[129][130]
  【参考译文】立法机构：新加坡国会是一院制，与总统一起构成立法机构。国会议员（MP）包括选举产生的、非选区和提名的成员。大多数议员是在大选中被选入国会的。新加坡国会集体负责制定管理国家的法律。总统对政府拥有有限的监督权。总统的否决权还受到议会推翻的限制。
• Judiciary: The judiciary’s function is to independently administer justice and is headed by the Chief Justice. The judges and judicial commissioners are appointed by the president on the advice of the prime minister.^[131] The Supreme Court and State Courts adjudicates in civil disputes between persons, convicts or acquits accused persons in criminal prosecutions, and interprets laws to decide on its constitutionality. Any law or provision of a law found to be unconstitutional can be struck down by the Supreme Court.^[132]
  【参考译文】司法机构：司法机构的功能是独立地执行司法，并由首席大法官领导。法官和司法专员由总统根据总理的建议任命。最高法院和州法院在民事纠纷中进行裁决，对刑事起诉中的被告进行定罪或宣告无罪，并解释法律以决定其合宪性。任何被认定为违宪的法律或法律条款都可以被最高法院废除。

The president is directly elected by popular vote for a renewable six-year term. Requirements for this position, which were enacted by the PAP government, are extremely stringent, such that only a handful of people qualify for the candidacy.^[133][134] These qualifications include that a candidate needs to be a person at least 45 years of age who is no longer a member of a political party, to either have held public office for at least 3 years in a number of specific public service leadership roles, or to have 3 years experience as chief executive of a fully profitable private sector company with at least S$500 million in shareholders’ equity, be a resident in Singapore for at least 10 years, not have a criminal record, and more.^{[135][134][136]} Candidates must also “satisfy” the Presidential Elections Committee (PEC) that he or she is a person of integrity, good character and reputation.^{[citation needed]}
【参考译文】总统由民众直接选举产生，任期为六年，可连任。人民行动党政府制定的总统职位要求极其严格，只有少数人有资格参选。[133][134] 这些资格包括：候选人必须年满 45 岁且不再是任何政党的成员；担任过至少 3 年的特定公共服务领导职位；或有 3 年担任完全盈利的私营企业首席执行官的经验，且股东权益至少为 5 亿新元；在新加坡居住至少 10 年；没有犯罪记录，等等。[135][134][136] 候选人还必须“让”总统选举委员会 (PEC) 相信他或她是一个正直、品行良好、声誉良好的人。[需要引证]

The Constitution requires that presidential elections be “reserved” for a racial community if no one from that ethnic group has been elected to the presidency in the five most recent terms.^[137] Only members of that community may qualify as candidates in a reserved presidential election.^[138] In the 2017 presidential election, this combination of stringent requirements and a reserved election that required the candidate to be of the 13% Malay ethnic group led to the PEC approving a single candidate for the presidency;^[139] Halimah Yacob, considered part of the Malay community, won in an uncontested election. She also became Singapore’s first female president.
【参考译文】宪法规定，如果在最近五届任期内没有人从某个种族群体中当选总统，那么总统选举将“保留”给该种族群体。[137] 只有在保留的总统选举中，该群体的成员才有资格成为候选人。[138] 在2017年的总统选举中，这种严格要求和要求候选人必须是占人口13%的马来族的结合，导致总统选举委员会批准了一名单一候选人参加总统选举；[139] 被视为马来社群一部分的哈莉玛·雅各布在一场无竞争的选举中获胜。她还成为了新加坡首位女总统。

Members of Parliament (MPs) are elected at least every five years (or sooner with a snap election). The 14th and current Parliament has 103 members; 93 were directly elected from the 31 constituencies, nine are nonpartisan nominated members appointed by the president, and three are non-constituency members from opposition parties who were not elected in the last general election but appointed to the legislature to increase opposition party representation. In group representation constituencies (GRCs), political parties assemble teams of candidates to contest elections. At least one MP in a GRC must be of an ethnic minority background. All elections are held using first-past-the-post voting.^[140] MPs host weekly political surgeries, called “Meet-the-People Sessions“, where they help constituents resolve personal issues which can be related to housing, financial assistance, and immigration.^[141]
【参考译文】国会议员（MPs）至少每五年选举一次（或者在提前选举的情况下更快）。第14届即现任国会有103名成员；其中93名从31个选区直接选出，9名是由总统任命的无党派提名成员，还有3名是非选区反对派成员，他们没有在最后一次大选中被选出，但被任命为立法机构成员以增加反对党的代表性。在团体代表选区（GRCs）中，政党组建候选人团队参加选举。在GRC中至少有一名议员必须是少数民族背景。所有选举都采用简单多数制投票。[140] 议员们每周举办政治咨询会，称为“会见人民会议”，在那里他们帮助选民解决可能涉及住房、经济援助和移民的个人问题。[141]

2.1 内政

辽观注：此标题是我们在搬运、整合过程中添加的。

The People’s Action Party occupies a dominant position in Singaporean politics, having won large parliamentary majorities in every election since self-governance was granted in 1959. The PAP, self-described as pragmatic, have a syncretic ideology combining free-market principles, civil nationalism, and welfarism.^{[142][143][144]} Despite promulgating restrictions on civil liberties, Singapore under the PAP has seen consistent economic growth and political stability.^[145] The most represented and popular opposition party is the centre-left Workers’ Party, which holds 8 seats in Parliament.^[122]
【参考译文】人民行动党在新加坡政坛占据主导地位，自 1959 年获得自治以来，每次选举都赢得议会多数席位。人民行动党自称务实，其意识形态融合了自由市场原则、公民民族​​主义和福利主义。[142][143][144] 尽管颁布了对公民自由的限制，但在人民行动党的领导下，新加坡经济持续增长，政治稳定。[145] 最具代表性和最受欢迎的反对党是中左翼的工人党，该党在议会中占有 8 个席位。[122]

The long-standing hegemony of the People’s Action Party has led to Singapore being described by academics as an illiberal democracy,^{[146][147][148][149]} or a soft-authoritarian state in which the PAP faces little to no feasible political competition to its rule of the country.^{[150][151][152][153]} The multi-party democratic process of Singapore has been described as “minimal” in comparison to the state’s focus on economic development and social order.^[154] According to Gordon P. Means, professor emeritus of political science at McMaster University, Singapore reinvented the “benevolent” yet “highly authoritarian” colonial system of governance inherited from Britain rather than forging a full democracy. A conservative ideology of “Asian values” evolved to replace British rule, based on “communal loyalty, distrust of government, and avoidance of individual or collective responsibility for wider public interests”, with less regard for human rights in the nascent Western sense.^[155] The fact that “neither the public nor elites had experience with democracy” helped create Singapore’s political culture, as dominated by status-focused hierarchies committed to economic development.^[151] The legacy of Asian values and the limited political culture within Singapore has led to the country being described as “classic illustration of soft authoritarianism”,^[154] and “profoundly illiberal”.^[156]
【参考译文】人民行动党的长期霸权导致新加坡被学术界描述为一个非自由民主国家[146][147][148][149]，或一个软威权国家，在这种国家中，人民行动党在统治该国时几乎没有或根本没有可行的政治竞争对手。[150][151][152][153]与国家对经济发展和社会秩序的关注相比，新加坡的多党民主进程被描述为“微不足道的”。[154]根据麦克马斯特大学政治学名誉教授戈登·P·米斯 (Gordon P. Means) 的说法，新加坡重新发明了从英国继承下来的“仁慈”但“高度专制”的殖民统治体系，而不是建立一个完全的民主国家。一种保守的“亚洲价值观”意识形态逐渐取代了英国的统治，这种意识形态以“社区忠诚、不信任政府、避免为更广泛的公共利益承担个人或集体责任”为基础，较少考虑西方新生事物中的人权。[155]“公众和精英都没有民主经验”这一事实促成了新加坡的政治文化，即以地位为中心的等级制度主导的政治文化，致力于经济发展。[151]亚洲价值观的遗产和新加坡有限的政治文化导致该国被描述为“软威权主义的经典典范”[154]和“极其不自由”。[156]

The judicial system is based on English common law, continuing the legal tradition established during British rule and with substantial local differences. Criminal law is based on the Indian Penal Code originally intended for British India, and was at the time as a crown colony also adopted by the British colonial authorities in Singapore and remains the basis of the criminal code in the country with a few exceptions, amendments and repeals since it came into force.^[157] Trial by jury was abolished in 1970.^[158] Singapore is known for its strict laws and conservative stances on crime; both corporal punishment (by caning)^[159][160] and capital punishment (by hanging) are retained and commonly used as legal penalties.^[161]
【参考译文】司法制度以英国普通法为基础，延续了英国统治期间建立的法律传统，但各地存在很大差异。刑法以最初为英属印度制定的《印度刑法典》为基础，当时作为直辖殖民地的新加坡也被英国殖民当局采用，自生效以来，除了少数例外、修正和废除外，该法典仍然是该国刑法的基础。[157] 陪审团审判于 1970 年废除。[158] 新加坡以其严格的法律和对犯罪的保守立场而闻名；体罚（鞭刑）[159][160] 和死刑（绞刑）均被保留并常用作法定惩罚。[161]

The right to freedom of speech and association is guaranteed by Article 14(1) of the Constitution of Singapore, although there are provisions in the subsequent subsection that regulate them.^[162] The government has restricted freedom of speech and freedom of the press as well as some civil and political rights.^[163] In 2023, Singapore was ranked 129th out of 180 nations by Reporters Without Borders on the global Press Freedom Index.^[164] Freedom House ranks Singapore as “partly free” in its Freedom in the World report,^[165][145] and the Economist Intelligence Unit ranks Singapore as a “flawed democracy”, the second freest rank of four, in its “Democracy Index“.^[166][167] All public gatherings of five or more people require police permits, and protests may legally be held only at the Speakers’ Corner.^[168]
【参考译文】言论和结社自由权受新加坡宪法第 14(1) 条保障，但后续小节中有一些条款对此进行规范。[162] 政府限制言论自由和新闻自由以及一些公民权利和政治权利。[163] 2023 年，无疆界记者组织发布的全球新闻自由指数显示，新加坡在 180 个国家中排名第 129 位。[164] 自由之家在其《世界自由度》报告中将新加坡列为“部分自由”[165][145]，经济学人智库在其“民主指数”中将新加坡列为“有缺陷的民主国家”，在四个排名中位居第二。[166][167] 所有五人或以上的公开集会都需要警方许可，抗议活动只能在演说者之角合法举行。[168]

In the Corruption Perceptions Index, which ranks countries by “perceived levels of public sector corruption”, Singapore has consistently ranked as one of the least corrupt countries in the world, in spite of being illiberal.^[169] Singapore’s unique combination of a strong, soft authoritarian government with an emphasis on meritocracy is known as the “Singapore model”, and is regarded as a key factor behind Singapore’s political stability, economic growth, and harmonious social order.^{[170][171][172][173]} In 2021, the World Justice Project‘s Rule of Law Index ranked Singapore as 17th overall among the world’s 193 countries for adherence to the rule of law. Singapore ranked high on the factors of order and security (#3), absence of corruption (#3), regulatory enforcement (#4), civil justice (#8), and criminal justice (#7), and ranked significantly lower on factors of open government (#34), constraints on government powers (#32), and fundamental rights (#38).^[174]
【参考译文】在根据“公共部门腐败程度”对各国进行排名的腐败感知指数中，新加坡一直是世界上腐败程度最低的国家之一，尽管它并不自由。[169] 新加坡将强势、温和的威权政府与重视精英管理相结合，这种独特的做法被称为“新加坡模式”，被认为是新加坡政治稳定、经济增长和社会秩序和谐的关键因素。[170][171][172][173] 2021 年，世界正义工程的法治指数将新加坡列为全球 193 个国家中遵守法治程度的第 17 位。新加坡在秩序和安全（第 3 位）、没有腐败（第 3 位）、监管执法（第 4 位）、民事司法（第 8 位）和刑事司法（第 7 位）等因素上排名靠前，而在开放政府（第 34 位）、政府权力约束（第 32 位）和基本权利（第 38 位）等因素上排名明显较低。[174]

自建国后，人民行动党一直是唯一的执政党（一党独大状态），在议会中也鲜少有能够形成监督力量的反对党（部分反对党成员是被委任，以免议会里100%的意见都是支持人民行动党，议会在1991年改变选举制度后设有反对党的保障名额，最多有9席）。现在新加坡工人党是国会中的最大在野党。

新加坡自1991年起创造了一套独特的选区划分制度（集选区，每个选区产生4-6名议员）。人民行动党目前确实在新加坡民众中仍然拥有较高的支持度，在建国后的历次选举中该党的总得票率从未低于60%，但近年因各种因素例如就业和经济成长的趋缓或是政治疲乏而逐渐下降，2011年新加坡大选的60%得票率远低于独立初期。

有人认为，新加坡的言论自由和新闻自由自独立之后就一直被压制。在媒体、新闻自由方面，新加坡在无国界记者（Reporters Without Borders）发布的2014年新闻自由指数显示，新加坡仅排名第150位，为后半段^[24]。在2023年的指数中，在全球有评比的180个国家、组织或地区中，仍排名第129名^[25]。有些人认为，人民行动党政府通过政府持股的方式间接控制了该国两大媒体集团，反对声音也因为种种限制很难通过其他私人出版机构出版其著作或发表言论。而一直以来“无国界记者”组织的新闻自由度排名显示新加坡为无新闻自由的国家。此外，个人或民间组织也禁止自行安装卫星天线接收器。21世纪以来网络兴起，政府也对部分网络进行管制，虽然不进行主动封锁，但有时会针对异议人士，打上传声筒或公民媒体的标签，便能加以引据法条径行监看，而对一般人则实施自我审查与举报制度，任意复制散布须面对法律责任。

在新加坡，当局对一切集会活动都非常关注，达到一定人数的户外集会都须向警方备案。新加坡内部安全局拥有非常大的权力，殖民地时期留下来的内部安全法授权可在必要时无限期拘留任何怀疑对种族和谐与社会稳定造成威胁的人士，并可在证据不足、不经审讯的情况下扣押多年，此法律在人民行动党政府过去对付马来亚共产党的时候应用，现在依然会以反“恐怖主义”进行起诉。

新加坡对民众日常行为的监督较为严苛，实行较为严格的法律管控，例如：禁止口香糖在新加坡境内销售（医疗用口香糖除外），对使用公共厕所后不冲水、在非吸烟区吸烟、无视交通规则随意过马路和乱丢垃圾等行为处以罚款等。

新加坡还严禁所有国民和旅客携带香烟入境。很多人误以为新加坡法律准许携带19根，但这其实是错误的。由于新加坡对于香烟的税务非常高，许多国民出国都会企图携带香烟回国。

新加坡还拥有可能是全世界最严格的禁毒法律，携带毒品入境或藏毒作贩卖用途的主要刑罚为绞刑，根据现行新加坡法律第一百八十五章《滥用药物法》，未经许可而进出口多于15克的海洛因、或多于30克吗啡或可卡因、或多于500克的大麻者，又或未经许可而制造任何数量之海洛因、吗啡或可卡因者，均属违法，而触犯该等罪行者会全部判处死刑。此外对于成人男性犯罪者（16岁以上50岁以下）还可使用鞭刑处罚（英国遗留的传统，但已判处死刑者则不处以鞭刑）。

新加坡的鞭刑、死刑以及严刑峻罚常受到国际上一些声音的批评。但新加坡因为有着相对其他发达国家较低的犯罪率，也有很多人认为新加坡的严刑峻罚与鞭刑是新加坡治安良好、国民道德素质较高的主要原因。

2.2 国际关系 | Foreign relations

Main article: Foreign relations of Singapore【主条目：新加坡的国际关系】

Singapore’s stated foreign policy priority is maintaining security in Southeast Asia and surrounding territories. An underlying principle is political and economic stability in the region.^[175] It has diplomatic relations with more than 180 sovereign states.^[176]
【参考译文】新加坡宣称的外交政策优先事项是维护东南亚及周边地区的安全。其基本原则是该地区的政治和经济稳定。[175] 它与超过180个主权国家建立了外交关系。[176]

As one of the five founding members of ASEAN,^[177] Singapore is a strong supporter of the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) and the ASEAN Investment Area (AIA); it is also the host of the APEC Secretariat.^[178] Singapore is also a founding member of The Forum of Small States (FOSS), a voluntary and informal grouping at the UN.^[179]
【参考译文】作为东盟五个创始成员国之一，[177] 新加坡是东盟自由贸易区（AFTA）和东盟投资区（AIA）的坚定支持者；它还是亚太经合组织秘书处的东道国。[178] 新加坡也是小国论坛（FOSS）的创始成员，这是联合国一个自愿和非正规的团体。[179]

