埃塞俄比亚 / Ethiopia -（全文）中英文维基百科词条融合

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0. 概述

辽观注：此标题是我们在搬运、整合过程中添加的。

0.1 文字说明

辽观注：此标题是我们在搬运、整合过程中添加的。

埃塞俄比亚联邦民主共和国（阿姆哈拉语：የኢትዮጵያ ፈደራላዊ ዲሞክራሲያዊ ሪፐብሊክ，拉丁化：ye’ītiyop’iya federalawī dīmokirasīyawī rīpebilīki），简称埃塞俄比亚（ኢትዮጵያ，ʾĪtyōṗṗyā，读音ⓘ）或埃塞，是位于非洲之角的主权国家。北部与东北部与厄立特里亚接壤，东部与吉布提、索马里及索马里兰（索马里宣称为该国领土）接壤，西部与苏丹及南苏丹接壤，南部与肯尼亚接壤。埃塞俄比亚有超过1亿居民，是全球人口最多的内陆国家，亦为人口第二多的非洲国家（仅次于尼日利亚）。国土面积为110万平方公里，首都及最大城市是亚的斯亚贝巴。

Anatomically modern humans emerged from modern-day Ethiopia and set out for the Near East and elsewhere in the Middle Paleolithic period.[20][21][22][23][24] Southwestern Ethiopia has been proposed as a possiblehomeland of the Afroasiatic language family.[25] Ethiopia is Africa’s oldest independent country and one of the oldest in the world with over 3000 years of history.[26][27] In 980 BC, the Kingdom of D’mt extended its realm over Eritrea and the northern region of Ethiopia, while the Kingdom of Aksum maintained a unified civilization in the region for 900 years. Christianity was embraced by the kingdom in 330,[28] and Islam arrived by the first Hijra in 615.[29] After the collapse of Aksum in 960, a variety of kingdoms, largely tribal confederations, existed in the land of Ethiopia. The Zagwe dynasty ruled the north-central parts until being overthrown by Yekuno Amlak in 1270, inaugurating the Ethiopian Empire and the Solomonic dynasty, claimed descent from the biblical Solomon and Queen of Sheba under their son Menelik I. By the 14th century, the empire had grown in prestige through territorial expansion and fighting against adjacent territories; most notably, the Ethiopian–Adal War(1529–1543) contributed to fragmentation of the empire, which ultimately fell under a decentralization known as Zemene Mesafint in the mid-18th century. EmperorTewodros II ended Zemene Mesafintat the beginning of his reign in 1855, marking the reunification and modernization of Ethiopia.[30]
参考译文：解剖学上的现代人类来自现代埃塞俄比亚，并出发前往旧石器时代中部和其他地方。[20] [21] [22] [22] [23] [24] 埃塞俄比亚西南部已被认为是非洲语言家族的可能性。[25] 埃塞俄比亚是非洲最古老的独立国家，也是世界上历史悠久的最古老的国家之一。[26] [27] 公元前980年，d’MT王国扩大了厄立特里亚和埃塞俄比亚北部地区的领域，而阿克斯姆王国在该地区维持了900年的统一文明。 基督教在330年被王国所接受，[28]和伊斯兰教在615年由首个Hijra 带来。[29] 在960年的阿克斯姆（Aksum）倒闭之后，埃塞俄比亚土地上存在各种王国，主要是部落同盟。 Zagwe王朝统治了中北部地区，直到被Yekuno Amlakin 1270推翻，为埃塞俄比亚帝国和所罗门王朝揭幕，声称从圣经所罗门和夏巴女王的儿子Menelik I.到14世纪，帝国已经从圣经中的Sheba和女王裔。 通过领土扩张和与邻近地区作斗争，在声望中生长； 最值得注意的是，埃塞俄比亚 – 阿德战争（1529–1543）导致了帝国的分裂，该帝国最终落在了18世纪中叶被称为Zemene Mesafint的权力下放。 Emperortewodros II结束了Zemene Mesafintat于1855年统治的开始，标志着埃塞俄比亚的统一和现代化。[30]

From 1878 onwards, Emperor Menelik II launched a series of conquests known as Menelik’s Expansions, which resulted in the formation of Ethiopia’s current border. Externally, during the late 19th century, Ethiopia defended itself against foreign invasions, including from Egypt and Italy; as a result, Ethiopia preserved its sovereignty during the Scramble for Africa. In 1935, Ethiopia was occupied by Fascist Italy and annexed with Italian-possessed Eritrea and Somaliland, later forming Italian East Africa. In 1941, during World War II, it was occupied by the British Army, and its full sovereignty was restored in 1944 after a period of military administration. The Derg, a Soviet-backed military junta, took power in 1974 after deposing Emperor Haile Selassie and the Solomonic dynasty, and ruled the country for nearly 17 years amidst the Ethiopian Civil War. Following the dissolution of the Derg in 1991, the Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front(EPRDF) dominated the country with a new constitution and ethnic-based federalism. Since then, Ethiopia has suffered from prolonged and unsolved inter-ethnic clashes and political instability marked by democratic backsliding. From 2018, regional and ethnically based factions carried out armed attacks in multiple ongoing wars throughout Ethiopia.[31]
参考译文：从1878年开始，皇帝孟尼利克二世发起了一系列被称为孟尼利克扩张的战争，这些战争导致了埃塞俄比亚当前边界的形成。在19世纪末，埃塞俄比亚在外部抵抗了包括埃及和意大利在内的外国侵略，因此，在非洲争夺中，埃塞俄比亚保持了主权。1935年，埃塞俄比亚被fa3 xi1 si1意大利占领并吞并，与意大利拥有的厄立特里亚和索马里兰合并，后来形成了意大利东非。1941年，第二次世界大战期间，它被英军占领，经过一段时间的军事管理后，于1944年恢复了完全主权。在苏联支持下的军事集团Derg推翻了皇帝海尔·塞拉西和所罗门王朝后，于1974年上台执政，并在埃塞俄比亚内战期间统治该国近17年。随着Derg于1991年解散，埃塞俄比亚人民革命民主阵线（EPRDF）以新宪法和种族为基础的联邦制主导了该国。自那时以来，埃塞俄比亚遭受了长期未解决的种族突和政治不稳定，民主倒退。从2018年开始，地区和种族派别在埃塞俄比亚各地进行了多场持续的战争。[31]

2019年底，埃革阵改组为繁荣党继续执政，并正式与交火数十年的厄立特里亚和解。然而繁荣党改组时各族裔间的矛盾浮上台面，导致了隔年提格雷战争的爆发。

Ethiopia is a multi-ethnic state with over 80 different ethnic groups. Christianity is the most widely professed faith in the country, with significant minorities of the adherents of Islam and a small percentage to traditional faiths. Thissovereign stateis a founding member of the UN, the Group of 24, the Non-Aligned Movement, the Group of 77, and the Organisation of African Unity. Addis Ababa is the headquarters of the African Union, the Pan African Chamber of Commerce and Industry, the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, the African Standby Force and many of the global non-governmental organizations focused on Africa. Ethiopia has been invited to join BRICS and will become a full member starting January 1, 2024.[32]
参考译文：埃塞俄比亚是一个多民族国家，拥有80多个不同的民族。基督教是该国最主要的信仰，其次是伊斯兰教，还有一小部分人信奉传统宗教。埃塞俄比亚是联合国、24国集团、不结盟运动、77国集团和非洲统一组织的创始成员国。亚的斯亚贝巴是非洲联盟、泛非工商会、联合国非洲经济委员会、非洲待命部队以及许多关注非洲的全球非政府组织的总部所在地。埃塞俄比亚已被邀请加入金砖国家，并将于2024年1月1日成为正式成员。[32]

Ethiopia is one of the least developed countries but is sometimes considered an emerging power,[33][34] having thefastest economic growth in Sub-Saharan African countries because off oreign direct investment in expansion of agricultural and manufacturing industries;[35]agriculture is the country’s largest economic sector, accounting for 36% of the gross domestic productas of 2020.[36] However, in terms of per capita incomeand the Human Development Index,[37] the country is regarded as poor, with high rates ofpoverty,[38] poor respect for human rights, widespread ethnic discrimination, and a literacy rate of only 49%.[39]
参考译文：尽管埃塞俄比亚被认为是最不发达国家之一，但有时也被视为新兴力量[33][34]。由于外国直接投资用于农业和制造业的扩张，埃塞俄比亚是撒哈拉以南非洲国家中经济增长最快的国家之一。[35] 截至2020年，农业是该国最大的经济部门，占国内生产总值的36%。[36] 然而，从人均收入和人类发展指数来看，[37] 该国被认为是贫穷的，存在高度贫困率[38]、人权状况不佳、种族歧视普遍以及识字率仅为49%等问题。[39]

0.2 概况表格

辽观注：此标题是我们搬运、整合过程中添加的。

埃塞俄比亚联邦民主共和国 阿姆哈拉语: የኢትዮጵያ ፌዴራላዊ ዴሞክራሲያዊ ሪፐብሊክ yeʾĪtiyoṗṗiya Fēdēralawī Dēmokirasīyawī Rīpebilīk 奥罗莫语: Rippabliikii Federaalawaa Dimokraatawaa Itiyoophiyaa 阿法尔语: ityoppiah federalih demokrasih ummuno 提格雷尼亚语: ናይኢትዮጵያ ፌዴራላዊ ዴሞክራሲያዊ ሪፐብሊክ nayi’ītiyop’iya fēdēralawī dēmokirasīyawī rīpebilīki
国歌： ወደፊት ገስግሺ፣ ውድ እናት ኢትዮጵያ 《前进，亲爱的母亲埃塞俄比亚》 时长：1分24秒。
首都暨最大城市	亚的斯亚贝巴 9°1′N 38°45′E
官方语言	阿姆哈拉语, 阿法尔语, 奥罗莫语, 提格雷尼亚语，索马里语（称为工作语言，亦包括英语）[1][2][3]
地方语言[4]	锡达莫语 哈拉里语
官方文字	吉兹字母
族群（2012[1]）	奥罗莫人34.5% 阿姆哈拉人26.9% 提格雷尼亚人6.2% 索马里人6.0% 锡达莫人 4.0% 古拉格人2.5% Welayta 2.3% Hadiya 1.7% 阿法尔人1.7% Gamo 1.5% Gedeo 1.3% 其他 11.3%
宗教	67.3% 基督教 —43.8% 埃塞俄比亚正教 —22.8% 新教 —0.7% 天主教 31.3% 伊斯兰教 0.6% 非洲传统信仰 0.8% 其他[5]
政府	基于民族划分的联邦制[6]议会制共和国
政府 | Government：Federal parliamentary republic[8]【联邦议会共和制[8]】
• 总统	萨赫勒-沃克·祖德 / Sahle-Work Zewde
• 总理	阿比·艾哈迈德 / Abiy Ahmed
立法机构	联邦议会
沿革
• Dʿmt	c. 980 BCE
• 阿克苏姆王国	c. 100 CE
• 扎格维王朝	900
• 埃塞俄比亚帝国	1137
• 被意属东非吞并	1936
• 组成联邦	1952
• 德尔格军政府	1974
• 埃塞俄比亚人民民主共和国	1987
• 厄立特里亚分离	1993
面积
• 总计	1,104,300[1]平方公里（28th）
• 水域率	0.7%
人口
• 2018年估计	109,224,414[7][8]（12th）
• 2007年普查	73,750,932[9]
• 密度	92.7/平方公里（123rd）
GDP （PPP 购买力平价）	2022年估计
• 总计	3,451.38亿美元[10]
• 人均	3,407美元[10]
GDP（国际汇率）	2022年估计
• 总计	1,053.25亿美元[10]
• 人均	1,039美元[10]
基尼系数	▲ 0.336[11]（2011年） 中
人类发展指数	▲ 0.470[12]（2018年） 低 · 173rd
货币	埃塞俄比亚比尔（ETB）
时区	UTC+3（EAT）
行驶方位	靠右
电话区号	+251
ISO 3166码	ET
互联网顶级域	.et

“Ethiopia”的各地常用译名
中国大陆	埃塞俄比亚
台湾	衣索比亚
港澳	埃塞俄比亚

0.3 国名

埃塞俄比亚的名称于自希腊文“Αἰθιοπία”（源于Αἰθίοψ，Aithiops，即埃塞俄比亚人），该字由αἴθω（aitho“烧焦”）和ὤψ（ops“面部”）两个希腊词汇合成，意思就是“晒黑的面”，形容非洲棕黑种人的肤色^[16]。古希腊历史学家希罗多德采用了该字来代表撒哈拉沙漠以南的地区。^[17]

在希腊罗马时代，大概从公元前850年开始，“埃塞俄比亚”是努比亚地区的别称，到了三世纪阿克苏姆帝国征服了努比亚地区，又成为了阿克苏姆人对国家的称呼^[18]。到了二十世纪，“埃塞俄比亚”正式成为国际通用的国家称呼。

另外，埃塞俄比亚的旧国名阿比西尼亚（Abyssinia）是拉丁化的当地人自称Ḥbštm和Ḥbśt（Ḥabashat）^[19]，在阿拉伯语它演变成Ḥabasha，在塞巴语则演变成“’ḥbs”（’Aḥbāsh）^[18]。

1. 历史 | History

Main article: History of Ethiopia / 主条目：埃塞俄比亚历史

Further information: Ethiopian historiography【更多信息：埃塞俄比亚史学】

1.2 史前史 | Prehistory

Main article: Prehistoric Ethiopia / 主条目：埃塞俄比亚历史

Several important finds have propelled Ethiopia and the surrounding region to the forefront of palaeontology. The oldest hominid discovered to date in Ethiopia is the 4.2 million-year-old Ardipithecus ramidus (Ardi) found by Tim D. White in 1994.^[46] The most well-known hominid discovery is Australopithecus afarensis (Lucy). Known locally as Dinkinesh, the specimen was found in the Awash Valley of Afar Region in 1974 by Donald Johanson, and is one of the most complete and best-preserved adult Australopithecine fossils ever uncovered. Lucy’s taxonomic name refers to the region where the discovery was made. This hominid is estimated to have lived 3.2 million years ago.^[47][48][49]
【参考译文】几个重要的发现将埃塞俄比亚及其周边地区推向了古生物学研究的前沿。在埃塞俄比亚发现的最古老的原始人类是420万年前的阿迪匹特库斯·拉米杜斯（Ardipithecus ramidus，简称Ardi），这一发现由蒂姆·D·怀特（Tim D. White）在1994年做出。最为人熟知的原始人类发现是南方古猿（Australopithecus afarensis，昵称为露西）。在当地被称为“Dinkinesh”的这一标本是在1974年由唐纳德·约翰森在阿法尔地区的阿瓦什河谷发现的，它是迄今为止发现的最完整、保存最好的成年南方古猿化石之一。露西的分类学名称指的是发现地点所在的区域。据估计，这一原始人类生活在大约320万年前。