Singapore maintains membership in other regional organisations, such as Asia–Europe Meeting, the Forum for East Asia-Latin American Cooperation, the Indian Ocean Rim Association, and the East Asia Summit.^[175] It is also a member of the Non-Aligned Movement,^[180] the United Nations and the Commonwealth.^[181][182] While Singapore is not a formal member of the G20, it has been invited to participate in G20 processes in most years since 2010.^[183] Singapore is also the location of the Pacific Economic Cooperation Council (PECC) Secretariat.^[184]
【参考译文】新加坡保持着在其他区域组织的会员身份，如亚欧会议、东亚-拉丁美洲合作论坛、印度洋边缘协会和东亚峰会。[175] 它也是不结盟运动的成员，[180] 联合国和英联邦的成员。[181][182] 尽管新加坡不是G20的正式成员，但自2010年以来，它几乎每年都被邀请参加G20的活动。[183] 新加坡还是太平洋经济合作委员会（PECC）秘书处的所在地。[184]

In general, bilateral relations with other ASEAN members are strong; however, disagreements have arisen,^[185] and relations with neighbouring Malaysia and Indonesia have sometimes been strained.^[186] Malaysia and Singapore have clashed over the delivery of fresh water to Singapore,^[187] and access by the Singapore Armed Forces to Malaysian airspace.^[186] Border issues exist with Malaysia and Indonesia, and both have banned the sale of marine sand to Singapore over disputes about Singapore’s land reclamation.^[188] Some previous disputes, such as the Pedra Branca dispute, have been resolved by the International Court of Justice.^[189] Piracy in the Strait of Malacca has been a cause of concern for all three countries.^[187] Close economic ties exist with Brunei, and the two share a pegged currency value, through a Currency Interchangeability Agreement between the two countries which makes both Brunei dollar and Singapore dollar banknotes and coins legal tender in either country.^[190][191]
【参考译文】一般来说，新加坡与其他东盟成员国的双边关系很强；然而，也出现了分歧，[185] 与邻国马来西亚和印度尼西亚的关系有时也会紧张。[186] 马来西亚和新加坡在向新加坡输送淡水的问题上发生了冲突，[187] 以及新加坡武装部队进入马来西亚领空的问题。[186] 与马来西亚和印度尼西亚存在边界问题，两国都因新加坡填海造地的争议而禁止向新加坡出售海砂。[188] 一些以前的争端，如白礁岛争端，已通过国际法院解决。[189] 马六甲海峡的海盗活动一直是这三个国家关注的问题。[187] 与文莱有着密切的经济联系，两国通过货币互换协议共享挂钩的货币价值，该协议使文莱元和新加坡元纸币和硬币在两国都是法定货币。[190][191]

The first diplomatic contact with China was made in the 1970s, with full diplomatic relations established in the 1990s. China has been Singapore’s largest trading partner since 2013, after surpassing Malaysia.^{[192][193][194][195][196]} Singapore and the United States share a long-standing close relationship, in particular in defence, the economy, health, and education. Singapore has also increased co-operation with ASEAN members and China to strengthen regional security and fight terrorism, and participated in ASEAN’s first joint maritime exercise with China in 2018.^[197] It has also given support to the US-led coalition to fight terrorism, with bilateral co-operation in counter-terrorism and counter-proliferation initiatives, and joint military exercises.^[185]
【参考译文】新加坡在1970年代首次与中国建立外交联系，并在1990年代建立了全面外交关系。自2013年超越马来西亚以来，中国一直是新加坡最大的贸易伙伴。[192][193][194][195][196] 新加坡和美国在防御、经济、健康和教育方面有着长期密切的关系。新加坡还加强了与东盟成员国和中国的合作，以加强区域安全和打击恐怖主义，并参加了2018年东盟与中国的首次联合海上演习。[197] 它还支持美国领导的反恐联盟，与双边合作进行反恐和反扩散倡议以及联合军事演习。[185]

As Singapore has diplomatic relations with both the United States and North Korea, and was one of the few countries that have relationships with both countries,^[198] in June 2018, it hosted a historic summit between US President Donald Trump and North Korean leader Kim Jong-un, the first-ever meeting between the sitting leaders of the two nations.^[199][200] It also hosted the Ma–Xi meeting in 2015, the first meeting between the political leaders of the two sides of the Taiwan Strait since the end of the Chinese Civil War in 1950.^{[201][202][203]}
【参考译文】新加坡在1970年代首次与中国建立外交联系，并在1990年代建立了全面外交关系。自2013年超越马来西亚以来，中国一直是新加坡最大的贸易伙伴。[192][193][194][195][196] 新加坡和美国在防御、经济、健康和教育方面有着长期密切的关系。新加坡还加强了与东盟成员国和中国的合作，以加强区域安全和打击恐怖主义，并参加了2018年东盟与中国的首次联合海上演习。[197] 它还支持美国领导的反恐联盟，与双边合作进行反恐和反扩散倡议以及联合军事演习。[185]

2.3 军事 | Military

Main article: Singapore Armed Forces / 主条目：新加坡军事

参见：新加坡国民服役和星光部队

The Singaporean military, arguably the most technologically advanced in Southeast Asia,^[204] consists of the Army, the Navy, the Air Force and the Digital and Intelligence Service. It is seen as the guarantor of the country’s independence,^[205] translating into Singapore culture, involving all citizens in the country’s defence.^[206] The government spends 4.9% of the country’s GDP on the military—high by regional standards^[204]—and one out of every four dollars of government spending is spent on defence.^[207]
【参考译文】新加坡的军事力量可以说是东南亚地区中最先进的，包括陆军、海军、空军以及数字与情报服务部门。它被视为保证国家独立的关键力量，并已融入新加坡的文化之中，让所有公民参与到国家的防御中来。政府在军事上的开支占到国内生产总值的4.9%，这一比例在区域内是比较高的；而在政府总支出中，每四美元就有一美元用于国防。

After its independence, Singapore had only two infantry regiments commanded by British officers. Considered too small to provide effective security for the new country, the development of its military forces became a priority.^[208] In addition, in October 1971, Britain pulled its military out of Singapore, leaving behind only a small British, Australian and New Zealand force as a token military presence.^[209] A great deal of initial support came from Israel,^[208] a country unrecognised by Singapore’s neighbouring Muslim-majority nations of Malaysia and Indonesia.^{[210][211][212]} The Israel Defense Forces (IDF) commanders were tasked by the Singapore Government to create the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) from scratch, and Israeli instructors were brought in to train Singaporean soldiers. Military courses were conducted according to the IDF’s format, and Singapore adopted a system of conscription and reserve service based on the Israeli model.^[208] Singapore still maintains strong security ties with Israel and is one of the biggest buyers of Israeli arms and weapons systems,^[213] with one recent example being the MATADOR anti-tank weapon.^[214]
【参考译文】新加坡在独立后仅拥有两个由英国军官指挥的步兵营。鉴于规模过小而无法为新生国家提供有效的安全保障，发展其军事力量成为了首要任务。此外，在1971年10月，英国撤出了其驻新加坡的军队，只留下一小股英澳新三国部队作为象征性的军事存在。初期得到了大量来自以色列的支持，这个国家未被新加坡邻近的穆斯林多数国家马来西亚和印度尼西亚所承认。以色列国防军（IDF）的指挥官们受新加坡政府之托从零开始创建了新加坡武装部队（SAF），并带来了以色列教官来训练新加坡士兵。军事训练课程按照以色列国防军的模式进行，新加坡也采用了一种基于以色列模式的征兵制和预备役制度。新加坡至今仍与以色列保持着紧密的安全联系，并是最大的以色列武器和武器系统买家之一，最近的一个例子就是MATADOR反坦克武器。

The SAF is being developed to respond to a wide range of issues in both conventional and unconventional warfare. The Defence Science and Technology Agency (DSTA) is responsible for procuring resources for the military.^[215] The geographic restrictions of Singapore mean that the SAF must plan to fully repulse an attack, as they cannot fall back and re-group. The small size of the population has also affected the way the SAF has been designed, with a small active force and a large number of reserves.^[206]
【参考译文】新加坡武装部队正在被发展为能够应对传统战争和非传统战争中的广泛问题。国防科技局（DSTA）负责为军队采购资源。新加坡地理上的限制意味着新加坡武装部队必须计划完全击退任何攻击，因为他们无法后撤重组。人口数量的小也影响了新加坡武装部队的设计方式，即拥有一个小规模的现役部队和一个庞大的预备役部队。

Singapore has conscription for all able-bodied males at age 18, except those with a criminal record or who can prove that their loss would bring hardship to their families. Males who have yet to complete pre-university education, are awarded the Public Service Commission (PSC) scholarship, or are pursuing a local medical degree can opt to defer their draft.^[216][217] Though not required to perform military service, the number of women in the SAF has been increasing: since 1989 they have been allowed to fill military vocations formerly reserved for men. Before induction into a specific branch of the armed forces, recruits undergo at least nine weeks of basic military training.^[218]
【参考译文】新加坡实行征兵制度，所有身体健康的男性在18岁时都要服兵役，除非他们有犯罪记录或能证明他们的离开会给家庭带来困难。那些尚未完成高中教育、获得公共服务委员会（PSC）奖学金、或者正在攻读本地医学学位的男性可以选择推迟服役。虽然女性没有强制要求服兵役，但新加坡武装部队中的女性人数一直在增加：自1989年起，她们被允许担任原本只保留给男性的军事职务。在被分配到特定的军种之前，新兵要接受至少九周的基本军事训练。

而警察部队及民防部队（消防救援及救护服务）也属兵役制。

新加坡的军人称为新加坡武装部队，新加坡武装部队分为三类，包括：正规军人，现役军人以及战备军人。正规军人指的是职业军人，现役军人指的是十六岁到二十余岁不等为了保护国家而强制服两年左右兵役的军人，战备军人指的是从现役中役满退伍，进入十年回营训练周期并能够在一定时间内动员起来的后备军人。新加坡法律规定年满十八岁的男性公民或第二代永久居民必须服兵役2年，拒绝服役属违法。服役前须接受为期九个月的基础军事训练课程，完成后会派往军队或民防部队。新加坡军队分陆、海、空三军，具体数量未知，但是一般认为整体数量有超过五万以上，但是正规军人和现役军人总数应该不超过五万，新加坡是马六甲海峡边的小国，周边被许多国家及几千万马来人围绕，以华人为主体族群的新加坡天然安全警觉高腾。新加坡有五个空军基地，樟宜空军基地（西），樟宜空军基地（东），巴耶利峇空军基地，三巴旺空军基地，登加空军基地，24架F-15SG多用途战斗机，70架F-16多用途战斗机，为新加坡空军目前的主力战机。三个海军基地，布拉尼海军基地，大士海军基地，樟宜海军基地常驻美海军自由号等（USS Freedom，LCS-1），濒海战斗舰共4艘，亦可停美海军航空母舰。

新加坡是五国联防（FPDA）组织的成员国之一。该组织的成员国还有英国、澳大利亚、新西兰和马来西亚，协议规定在新加坡或马来西亚任何一方遭受到攻击，英澳纽三国都有义务给予军事援助。

新加坡军队与台湾有合作关系，新加坡的建军就受到台湾大量的资源与帮助，其中不乏退役将领在新加坡任职武官，自蒋经国与李光耀时代，新加坡就将其军队移至台湾训练，由于新加坡地狭，而军队也不能送交邻国马来西亚训练，这样也有造成军情外泄疑虑，且马来西亚为其最大假想敌，马来西亚绝大多数空军部队部署于与新加坡边境，因此移至台湾训练，一方面是因为蒋李两人私交匪浅，另一方面新加坡与台湾友好，于是促成新加坡移到台湾训练的星光部队，其驻地在台湾新竹县湖口乡、台湾云林县斗六市、台湾屏东县恒春镇。

Because of the scarcity of open land on the main island, training involving activities such as live firing and amphibious warfare are often carried out on smaller islands, typically barred to civilian access. However, large-scale drills, considered too dangerous to be performed in the country, have been performed in other countries such as Brunei, Indonesia, Thailand and the United States. In general, military exercises are held with foreign forces once or twice per week.^[206] Due to airspace and land constraints, the Republic of Singapore Air Force (RSAF) maintains a number of overseas bases in Australia, the United States, and France. The RSAF’s 130 Squadron is based in RAAF Base Pearce, Western Australia,^[219] and its 126 Squadron is based in the Oakey Army Aviation Centre, Queensland.^[220] The RSAF has one squadron—the 150 Squadron—based in Cazaux Air Base in southern France.^[221] The RSAF’s overseas detachments in the United States are: Luke Air Force Base in Arizona, Marana in Arizona, Mountain Home Air Force Base in Idaho, and Andersen Air Force Base in Guam.^{[222][223][224]}
【参考译文】由于主岛上的开放土地稀缺，涉及实弹射击和两栖作战等训练活动通常在较小的岛屿上进行，这些岛屿通常不对平民开放。然而，大规模的演习，考虑到在国内进行过于危险，会在其他国家如文莱、印度尼西亚、泰国和美国等地进行。一般来说，与外国军队联合举行的军事演习每周会举行一到两次。由于空域和土地的限制，新加坡共和国空军（RSAF）在澳大利亚、美国和法国设有多个海外基地。RSAF的第130中队位于澳大利亚西部的皮尔斯皇家空军基地，而第126中队则位于昆士兰州的奥基陆军航空中心。RSAF还有一个中队——第150中队——位于法国南部的卡佐空军基地。RSAF在美国的海外部署包括：亚利桑那州的卢克空军基地、亚利桑那州的马纳纳、爱达荷州的山之家空军基地以及关岛的安德森空军基地。

The SAF has sent forces to assist in operations outside the country, in areas such as Iraq,^[225] and Afghanistan,^[226][227] in both military and civilian roles. In the region, they have helped to stabilise East Timor and have provided aid to Aceh in Indonesia following the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami.^{[citation needed]} Since 2009, the Republic of Singapore Navy (RSN) has deployed ships to the Gulf of Aden to aid in countering piracy efforts as part of Task Force 151.^[228] The SAF also helped in relief efforts during Hurricane Katrina,^[229] and Typhoon Haiyan.^[230] Singapore is part of the Five Power Defence Arrangements (FPDA), a military alliance with Australia, Malaysia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom.^[206] According to the 2024 Global Peace Index, Singapore is the 5th most peaceful country in the world.^[231]
【参考译文】新加坡武装部队曾派遣部队参与国内外的各种行动，例如在伊拉克和阿富汗，既承担军事角色也参与民事工作。在本区域范围内，他们帮助稳定东帝汶局势，并在2004年印度洋地震和海啸之后向印度尼西亚的亚齐提供了援助。自2009年起，新加坡共和国海军（RSN）已派遣舰船前往亚丁湾，以支持打击海盗的行动，作为第151特遣部队的一部分。新加坡武装部队还参与了飓风卡特里娜和台风海燕后的救援工作。新加坡是五国联防安排（FPDA）的一部分，这是一个与澳大利亚、马来西亚、新西兰和英国之间的军事联盟。根据2024年全球和平指数，新加坡是世界上第五大和平国家。

2.4 人权 | Human rights

Main article: Human rights in Singapore【主条目：新加坡的人权】

See also: Abortion in Singapore, Capital punishment in Singapore, and LGBT rights in Singapore
【另见：新加坡的堕胎、新加坡的死刑和新加坡的LGBT权利】

Capital punishment is a legal and enforced penalty in Singapore. The country is one of four in the developed world to retain the death penalty, along with the United States, Japan and Taiwan. Particularly, its use against drug trafficking has been a source of contention with various non-governmental organisations^[who?], regarded by some as a victimless crime.^{[citation needed]} The government has responded that it has “no doubts” that it is the right policy and that there is “clear evidence” of serious deterrence, and that the law should be looked at upon in the wider context of “saving lives”, particularly citizens.^[232] In 2004, Amnesty International claimed that some legal provisions of the Singapore system for the death penalty conflict with “the right to be presumed innocent until proven guilty”.^[233] The government has disputed Amnesty’s claims, stating that their “position on abolition of the death penalty is by no means uncontested internationally” and that the report contains “grave errors of facts and misrepresentations”.^[234]
【参考译文】死刑在新加坡是合法且被执行的刑罚。新加坡是四个保留死刑的发达国家之一，其他三个是美国、日本和中国台湾地区。特别是对毒品走私使用死刑的做法引起了各种非政府组织的争议，一些人认为毒品走私是一种无害于他人的犯罪。政府回应称，对于这项政策是否正确“没有疑问”，并且有“明确证据”表明死刑具有严重的威慑作用，并认为应当从更广泛的“挽救生命”的角度看待这项法律，尤其是保护本国公民的生命安全。2004年，国际特赦组织声称新加坡死刑制度的一些法律规定与“无罪推定原则”相冲突。政府反驳了国际特赦组织的说法，指出其关于废除死刑的立场“在国际上远非没有争议”，并且报告中包含“严重的事实错误和歪曲”。