Ethiopia is also considered one of the earliest sites of the emergence of anatomically modern humans, Homo sapiens. The oldest of these local fossil finds, the Omo remains, were excavated in the southwestern Omo Kibish area and have been dated to the Middle Paleolithic, around 200,000 years ago.^[50] Additionally, skeletons of Homo sapiens idaltu were found at a site in the Middle Awash valley. Dated to approximately 160,000 years ago, they may represent an extinct subspecies of Homo sapiens, or the immediate ancestors of anatomically modern humans.^[51] Archaic Homo sapiens fossils excavated at the Jebel Irhoud site in Morocco have since been dated to an earlier period, about 300,000 years ago,^[52] while Omo-Kibish I (Omo I) from southern Ethiopia is the oldest anatomically modern Homo sapiens skeleton currently known (196 ± 5 kya).^[53]
【参考译文】埃塞俄比亚也被认为是解剖学意义上的现代人类（智人，Homo sapiens）最早出现的地点之一。在埃塞俄比亚西南部的奥莫基比什地区发现的最古老的人类化石遗迹——奥莫化石群，可以追溯到中石器时代，大约20万年前。[50] 此外，在阿法尔地区的中阿瓦什河谷发现了一些智人伊达尔图（Homo sapiens idaltu）的骨骼。这些骨骼距今约16万年，它们可能代表了一个已经灭绝的智人亚种，或者是最接近现代人类形态的祖先。[51] 在摩洛哥的杰贝尔·伊尔胡德遗址发掘出的一些早期智人化石后来被确定为更早的时期，大约30万年前，[52] 而来自埃塞俄比亚南部的奥莫-基比什一号（Omo I）则是目前所知最早的解剖学意义上的现代人类骨架（约19.6万±5千年前）。[53]

According to some linguists, the first Afroasiatic-speaking populations arrived in the region during the ensuing Neolithic era from the family’s proposed urheimat (“original homeland”) in the Nile Valley,^[54] or the Near East.^[55] The majority of scholars today propose that the Afroasiatic family developed in northeast Africa because of the higher diversity of lineages in that region, a telltale sign of linguistic origin.^[56][57][58]
【参考译文】根据一些语言学家的观点，在随后的新石器时代，第一批说非洲-亚细亚语系的语言群体从该语系假设的“原始发源地”（urheimat，即“原始故乡”）——尼罗河流域[54] 或近东地区[55] 迁移到了这一地区。大多数学者今天认为非洲-亚细亚语系是在东北非发展起来的，因为该地区具有更高的语言谱系多样性，这是语言起源的明显标志。[56][57][58]

In 2019, archaeologists discovered a 30,000-year-old Middle Stone Age rock shelter at the Fincha Habera site in Bale Mountains at an elevation of 3,469 metres (11,381 feet) above sea level. At this high altitude, humans are susceptible both to hypoxia and to extreme weather. According to a study published in the journal Science, this dwelling is proof of the earliest permanent human occupation at high altitude yet discovered. Thousands of animal bones, hundreds of stone tools, and ancient fireplaces were discovered, revealing a diet that featured giant mole rats.^{[59][60][61][62][63][64][65]}
【参考译文】2019年，考古学家在巴勒山脉的芬恰哈贝拉遗址发现了海拔3,469米（11,381英尺）处的一个有3万年历史的中石器时代岩石避难所。在如此高的海拔，人们既容易遭受缺氧又容易受到极端天气的影响。根据发表在《科学》杂志上的一项研究，这一居所证明了迄今发现的最早的人类在高海拔地区的永久居住。在这里发现了数千个动物骨骼、数百件石器工具以及古代的火塘，揭示了一种以巨型鼹鼠为主要食物的饮食习惯。[59][60][61][62][63][64][65]

Evidence of some of the earliest known stone-tipped projectile weapons (a characteristic tool of Homo sapiens), the stone tips of javelins or throwing spears, were discovered in 2013 at the Ethiopian site of Gademotta, which date to around 279,000 years ago.^[66] In 2019, additional Middle Stone Age projectile weapons were found at Aduma, dated 100,000–80,000 years ago, in the form of points considered likely to belong to darts delivered by spear throwers.^[67]
【参考译文】2013年，在埃塞俄比亚的加德莫塔遗址发现了已知最早的石尖投掷武器（这是智人的标志性工具）——矛尖或投掷矛的石尖，这些石尖可以追溯到大约27.9万年前。[66] 2019年，在阿杜马发现了更多的中石器时代的投掷武器，这些武器的年代为10万至8万年前，形式为被认为是属于投掷矛发射的飞镖尖端。[67]

1.2 古代 | Antiquity

Main articles: Dʿmt and Kingdom of Aksum【主条目：达姆特王国 和 阿克苏姆王国】

古埃及古王国时期有一些关于该地的记录。埃及商人约公元前3000年称努比亚或库施的南部为朋特之地和Yam。 Richard Pankhurst指出，早在第一王朝或第二王朝时古埃及人就拥有没药（出产自朋特之地）, 所以在古埃及时，两处已存在贸易。詹姆斯·亨利·布雷斯特德假设可以通过陆路达到尼罗河和它的支流（即青尼罗河和阿特巴拉）来实现这种早期贸易。 古希腊历史学家和地理学家Agatharchides曾记载早期古埃及的航海:“在古王国时期的繁荣时期, 在前30世纪与前25世纪期间, 为了控制尼罗河航线，古埃及的船最远航行到红海的出产没药的国家。”^[20]

在希伯来圣经《列王纪上》第10章中记载，公元前1000年左右，非洲曾经有一个示巴女王由于所罗门王的知识而来访以色列王国。

In 980 BC, Dʿmt was established in present-day Eritrea and the northern part of Ethiopia in Tigray and Amhara regions, and is widely believed to be the successor state to Punt. This polity’s capital was located at Yeha in what is now northern Ethiopia. Most modern historians consider this civilization to be a native Ethiopian one, although in earlier times many suggested it was Sabaean-influenced because of the latter’s hegemony of the Red Sea.^[68]
【参考译文】公元前980年，达姆特王国在现今的厄立特里亚和埃塞俄比亚北部的提格雷及阿姆哈拉地区建立，普遍认为它是蓬特王国的继承者。这个政权的首都是位于现今埃塞俄比亚北部的耶哈。大多数现代历史学家认为这是一个本土埃塞俄比亚文明，尽管在早期有许多人认为它受到了萨巴人的影响，因为后者在红海地区拥有霸权地位。[68]

Other scholars regard Dʿmt as the result of a union of Afroasiatic-speaking cultures of the Cushitic and Semitic branches; namely, local Agaw peoples and Sabaeans from Southern Arabia. However, Ge’ez, the ancient Semitic language of Ethiopia, is thought to have developed independently from the Sabaean language. As early as 2000 BC, other Semitic speakers were living in Ethiopia and Eritrea where Ge’ez developed.^[69][70] Sabaean influence is now thought to have been minor, limited to a few localities, and disappearing after a few decades or a century. It may have been a trading or military colony in alliance with the Ethiopian civilization of Dʿmt or some other proto-Axumite state.^[68]
【参考译文】其他学者则认为达姆特是库希特语系和闪米特语系的非洲-亚细亚语族文化联盟的结果；具体来说，就是当地的阿加维人和来自阿拉伯半岛南部的萨巴人。然而，埃塞俄比亚的古老闪米特语——盖兹语被认为是从萨巴语独立发展而来的。早在公元前2000年，其他的闪米特语使用者已经在埃塞俄比亚和厄立特里亚生活，盖兹语就在那里发展起来。[69][70] 现在认为萨巴人的影响是次要的，局限于几个局部地区，并在几十年或一个世纪后消失。它可能是一个与达姆特王国或某些其他前阿克苏姆国家结盟的贸易或军事殖民地。[68]

After the fall of Dʿmt during the 4th century BC, the Ethiopian plateau came to be dominated by smaller successor kingdoms. In the 1st century AD, the Kingdom of Aksum emerged in what is now Tigray Region and Eritrea. According to the medieval Book of Axum, the kingdom’s first capital, Mazaber, was built by Itiyopis, son of Cush.^[37] Aksum would later at times extend its rule into Yemen on the other side of the Red Sea.^[71] The Persian prophet Mani listed Axum with Rome, Persia, and China as one of the four great powers of his era, during the 3rd century.^[72] It is also believed that there was a connection between Egyptian and Ethiopian churches. There is diminutive evidence that the Aksumites were associated with the Queen of Sheba, via their royal inscription.^[73]
【参考译文】公元前4世纪达姆特王国衰落后，埃塞俄比亚高原被较小的继任王国所主导。公元1世纪，阿克苏姆王国出现在现今的提格雷地区和厄立特里亚。根据中世纪的《阿克苏姆之书》，王国的第一个首都马扎伯是由库施的儿子伊提约皮斯建造的。[37] 阿克苏姆有时会将其统治扩展到红海对面的也门。[71] 波斯先知摩尼在3世纪将阿克苏姆与罗马、波斯和中国列为他那个时代的四大强国之一。[72] 据信埃及和埃塞俄比亚的教会之间存在联系。有少量证据表明阿克苏姆人与示巴女王有关联，这一点通过他们的皇家碑文得到了体现。[73]

Around 316 AD, Frumentius and his brother Edesius from Tyre accompanied their uncle on a voyage to Ethiopia. When the vessel stopped at a Red Sea port, the natives killed all the travellers except the two brothers, who were taken to the court as slaves. They were given positions of trust by the monarch, and they converted members of the royal court to Christianity. Frumentius became the first bishop of Aksum.^[74] A coin dated to 324 shows that Ethiopia was the second country to officially adopt Christianity (after Armenia did so in 301), although the religion may have been at first confined to court circles; it was the first major power to do so. The Aksumites were accustomed to the Greco-Roman sphere of influence, but embarked on significant cultural ties and trade connections between the Indian subcontinent and the Roman Empire via the Silk Road, primarily exporting ivory, tortoise shell, gold and emeralds, and importing silk and spices.^[73][75]
【参考译文】大约在公元316年，弗鲁门提乌斯和他的兄弟埃德西乌斯从提尔出发，陪同他们的叔叔前往埃塞俄比亚。当船停靠在一个红海港口时，当地人杀死了所有旅客，除了这两位兄弟被当作奴隶带到了宫廷。他们在君主那里获得了信任的地位，并使宫廷成员皈依了基督教。弗鲁门提乌斯成为了阿克苏姆的第一位主教。[74] 一枚公元324年的硬币显示，埃塞俄比亚是继亚美尼亚之后第二个正式采用基督教的国家（亚美尼亚在公元301年采纳了基督教），尽管最初基督教可能仅限于宫廷圈子；它是第一个采取这一举措的主要势力。阿克苏姆人虽然习惯了希腊-罗马的影响范围，但通过丝绸之路与印度次大陆和罗马帝国建立了重要的文化联系和贸易往来，主要出口象牙、龟壳、黄金和绿宝石，并进口丝绸和香料。[73][75]

1.3 中世纪 | Middle Ages

Main article: Ethiopia in the Middle Ages【主条目：中世纪时期的埃塞俄比亚】

The kingdom adopted the name “Ethiopia” during the reign of Ezana in the 4th century. After the conquest of Kingdom of Kush in 330, the Aksumite territory reached its peak between the 5th and 6th centuries.^[68] This period was interrupted by several incursions into the South Arabian protectorate, including Jewish Dhu Nuwas of the Himyarite Kingdom and the Aksumite–Persian wars. In 575, the Aksumites besieged and retook Sana’a following the assassination of its governor Sayf ibn Dhī Yazan. The Red Sea was left to the Rashidun Caliphate in 646, and the port city of Adulis was plundered by Arab Muslims in the 8th century; along with irrevocable land degradation, claimed climate change and sporadic rainfall precipitation from 730 to 760,^[76] these factors likely caused the kingdom to decline in power as part of an important trade route.^[68][77] Aksum came to an end in 960 when Queen Gudit defeated the last king of Aksum.^[78] In response, the remnant of the Aksumite population to shift into the southern region and establish the Zagwe dynasty, changing its capital to Lalibela.^[79] Zagwe’s rule ended when an Amhara noble man Yekuno Amlak revolted against King Yetbarak and established the Ethiopian Empire (known by exonym “Abyssinia”).
【参考译文】在4世纪埃扎纳王统治期间，王国采用了“埃塞俄比亚”这一名称。在公元330年征服了库施王国之后，阿克苏姆的领土在5至6世纪达到了顶峰。[68] 这一时期因多次入侵南阿拉伯保护国而中断，包括希木叶尔王国的犹太人杜努瓦斯和阿克苏姆-波斯战争。公元575年，阿克苏姆人围攻并重新夺回了萨那，此前该城的总督赛夫·本·迪·雅赞被刺杀。红海地区在646年落入了拉希德王朝哈里发的控制之下，而港口城市阿杜利斯在8世纪被阿拉伯穆斯林掠夺；加上不可逆转的土地退化、声称的气候变化以及从730年到760年间零星的降雨，这些因素很可能导致了这个曾经重要的贸易路线上的王国权力的衰退。[68][77] 阿克苏姆在960年终结，当时吉迪特女王击败了最后一位阿克苏姆国王。[78] 作为回应，阿克苏姆的残余人口向南迁移，并建立了扎格韦王朝，将首都改设为拉利贝拉。[79] 扎格韦的统治在一位阿姆哈拉贵族耶库诺·阿姆拉克反抗国王耶特巴拉克并建立了埃塞俄比亚帝国（外名“阿比西尼亚”）的时候结束。

The Ethiopian Empire initiated territorial expansion under the leadership of Amda Seyon I. He launched campaigns against his Muslim adversaries to the east, resulting in a significant shift in the balance of power in favor of the Christians for the next two centuries. After Amda Seyon’s successful eastern campaigns, most of the Muslim principalities in the Horn of Africa came under the suzerainty of the Ethiopian Empire. Stretching from Gojjam to the Somali Coast in Zelia.^[80] Among these Muslim entities was the Sultanate of Ifat. During the reign of Emperor Zara Yaqob, the Ethiopian Empire reached its pinnacle. His rule was marked by the consolidation of territorial acquisitions from earlier rulers, the oversight of the construction of numerous churches and monasteries, the active promotion of literature and art, and the strengthening of central imperial authority.^[81][82][83] Ifat’s successor, the Adal Sultanate,^[84] tried to conquer Ethiopia during the Ethiopian–Adal War, but was ultimately defeated at the 1543 Battle of Wayna Daga.^[85]
【参考译文】埃塞俄比亚帝国在阿姆达·塞永一世的领导下开始了领土扩张。他对东部的穆斯林对手发动了战役，导致接下来两个世纪内权力平衡显著向基督徒一方倾斜。在阿姆达·塞永成功进行东部战役之后，非洲之角大部分的穆斯林酋长国都处于埃塞俄比亚帝国的宗主权下，其范围从戈贾姆一直延伸到索马里的泽利亚海岸。[80] 其中的一个穆斯林实体是伊法特苏丹国。在扎拉·雅科布皇帝统治期间，埃塞俄比亚帝国达到了顶峰。他的统治以巩固前任统治者的领土扩张、监督大量教堂和修道院的建设、积极促进文学和艺术的发展以及加强中央帝国权威为特点。[81][82][83] 伊法特的继任者阿达勒苏丹国试图在埃塞俄比亚-阿达勒战争中征服埃塞俄比亚，但在1543年的瓦伊纳·达加战役中最终失败。[85]