From 1938 to 2023, sexual relations between men were technically illegal under Section 377A of the Penal Code, first introduced during British colonial rule.^[235] During the last few decades, this law was mostly unenforced and pressure to repeal it increased as homosexuality became more accepted by Singaporean society.^[236] Meanwhile, sexual relations between women had always been legal.^[237] In 2022, Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong announced that Singapore would repeal 377A, effectively decriminalising homosexual behaviour. Nevertheless, he added that the repeal will not affect the recognition of “traditional familial and societal norms,” including how marriage is defined, leaving the legal status of same-sex marriage unchanged for the time, although the possibility of civil unions was not officially ruled out.^[238] Lee described this as a compromise between the conservative (and often religious) and progressive elements of Singaporean society to prevent further political fracturing.^[239] The law was officially repealed on 3 January 2023.^[240]
【参考译文】从1938年到2023年，根据刑法典第377A条的规定，男性之间的性关系在技术层面上是非法的，该条款最初是在英国殖民统治时期引入的。在过去几十年里，这条法律基本上没有执行，随着同性恋逐渐被新加坡社会所接受，要求废除它的呼声日益增高。与此同时，女性之间的性关系一直是合法的。2022年，总理李显龙宣布新加坡将废除第377A条，从而有效地使同性恋行为合法化。不过他也表示，废除此法不会影响“传统的家庭和社会规范”的认可，包括婚姻的定义，这意味着同性婚姻的法律地位暂时不变，尽管没有正式排除民事结合的可能性。李显龙将这描述为保守派（往往是宗教人士）和进步派之间的一种妥协，目的是防止进一步的政治分裂。该法律于2023年1月3日正式废除。

Pink Dot SG, an event held in support of the LGBT community, has drawn thousands of people annually since 2009 with increasing attendance.^[241] According to a survey conducted by the Institute of Policy Studies in 2019, Singaporean society has become more liberal on LGBT rights. In the survey, more than 20% of people said that sexual relations between adults of the same sex were not wrong at all or not wrong most of the time, up from 10% in 2013. The survey found that 27% felt the same way about same-sex marriage (an increase from 15% in 2013) and 30% did so about same-sex couples adopting a child (an increase from 24% in 2013).^[242][243] In 2021, six Singaporeans protested for improved trans protections in the educational system outside the Ministry of Education headquarters at Buona Vista.^[244]
【参考译文】粉红点（Pink Dot SG）是一项支持LGBT群体的活动，自2009年以来每年都会吸引数千人参加，并且参与人数逐年增加。根据2019年由政策研究所（Institute of Policy Studies）进行的一项调查，新加坡社会在LGBT权利方面变得更加宽容。调查显示，超过20%的人认为同性成年人之间的性关系根本没错或者大部分情况下没错，这一比例从2013年的10%上升。对于同性婚姻，有27%的人持有相同看法（2013年为15%），而对于同性伴侣收养孩子，持同样看法的比例为30%（2013年为24%）。2021年，六名新加坡人为了改善教育系统中的跨性别保护，在教育部位于武吉知马的总部外进行了抗议活动。

Pimps often traffic women from neighbouring countries such as China, Malaysia and Vietnam at their brothels as well as rented apartments and hostels for higher profit margins when they get a cut from customers.^[245][246] In response, amendments were made to the Women’s Charter by the government in 2019 to legislate more serious punishments for traffickers, including imprisonment of up to seven years and a fine of S$100,000.^[247]
【参考译文】皮条客常常从邻国如中国、马来西亚和越南等地贩卖妇女到他们的妓院以及租赁的公寓和旅社，以获得更高的利润。作为回应，政府在2019年对《妇女宪章》进行了修订，对贩运者实施更严厉的惩罚，包括最高七年的监禁和十万新元的罚款。

2.5 行政区划

主条目：新加坡行政区划

新加坡土地面积仅728平方公里，以符合都市规划的方式将全国划分为五个社区（行政区），中区社区（人口120万），东北社区（人口130万），西北社区（人口83万），东南社区（人口84万），西南社区（人口83万），由相应的社区发展理事会（简称社理会）管理，其首长原为新加坡国会议员兼任之主席，2002年起首长改制为专职称市长，市长级别相当于部长。在新加坡，市长指的就是社区发展理事会的最高行政首长。这五社区进一步分为选区。

3. 经济 | Economy

Main article: Economy of Singapore / 主条目：新加坡经济

Singapore has a highly developed market economy, based historically on extended entrepôt trade. Along with Hong Kong, South Korea, and Taiwan, Singapore is one of the Four Asian Tigers, and has surpassed its peers in terms of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita. Between 1965 and 1995, growth rates averaged around 6 per cent per annum, transforming the living standards of the population.^[248]
【参考译文】新加坡拥有高度发达的市场经济，历史上基于扩展的转口贸易。与中国香港、韩国和中国台湾一起，新加坡是亚洲四小龙之一，并且在人均国内生产总值（GDP）方面超过了其同行。从1965年到1995年，平均年增长率约为6%，显著提高了人民的生活水平。

新加坡拥有高度发达的市场经济体系，得益于其优越的地理位置、先进的基础设施、高素质的就业人口、较低的税率、完善健全的制度、廉洁高效的政府，新加坡已成为世界上最具竞争力的经济体之一。

The Singaporean economy is regarded as free,^[249] innovative,^[250] dynamic^[251] and business-friendly.^[252] For several years, Singapore has been one of the few^[253] countries with a AAA credit rating from the big three, and the only Asian country to achieve this rating.^[254] Singapore attracts a large amount of foreign investment as a result of its location, skilled workforce, low tax rates, advanced infrastructure and zero-tolerance against corruption.^[255] It was the world’s 4th most competitive economy in 2023, according to the International Institute for Management Development‘s World Competitiveness Ranking of 64 countries,^[256] with the highest GDP (PPP) per capita.^{[257][258][259]} Roughly 44 percent of the Singaporean workforce is made up of non-Singaporeans.^[260] Despite market freedom, Singapore’s government operations have a significant stake in the economy, contributing 22% of the GDP.^[261] The city is a popular location for conferences and events.^[262]
【参考译文】新加坡经济被认为是自由的、创新的、充满活力的和商业友好的。多年来，新加坡一直是少数几个从三大评级机构获得AAA信用评级的国家之一，也是唯一一个获得这一评级的亚洲国家。由于其地理位置、熟练的劳动力、低税率、先进的基础设施以及对腐败的零容忍态度，新加坡吸引了大量的外资。根据国际管理发展学院2023年对64个国家的世界竞争力排名，新加坡是全球第四大最具竞争力的经济体，拥有最高的按购买力平价计算的人均GDP。大约44%的新加坡劳动力由非新加坡人组成。尽管市场自由，新加坡政府在经济运营中占有重要份额，贡献了22%的GDP。这座城市是一个举办会议和活动的热门地点。

The currency of Singapore is the Singapore dollar (SGD or S$), issued by the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS).^[263] It has been interchangeable with the Brunei dollar at par value since 1967.^[264] MAS manages its monetary policy by allowing the Singapore dollar exchange rate to rise or fall within an undisclosed trading band. This is different from most central banks, which use interest rates to manage policy.^[265] Singapore has the world’s eleventh largest foreign reserves,^[266] and one of the highest net international investment position per capita.^[267][268]
【参考译文】新加坡的货币是新加坡元（SGD 或 S$），由新加坡金融管理局（MAS）发行。自1967年以来，新加坡元一直与文莱元以等值汇率互换。MAS通过允许新加坡元汇率在一个未公开的交易区间内上涨或下跌来管理货币政策。这与大多数使用利率来管理政策的央行不同。新加坡拥有世界第十一大外汇储备，并且拥有世界上人均最高的净国际投资头寸。

在1965年独立以前，新加坡为英国海峡殖民地的首都，是英国当时于东南亚最主要的海军基地^[63]，新加坡海军基地拥有当时世界最大的干船坞^[64]。随着1869年苏伊士运河开通，带动全球贸易迅速成长，新加坡成为世界主要贸易据点，新加坡港也成为世界最繁忙的港口之一^[65]。自从马来西亚独立后，新加坡政府始得以自由主导经济发展方向，外商直接投资、李光耀、吴庆瑞及荷兰经济学家阿尔伯特·魏森梅斯的国家主导经济政策刺激了经济成长^[66]。使之逐渐发展成为新兴的发达国家，并因此被誉为“亚洲四小龙”之一。

另外，由新加坡财政部全资拥有的淡马锡控股公司是世界上最著名的国有控股公司之一。

Singapore has been identified as a tax haven^[269] for the wealthy due to its low tax rates on personal income and tax exemptions on foreign-based income and capital gains. Individuals such as Australian millionaire retailer Brett Blundy and multi-billionaire Facebook co-founder Eduardo Saverin are two examples of wealthy individuals who have settled in Singapore.^[270] In 2009, Singapore was removed from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) “liste grise” of tax havens,^[271] and ranked fourth on the Tax Justice Network‘s 2015 Financial Secrecy Index of the world’s off-shore financial service providers, banking one-eighth of the world’s offshore capital, while “providing numerous tax avoidance and evasion opportunities”.^[272] In August 2016, The Straits Times reported that Indonesia had decided to create tax havens on two islands near Singapore to bring Indonesian capital back into the tax base.^[273] In October 2016, the Monetary Authority of Singapore admonished and fined UBS and DBS and withdrew Falcon Private Bank‘s banking licence for their alleged role in the Malaysian Sovereign Fund scandal.^[274][275]
【参考译文】新加坡因其个人所得税率低和个人境外收入及资本收益免税而被认定为富人的避税天堂。例如，澳大利亚亿万富翁零售商布雷特·布兰迪（Brett Blundy）和Facebook的共同创始人埃杜阿多·萨维林（Eduardo Saverin）都是选择定居新加坡的富豪的例子。2009年，新加坡从经济合作与发展组织（OECD）的灰色避税天堂名单中被移除，但在2015年税务正义网络发布的全球离岸金融服务提供商金融保密指数中排名第四，据称管理着全球八分之一的离岸资本，并“提供了多种避税和逃税的机会”。2016年8月，《海峡时报》报道说，印尼决定在其靠近新加坡的两个岛屿上设立避税天堂，以促使印尼资本回流至本国税收体系内。2016年10月，新加坡金融管理局因涉嫌参与马来西亚主权基金丑闻而警告并处罚了瑞银（UBS）和星展银行（DBS），并撤销了瑞士私人银行Falcon Private Bank在新加坡的银行牌照。

In 2016, Singapore was rated the world’s most expensive city for the third consecutive year by the Economist Intelligence Unit,^[276][277] and this remained true in 2018.^[278] The government provides numerous assistance programmes to the homeless and needy through the Ministry of Social and Family Development, so acute poverty is rare. Some of the programmes include providing financial assistance to needy households, providing free medical care at government hospitals, and paying for children’s tuition.^{[279][280][281]} Other benefits include compensation for gym fees to encourage citizens to exercise,^[282] up to S$166,000 as a baby bonus for each citizen,^[283] heavily subsidised healthcare, financial aid for the disabled, the provision of reduced-cost laptops for poor students,^[284] rebates for costs such as public transport^[285] and utility bills, and more.^[286][287] As of 2018 Singapore’s ranking in the Human Development Index is 9th in the world, with an HDI value of 0.935.^[288]
【参考译文】2016年，根据经济学人智库的评估，新加坡连续第三年被评为全球最昂贵的城市，并且这一情况在2018年依然保持不变。政府通过社会及家庭发展部为无家可归者和需要帮助的人提供了多种援助项目，因此极端贫困的情况很少出现。其中一些项目包括为经济困难的家庭提供财政援助，在政府医院提供免费医疗，以及支付孩子的学费。其他福利还包括补偿健身房费用以鼓励市民锻炼，为每位公民提供高达16万6千新元的婴儿奖励，大幅度补贴的医疗保健，为残疾人提供经济援助，为贫困学生提供低成本笔记本电脑，公共交通费用的减免，水电费折扣等等。截至2018年，新加坡在人类发展指数中的排名为全球第九位，HDI值为0.935。

3.1 产业部门 | Industry sectors

Singapore is the world’s 3rd-largest foreign exchange centre, 6th-largest financial centre,^[353] 2nd-largest casino gambling market,^[354] 3rd-largest oil-refining and trading centre, largest oil-rig producer and hub for ship repair services,^{[355][356][357]} and largest logistics hub.^[358] The economy is diversified, with its top contributors being financial services, manufacturing, and oil-refining. Its main exports are refined petroleum, integrated circuits, and computers,^[359] which constituted 27% of the country’s GDP in 2010. Other significant sectors include electronics, chemicals, mechanical engineering, and biomedical sciences. Singapore was ranked 5th in the Global Innovation Index in 2023 and 7th in 2022.^{[360][361][362][363]} In 2019, there were more than 60 semiconductor companies in Singapore, which together constituted 11% of the global market share. The semiconductor industry alone contributes around 7% of Singapore’s GDP.^[364]
【参考译文】新加坡是全球第三大外汇交易中心、第六大金融中心、第二大赌场赌博市场、第三大石油炼制和交易中心、最大的石油钻井平台生产商和修船服务中心，同时也是最大的物流中心。其经济多元化，主要贡献来自金融服务、制造业和石油炼制。其主要出口商品为精炼石油、集成电路和计算机，这些在2010年占到了国内生产总值的27%。其他重要产业包括电子、化工、机械制造和生物医药科学。新加坡在2023年的全球创新指数排名中位列第五，在2022年排名第七。[360][361][362][363]2019年，新加坡有超过60家半导体公司，它们合计占据了全球市场份额的11%，半导体产业本身贡献了新加坡GDP的约7%。[364]

新加坡产业多元，以电子、石化为主的制造业，以及金融、贸易为主的服务业为其主要产业。

电子产业是新加坡的制造业支柱，新加坡是全球第二个进入半导体代工行业的国家，被称为亚洲半导体桥头堡，至今仍是全球半导体制造重镇，拥有超过60多家半导体公司及多家全球半导体巨头的地区总部和生产基地，占全球晶圆制造产能的5%^[67]，及全球半导体设备市场约两成分额。

石化产业是新加坡另一个传统产业，新加坡是世界上极少数不干预石油行业的国家，利用毗邻马六甲海峡的优势，大力发展石油炼化行业，由过往的石油运输中转站，一跃成为全球三大石油贸易和炼油中心之一，炼油加工能力和规模位居世界领先地位^[68]。

新加坡因本地市场狭小而高度依赖国际贸易，是世界首个出台简化国际贸易流程的“国家单一窗口”政策的国家，与30多个贸易伙伴建有广泛的自由贸易协定，是东南亚的对外贸易门户、全球贸易的主要物流枢纽。

新加坡也是亚洲首屈一指的国际金融中心、外汇交易市场和财富管理中心，金融业在新加坡经济所占比重也逐渐提高，2022年，新加坡超过区内其他竞争对手，成为全球第三大、亚洲最大的国际金融中心。

新加坡是亚洲的商业中心之一，是众多跨国企业进入东南亚市场乃至亚太地区的门户，超过3500家企业在新加坡成立区域总部。

Singapore’s largest companies are in the telecommunications, banking, transportation, and manufacturing sectors, many of which started as state-run statutory corporations and have since been publicly listed on the Singapore Exchange. Such companies include Singapore Telecommunications (Singtel), Singapore Technologies Engineering, Keppel Corporation, Oversea-Chinese Banking Corporation (OCBC), Development Bank of Singapore (DBS), and United Overseas Bank (UOB). In 2011, amidst the global financial crisis, OCBC, DBS and UOB were ranked by Bloomberg Businessweek as the world’s 1st, 5th, and 6th strongest banks in the world, respectively.^[365] It is home to the headquarters of 3 Fortune Global 500 companies, the highest in the region.^[366]
【参考译文】新加坡最大的企业集中在电信、银行、运输和制造等行业，其中许多企业最初是国有法定机构，后在新加坡交易所上市。这些公司包括新加坡电信（Singtel）、新加坡科技工程公司、吉宝集团、华侨银行（OCBC）、新加坡发展银行（DBS）和大华银行（UOB）。2011年，在全球金融危机期间，根据彭博商业周刊的排名，华侨银行、新加坡发展银行和大华银行分别被评为全球第一、第五和第六强银行。[365]新加坡是三家《财富》全球500强企业的总部所在地，是该区域内最多的。[366]