By the 16th century, an influx of migration by ethnic Oromo into northern parts of the region fragmented the empire’s power. Embarking from present-day Guji and Borena Zone, the Oromos were largely motivated by several folkloric conceptions—beginning with Moggaasaa^[86] and Liqimssa—many of whom related to their raids. This persisted until gada of Meslé.^[87][88] According to Abba Bahrey, the earliest expansion occurred under Emperor Dawit II (luba Melbah), when they encroached to Bale before invading Adal Sultanate.^[89]
【参考译文】到了16世纪，奥罗莫族的大规模迁徙进入该地区北部削弱了帝国的权力。从现今的古吉和博雷纳地区出发，奥罗莫人主要受一些民间传说的驱使——始于莫加萨和利基姆萨——其中许多与他们的袭击有关。这种情况一直持续到梅斯莱的加达系统。[87][88] 根据阿巴·巴赫雷的说法，最早的扩张发生在大卫二世皇帝（卢巴·梅尔巴赫）统治时期，当时他们侵入巴勒，然后进攻阿达勒苏丹国。[89]

Ethiopia saw major diplomatic contact with Portugal from the 17th century, mainly related to religion. Beginning in 1555,^[90] Portuguese Jesuits attempted to develop Roman Catholicism as the state religion. After several failures, they sent several missionaries in 1603, including the most influential, Spanish Jesuit Pedro Paez.^[91] Under Emperor Susenyos I, Roman Catholicism became the state religion of the Ethiopian Empire in 1622.^[92] This decision caused an uprising by the Orthodox populace.^[93]
【参考译文】从17世纪开始，埃塞俄比亚与葡萄牙进行了大量的外交接触，主要与宗教相关。从1555年开始，葡萄牙耶稣会士试图将罗马天主教发展成为国教。经过几次失败后，他们在1603年派遣了几位传教士，其中最具影响力的是一位西班牙耶稣会士佩德罗·帕埃斯。[91] 在苏塞纽斯一世皇帝统治下，罗马天主教在1622年成为了埃塞俄比亚帝国的国教。[92] 这一决定引发了正统教徒的起义。[93]

1.4 早期现代时期（1632–1855年）| Early Modern Period (1632–1855)

Main articles: Gondarine period and Zemene Mesafint【主条目：贡达林时期 和 绅明梅萨芬特时期】

In 1632, Emperor Fasilides halted Roman Catholic state administration, restoring Orthodox Tewahedo as the state religion.^[92] Fasilides’ reign solidified imperial power, relocating the capital to Gondar in 1636, marking the beginning of the “Gondarine period“.^[94] He expelled Jesuits, reclaimed lands, and relocated them to Fremona. During his rule, Fasilides constructed the iconic royal fortress, Fasil Ghebbi, built forty-four churches,^[95] and revived Ethiopian art. He is also credited with building seven stone bridges over the Blue Nile River.^[96]
【参考译文】1632年，皇帝法西利德斯停止了罗马天主教的国家行政管理，恢复了正统提瓦赫多教会作为国教。[92] 法西利德斯的统治巩固了帝国的权力，1636年他将首都迁至贡达，并标志着“贡达林时期”的开始。[94] 他驱逐了耶稣会士，收回了土地，并将他们迁移到弗雷蒙纳。在他的统治期间，法西利德斯建造了标志性的皇家堡垒菲斯尔盖比，修建了四十四座教堂，[95] 并复兴了埃塞俄比亚的艺术。他还因在蓝尼罗河上建造了七座石桥而著称。[96]

Gondar’s power declined after the death of Iyasu I in 1706. Following Iyasu II‘s death in 1755, Empress Mentewab brought her brother, Ras Wolde Leul, to Gondar, making him Ras Bitwaded. This led to regnal conflict between Mentewab’s Quaregnoch and the Wollo group led by Wubit. In 1767, Ras Mikael Sehul, a regent in Tigray Province, seized Gondar, killing the child Iyoas I in 1769, the reigning emperor, and installed 70-year-old Yohannes II.^[97]
【参考译文】贡达的权力在1706年伊亚苏一世去世后开始衰落。伊亚苏二世于1755年去世后，女皇门特瓦布将自己的弟弟沃德尔·卢尔带到贡达，任命他为拉斯比特瓦代德。这导致了门特瓦布的夸雷格诺奇与由乌比特领导的沃洛集团之间的王位冲突。1767年，提格雷省的摄政拉斯迈克尔·塞胡尔夺取了贡达，1769年杀害了当时的皇帝幼年伊约阿斯一世，并扶植了70岁的约哈内斯二世登基。[97]

Between 1769 and 1855, Ethiopia witnessed the Zemene Mesafint or “Age of Princes,” a period of isolation. Emperors became figureheads, controlled by regional lords and noblemen like Ras Mikael Sehul, Ras Wolde Selassie of Tigray, and by the Yejju Oromo dynasty of the Wara Sheh, including Ras Gugsa of Yejju. Before the Zemene Mesafint, Emperor Iyoas I had introduced the Oromo language (Afaan Oromo) at court, replacing Amharic.^[98][99]
【参考译文】从1769年到1855年，埃塞俄比亚经历了所谓的“绅明梅萨芬特时期”或“王子时代”，这是一个孤立的时期。皇帝们变成了傀儡，被地方领主和贵族如拉斯迈克尔·塞胡尔、提格雷的拉斯沃尔德·塞拉西，以及瓦拉舍的耶朱奥罗莫王朝（包括耶朱的拉斯古格萨）所控制。在“绅明梅萨芬特时期”之前，皇帝伊约阿斯一世在宫廷中引入了奥罗莫语（阿法安奥罗莫语），取代了阿姆哈拉语。[98][99]

1.5 帝国主义时代（1855–1916年）| Age of Imperialism (1855–1916)

Main articles: British expedition to Abyssinia, Menelik’s Invasions, Egyptian–Ethiopian War, First Italo-Ethiopian War, and Mahdist War
【主条目：英国远征阿比西尼亚、门尼利克的侵略、埃塞俄比亚-埃及战争、第一次意埃战争、马赫迪战争】

19世纪初，古老的帝国已分裂为许多公国，史称“王子纷争时代”，期间英国、法国、意大利的殖民者先后将势力伸入此地。1855年，贡德尔的领主特沃德罗斯二世击败各地诸侯，重新统一埃塞登基称帝。1889年，流亡贵族孟尼利克二世在意大利的扶植下取得政权，并正式确立埃塞俄比亚国名。隔年，由于双方对乌查里条约的歧见，第一次意埃战争爆发，在长达6年的对抗后，埃塞俄比亚击败意大利，并被后者承认为主权独立国家。