The nation’s best known global companies include Singapore Airlines, Changi Airport, and the Port of Singapore, all of which are among the most-awarded in their respective fields. Singapore Airlines was ranked as Asia’s most-admired company, and the world’s 19th most-admired company in 2015 by Fortune‘s annual “50 most admired companies in the world” industry surveys. Other awards it has received include the US-based Travel + Leisure‘s Best International Airline award, which it has won for 20 consecutive years.^[367][368] Changi Airport connects over 100 airlines to more than 300 cities. The strategic international air hub has more than 480 World’s Best Airport awards as of 2015, and is known as the most-awarded airport in the world.^[369] Over ten free-trade agreements have been signed with other countries and regions.^[185] Singapore is the second-largest foreign investor in India.^[370] It is the 14th largest exporter and the 15th largest importer in the world.^[371][372]
【参考译文】该国最著名的全球性公司包括新加坡航空公司、樟宜机场和新加坡港，它们在各自领域均获得了大量奖项。新加坡航空公司被评为亚洲最受尊敬的公司，并在《财富》杂志年度“全球50家最受尊敬公司”行业调查中位列第19名。[367]其他获得的奖项包括美国《旅游+休闲》杂志评选的最佳国际航空公司奖，该奖项新加坡航空公司连续20年蝉联。[367][368]樟宜机场连接了超过100家航空公司，服务300多个城市。截至2015年，樟宜机场获得了超过480个世界最佳机场奖项，被誉为获奖最多的机场。[369]新加坡与其他国家和地区签署了超过十项自由贸易协定。[185]新加坡是印度的第二大外国投资者。[370]它是全球第14大出口国和第15大进口国。[371][372]

3.2 旅游业 | Tourism

Main article: Tourism in Singapore【主条目：新加坡的旅游业】

新加坡也是亚太地区最热门的休闲和商务旅游目的地之一，新加坡政府为开发旅游业，不惜斥巨资重建最受欢迎的旅游点圣淘沙，又引入新加坡环球影城、F1新加坡大奖赛，根据IAEM（国际展览管理协会）的排名，新加坡举办的国际展会规模和次数连续多年稳居全球第五、亚洲第一，UIA（国际协会联盟）连续多年将新加坡评为“亚洲最佳会展城市”。平均每年有40多万国际游客赴新加坡参加4000多个国际性会议和展览。

Tourism is a major industry and contributor to the Singaporean economy, attracting 18.5 million international tourists in 2018, more than three times Singapore’s total population.^[373] Singapore is the 5th most visited city in the world, and 2nd in the Asia-Pacific.^[374] In 2019 tourism contributed directly to about 4% of Singapore’s GDP,^[375] down from 2016, when tourism contributed, directly and indirectly, to around 9.9% of Singapore’s GDP.^[376] Altogether, the sector generated approximately 8.6% of Singapore’s employment in 2016.^[376]
【参考译文】旅游业是新加坡经济中的一个重要产业和贡献者，2018年吸引了1850万国际游客，超过了新加坡总人口的三倍以上。[373]新加坡是全球第五大最受欢迎的城市旅游目的地，也是亚太地区第二受欢迎的目的地。[374]2019年，旅游业直接贡献了新加坡GDP的约4%，[375]而2016年时，旅游业直接和间接地贡献了新加坡GDP的约9.9%。[376]总体而言，2016年旅游业创造了新加坡约8.6%的就业机会。[376]

In 2015, Lonely Planet and The New York Times listed Singapore as their top and 6th-best world destinations to visit, respectively.^[377] Well-known landmarks include the Merlion,^[378] the Esplanade,^[379] Marina Bay Sands,^[380] Gardens by the Bay,^[381] Jewel Changi Airport,^[382] CHIJMES,^[379] National Gallery Singapore,^[379] the Singapore Flyer,^[379] the Orchard Road shopping belt,^[383] the resort island of Sentosa,^[384] and the Singapore Botanic Gardens, Singapore’s first UNESCO World Heritage Site,^[385] all located in southern and eastern Singapore.
【参考译文】2015年，《孤独星球》和《纽约时报》分别将新加坡列为全球最佳旅游目的地的第一和第六名。[377]知名的地标包括鱼尾狮、[378]滨海艺术中心、[379]滨海湾金沙、[380]滨海湾花园、[381]星耀樟宜机场、[382]圣婴女校历史建筑群、[379]新加坡国家美术馆、[379]新加坡摩天观景轮、[379]乌节路购物区、[383]圣淘沙度假岛、[384]以及新加坡植物园——新加坡的第一个联合国教科文组织世界遗产地，[385]所有这些都位于新加坡南部和东部地区。

4. 地理 | Geography

Main article: Geography of Singapore / 主条目：新加坡地理

See also: Land reclamation in Singapore【另请参阅：新加坡填海造地】

参见：新加坡的离岸岛屿

Singapore consists of 63 islands, including the main island, Pulau Ujong.^[289] There are two man-made connections to Johor, Malaysia: the Johor–Singapore Causeway in the north and the Tuas Second Link in the west. Jurong Island, Pulau Tekong, Pulau Ubin and Sentosa are the largest of Singapore’s smaller islands. The highest natural point is Bukit Timah Hill at 163.63 m (537 ft).^[290] Under British rule, Christmas Island and the Cocos Islands were part of Singapore, and both were transferred to Australia in 1957.^{[291][292][293]} Pedra Branca is the nation’s easternmost point.^[294]
【参考译文】新加坡由63个岛屿组成，其中包括主岛乌戎岛（Pulau Ujong）。有两个与马来西亚柔佛州人工连接的通道：北部的柔佛-新加坡堤道和西部的第二通道。裕廊岛、德光岛、乌敏岛和圣淘沙是新加坡较小岛屿中最大的几个。自然最高点是武吉知马山，海拔163.63米（537英尺）。在英国统治期间，圣诞岛和科科斯群岛是新加坡的一部分，1957年这两个岛屿被划归澳大利亚管辖。白礁（Pedra Branca）是新加坡最东部的点。

主岛新加坡岛的面积占到90%以上^[26]。

Land reclamation projects have increased Singapore’s land area from 580 km² (220 sq mi) in the 1960s to 710 km² (270 sq mi) by 2015, an increase of some 22% (130 km²).^[295] The country is projected to reclaim another 56 km² (20 sq mi).^[296] Some projects involve merging smaller islands through land reclamation to form larger, more functional and habitable islands, as has been done with Jurong Island.^[297] The type of sand used in reclamation is found in rivers and beaches, rather than deserts, and is in great demand worldwide. In 2010 Singapore imported almost 15 million tons of sand for its projects, the demand being such that Indonesia, Malaysia, and Vietnam have all restricted or barred the export of sand to Singapore in recent years. As a result, in 2016 Singapore switched to using polders for reclamation, in which an area is enclosed and then pumped dry.^[298]
【参考译文】填海造地项目使得新加坡的土地面积从1960年代的580平方公里（220平方英里）增加到了2015年的710平方公里（270平方英里），增加了约22%（130平方公里）。预计未来还将再填海造地56平方公里（20平方英里）。一些项目涉及通过填海造地将小岛合并成为更大、功能更全和更适合居住的大岛，就像裕廊岛所做的那样。用于填海造地的沙子主要来自河流和海滩，而非沙漠，并且在全球范围内需求量很大。2010年，新加坡为其项目进口了近1500万吨沙子，需求如此之大以至于近年来印度尼西亚、马来西亚和越南都限制或禁止了向新加坡出口沙子。因此，2016年新加坡开始采用围垦法来进行填海造地，即先围出一片区域，然后将其抽干。

至2030年以前，将会增加100平方千米（40平方英里）^[28]，部分计划则连结比较小的岛屿，包括裕廊岛^[29]。尽管都市化缩减了雨林面积，但新加坡仍约有23%的国土属于森林或自然保护区^[30]，森林主要分布于武吉知马自然保护区^[29]。新加坡在城市绿化方面相当成功，境内共有逾300座公园及4个自然保护区，有“花园城市”之称^[31]。

新加坡未采行夏时制，新加坡标准时间为UTC+8，较其地理位置时区快1小时^[32]。

新加坡是个靠近印尼的国家，由于印尼经常地震，因此新加坡也不时有余震。2007年9月印尼苏门答腊发生8级地震，全新加坡有震感。2016年3月，印尼苏门答腊西南发生7.8级地震，之后新加坡开始有震感。2016年6月，印尼苏门答腊6.5级地震，全新加坡确定有感受到地震的地区包括榜鹅、蔡厝港、宏茂桥、大巴窑、武吉班让、黄埔、实乞纳、马林百列、花拉公园、盛港等，只剩东部地区没有传来感受到地震的消息。^[35]

4.1 自然 | Nature

Main article: Wildlife of Singapore【主条目：新加坡的野生生物】

Singapore’s urbanisation means that it has lost 95% of its historical forests,^[299] and now over half of the naturally occurring fauna and flora in Singapore is present in nature reserves, such as the Bukit Timah Nature Reserve and the Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve, which comprise only 0.25% of Singapore’s land area.^[299] In 1967, to combat this decline in natural space, the government introduced the vision of making Singapore a “garden city”,^[300] aiming to improve quality of life.^[301] Since then, nearly 10% of Singapore’s land has been set aside for parks and nature reserves.^[302] The government has created plans to preserve the country’s remaining wildlife.^[303] Singapore’s well known gardens include the Singapore Botanic Gardens, a 161-year-old tropical garden and Singapore’s first UNESCO World Heritage Site.^[304]
【参考译文】新加坡的都市化进程导致其失去了95%的历史森林，现在超过一半的自然动植物种类仅存在于自然保护区中，如武吉知马自然保护区和实乞纳湿地保护区，这些保护区仅占新加坡土地总面积的0.25%。为了应对自然空间减少的问题，1967年，政府提出了将新加坡建设成为一个“花园城市”的愿景，旨在提高生活质量。自那时起，新加坡将近10%的土地被划定为公园和自然保护区。政府已经制定了保护剩余野生动植物的计划。新加坡著名的花园包括新加坡植物园，这是一个有着161年历史的热带花园，也是新加坡首个联合国教科文组织世界遗产地。

4.2 气候 | Climate

Singapore has a tropical rainforest climate (Köppen: Af) with no distinctive seasons, uniform temperature and pressure, high humidity, and abundant rainfall.^[305][306] Temperatures usually range from 23 to 32 °C (73 to 90 °F). While temperature does not vary greatly throughout the year, there is a wetter monsoon season from November to February.^[307]
【参考译文】新加坡属热带雨林气候（柯本分类法：Af），没有明显的季节差异，温度和气压均匀，湿度高，降雨充沛。[305][306] 气温通常在 23 至 32 摄氏度（73 至 90 华氏度）之间。虽然全年气温变化不大，但 11 月至 2 月是较为潮湿的季风季节。[307]

From July to October, there is often haze caused by bush fires in neighbouring Indonesia, usually from the island of Sumatra.^[308] Singapore follows the GMT+8 time zone, one hour ahead of the typical zone for its geographical location.^[309] This causes the sun to rise and set particularly late during February, where the sun rises at 7:15 am and sets around 7:20 pm. During July, the sun sets at around 7:15 pm. The earliest the sun rises and sets is in late October and early November when the sun rises at 6:46 am and sets at 6:50 pm.^[310]
【参考译文】7 月至 10 月，邻国印度尼西亚经常会出现由丛林大火（通常来自苏门答腊岛）引起的雾霾。[308] 新加坡采用 GMT+8 时区，比其地理位置的典型时区早一小时。[309] 这导致二月份的日出和日落特别晚，太阳升起时间为上午 7:15，日落时间为下午 7:20。七月，太阳落山的时间大约为下午 7:15。日出和日落最早出现在 10 月下旬和 11 月上旬，时间为上午 6:46，日落时间为下午 6:50。[310]

Singapore recognises that climate change and rising sea levels in the decades ahead will have major implications for its low-lying coastline. It estimates that the nation will need to spend $100 billion over the course of the next century to address the issue. In its 2020 budget, the government set aside an initial $5 billion towards a Coastline and Flood Protection Fund.^[311][312] Singapore is the first country in Southeast Asia to levy a carbon tax on its largest carbon-emitting corporations producing more than 25,000 tons of carbon dioxide per year, at $5 per ton.^[313]
【参考译文】新加坡认识到，未来几十年的气候变化和海平面上升将对其低洼海岸线产生重大影响。据估计，该国将需要在下个世纪花费 1000 亿美元来解决这一问题。在 2020 年的预算中，政府拨出 50 亿美元作为海岸线和防洪基金的初始资金。[311][312] 新加坡是东南亚第一个向其最大的碳排放企业征收碳税的国家，这些企业每年排放的二氧化碳超过 25,000 吨，每吨 5 美元。[313]

To reduce the country’s dependence on fossil fuels, it has ramped up deployment of solar panels on rooftops and vertical surfaces of buildings, and other initiatives like building one of the world’s largest floating solar farms at Tengeh Reservoir in Tuas.^[314]
【参考译文】为了减少对化石燃料的依赖，该国加大了在屋顶和建筑物垂直表面安装太阳能电池板的力度，并采取其他举措，例如在大士的 Tengeh 蓄水池建造世界上最大的浮动太阳能发电场之一。[314]

4.3 供水 | Water supply

Main article: Water supply and sanitation in Singapore【主条目：新加坡的水资源供应和卫生设施】

Singapore considers water a national security issue and the government has sought to emphasise conservation.^[318] Water access is universal and of high quality, though the country is projected to face significant water-stress by 2040.^[319][320] To circumvent this, the Public Utilities Board has implemented the “four national taps” strategy – water imported from neighbouring Malaysia, urban rainwater catchments, reclaimed water (NEWater) and seawater desalination.^[321] Singapore’s approach does not rely only on physical infrastructure; it also emphasises proper legislation and enforcement, water pricing, public education as well as research and development.^[322] Singapore has declared that it will be water self-sufficient by the time its 1961 long-term water supply agreement with Malaysia expires in 2061. However, according to official forecasts, water demand in Singapore is expected to double from 380 to 760 million US gallons (1.4 to 2.8 billion litres; 1.4 to 2.8 million cubic meters) per day between 2010 and 2060. The increase is expected to come primarily from non-domestic water use, which accounted for 55% of water demand in 2010 and is expected to account for 70% of demand in 2060. By that time, water demand is expected to be met by reclaimed water at the tune of 50% and by desalination accounting for 30%, compared to only 20% supplied by internal catchments.^[323][324]
【参考译文】新加坡将水资源视为国家安全问题，政府力求强调水资源的保护。虽然新加坡的水资源获取普遍且水质优良，但预计到2040年将面临严重的水资源压力。为了规避这一点，公用事业局实施了“四大水源”战略——从邻近的马来西亚进口水、城市雨水收集、回收水（NEWater）以及海水淡化。新加坡的方法不仅仅依赖于物理基础设施；它还强调适当的立法与执行、水价制定、公众教育以及研究和发展。新加坡宣布将在1961年与马来西亚签订的长期供水协议到期的2061年实现水资源自给自足。然而，根据官方预测，新加坡的用水需求预计将在2010年至2060年间翻倍，从每天3亿8000万美制加仑（约14亿升/140万立方米）增长到每天7亿6000万美制加仑（约28亿升/280万立方米）。预计增长主要来自非居民用水，这部分用水在2010年占总用水需求的55%，预计到2060年将占到70%的需求。届时，预计50%的用水需求将通过回收水来满足，30%通过海水淡化来满足，相比之下，只有20%的用水需求将由内部集水区供给。

Singapore is expanding its recycling system and intends to spend $7.4 billion (S$10 billion) in water treatment infrastructure upgrades.^[325] The Ulu Pandan wastewater treatment was specially built to test advanced used-water treatment processes before full deployment and won the Water/Wastewater Project of the Year Award at the 2018 Global Water Awards in Paris, France.^[326] Operation started in 2017 and was jointly developed by PUB and the Black & Veatch + AECOM Joint Venture.^[327]
【参考译文】新加坡正在扩大其循环水系统，并计划花费74亿美元（100亿新元）升级水处理基础设施。乌鲁班丹污水处理厂专门建造用于测试先进的循环水处理工艺，之后进行全面部署，并在2018年法国巴黎举办的全球水奖中获得了年度最佳水/污水处理项目奖。该污水处理厂于2017年开始运营，是由公用事业局与Black & Veatch和AECOM合资开发的。

4.4 虚拟新加坡 | Virtual Singapore

Main article: Virtual Singapore【主条目：虚拟新加坡】

Virtual Singapore is a 3D digital replica of Singapore, which is used by the Government of Singapore, Singapore Land Authority, and many more companies to plan for industrial changes. It is also used for disaster management.^{[citation needed]}
【参考译文】虚拟新加坡是新加坡的一个三维数字复制品，被新加坡政府、新加坡土地管理局以及多家公司用于规划工业变化。它也被用于灾害管理。