Ethiopian isolationism ended following a British mission that concluded with an alliance between the two nations, but it was not until 1855 that the Amhara kingdoms of northern Ethiopia (Gondar, Gojjam, and Shewa) were briefly united after the power of the emperor was restored beginning with the reign of Tewodros II.^[100][101] Tewodros II began a process of consolidation, centralisation, and state-building that would be continued by succeeding emperors. This process reduced the power of regional rulers, restructured the empire’s administration, and created a professional army. These changes created the basis for establishing the effective sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Ethiopian state.^[102] In 1875 and 1876, Ottoman and Egyptian forces, accompanied by many European and American advisors, twice invaded Abyssinia but were initially defeated.^[103] From 1885 to 1889 (under Yohannes IV), Ethiopia joined the Mahdist War allied to Britain, Turkey, and Egypt against the Sudanese Mahdist State. In 1887, Menelik II, king of Shewa, invaded the Emirate of Harar after his victory at the Battle of Chelenqo.^[104] On 10 March 1889, Yohannes IV was killed by the Sudanese Khalifah Abdullah’s army whilst leading his army in the Battle of Gallabat.^[105]
【参考译文】埃塞俄比亚的孤立主义随着一次英国使命的完成而告终，这次使命最终促成了两国之间的联盟，但直到1855年，在提奥多罗斯二世的统治下才短暂地统一了埃塞俄比亚北部的阿姆哈拉诸王国（贡达、戈贾姆和绍阿）。[100][101] 提奥多罗斯二世开始了一个集中化、国家建设的过程，这一过程被其后的皇帝继续推进。这个过程削弱了地方统治者的权力，重组了帝国的行政机构，并创建了一支专业军队。这些变革为建立埃塞俄比亚国家的有效主权和领土完整奠定了基础。[102] 1875年和1876年，奥斯曼和埃及军队，伴随众多欧洲和美国顾问，两次入侵阿比西尼亚但最初遭到了失败。[103] 从1885年到1889年（在约哈内斯四世统治下），埃塞俄比亚加入了马赫迪战争，与英国、土耳其和埃及结盟对抗苏丹马赫迪国家。1887年，绍阿国王门尼利克二世在切伦科战役获胜后入侵了哈勒尔埃米尔国。[104] 1889年3月10日，约哈内斯四世在指挥军队参加加拉巴特战役时被苏丹卡利法阿卜杜拉的军队击毙。[105]

Ethiopia, in roughly its current form, began under the reign of Menelik II, who was Emperor from 1889 until his death in 1913. From his base in the central province of Shewa, Menelik set out to annex territories to the south, east, and west^[106] — areas inhabited by the Oromo, Sidama, Gurage, Welayta, and other peoples.^[107] He achieved this with the help of Ras Gobana Dacche‘s Shewan Oromo militia, which occupied lands that had not been held since Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi‘s war, as well as other areas that had never been under Ethiopian rule.^[108]
【参考译文】大致以当前形态存在的埃塞俄比亚是在门尼利克二世统治时期开始形成的，他从1889年直至1913年去世期间担任皇帝。从位于中部绍阿省的基地出发，门尼利克着手吞并南部、东部和西部的领土——这些地区居住着奥罗莫人、西达马人、古拉格人、韦莱塔人和其他民族。[106] 他借助拉斯·戈班纳·达切的绍阿奥罗莫民兵的帮助占领了这些土地，这些土地自从艾哈迈德·伊本·易卜拉欣·阿尔加齐的战争以来就没有被控制过，还有一些地区从未被埃塞俄比亚统治过。[108]

For his leadership, despite opposition from more traditional elements of society, Menelik II was heralded as a national hero. He had signed the Treaty of Wuchale with Italy in May 1889, by which Italy would recognize Ethiopia’s sovereignty so long as Italy could control an area north of Ethiopia (now part of modern Eritrea). In return, Italy was to provide Menelik with weapons and support him as emperor. The Italians used the time between the signing of the treaty and its ratification by the Italian government to expand their territorial claims. This First Italo–Ethiopian War culminated in the Battle of Adwa on 1 March 1896, in which Italy’s colonial forces were defeated by the Ethiopians.^[107][109] During this time, about a third of the population died in the Great Ethiopian Famine (1888 to 1892).^[110][111] and the rinderpest swept through the area, destroying much of the herd economy. On 11 October 1897, Ethiopia adopted the colours of the pan-African flag with green, yellow and red stripes in representation of pan-Africanist ideology.
【参考译文】尽管面临社会上更为传统势力的反对，门尼利克二世因其领导而被誉为民族英雄。1889年5月，他与意大利签订了乌恰勒条约，根据条约，意大利承认埃塞俄比亚的主权，只要意大利能够控制埃塞俄比亚北部的一块地区（现为厄立特里亚的一部分）。作为交换，意大利应向门尼利克提供武器，并支持他成为皇帝。意大利利用条约签订和意大利政府批准之间的这段时间扩大了自己的领土主张。这场第一次意埃战争在1896年3月1日的阿杜瓦战役中达到高潮，意大利的殖民部队被埃塞俄比亚军队击败。[107][109] 在这段时间内，大约三分之一的人口死于埃塞俄比亚大饥荒（1888年至1892年）。[110][111] 牛瘟也席卷了这一地区，摧毁了大量的畜牧业经济。1897年10月11日，埃塞俄比亚采用了泛非旗帜的颜色，绿色、黄色和红色条纹代表了泛非主义思想。

1.6 海尔·塞拉西一世时代（1916–1974年）| Haile Selassie I era (1916–1974)

Main articles: Second Italo-Ethiopian War, Italian Ethiopia, Italian East Africa, Federation of Ethiopia and Eritrea, and Eritrean War of Independence
【主条目：第二次意埃战争、意大利埃塞俄比亚、意大利东非、埃塞俄比亚和厄立特里亚联邦、厄立特里亚独立战争】

The early 20th century was marked by the reign of Emperor Haile Selassie (Ras Tafari). He came to power after Lij Iyasu was deposed, and undertook a nationwide modernization campaign from 1916 when he was made a Ras and Regent (Inderase) for the Empress Regnant Zewditu, and became the de facto ruler of the Ethiopian Empire. Following Zewditu’s death, on 2 November 1930, he succeeded her as emperor.^[112] In 1931, Haile Selassie endowed Ethiopia with its first-ever Constitution in emulation of Imperial Japan’s 1890 Constitution.^[113] The independence of Ethiopia was interrupted by the Second Italo-Ethiopian War, beginning when it was invaded by Fascist Italy in early October 1935, and by subsequent Italian rule of the country (1936–1941) after Italian victory in the war.^[114] Italy, however never managed to secure the country, due to resistance from the Arbegnoch, making Ethiopia and Liberia the only African nations to never be colonized.^[115] Following the entry of Italy into World War II, British Empire forces, together with the Arbegnoch, liberated Ethiopia in the course of the East African campaign in 1941. The country was placed under British military administration, and then Ethiopia’s full sovereignty was restored with the signing of the Anglo-Ethiopian Agreement in December 1944.^[116]
【参考译文】20世纪初的特点是海尔·塞拉西一世（拉斯·塔法里）的统治。他在利伊亚苏被废黜后掌权，并从1916年起作为拉斯和摄政（印德拉塞）为女皇佐维图实施全国现代化运动，成为埃塞俄比亚帝国的实际统治者。佐维图于1930年11月2日去世后，他继位成为皇帝。[112] 1931年，海尔·塞拉西仿效日本1890年的宪法，赋予埃塞俄比亚第一部宪法。[113] 埃塞俄比亚的独立在第二次意埃战争中被中断，这场战争始于1935年10月初意大利法西斯的入侵，并随后在战争胜利后意大利对埃塞俄比亚的统治（1936–1941年）。[114] 然而，由于阿贝格诺奇的抵抗，意大利从未能真正控制这个国家，使得埃塞俄比亚和利比里亚成为唯一未曾被殖民化的非洲国家。[115] 随着意大利加入第二次世界大战，英国帝国军队与阿贝格诺奇一起，在1941年的东非战役中解放了埃塞俄比亚。该国被置于英国军事管理之下，随后埃塞俄比亚的完全主权在1944年12月签署的英埃协定中得到恢复。[116]

On 24 October 1945, Ethiopia became a founding member of the United Nations. In 1952, Haile Selassie orchestrated a federation with Eritrea. He dissolved this in 1962 and annexed Eritrea, resulting in the Eritrean War of Independence.^{[citation needed]} Haile Selassie also played a leading role in the formation of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU).^[117] 
【参考译文】1945年10月24日，埃塞俄比亚成为联合国的创始成员国之一。1952年，海尔·塞拉西安排了与厄立特里亚的联邦。他在1962年解散了这一联邦并将厄立特里亚并入，导致了厄立特里亚独立战争。[来源待查] 海尔·塞拉西还在非洲统一组织（OAU）的成立中发挥了主导作用。[117]

二战结束后，美国大力扶持埃塞俄比亚帝国，双方签订了十多个军事和经济协定，前者在该国设立基地、派驻军事顾问小组、并提供1.5亿美元的军援（占当时美国对全非洲军援的一半），埃塞俄比亚由此建立起一支较为现代化的部队。1950年6月，朝鲜战争爆发，埃塞俄比亚立即宣布支援联合国军。

1951年12月2日，在美国等国支持下联合国大会通过390号决议，英国对厄立特里亚的托管结束，1952年9月15日组成埃塞俄比亚和厄立特里亚联邦，厄立特里亚保有相当程度的自治，诸如行政权（包括警察与税收等内务）、立法权、司法权和单独的旗帜。^[21]

1962年，塞拉西一世宣布解散厄立特里亚议会，埃塞俄比亚径自将厄立特里亚改为辖下的一省，激起当地人民反抗。于此稍早建立的地方组织“厄解阵”与之后成立的“厄人阵”先后成为抵抗军主力，埃塞俄比亚与其展开长达30年的战争。

Opinion within Ethiopia turned against Haile Selassie, owing to the worldwide 1973 oil crisis causing a sharp increase in gasoline prices starting on 13 February 1974, leading to student and worker protests.^[118] The feudal oligarchical cabinet of Aklilu Habte-Wold was toppled, and a new government was formed with Endelkachew Makonnen serving as Prime Minister.^[119]
【参考译文】由于1973年的全球石油危机导致汽油价格急剧上涨，自1974年2月13日起，埃塞俄比亚国内的舆论转向反对海尔·塞拉西，引发了学生和工人的抗议。[118] 阿克利卢·哈布特-沃尔德的封建寡头内阁被推翻，恩德尔卡丘·马克孔嫩被任命为新政府的总理。[119]

1974年，在严重饥荒下，埃塞俄比亚发生军事政变废黜皇帝，“德尔格”政权建立，由门格斯图掌握实权。1978年，在内战中德尔格政权转向苏联，获得大量苏援。然而，门格斯图政府的经济政策对国家造成严重的损害，埃塞俄比亚在80年代出现前所未有的饥荒，各国为了抒解当地灾情而举办了一个超大型演唱会募款，并由迈克尔·杰克逊和莱昂纳尔·里奇为大会作了一首主题曲《天下一家》；埃塞俄比亚该次灾情使世界关注到第三世界武器泛滥，以及富裕国家的经济垄断造成的全球经济失衡，引致1980年代的绿色运动思潮。1987年9月，该国更名为“埃塞俄比亚人民民主共和国”。1989年9月，在埃塞俄比亚的苏联顾问与古巴军人全部撤出。

1.7 德尔格时代（1974–1991年）| Derg era (1974–1991)

See also: Ethiopian Revolution, Derg, People’s Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Ethiopian Civil War, Red Terror, and 1983–1985 famine in Ethiopia
【另见：埃塞俄比亚革命、德尔格、埃塞俄比亚人民民主共和国、埃塞俄比亚内战、红色恐怖、1983–1985年埃塞俄比亚饥荒】

Haile Selassie’s rule ended on 12 September 1974, when he was deposed by the Derg, a committee made up of military and police officers.^[120] After the execution of 60 former government and military officials,^[121] the new Provisional Military Administrative Council abolished the monarchy in March 1975 and established Ethiopia as a Marxist-Leninist state.^[122] The abolition of feudalism, increased literacy, nationalization, and sweeping land reform including the resettlement and villagization from the Ethiopian Highlands became priorities.^[123]
【参考译文】海尔·塞拉西的统治于1974年9月12日结束，当时他被德尔格推翻，德尔格是由军警组成的委员会。[120] 在处决了60名前政府和军事官员后，新的临时军事行政委员会于1975年3月废除了君主制，并将埃塞俄比亚确立为马克思列宁主义国家。[122] 废除封建制度、提高识字率、国有化以及包括从埃塞俄比亚高地重新安置和村落化在内的大规模土地改革成为优先事项。[123]

After a power struggle in 1977, Mengistu Halie Mariam gained undisputed leadership of the Derg.^[124] In 1977, Somalia, which had previously been receiving assistance and arms from the USSR, invaded Ethiopia in the Ogaden War, capturing part of the Ogaden region. Ethiopia recovered it after it began receiving massive military aid from the Soviet bloc countries.^{[125][126][127]} By the end of the seventies, Mengistu presided over the second-largest army in all of sub-Saharan Africa, as well as a formidable air force and navy.
【参考译文】1977年经历了一场权力斗争后，门吉斯图·海尔·马里亚姆获得了德尔格无可争议的领导权。[124] 1977年，先前曾接受苏联援助和武器装备的索马里在奥加登战争中入侵埃塞俄比亚，占领了奥加登地区的一部分。埃塞俄比亚在开始获得苏联集团国家的大规模军事援助后夺回了该地区。[125][126][127] 到20世纪70年代末，门吉斯图领导着撒哈拉以南非洲第二大的军队，以及一支强大的空军和海军。

In 1976–78, up to 500,000 were killed as a result of the Red Terror,^[128] a violent political repression campaign by the Derg against various opposition groups.^{[129][130][131]} In 1987, the Derg dissolved itself and established the People’s Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (PDRE) upon the adoption of the 1987 Constitution of Ethiopia.^[132] A 1983–85 famine affected around 8 million people, resulting in 1 million dead. Insurrections against authoritarian rule sprang up, particularly in the northern regions of Eritrea and Tigray. The Tigray People’s Liberation Front (TPLF) merged with other ethnically based opposition movements in 1989, to form the Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF).^[133]
【参考译文】1976年至1978年间，由于红色恐怖，估计有50万人丧生，[128] 这是德尔格针对各种反对派团体实施的一场暴力政治镇压行动。[129][130][131] 1987年，德尔格解散自己，并在通过1987年埃塞俄比亚宪法后成立了埃塞俄比亚人民民主共和国（PDRE）。[132] 1983年至1985年发生的大饥荒影响了大约800万人，导致100万人死亡。针对专制统治的叛乱在埃塞俄比亚北部的厄立特里亚和提格雷地区尤为突出。1989年，提格雷人民解放阵线（TPLF）与其他基于民族的反对派运动合并，组成了埃塞俄比亚人民革命民主阵线（EPRDF）。[133]