5. 交通 | Transport

Main article: Transport in Singapore / 主条目：新加坡交通

新加坡交通便利，居于中国、东盟和印度等亚太地区重要经济体的几何中心，是世界连通性最强的国家之一。新加坡与全球600多个港口实现了通航，以新加坡为圆心，7小时飞行圈覆盖全球超过40亿人口。

5.1 地面交通 | Land

主条目：新加坡高速公路

主条目：新加坡地铁、新加坡公交车和新加坡轻轨

Singapore has a road system covering 3,356 kilometres (2,085 mi), which includes 161 kilometres (100 mi) of expressways.^[328][329] The Singapore Area Licensing Scheme, implemented in 1975, became the world’s first congestion pricing scheme, and included other complementary measures such as stringent car ownership quotas and improvements in mass transit.^[330][331] Upgraded in 1998 and renamed Electronic Road Pricing (ERP), the system introduced electronic toll collection, electronic detection, and video surveillance technology.^[332] A satellite-based system was due to replace the physical gantries by 2020, but has been delayed until 2026 due to global shortages in the supply of semiconductors.^[333] As Singapore is a small island with a high population density, the number of private cars on the road is restricted with a pre-set car population quota, to curb pollution and congestion. Car buyers must pay for Additional Registration Fees (ARF) duties of either 100%, 140%, 180% or 220% of the vehicle’s Open Market Value (OMV), and bid for a Singaporean Certificate of Entitlement (COE) (that varies twice a month in supply based on the number of car registrations and de-registrations), which allows the car to be driven on the road for maximum period of 10 years. Car prices are generally significantly higher in Singapore than in other English-speaking countries.^[334] As with most Commonwealth countries, vehicles on the road and people walking on the streets keep to the left (left-hand traffic).^[335]
【参考译文】新加坡的道路系统覆盖了3,356公里（2,085英里），其中包括161公里（100英里）的高速公路。[328][329]1975年实施的新加坡区域许可证计划成为了世界上首个拥堵收费方案，并包含了其他配套措施，如严格的汽车拥有配额制度以及公共交通系统的改进。[330][331]该计划在1998年进行了升级，并更名为电子道路收费系统（ERP），引入了电子收费、电子检测和视频监控技术。[332]原计划在2020年采用基于卫星的系统取代实体的收费门架，但由于全球半导体供应短缺，该计划已被推迟至2026年。[333]由于新加坡是一个人口密度高的小岛国，为了控制污染和拥堵，道路上私家车的数量受到预先设定的配额限制。购车者必须支付相当于车辆公开市场价格（OMV）100%、140%、180%或220%的额外注册费（ARF），并且还需要竞标获得新加坡的拥车证（COE），该证书允许车辆在最多10年的期限内在道路上行驶。拥车证的价格每月两次根据新车注册和注销的数量浮动。新加坡的汽车价格普遍比其他英语国家要高得多。[334]与大多数英联邦国家一样，新加坡道路上的车辆和行人在街道上靠左行驶（左侧行驶）。[335]

从2020年1月1日开始，新加坡的新拥车证数量等同于二手车处理的数量，全新加坡的车辆数量将控制在一个不再增长的范围之内，此外由于基础设施的发达，意味着使用成本的增加，车主购买车之后每月缴纳的各项基础设施使用费也相当高，购买私家车，如果仅一人使用，低使用度也就面临更高的边际成本。另一方面，新加坡也是全球第一个采用电子道路收费系统的国家，在进入市中心的道路上架设自动电子收费系统，在高峰时段进入市中心的车辆将自动付费。由于购买私家车的成本太高，再加上完善、方便的公共交通网络，使得大多数新加坡人选择不购买汽车，这也有效地解决了其他都市普遍存在的交通堵塞问题。

新加坡本岛的公路完善，目前拥有10条高速公路贯穿全岛。新加坡的高速公路分别为泛岛高速公路、东海岸公园大道、武吉知马高速公路、亚逸拉惹高速公路、中央高速公路、淡滨尼高速公路、实里达高速公路、克兰芝高速公路、加冷—巴耶利峇高速公路、滨海高速公路以及建设中的南北交通廊道^[70]。

Singapore’s public transport network is shaped up with trains (consisting of the MRT and LRT systems), buses and taxis. There are currently six MRT lines (North–South MRT line, East–West MRT line, North East MRT line, Circle MRT line, Downtown MRT line and Thomson–East Coast MRT line), three LRT lines serving the neighbourhoods of Bukit Panjang and Choa Chu Kang (Bukit Panjang LRT line), Sengkang (Sengkang LRT line) and Punggol (Punggol LRT line),^[336] covering around 241 km (150 mi) in total, and more than 300 bus routes in operation.^[337] Taxis are a popular form of transport as the fares are relatively affordable when compared to many other developed countries, whilst cars in Singapore are the most expensive to own worldwide.^[338]
【参考译文】新加坡的公共交通网络由列车（包括地铁MRT和轻轨LRT系统）、公共汽车和出租车构成。目前共有六条地铁线路（南北地铁线、东西地铁线、东北地铁线、环线地铁线、市区地铁线和汤申—东海岸地铁线），以及三条服务于武吉班让和蔡厝港（武吉班让轻轨线）、盛港（盛港轻轨线）和榜鹅（榜鹅轻轨线）地区的轻轨线路，总共覆盖约241公里（150英里），并且有超过300条公交线路在运行。[336]出租车是一种受欢迎的交通工具，因为在与其他许多发达国家相比，这里的车费相对较为实惠，而新加坡的私家车则是全世界最昂贵的。[338]

另一方面，新加坡也是全球第一个采用电子道路收费系统的国家，在进入市中心的道路上架设自动电子收费系统，在高峰时段进入市中心的车辆将自动付费。由于购买私家车的成本太高，再加上完善、方便的公共交通网络，使得大多数新加坡人选择不购买汽车，这也有效地解决了其他都市普遍存在的交通堵塞问题。

The Johor–Singapore Causeway (connecting Singapore with Johor Bahru, Malaysia) is the busiest international land border crossing in the world, whereby approximately 350,000 travellers cross the border checkpoints of both Woodlands Checkpoint and Sultan Iskandar Building daily (with an annual total of 128 million travellers).^[339]
【参考译文】新柔长堤（连接新加坡与马来西亚柔佛州新山市）是世界上最繁忙的国际陆地边境通道，每天大约有35万名旅客通过兀兰关卡和苏丹依斯干达大厦两个边境检查站（每年总数为1.28亿人次）。[339]

兀兰火车关卡是马来亚铁道城际铁路目前最南端的车站，由马来亚铁道公司特许经营，提供往返新山中央车站的“地不佬接驳列车”（Shuttle Tebrau）短程列车服务。

The Land Transport Authority (LTA) is responsible for all land transport-related infrastructure and operations in Singapore.
【参考译文】新加坡陆路交通管理局（LTA）负责新加坡所有与陆路交通相关的基础设施和运营工作。

5.2 航空 | Air

目前，新加坡拥有5个机场，其中樟宜机场及实里达机场是国际民航机场，另外还有巴耶利峇空军基地、三巴旺空军基地及登加空军基地3个军用机场。

樟宜机场也是东南亚乃至全世界最繁忙的机场之一，也是亚洲最繁忙的5个机场之一，以及澳纽至欧洲的袋鼠航线的最重要的一个中途站，并被评为全世界最舒适的机场之一。

此外，新加坡北部的实里达机场提供专门连接邻近国家的旅游景点的定期航班、团体包机或接待私人飞机。在2005年，当局计划扩展跑道到2000米，以接待波音737级数的客机，它是新加坡第一个国际民用机场。

巴耶利峇空军基地，拥有一条长达3780米的跑道，允许外国空军到访时使用；据了解，美国空军经常在此空军基地停留。

Singapore is a major international transport hub in Asia, serving some of the busiest sea and air trade routes. Changi Airport is an aviation centre for Southeast Asia and a stopover on Qantas‘ Kangaroo Route between Sydney and London.^[340] There are two civilian airports in Singapore, Changi Airport and Seletar Airport.^[341][342] The Changi Airport hosts a network of over 100 airlines connecting Singapore to some 300 cities in about 70 countries and territories worldwide.^[343] It has been rated one of the best international airports by international travel magazines, including being rated as the world’s best airport for the first time in 2006 by Skytrax.^[344] It also had the second- and third-busiest international air routes in the world; the Jakarta-Singapore airport pair had 4.8 million passengers carried in 2018, whilst the Singapore-Kuala Lumpur airport pair had 4.5 million passengers carried in 2018, both trailing only behind Hong Kong-Taipei (6.5 million).^{[citation needed]}
【参考译文】新加坡是亚洲重要的国际运输枢纽之一，服务于一些世界上最繁忙的海上和空中贸易路线。樟宜机场是东南亚的航空中心，也是澳大利亚航空在其悉尼和伦敦之间的袋鼠航线上的一个停靠点。[340]新加坡有两个民用机场，樟宜机场和实里达机场。[341][342]樟宜机场拥有超过100家航空公司的网络，连接新加坡与全球约70个国家和地区的近300个城市。[343]它多次被评为最佳国际机场之一，包括2006年首次被Skytrax评为世界最佳机场。[344]樟宜机场还拥有世界上第二和第三繁忙的国际航线；2018年雅加达-新加坡航线对运送了480万乘客，而2018年新加坡-吉隆坡航线对则运送了450万乘客，这两条航线仅落后于香港-台北航线（650万乘客）。[需要引证]

Singapore Airlines, which is the flag carrier of Singapore,^[345] has been regarded as a 5-star airline by Skytrax^[346] and been in the world top 10 list of airlines for multiple consecutive years.^[347] It held the title of the World’s Best Airline by Skytrax in 2023. It won this title 12 times. Its hub, Changi Airport had also been rated as the world’s best airport from 2013 to 2020 before being superseded by Hamad International Airport in Doha.^[348] It reclaimed this title in 2023^[349] before being superseded once more in 2024.^[350]
【参考译文】新加坡航空公司是新加坡的国家航空公司，[345]它被Skytrax评为五星级航空公司，[346]并且连续多年位列世界十大航空公司之列。[347]2023年，它被Skytrax评为世界最佳航空公司。这是它第12次赢得这一称号。[349]樟宜机场也曾从2013年至2020年连续被评为世界最佳机场，之后在2021年被多哈的哈马德国际机场超越。[348]樟宜机场在2023年重新夺回了这一头衔，[349]但在2024年再次被超越。[350]

5.3 海运 | Sea

The Port of Singapore, managed by port operators PSA International and Jurong Port, was the world’s second-busiest port in 2019 in terms of shipping tonnage handled, at 2.85 billion gross tons (GT), and in terms of containerised traffic, at 37.2 million twenty-foot equivalent units (TEUs).^[351] It is also the world’s second-busiest, behind Shanghai, in terms of cargo tonnage with 626 million tons handled. In addition, the port is the world’s busiest for transshipment traffic and the world’s biggest ship refuelling centre.^[352]
【参考译文】由港口运营商PSA国际港务集团和裕廊港管理的新加坡港，在2019年按处理的船舶吨位计算是世界第二繁忙的港口，处理了28.5亿吨位（GT），而在集装箱货运量方面则处理了3720万个标准箱（TEU），同样排名世界第二。[351]此外，按货物吨位计算，它是仅次于上海的世界第二繁忙的港口，处理了6.26亿吨货物。此外，该港还是世界上最繁忙的转运港和世界上最大的船舶加油中心。[352]

6. 人口 | Demographics

Main articles: Demographics of Singapore and Singaporeans / 主条目：新加坡人口和新加坡人

See also: Race in Singapore【参见：新加坡的种族】

As of mid-2023, the estimated population of Singapore was 5,917,600, of whom 3,610,700 (61.6%) were citizens and the remaining 2,306,900 (38.4%) were either permanent residents (522,300) or international students, foreign workers, or dependants (1,644,500).^[5] The overall population increased 5% from the prior year, driven largely by foreign workers.^[389] According to the country’s most recent census in 2020, nearly one in four residents (citizens and permanent residents) was foreign born; including non-residents, roughly 43% of the total population was born abroad.^[390] This proportion is largely unchanged from the 2010 census.^[391][392]
【参考译文】截至2023年中期，新加坡的人口估计为591.76万人，其中361.07万人（61.6%）是公民，其余230.69万人（38.4%）是永久居民（52.23万人）或国际学生、外籍劳工或家属（164.45万人）。[5]整体人口比前一年增长了5%，主要是由于外籍劳工的增长。[389]根据2020年最近一次的人口普查数据，近四分之一的居民（公民和永久居民）是在国外出生的；如果包括非居民，大约43%的总人口是在国外出生的。[390]这一比例与2010年人口普查的结果大致相同。[391][392]

The 2020 census reported that about 74.3% of residents were of Chinese descent, 13.5% of Malay descent, 9.0% of Indian descent, and 3.2% of other descent (such as Eurasian); this proportion was virtually identical to the 2010 census, with slight increases among Chinese and Malay (0.2% and 0.1% respectively) and minor decreases in Indian and others (0.2% and 0.1%).^[393][391] Prior to 2010, each person could register as a member of only one race, by default that of his or her father; therefore, mixed-race persons were solely grouped under their father’s race in government censuses. From 2010 onward, people may register using a multi-racial classification, in which they may choose one primary race and one secondary race, but no more than two.^[394]
【参考译文】2020年人口普查报告显示，约74.3%的居民为华裔，13.5%为马来裔，9.0%为印度裔，3.2%为其他族裔（如欧亚混血）。这一比例与2010年人口普查的结果几乎相同，其中华人和马来人比例略有增加（分别为0.2%和0.1%），而印度人和其他族裔的比例略有下降（均为0.2%和0.1%）。[393][391]在2010年之前，每个人只能登记为单一族裔成员，默认情况下为父亲的族裔；因此，混血人士在政府的人口普查中仅被归类为其父亲的族裔。从2010年开始，人们可以使用多族裔分类进行登记，可以选择一个主要族裔和一个次要族裔，但不能超过两个。[394]

新加坡的人口年龄中位数为37岁，每户的平均人口为3.5人，由于土地不足，约五分之四的新加坡人居住于一般称为组屋的公共房屋（政府部分资助购买的廉价质房屋）^[37]。直至2010年，已经有四分之三的新加坡人口居住于4房或以上的组屋或私有住宅，住宅自给率则达87.2%^[38][39]。移动电话的普及率则高达每一千人拥有1,400支移动电话。因地狭人稠，对民众买车方面限制严格，仅约十分之一的居民拥有私家车^[13]。

Like other developed countries in Asia, Singapore experienced a rapid decline in its total fertility rate (TFR) beginning in the 1980s.^[395] Since 2010, its TFR has largely plateaued at 1.1 children per woman, which is among the lowest in the world and well below the 2.1 needed to replace the population.^[396] Consequently, the median age of Singaporean residents is among the highest in the world, at 42.8 in 2022 compared to 39.6 ten years earlier.^[397] Starting in 2001, the government introduced a series of programs to increase fertility, including paid maternity leave, childcare subsidies, tax relief and rebates, one-time cash gifts, and grants for companies that implement flexible work arrangements;^[398] nevertheless, live births have continued to decline, hitting a record low in 2022.^[399] Singapore’s immigration policy is designed to alleviate the decline and maintain its working-age population.^{[400][401][402]}
【参考译文】像亚洲的其他发达国家一样，新加坡自1980年代开始经历了总和生育率（TFR）的快速下降。[395]自2010年以来，新加坡的总和生育率大致稳定在每位女性生育1.1个孩子，这是世界上最低的生育率之一，远低于维持人口所需的2.1个孩子的水平。[396]因此，新加坡居民的中位年龄是世界上最高的之一，2022年达到42.8岁，相比之下十年前为39.6岁。[397]从2001年起，政府推出了一系列旨在提高生育率的计划，包括带薪产假、托儿补贴、税收减免和退税、一次性现金奖励，以及为实施灵活工作安排的企业提供补助；[398]尽管如此，活产婴儿数量仍在持续下降，在2022年达到了历史新低。[399]新加坡的移民政策旨在缓解这一下降趋势并维持其劳动年龄人口。[400][401][402]

新加坡为全世界失业率最低的国家之一，过去十年间的失业率未曾超过4%，失业率于2009年全球金融危机达到高峰，失业率为3%，在2011年降回1.9%^[44][45]。

91% of resident households (i.e. households headed by a Singapore citizen or permanent resident) own the homes they live in, and the average household size is 3.43 persons (which include dependants who are neither citizens nor permanent residents).^[403][404] However, due to scarcity of land, 78.7% of resident households live in subsidised, high-rise, public housing apartments developed by the Housing and Development Board (HDB). Also, 75.9% of resident households live in properties that are equal to, or larger than, a four-room (i.e. three bedrooms plus one living room) HDB flat or in private housing.^[405][406] Live-in foreign domestic workers are quite common in Singapore, with about 224,500 foreign domestic workers there, as of December 2013.^[407]
【参考译文】91%的居民家庭（即户主为新加坡公民或永久居民的家庭）拥有自己居住的住房，平均家庭规模为3.43人（包括既不是公民也不是永久居民的家属）。[403][404]然而，由于土地稀缺，78.7%的居民家庭居住在由建屋发展局（HDB）开发的补贴型高层公共住房公寓中。此外，75.9%的居民家庭居住在等于或大于四房式（即三个卧室加一个客厅）组屋单位或私人住宅中。[405][406]住在雇主家中的外籍家庭佣工在新加坡相当常见，截至2013年12月，约有22.45万名外籍家庭佣工在那里工作。[407]

在种族分布上，虽然新加坡是东亚地区以外，唯一以汉族为主体的国家，不过新加坡人除文化上认同中国传统以外，在民族政策上则视自身为“华裔社会”占多数的多元种族国家，而非单纯是一个“华人国家”，这是因为历史上新加坡是一个受到穆斯林邻国包围而突然独立的小国，为了避免造成东南亚出现华人与外族间的冲突，在社会内部也需要让移民得以搁置争议先开展建设，故政府不得不开始主导基于公民民族主义的新加坡国族建构，在现实外交环境与复杂的种族问题下发展出的国家思想，其逐渐作为民族成功实践合作的先行者^{[14][15][16][46]}。如2009年，在本地居民（本国公民及永久居民的总称）中，华人占74.2%，而欧亚混血人口和其他族群（包括峇峇娘惹）则占3.2%，马来人占13.4%，印度裔（以泰米尔人居多）占9.2%，自二十世纪末即使开始以吸收大量移民为主的人口政策，大致上都致力维持此平衡比例不变，除将马来民族设置原住民地位外，在华人社会内部，以往早期主张依附大中华的本土政党也逐渐被引导向基于东南亚华裔需求的国情政纲上^[47]，发展出巫裔、华裔与印度裔移民等等各族皆视为平等的“Singaporean”（新加坡人）认同^[48][49]。新加坡华人的祖先大部分源自中国福建南部、广东和海南等地。^[50]

6.1 语言 | Languages

参见：新加坡语言、新加坡英语和新加坡华语

Main article: Languages of Singapore【主条目：新加坡的语言】

新加坡是一个多语言的国家，其官方语言包括英语、华语、马来语、泰米尔语^[51]。

English is the lingua franca^{[414][415][416][417]} and the main language used in business, government, law and education.^[418][419] The Constitution of Singapore and all government legislation is written in English, and interpreters are required if a language other than English is used in the Singaporean courts.^[420][421] Statutory corporations conduct their businesses in English, while any official documents written in a non-English official language such as Malay, Mandarin, or Tamil are typically translated into English to be accepted for use.^{[422][415][423]}
【参考译文】英语是新加坡的通用语言[414][415][416][417]，也是商业、政府、法律和教育的主要使用语言。[418][419]新加坡宪法和所有政府立法都是用英文书写的，在新加坡法院使用除英语以外的语言时需要翻译人员。[420][421]法定机构在其业务中使用英语，而任何用马来语、普通话或泰米尔语等非英语官方语言书写的正式文件通常都需要翻译成英语才能被接受使用。[422][415][423]

2020年，在新加坡公民与永久居民中，五岁及以上者有接近一半的人最常用的语言为英语；近一半的新加坡华人、约四成马来人及约六成印度人在家中最常用英语，同时在十五岁及以上者中有约百分之十五没有英语读写能力（其中以建国时期（Pioneer Generation）的长者占大多数）^[3]。

Malay was designated as a national language by the Singaporean government after independence from Britain in the 1960s to avoid friction with Singapore’s Malay-speaking neighbours of Malaysia and Indonesia.^[172] It has a symbolic, rather than functional purpose.^{[413][424][425]} It is used in the national anthem Majulah Singapura,^[426] in citations of Singaporean orders and decorations and in military commands.^[427][428] Singaporean Malay is officially written in the Latin-based Rumi script, though some Singaporean Malays also learn the Arabic-based Jawi script.^[429] Jawi is considered an ethnic script for use on Singaporean identity cards.^[430]
【参考译文】马来语在1960年代新加坡从英国独立后被新加坡政府指定为国语，以避免与新加坡的马来语使用者邻国马来西亚和印度尼西亚产生摩擦。[172]马来语具有象征意义而非实际用途。[413][424][425]它用于新加坡国歌《前进吧，新加坡》[426]、新加坡勋章和奖章的授予以及军事命令中。[427][428]新加坡马来语正式书写采用拉丁字母为基础的罗马体（Rumi），虽然部分新加坡马来人也会学习阿拉伯字母为基础的爪夷文（Jawi）。[429]爪夷文被视为新加坡身份证上使用的民族文字。[430]

Singaporeans are mostly bilingual, typically with English as their common language and their mother-tongue as a second language taught in schools, in order to preserve each individual’s ethnic identity and values. According to the 2020 census, English was the language most spoken at home, used by 48.3% of the population; Mandarin was next, spoken at home by 29.9%.^[428][431] Nearly half a million speak other ancestral Southern varieties of Chinese, mainly Hokkien, Teochew, and Cantonese, as their home language, although the use of these is declining in favour of Mandarin or just English.^[432]Singapore Chinese characters are written using simplified Chinese characters.^[433]
【参考译文】新加坡人大多双语能力较强，通常以英语作为共同语言，并在学校教授母语作为第二语言，以保持每个人的民族身份和价值观。根据2020年人口普查，英语是家庭中最常用的语言，占比48.3%；其次是普通话，家庭中使用普通话的比例为29.9%。[428][431]近50万人以其他祖先传承的汉语南方方言为主要家庭语言，主要是闽南话、潮州话和广东话，尽管这些方言的使用正在减少，转而倾向于使用普通话或仅使用英语。[432]新加坡的汉字书写使用简化汉字。[433]

新加坡曾因为在1980年代全面废除华校制度而将原来的华校改成全英校制度，所以英语是新加坡华人的最主要语言，多数人在日常生活和家里都会使用英语，一部分人为了与长辈沟通，也会使用各种中国方言（主要为广东话、客家话、闽南话等）。

自新加坡在1965年独立建国以来，双语教育即成为主流教育体系的基石。所有新加坡学生除以英语为主要教学语言外，还必须修读所属族群的“母语”课程。新加坡推行以英语为主、族群“母语”为辅的双语教育政策是人民行动党政府基于国家发展和族群团结所作出的必然选择。但是，经过40多年的推动后，英语不但已成为本地强势主导工作语言、跨族群语言、“国家语言”，更开始取代各族群“母语”，成为新加坡第一语言。

在新加坡的华人社群里，华裔学生必须接受“英文为主，华文为辅”的双语教育体制，在基础教育阶段修读十至十二年的华语课程，但相对于英语应用能力，新加坡华人的华语水平却远逊于邻国的马来西亚华人，近年来更出现不断弱化的情况^[59][38][60]。

新加坡官方使用与中国大陆一致的简体汉字。但在1969年至1979年间曾短暂拥有自己的汉字简化标准，民间以简体字为主但偶尔也会出现繁体字与简体字混用的现象。新加坡的官方文字为英文，因此公函、商务往来和其他经济业务性质的书信通常以英语为主。

Singaporean English is largely based on British English, owing to the country’s status as a former crown colony.^[434][435] However, forms of English spoken in Singapore range from Standard Singapore English to a colloquial form known as Singlish, which is discouraged by the government as it claims it to be a substandard English creole that handicaps Singaporeans, presenting an obstacle to learning standard English and rendering the speaker incomprehensible to everyone except to another Singlish speaker.^[436] Standard Singapore English is fully understandable to all Standard English speakers, while most English-speaking people do not understand Singlish. Nevertheless, Singaporeans have a strong sense of identity and connection to Singlish, whereby the existence of Singlish is recognised as a distinctive cultural marker for many Singaporeans.^[437] As such, in recent times, the government has tolerated the diglossia of both Singlish and Standard English (only for those who are fluent in both), whilst continuously reinforcing the importance of Standard English amongst those who speak only Singlish (which is not mutually intelligible with the Standard English of other English-speaking countries).^[437]
【参考译文】新加坡英语主要基于英国英语，这与新加坡曾是英国殖民地的地位有关。[434][435]然而，在新加坡使用的英语形式从标准新加坡英语到一种被称为新加坡式英语（Singlish）的口语形式不等，后者被政府视为一种次标准的英语克里奥尔语，因为它被认为会阻碍新加坡人的标准英语学习，并使说话者除了另一个使用新加坡式英语的人外对其他人来说难以理解。[436]标准新加坡英语对所有标准英语使用者来说是完全可理解的，而大多数说英语的人都无法理解新加坡式英语。不过，新加坡人对新加坡式英语有着强烈的身份认同感和联系，许多人认为它的存在是新加坡文化标志的一部分。[437]因此，在近期，政府容忍了标准英语和新加坡式英语的双言现象（仅限那些能够流利使用两者的人），同时持续强调标准英语的重要性，特别是对于只使用新加坡式英语的人来说（新加坡式英语与其他英语国家的标准英语不相互可懂）。[437]

6.2 宗教 | Religion

Main article: Religion in Singapore / 主条目：新加坡宗教

Most major religious denominations are present in Singapore, with the Inter-Religious Organisation, Singapore (IRO) recognising 10 major religions in the city state.^[408] A 2014 analysis by the Pew Research Center found Singapore to be the world’s most religiously diverse nation, with no single religion claiming a majority.^[409]
【参考译文】新加坡大多数主要的宗教派别都有存在，新加坡宗教间组织（IRO）认可该城市国家中有10个主要宗教。[408]皮尤研究中心2014年的一项分析发现新加坡是世界上宗教多样性最高的国家，没有任何一种宗教占据多数地位。[409]

Buddhism is the most widely practised religion, with 31% of residents declaring themselves adherents in the 2020 census. Christianity was the second largest religion at 18.9%, followed by Islam (15.6%), Taoism and Chinese Traditional Beliefs (8.8%) and Hinduism (5.0%). One-fifth of the population had no religious affiliation. The proportion of Christians, Muslims, and the nonreligious slightly increased between 2010 and 2020, while the proportion of Buddhists and Taoists slightly decreased; Hinduism and other faiths remained largely stable in their share of the population.^[410]
【参考译文】佛教是最广泛实践的宗教，2020年人口普查显示31%的居民自认为佛教徒。基督教是第二大宗教，占18.9%，其次是伊斯兰教（15.6%）、道教和中国传统信仰（8.8%）以及印度教（5.0%）。五分之一的人口没有宗教信仰。从2010年到2020年间，基督徒、穆斯林和无宗教信仰者的比例略有增加，而佛教徒和道教徒的比例略有下降；印度教和其他信仰在人口中的比例基本保持稳定。[410]

Singapore hosts monasteries and Dharma centres from all three major traditions of Buddhism: Theravada, Mahayana, and Vajrayana. Most Buddhists in Singapore are Chinese and adhere to the Mahayana tradition,^[411] owing to decades of missionary activity from China. However, Thailand’s Theravada Buddhism has seen growing popularity among the populace (not only the Chinese) during the past decade. Soka Gakkai International, a Japanese Buddhist organisation, is practised by many people in Singapore, and mostly by those of Chinese descent. Tibetan Buddhism has also made slow inroads into the country in recent years.^[412]
【参考译文】新加坡容纳了三大主要佛教传统（上座部、大乘和金刚乘）的寺院和佛法中心。大多数新加坡佛教徒是华人，他们遵循大乘传统，[411] 这是因为几十年来从中国的传教活动。然而，在过去十年中，泰国的上座部佛教在民众（不仅仅是华人）中越来越受欢迎。日本佛教组织“创价学会国际”（Soka Gakkai International）在新加坡被很多人实践，主要是华人。近年来，藏传佛教也缓慢地在这个国家传播开来。[412]

各宗教信仰情况大致如下：

在15岁及以上的新加坡公民及永久居民中，佛教占比为31.1%，信徒多为华人^[3]；基督宗教（包括基督新教、天主教及其他教派）占比为的18.9%^[3]，有266座教堂^[61]。新加坡最早的教堂是禧街（Hill Street）的亚美尼亚教堂（Armenian Church）和圣安德烈路的圣安德烈教堂；伊斯兰教占比为15.6%^[3]，具有马来西亚或巴基斯坦血统的民众基本为穆斯林，另外也有一部分印度血统的穆斯林，全国现共有穆斯林约34.8万人，并建有清真寺约80座，其中较为著名的有花蒂玛清真寺和苏丹清真寺；道教占比为8.8%，信徒基本上为华人^[3]；印度教占比为5.0%，教徒超过17万人，基本上是印度族裔^[3]，寺庙约共22座。华人的无宗教占比在各族裔中相对最高，另外有少量马来人及印度族裔的无宗教者^[3]。

据统计，80%的新加坡人有宗教信仰^[3]。相对以上主要宗教而言，其他宗教人数较少，在15岁及以上的新加坡公民及永久居民中一共只有两万余人^[3]。锡克教是19世纪从印度传入的，在新加坡有7间锡克庙，如奎因街的锡克庙等，教徒主要是锡克族警察、保安员。犹太教在新加坡有两个会堂。拜火教在新加坡则没有庙宇。

新加坡宪法保障宗教自由，但对少数宗教派系（如耶和华见证人）仍有所禁制^[62]。该教教徒曾因反对兵役获罪^[62]。

6.3 住宅

辽观注：此标题是我们在搬运、整合过程中添加的。

主条目：组屋

在住房方面，84%的新加坡人口居住在由政府（建屋发展局HDB）建造的组屋中（即公共住宅）。因为“居者有其屋”的要求，所以组屋的价格保持低价，能够让每一个新加坡人负担的起。政府提供购买组屋津贴，也让更多的新加坡人能够有房可住。组屋分新组屋（BTO）和转售组屋（Resale）。新组屋BTO只有新加坡公民才可以申请购买。购买也需具备相应的条件，比如35岁以下不能单人购买，35岁以上个人只能购买2房式BTO。转售组屋没有限制，但是仍然只有公民和新加坡永久居民（PR）。永久居民购买最新政策：必须是两人，均属于永久居民，并且永久居民的年限超过3年。购买的区域对于不同族群有一定居住数量上限的要求。超过上限，无法购买。组屋之外最多人居住的是共管式公寓和私人公寓。私人公寓属于私人性质的住宅楼房，物业管理公寓居住者自行解决。共管公寓5年之内，物业管理归HDB新加坡建屋局，5年之后和私人公寓相同，并按照私人公寓的方式处理和买卖。首次买卖仅限新加坡公民。此外还有少部分的排屋，独立或半独立洋房，按照地契限制，大部分只开放新加坡公民购买。

唯有大士没有住宅区。（纯工业区）

7. 教育 | Education

主条目：新加坡教育 / Main article: Education in Singapore

新加坡很重视教育，教育部是仅次于国防部的第二大财政开支部门，新加坡奉行精英教育，教育制度类似英国式制度，除了各语文类科外，均以英语为媒介语言^[72][73]。一般修读完十到十一年的中小学后能选择到初级学院、高中或理工学院就读，前两者半数以上能升上国内大学。新加坡有五所理工学院与三所大专学府，其中新加坡国立大学与南洋理工大学都是亚洲颇具盛名的学府。由于采用英国式教育系统，因此不少学生亦选择前往英国或澳大利亚升学，学校亦能直接协助学生以UCAS系统申请英国院校。

新加坡每年吸引不少来自中国和马来西亚等地的留学生前来升学，令该国成为亚洲的区域教育枢纽。

新加坡教育制度常被批评为过分依赖制式教材，不鼓励个人独立思想空间，强调以考试方式来区别学生素质（升学至上主义），贬低其他的学习方式及职业的贡献，新加坡本土电影《小孩不笨》即以讨论该制度可能扼杀其他新加坡各类型人才发展，及因个人无独立思考的习惯将无法回应社会变迁挑战为电影主题。

Education for primary, secondary, and tertiary levels is mostly supported by the state. All institutions, public and private, must be registered with the Ministry of Education (MOE).^[438] English is the language of instruction in all public schools,^[439] and all subjects are taught and examined in English except for the “mother tongue” language paper.^[440] While the term “mother tongue” in general refers to the first language internationally, in Singapore’s education system, it is used to refer to the second language, as English is the first language.^[441][442] Students who have been abroad for a while, or who struggle with their “Mother Tongue” language, are allowed to take a simpler syllabus or drop the subject.^[443][444]
【参考译文】小学、中学和高等教育主要由国家支持。所有公立和私立机构都必须在教育部（MOE）注册。[438]所有公立学校的教学语言是英语，[439]除“母语”科目外，所有科目都用英语授课和考试。虽然“母语”这个词通常国际上指的是一个人的第一语言，但在新加坡的教育体系中，“母语”是指第二语言，因为英语是第一语言。[441][442]对于在国外生活一段时间的学生或者在“母语”科目上有困难的学生，允许他们选择更简单的课程或者放弃该科目。[443][444]

Education takes place in three stages: primary, secondary, and pre-university education, with the primary education being compulsory. Students begin with six years of primary school, which is made up of a four-year foundation course and a two-year orientation stage. The curriculum is focused on the development of English, the mother tongue, mathematics, and science.^[445][446] Secondary school lasts from four to five years, and is divided between Express, Normal (Academic), and Normal (Technical) streams in each school, depending on a student’s ability level.^[447] The basic coursework breakdown is the same as in the primary level, although classes are much more specialised.^[448] Pre-university education takes place at either the 21 Junior Colleges or the Millennia Institute, over a period of two and three years respectively.^[449] As alternatives to pre-university education, however, courses are offered in other post-secondary education institutions, including the 5 polytechnics and 3 ITE colleges. Singapore has six public universities,^[450] of which the National University of Singapore and Nanyang Technological University are among the top 20 universities in the world.^[451]
【参考译文】教育分为三个阶段：小学教育、中学教育和预科教育，其中小学教育是强制性的。学生首先接受六年的小学教育，这包括四年的基础课程和两年的方向阶段。课程重点在于英语、母语、数学和科学的发展。[445][446]中学教育持续四年至五年，根据学生的水平分为普通快班、普通学术班和普通技术班，每所学校都有这三个不同的班级。基础课程设置与小学相似，但课程更为专业化。[447]预科教育在21所初级学院或千禧学院进行，分别为期两年和三年。[449]作为预科教育的替代方案，其他后中等教育机构也提供课程，包括5所理工学院和3所ITE学院。新加坡有六所公立大学，[450]其中新加坡国立大学和南洋理工大学在全球排名前20位的大学之列。[451]

National examinations are standardised across all schools, with a test taken after each stage. After the first six years of education, students take the Primary School Leaving Examination (PSLE),^[445] which determines their placement at secondary school. At the end of the secondary stage, O-Level or N-Level exams are taken;^[452] at the end of the following pre-university stage, the GCE A-Level exams are taken.^[453] Some schools have a degree of freedom in their curriculum and are known as autonomous schools, for secondary education level and above.^[447]
【参考译文】全国性的考试在所有学校中都是标准化的，在每个教育阶段结束后都会举行一次测试。经过六年的基础教育后，学生们参加小学离校考试（PSLE），这决定了他们升入中学的分配。在中学阶段结束时，他们会参加O-Level或N-Level考试；[452]在接下来的预科阶段结束时，则会参加GCE A-Level考试。[453]有些学校在课程设置上有一定的自由度，这些学校被称为自主学校，适用于中学及以上教育阶段。[447]

Singapore is also an education hub, with more than 80,000 international students in 2006.^[454] 5,000 Malaysian students cross the Johor–Singapore Causeway daily to attend schools in Singapore.^[455] In 2009, 20% of all students in Singaporean universities were international students—the maximum cap allowed, a majority from ASEAN, China and India.^[456]
【参考译文】新加坡也是一个教育中心，2006年有超过8万名国际学生在这里学习。[454]每天有5000名马来西亚学生通过柔佛—新加坡通道前往新加坡上学。[455]2009年，新加坡大学中的20%的学生是国际学生——这是允许的最大比例，其中大多数来自东盟国家、中国和印度。[456]

Singapore students have excelled in many of the world education benchmarks in maths, science and reading. In 2015, both its primary and secondary students rank first in OECD‘s global school performance rankings across 76 countries—described as the most comprehensive map of education standards.^[457][458] In 2016, Singapore students topped both the Program International Student Assessment (PISA)^{[459][460][461][462]} and the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS).^{[463][464][465]} In the 2016 EF English Proficiency Index taken in 72 countries, Singapore placed 6th and has been the only Asian country in the top ten.^{[466][467][468][469]}
【参考译文】新加坡的学生在数学、科学和阅读等多个世界教育基准测试中表现出色。2015年，其小学和中学学生在经合组织（OECD）全球学校表现排名中位列第一，这一排名覆盖了76个国家，被认为是全球最全面的教育标准地图。[457][458]2016年，新加坡学生在国际学生评估项目（PISA）[459][460][461][462]和国际数学与科学趋势研究（TIMSS）[463][464][465]中均位列榜首。在2016年EF英语熟练度指数（涵盖72个国家）中，新加坡排名第六，并且是唯一进入前十的亚洲国家。[466][467][468][469]

8. 医疗保健 | Healthcare

Main article: Healthcare in Singapore【主条目：新加坡医疗保健】

Singapore has a generally efficient healthcare system, even though health expenditures are relatively low for developed countries.^[470] The World Health Organisation ranks Singapore’s healthcare system as 6th overall in the world in its World Health Report.^[471] Singapore has had the lowest infant mortality rates in the world for the past two decades.^[472] In 2019, Singaporeans had the longest life expectancy of any country at 84.8 years. Women can expect to live an average of 87.6 years with 75.8 years in good health. The averages are lower for men.^[473] Singapore is ranked 1st on the Global Food Security Index.^[474]
【参考译文】新加坡拥有一般效率较高的医疗保健系统，尽管其医疗开支相对于发达国家来说相对较低。[470]世界卫生组织在其《世界卫生报告》中将新加坡的医疗保健系统排名为全球第六。[471]过去二十年里，新加坡保持着全球最低的婴儿死亡率。[472]2019年，新加坡人的预期寿命在全球最长，达到84.8岁。女性的平均预期寿命为87.6岁，其中75.8年的健康状况良好。男性的平均预期寿命略低。[473]新加坡在全球食品安全指数中排名第一。[474]

As of December 2011 and January 2013, 8,800 foreigners and 5,400 Singaporeans were respectively diagnosed with HIV,^[475] but there are fewer than 10 annual deaths from HIV per 100,000 people. Adult obesity is below 10%.^[476] There is a high level of immunisation.^[477] In 2013, the Economist Intelligence Unit ranked Singapore as having the best quality of life in Asia and sixth overall in the world.^[478]
【参考译文】截至2011年12月和2013年1月，分别有8,800名外籍人士和5,400名新加坡人被诊断出感染HIV，[475]但每年每10万人中因HIV导致的死亡人数少于10人。成人肥胖率低于10%。[476]疫苗接种水平很高。[477]2013年，《经济学人》信息部将新加坡列为亚洲生活质量最高的国家，并在全球排名第六。[478]

The government’s healthcare system is based upon the “3M” framework. This has three components: Medifund, which provides a safety net for those not able to otherwise afford healthcare; Medisave, a compulsory national medical savings account system covering about 85% of the population; and Medishield, a government-funded health insurance program. Public hospitals in Singapore have a considerable autonomy in their management decisions, and notionally compete for patients, but remain in government ownership.^[479] A subsidy scheme exists for those on low income.^[480] In 2008, 32% of healthcare was funded by the government. Healthcare accounts for approximately 3.5% of Singapore’s GDP.^[481]
【参考译文】新加坡政府的医疗保健系统基于所谓的“3M”框架。该框架包含三个组成部分：Medifund（为那些无法负担医疗费用的人提供安全网）；Medisave（一项强制性的全国医疗储蓄账户制度，覆盖约85%的人口）；以及Medishield（一项政府资助的健康保险计划）。新加坡的公立医院在管理决策上有相当大的自主权，理论上互相竞争吸引病人，但仍属于政府所有。[479]对于低收入人群有一个补贴计划。[480]2008年，32%的医疗费用由政府承担。医疗保健支出约占新加坡GDP的3.5%。[481]

9. 文化 | Culture

Main article: Culture of Singapore【主条目：新加坡的文化】

Despite its small size, Singapore has a diversity of languages, religions, and cultures.^[482] Former prime ministers of Singapore, Lee Kuan Yew and Goh Chok Tong, have stated that Singapore does not fit the traditional description of a nation, calling it a society-in-transition, pointing out the fact that Singaporeans do not all speak the same language, share the same religion, or have the same customs.^[482][483] Singaporeans who speak English as their native language would likely lean toward Western culture (along with either Christian culture or secularism),^[484] while those who speak Chinese as their native language mostly lean toward Chinese culture, which has linkages with Chinese folk religion, Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism. Malay-speaking Singaporeans mostly lean toward Malay culture, which itself is closely linked to Islamic culture.^[485][486] Tamil-speaking Singaporeans mostly lean toward Tamil culture, which itself is mostly linked to Hindu culture. Racial and religious harmony is regarded as a crucial part of Singapore’s success, and played a part in building a Singaporean identity.^[487][488]
【参考译文】尽管面积不大，新加坡却拥有丰富的语言、宗教和文化多样性。[482]新加坡前总理李光耀和吴作栋都表示，新加坡并不符合传统意义上的国家定义，称其为过渡社会，指出新加坡人并不都说同一种语言、共享同一宗教或拥有相同的习俗。[482][483]以英语为母语的新加坡人可能更倾向于西方文化（以及基督教文化或世俗主义），[484]而以汉语为母语的新加坡人大多倾向于中华文化，这种文化与中国的民间宗教、佛教、道教和儒家思想有关。讲马来语的新加坡人大多倾向于马来文化，这种文化自身与伊斯兰文化紧密相关。[485][486]讲泰米尔语的新加坡人大多倾向于泰米尔文化，这种文化大多与印度教文化相关。种族和宗教和谐被视为新加坡成功的关键部分，并在构建新加坡国民身份方面发挥了作用。[487][488]

When Singapore became independent from the United Kingdom in 1963, most Singaporean citizens were transient migrant labourers who had no intention of staying permanently.^[489] There was also a sizeable minority of middle-class, locally born people—known as Peranakans or Baba-Nyonya-descendants of 15th- and 16th-century Chinese immigrants. With the exception of the Peranakans who pledged their loyalties to Singapore, most of the labourers’ loyalties lay with their respective homelands of Malaya, China and India. After independence, the government began a deliberate process of crafting a uniquely Singaporean identity and culture.^[489] Singapore has a reputation as a nanny state.^[490][491] The government also places a heavy emphasis on meritocracy, where one is judged based on one’s ability.^[492]
【参考译文】当新加坡1963年从英国独立时，大多数新加坡公民都是暂时性的外来劳工，他们并没有长期居留的打算。[489]还有一小部分中产阶级本地出生的人口，称为峇峇娘惹或巴巴娘惹，他们是15世纪和16世纪中国移民的后代。除了峇峇娘惹宣誓效忠新加坡之外，大多数劳工的忠诚仍然在于他们的祖国马来西亚、中国和印度。独立之后，政府开始了一个刻意的过程，旨在塑造独特的新加坡身份和文化。[489]新加坡因其严格的管理而被称为保姆国家。[490][491]政府也非常重视功绩制度，个人的能力是评判标准。[492]

The national flower of Singapore is the hybrid orchid, Vanda ‘Miss Joaquim’, named in memory of a Singapore-born Armenian woman, who crossbred the flower in her garden at Tanjong Pagar in 1893.^[493] Singapore is known as the Lion City and many national symbols such as the coat of arms and the lion head symbol make use of a lion. Major religious festivals are public holidays.^[494]
【参考译文】新加坡的国花是杂交兰花“卓锦万代兰”（Vanda ‘Miss Joaquim’），是为了纪念一位出生于新加坡的亚美尼亚女性，她于1893年在丹戎巴葛的自家花园中培育出了这种花。[493]新加坡被称为狮城，许多国家象征如国徽和狮子头图案都采用了狮子元素。主要的宗教节日是公众假期。[494]

9.2 艺术 | Arts

Further information: Dance in Singapore, Singaporean literature, and Music of Singapore
【更多信息：新加坡舞蹈、新加坡文学和新加坡音乐。】

During the 1990s the National Arts Council was created to spearhead the development of performing arts, along with visual and literary art forms.^[495] The National Gallery Singapore is the nation’s flagship museum with some 8,000 works from Singaporean and other Southeast Asian artists. The Singapore Art Museum focuses on contemporary art from a Southeast Asian perspective.^[496] The Red Dot Design Museum celebrates exceptional art and design of objects for everyday life, hosting more than 1,000 items from 50 countries. The lotus-shaped ArtScience Museum hosts touring exhibitions that combine art with the sciences. Other major museums include the Asian Civilisations Museum, the Peranakan Museum, and The Arts House.^[497] The Esplanade is Singapore’s largest performing arts centre. In 2016 alone, it was the site of 5,900 free art and culture events.^[498][499]
【参考译文】在1990年代，国家艺术委员会成立，旨在推动表演艺术以及视觉艺术和文学艺术的发展。[495]新加坡国家美术馆是新加坡的旗舰博物馆，收藏有大约8,000件新加坡和其他东南亚艺术家的作品。新加坡艺术博物馆专注于从东南亚视角出发的当代艺术。[496]红点设计博物馆庆祝日常生活中物品的杰出艺术和设计，展示来自50个国家的1,000多件物品。莲花造型的艺术科学博物馆举办巡回展览，将艺术与科学相结合。其他主要博物馆包括亚洲文明博物馆、峇峇娘惹博物馆和艺术之家。[497]滨海艺术中心是新加坡最大的表演艺术中心。仅在2016年，这里就举办了5,900场免费的艺术和文化活动。[498][499]

Literature of Singapore, or “SingLit”, consists of a collection of literary works by Singaporeans written chiefly in the country’s four official languages: English, Malay, Mandarin, and Tamil. Singapore is increasingly regarded as having four sub-literatures instead of one. Many significant works have been translated and showcased in publications such as the literary journal Singa, published in the 1980s and 1990s with editors including Edwin Thumboo and Koh Buck Song, as well as in multilingual anthologies such as Rhythms: A Singaporean Millennial Anthology Of Poetry (2000), in which the poems were all translated three times each. A number of Singaporean writers such as Tan Swie Hian and Kuo Pao Kun have contributed work in more than one language.^[500][501]
【参考译文】新加坡文学，或称为“新文”，是一系列由新加坡人创作的文学作品，主要以新加坡四种官方语言：英语、马来语、普通话和泰米尔语写作。新加坡越来越被视为拥有四种子文学而不是一种。许多重要的作品已被翻译并在诸如《Singa》文学期刊等出版物中展出，《Singa》在1980年代和1990年代出版，编辑包括Edwin Thumboo和Koh Buck Song，以及多语种选集《Rhythms: A Singaporean Millennial Anthology Of Poetry》（2000年），其中所有诗歌都被翻译了三次。一些新加坡作家，如Tan Swie Hian和Kuo Pao Kun，都在多种语言中贡献了自己的作品。[500][501]

Singapore has a diverse music culture that ranges from pop and rock, to folk and classical. Western classical music plays a significant role in the cultural life in Singapore, with the Singapore Symphony Orchestra (SSO) instituted in 1979. Other notable western orchestras in Singapore include Singapore National Youth Orchestra^[502] and the community-based Braddell Heights Symphony Orchestra.^[503] Many orchestras and ensembles are also found in secondary schools and junior colleges. Various communities have their own distinct ethnic musical traditions: Chinese, Malays, Indians, and Eurasians. With their traditional forms of music and various modern musical styles, the fusion of different forms account for the musical diversity in the country.^[504] The nation’s lively urban musical scene has made it a centre for international performances and festivals in the region. Some of Singapore’s best known pop singers include Stefanie Sun, JJ Lin, Liang Wern Fook, Taufik Batisah and Dick Lee, who is famous for composing National Day theme songs, including Home.^[505][506]
【参考译文】新加坡拥有丰富多样的音乐文化，从流行音乐和摇滚乐到民间音乐和古典音乐应有尽有。西方古典音乐在新加坡的文化生活中扮演着重要角色，新加坡交响乐团（SSO）成立于1979年。新加坡其他著名的西方管弦乐队还包括新加坡国家青年交响乐团[502]和社区性质的布拉德高地交响乐团[503]。许多管弦乐队和乐团也在中学和初级学院中存在。不同的社区都有自己独特的民族音乐传统：华人、马来人、印度人和欧亚混血。结合传统音乐形式和各种现代音乐风格，不同形式的融合造就了新加坡音乐文化的多样性。该国充满活力的城市音乐场景使其成为该地区国际演出和音乐节的中心。一些知名的新加坡流行歌手包括孙燕姿、林俊杰、梁文福、陶菲克·巴蒂沙和李迪，李迪以创作国庆主题歌曲而闻名，其中包括《家园》（Home）。[505][506]

9.3 餐饮 | Cuisine

Main article: Singaporean cuisine / 主条目：新加坡饮食

由于新加坡的战略位置，新加坡菜反映出新加坡文化起源于马来西亚的种族多样性，为百年文化互动而成的产物。

The city-state has a burgeoning food scene ranging from hawker centres (open-air), food courts (air-conditioned), coffee shops (open-air with up to a dozen hawker stalls), cafes, fast food, simple kitchens, casual, celebrity and high-end restaurants.^[510] Cloud kitchens and food delivery are also on the rise, with 70% of residents ordering from delivery apps at least once a month.^[511][512] Many international celebrity chef restaurants are located within the integrated resorts.^[513] Religious dietary strictures exist (Muslims do not eat pork and Hindus do not eat beef), and there is also a significant group of vegetarians. The Singapore Food Festival which celebrates Singapore’s cuisine is held annually in July.^[514]
【参考译文】新加坡美食的多样性被誉为访问该国的理由之一，因为它结合了便利性、品种、品质和价格的优势。[507]当地的食物通常与特定的族群有关——华人、马来人和印度人；但美食种类的多样化进一步通过不同风格的融合得以增强（例如，峇峇娘惹菜系就是华人和马来菜系的混合）。在熟食中心，文化交融的例子可以在传统马来小吃摊也出售泰米尔食物中看到。海南鸡饭源自海南菜文昌鸡，被认为是新加坡的国菜。[508][509]

食物主要受到当地马来人的影响，加上来自中国、印尼、印度、土生华人、和自十九世纪英国所带来的西方（特别是英语和一些葡萄牙语影响的欧亚，被称为基斯）的移民传统。而在当地的饮食文化也同样存在于其他领域，如：斯里兰卡、泰国、菲律宾、和中东地区的影响。

新加坡小贩摊档中，例如：具有中国华裔背景的厨师受到由印度文化的影响，可能会尝试多样化的调味品及配料，如罗望子，姜黄，和酥油；而印度厨师则可能也能提供炒面等菜，但有些印度裔厨师不提供猪肉与牛肉类。随着来自各种不同国家的影响，它足以显示全球化的现象，进一步影响新加坡的料理。 当地食物

虾面、叻沙、海南鸡饭、肉骨茶、炒粿条、沙嗲、椰浆饭、辣椒螃蟹、咖椰烤吐司、黑咖啡、螃蟹米粉、肉脞面等。

Singapore’s diversity of cuisine is touted as a reason to visit the country, due to its combination of convenience, variety, quality, and price.^[507] Local food items generally relate to a particular ethnicity – Chinese, Malay and Indian; but the diversity of cuisine has increased further by the hybridisation of different styles (e.g., the Peranakan cuisine, a mix of Chinese and Malay cuisine). In hawker centres, cultural diffusion is exemplified by traditionally Malay hawker stalls also selling Tamil food. Hainanese chicken rice, based on the Hainanese dish Wenchang chicken, is considered Singapore’s national dish.^[508][509]
【参考译文】这个城市国家拥有蓬勃发展的餐饮业，从露天的熟食中心、空调食品广场、咖啡店（露天，最多有十几个小吃摊）、咖啡馆、快餐、简易厨房、休闲餐厅、名人餐厅到高端餐厅。[510]云端厨房和送餐服务也在增长，70%的居民每月至少使用送餐应用订购一次。[511][512]许多国际名厨餐厅位于综合度假村内。[513]存在宗教饮食限制（穆斯林不吃猪肉，印度教徒不吃牛肉），也有相当一部分素食者。庆祝新加坡美食的新加坡美食节每年7月举行。[514]

Prior to the 1980s, street food was sold mainly by immigrants from China, India, and Malaysia to other immigrants seeking a familiar taste. In Singapore, street food has long been associated with hawker centres with communal seating areas. Typically, these centres have a few dozen to hundreds of food stalls, with each specialising in one or more related dishes.^[515][510] While street food can be found in many countries, the variety and reach of centralised hawker centres that serve heritage street food in Singapore is unique.^[516] In 2018, there were 114 hawker centres spread across the city centre and heartland housing estates. They are maintained by the National Environment Agency, which also grades each food stall for hygiene. The largest hawker centre is located on the second floor of Chinatown Complex, and contains over 200 stalls.^[516] The complex is also home to the cheapest Michelin-starred meal in the world – a plate of soya-sauce chicken rice or noodles for S$2 (US$1.50). Two street food stalls in the city are the first in the world to be awarded a Michelin star, obtaining a single star each.^[517]
【参考译文】1980年代以前，街头小吃主要由来自中国、印度和马来西亚的移民售卖，面向寻求熟悉口味的其他移民。在新加坡，街头小吃长期以来与设有公共座位区的熟食中心相联系。通常，这些中心有几十到几百个小吃摊，每个摊位专门提供一两种或更多相关的菜肴。[515][510]虽然街头小吃在很多国家都能找到，但新加坡集中化熟食中心提供的遗产街头小吃种类和普及程度是独一无二的。[516]2018年，市中心和住宅区共有114个熟食中心。它们由国家环境局维护，该局还会给每个小吃摊卫生状况评级。最大的熟食中心位于牛车水综合体的二楼，包含200多个小吃摊。[516]该综合体还是世界上最便宜的米其林星级餐点的所在地——一碗酱油鸡肉饭或面条只需2新元（约1.5美元）。新加坡有两个街头小吃摊是世界上首批获得米其林星级评定的，各获得了一颗星。[517]

9.4 体育和休闲 | Sport and recreation

Main article: Sport in Singapore / 主条目：新加坡体育

The development of private sports and recreation clubs began in the 19th century colonial Singapore, with clubs founded during this time including the Cricket Club, the Singapore Recreation Club, the Singapore Swimming Club, and the Hollandse Club.^[519] Weightlifter Tan Howe Liang was Singapore’s first Olympic medalist, winning a silver at the 1960 Rome Games.^[520] Singapore hosted the inaugural 2010 Summer Youth Olympics, in which 3,600 athletes from 204 nations competed in 26 sports.^[521]
【参考译文】私人体育和休闲俱乐部的发展始于19世纪的新加坡殖民时期，这一时期的俱乐部包括板球俱乐部、新加坡娱乐俱乐部、新加坡游泳俱乐部和荷兰俱乐部等。[519]举重运动员Tan Howe Liang是新加坡首位奥运会奖牌得主，他在1960年罗马奥运会上获得了银牌。[520]新加坡主办了首届2010年夏季青年奥运会，来自204个国家的3,600名运动员参加了26个项目的比赛。[521]

Indoor and water sports are some of the most popular sports in Singapore. At the 2016 Rio Olympics, Joseph Schooling won Singapore’s first Olympic gold medal, claiming the 100-metre butterfly in a new Olympic record time of 50.39 seconds.^[518] Singapore sailors have had success on the international stage, with their Optimist team being considered among the best in the world.^[522][523] Despite its size, the country has dominated swim meets in the Southeast Asia Games. Its men’s water polo team won the SEA Games gold medal for the 27th time in 2017, continuing Singapore sport’s longest winning streak.^[524] At the 2024 Paris Olympics, Max Maeder won Singapore’s first Olympic medal in sailing, achieving bronze at the Men’s Formula Kite on National Day. At 17, he was also Singapore’s youngest Olympic medalist.^[525]
【参考译文】室内运动和水上运动是新加坡最受欢迎的运动项目之一。在2016年里约奥运会上，Joseph Schooling为新加坡赢得了首枚奥运金牌，他以新的奥运会纪录50.39秒的成绩夺得了100米蝶泳冠军。[518]新加坡帆船运动员在国际舞台上取得了成功，他们的Optimist帆船队被认为是世界上最好的之一。[522][523]尽管国土面积不大，但新加坡在东南亚运动会的游泳比赛中一直占据主导地位。2017年，新加坡男子水球队第27次赢得东南亚运动会的金牌，延续了新加坡体育历史上最长的连胜记录。[524]在2024年巴黎奥运会上，Max Maeder为新加坡赢得了首枚帆船项目的奥运奖牌，他在男子风筝板项目中获得了铜牌。当时17岁的他是新加坡史上最年轻的奥运奖牌得主。[525]

Singapore’s women’s table tennis team were silver medalists at the 2008 Beijing Olympics.^[526][527] They became world champions in 2010 when they beat China at the World Team Table Tennis Championships in Russia, breaking China’s 19-year winning streak.^[528] In 2021, Singapore’s Loh Kean Yew achieved a “World Champion” status when he won a badminton gold at the 2021 BWF World Championships men’s singles, which is one of the most prestigious badminton tournaments alongside the Summer Olympics badminton tournaments.^[529]
【参考译文】新加坡女子乒乓球队在2008年北京奥运会上获得了银牌。[526][527]2010年，她们在俄罗斯举行的世乒赛团体赛中击败中国队，成为了世界冠军，打破了中国队长达19年的连胜纪录。[528]2021年，新加坡的羽毛球选手骆建佑在2021年世界羽毛球锦标赛男子单打项目中夺得金牌，实现了“世界冠军”的成就，这是与夏季奥运会羽毛球比赛并列的世界最顶级羽毛球赛事之一。[529]

Singapore’s football league, the Singapore Premier League, was launched in 1996 as the S.League and comprises eight clubs, including one foreign team.^[530][531] The Singapore Slingers is one of the inaugural teams in the ASEAN Basketball League, which was founded in October 2009.^[532] Kranji Racecourse is run by the Singapore Turf Club and hosts several meetings per week, including international races—notably the Singapore Airlines International Cup.^[533]
【参考译文】新加坡的足球联赛，即新加坡超级联赛，成立于1996年，最初名为S.League，目前包括八支队伍，其中有一支外国球队。[530][531]新加坡滑翔者篮球队是东南亚职业篮球联赛（ASEAN Basketball League）的创始球队之一，该联赛成立于2009年10月。[532]克兰吉赛马场由新加坡赛马俱乐部运营，每周举办多次赛马活动，包括国际赛事，特别是新加坡航空国际杯。[533]

另外，新加坡体育城包含原址位于旧的新加坡国家体育场，而新的新加坡国家体育场是一座位于新加坡加冷（Kallang）的半开放巨蛋式体育场，于2014年4月启用，可容纳55,000人。那是未来为新加坡国家足球队的新主场，2019年世界杯橄榄球赛有些赛事也将于此举行。

Singapore began hosting a round of the Formula One World Championship, the Singapore Grand Prix at the Marina Bay Street Circuit in 2008. It was the inaugural F1 night race,^[534] and the first F1 street race in Asia.^[535] It is considered a signature event on the F1 calendar.^[536] ONE Championship was founded in Singapore, a major Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) promotion in Asia.^[537]
【参考译文】自2008年起，新加坡开始主办一级方程式世界锦标赛的一站赛事——新加坡大奖赛，比赛地点在滨海湾街道赛道。这是首次在夜间举行的一级方程式赛事，[534]也是亚洲首个街道赛。[535]它被认为是F1赛历上的标志性赛事之一。[536]ONE冠军赛在新加坡创立，是亚洲主要的综合格斗（MMA）赛事推广组织。[537]

2016年8月13日（巴西时间8月12日），新加坡泳手史高宁（Joseph Schooling）参加第31届夏季奥运会，在男子100米蝶泳决赛以打破奥运纪录的50秒39，赢得新加坡历来首面奥运金牌。同场的美国名将迈克尔·菲尔普斯（Michael Phelps），与南非泳手查德·勒克洛及匈牙利泳手切赫·拉斯洛（László Cseh），以51秒14并列第二。^[74]

2021年12月19日，“新加坡一哥”羽毛球选手骆建佑获得新加坡首枚羽毛球世锦赛金牌。

9.5 媒体 | Media

Main article: Media of Singapore【主条目：新加坡媒体】

See also: Telecommunications in Singapore【另见：新加坡电信】

Companies linked to the government control much of the domestic media in Singapore.^[538] MediaCorp operates most free-to-air television channels and free-to-air radio stations in Singapore. There are a total of six free-to-air TV channels offered by MediaCorp.^[539] StarHub TV and Singtel TV also offer IPTV with channels from all around the world.^[540][541] SPH Media Trust, a body with close links to the government, controls most of the newspaper industry in Singapore.^[542]
【参考译文】与政府有关联的公司控制着新加坡大部分的国内媒体。[538] 新传媒集团运营着新加坡大部分的免费电视频道和免费广播电台。新传媒集团总共提供六个免费电视频道。[539] 星和电视和新加坡电信电视还提供 IPTV，频道来自世界各地。[540][541] 与政府关系密切的新加坡报业控股集团控制着新加坡大部分的报业。[542]

Singapore’s media industry has sometimes been criticised for being overly regulated and lacking in freedom by human rights groups such as Freedom House.^[538] Self-censorship among journalists is said to be common.^[542] In 2023, Singapore was ranked 129 on the Press Freedom Index published by Reporters Without Borders, up from 139 the previous year.^[543] The Media Development Authority regulates Singaporean media, claiming to balance the demand for choice and protection against offensive and harmful material.^[544] Private ownership of TV satellite dishes is banned.^[542]
【参考译文】自由之家等人权组织有时批评新加坡的媒体业监管过度、缺乏自由。[538] 据说记者之间的自我审查很常见。[542] 无国界记者组织发布的 2023 年新闻自由指数显示，新加坡排名第 129 位，高于前一年的第 139 位。[543] 媒体发展管理局负责监管新加坡媒体，声称要在选择需求与防范冒犯性和有害材料之间取得平衡。[544] 禁止私人拥有电视卫星天线。[542]

Internet in Singapore is provided by state-owned Singtel, partially state-owned Starhub and M1 Limited as well as some other business internet service providers (ISPs) that offer residential service plans of speeds up to 2 Gbit/s as of spring 2015.^[545] Equinix (332 participants) and the Singapore Internet Exchange (70 participants) are Internet exchange points where Internet service providers and Content delivery networks exchange Internet traffic between their networks (autonomous systems) in various locations in Singapore.^[546][547] In the mid-1980s to 1990s, Singaporeans could also use the locally based videotext service Singapore Teleview to communicate with one another.^[548] The phrase Intelligent Island arose in the 1990s in reference to the island nation’s early adaptive relationship with the internet.^[548][549]
【参考译文】新加坡的互联网服务由国有公司新加坡电信（Singtel）、部分国有公司星和（StarHub）以及M1有限公司等以及其他一些商业互联网服务提供商（ISP）提供。截至2015年春季，这些提供商提供的住宅服务计划速度最高可达2 Gbps。[545]Equinix（拥有332个参与者）和新加坡互联网交换中心（拥有70个参与者）是在新加坡各地点的互联网交换中心，互联网服务提供商和内容分发网络在此交换它们之间的网络（自治系统）流量。[546][547]在1980年代中期至1990年代期间，新加坡人还可以使用本地的视讯服务“新加坡电讯视”来进行相互交流。[548]“智能岛”这一术语出现在1990年代，用来描述这个岛国早期对互联网的适应关系。[548][549]

In 2016, there were an estimated 4.7 million internet users in Singapore, representing 82.5% of the population.^[550] The Singapore government does not engage in widespread censoring of the internet,^[551] but it maintains a list of one hundred websites—mostly pornographic—that it blocks from home internet access as a “symbolic statement of the Singaporean community’s stand on harmful and undesirable content on the Internet”.^[552][553] Singapore has the world’s highest smartphone penetration rates, in surveys by Deloitte^[554][555] and the Google Consumer Barometer—at 89% and 85% of the population respectively in 2014.^[556] The overall mobile phone penetration rate is at 148 mobile phone subscribers per 100 people.^[557]
【参考译文】2016 年，新加坡互联网用户估计为 470 万，占总人口的 82.5%。[550] 新加坡政府并未对互联网进行大规模审查，[551] 但政府保留了一份包含一百个网站（其中大部分是色情网站）的名单，禁止这些网站在家中访问互联网，以此“象征性地表明新加坡社会对互联网上有害和不良内容的立场”。[552][553] 德勤[554][555] 和谷歌消费者晴雨表的调查显示，新加坡的智能手机普及率位居全球最高，2014 年分别达到 89% 和 85% 的人口。[556] 新加坡的整体手机普及率为每 100 人中有 148 名手机用户。[557]

9.6 公共假日

主条目：新加坡公共假期

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