The collapse of Marxism–Leninism during the revolutions of 1989 coincided with the Soviet Union stopping aid to Ethiopia altogether in 1990.^{[134][135][136]} EPRDF forces advanced on Addis Ababa in May 1991, and Mengistu fled the country and was granted asylum in Zimbabwe.^[137][138]
【参考译文】1989年革命期间马克思主义-列宁主义的崩溃与1990年苏联完全停止对埃塞俄比亚援助的时间相吻合。[134][135][136] 1991年5月，EPRDF部队向亚的斯亚贝巴推进，门吉斯图逃离了该国，并在津巴布韦获得了庇护。[137][138]

1.8 联邦民主共和国（1991年至今）| Federal Democratic Republic (1991–present)

Main article: History of the federal government of Ethiopia【主条目：埃塞俄比亚联邦政府历史】

Further information: Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict, Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present), and Tigray War
【更多信息：埃塞俄比亚-厄立特里亚边境冲突、埃塞俄比亚内战（2018年至今）、提格雷战争】

See also: Eritrean independence referendum, 1993【另见：1993年厄立特里亚独立公投】

经过多年内战，1991年5月28日，门格斯图政权被亲阿尔巴尼亚的霍查派掌握的埃塞俄比亚人民革命民主阵线（埃革阵）武装推翻。埃革阵组建埃塞俄比亚过渡政府，梅莱斯·泽纳维任临时总统；厄立特里亚人民解放阵线（厄人阵）也组建厄立特里亚过渡自治政府。1993年，两年过渡期满，厄立特里亚经全民公决，脱离埃塞俄比亚独立。1994年，埃塞俄比亚制定新宪法，明确规定各民族拥有自决权利。1995年8月，新宪法生效，改国名为“埃塞俄比亚联邦民主共和国”，为内阁制国家。梅莱斯自1995年起，一直担任埃塞俄比亚总理一职直至其逝世。

In July 1991, the EPRDF convened a National Conference to establish the Transitional Government of Ethiopia composed of an 87-member Council of Representatives and guided by a national charter that functioned as a transitional constitution.^[139] In 1994, a new constitution was written that established a parliamentary republic with a bicameral legislature and a judicial system.^[140]
【参考译文】1991年7月，EPRDF召开全国会议，成立了由87名代表组成的埃塞俄比亚过渡政府，并根据一项作为过渡宪法的国家宪章进行指导。[139] 1994年，制定了一部新宪法，确立了一个议会共和制，拥有两院制立法机构和司法体系。[140]

In April 1993, Eritrea gained independence from Ethiopia after a national referendum.^[141] In May 1998, a border dispute with Eritrea led to the Eritrean–Ethiopian War, which lasted until June 2000 and cost both countries an estimated $1 million a day.^[142] This had a negative effect on Ethiopia’s economy, and a border conflict between the two countries would continue until 2018.^[143][144] As of 2018, further civil war in Ethiopia continues, mainly due to destabilization of the country.
【参考译文】1993年4月，厄立特里亚在全民公投后从埃塞俄比亚独立。[141] 1998年5月，与厄立特里亚的边界争端导致了埃塞俄比亚-厄立特里亚战争爆发，这场战争持续到2000年6月，估计每天给两国造成的损失高达100万美元。[142] 这对埃塞俄比亚的经济产生了负面影响，并且两国之间的边界冲突一直持续到2018年。[143][144] 自2018年以来，埃塞俄比亚内部的进一步内战仍在继续，主要是由于国家的不稳定局势所致。

1997年，厄人阵与埃革阵双方高层决裂，厄国开始推行自己的货币“纳克法”。隔年5月埃厄战争爆发，造成了共计约7万人的死伤^[22][23]。最终埃厄双方于2000年6月停火，海牙的常设仲裁法院判定大部分争议领土归于厄立特里亚。

进入21世纪，受益于政情基本稳定以及咖啡、油菜籽等经济作物出口成长^[24]，埃塞俄比亚进入了一段发展期，国内生产总值（GDP）大幅增长，世界银行统计埃塞在2004年至2014年期间以每年平均10.9％的速度快速增加^[25]。

2011年，非洲之角地区由于长年战乱以及大规模旱灾爆发严重饥荒，许多索马里人逃入埃塞俄比亚，其影响直至隔年才逐渐回复。

2014至2016年，厄尔尼诺现象带来的不规则降雨使埃塞俄比亚高原陷入先旱后涝的情况，农牧业受到普遍影响，农民的不满使埃塞抗议及冲突频传，并使以往在埃塞俄比亚不明显的种族问题浮上台面。2016年冲突加剧，在北部，占埃塞总人口三分之二的奥罗莫人与阿姆哈拉人，对仅约总人口6%提格利尼亚人长期执政产生埋怨，爆发了大规模抗议并遭到武力镇压；在南部，奥罗莫人与索马里人和盖德奥地区原住民之间长期的土地纠纷演化为暴力行动，奥罗莫、索马里和盖德奥都出现大量逃亡的难民。

2018年，曾任职埃塞网络安全局（Ethiopian Information Network Security Agency, INSA）的阿比·艾哈迈德当选埃塞俄比亚总理，他走访厄立特里亚并宣布解除双方敌对关系^[26]，并解除了埃塞原先对大部分网站的封锁。然而同年奥罗莫人与盖德奥原住民之间再次爆发严重冲突，此次纷争迫使140万盖德奥人出逃，为该年全球最大规模的难民潮^[27]。埃塞国防部在当年2月至6月期间宣布了国家紧急状态。面对不同族群间频发的冲突，埃塞政府最终宣布将在2020年8月16日举行大选，诸如索马里州州长穆斯塔法·穆罕默德·奥梅尔等埃塞各派系异见领袖亦参选^[28]。因疫情与内战影响该场大选被迫延期, 各州分别于2021年6月、9月方才举行选举。

2019年6月，总理阿比发表紧急谈话宣告阿萨米纽·齐格发动的军事政变失败，当时埃塞网络遭到管控而中断^[29]。

2020年11月，埃塞俄比亚联邦政府和提格雷人民解放阵线之间爆发提格雷战争。直至2021年底双方停战前，交火已造成10余万名死伤，以及200万人的难民潮。

Ethnic violence rose during the late 2010s and early 2020s,^[145][146] with various clashes and conflicts leading to millions of Ethiopians being displaced.^{[147][148][149]}
【参考译文】2010年代末和2020年代初，种族暴力事件上升，[145][146] 各种冲突导致数百万埃塞俄比亚人流离失所。[147][148][149]

The federal government decided that elections for 2020 (later being rescheduled to 2021) be cancelled, due to health and safety concerns about COVID-19.^[150] The Tigray Region‘s TPLF opposed this, and proceeded to hold elections anyway on 9 September 2020.^[151][152] Relations between the federal government and Tigray deteriorated rapidly,^[153] and in November 2020, Ethiopia began a military offensive in Tigray in response to attacks on army units stationed there, marking the beginning of the Tigray War.^[154][155] By March 2022, as many as 500,000 people had died as a result of violence and famine.^{[156][157][158]} 
【参考译文】联邦政府决定取消原定于2020年举行（后推迟至2021年）的选举，原因是担心COVID-19疫情带来的健康和安全问题。[150] 提格雷地区的TPLF反对这一决定，并于2020年9月9日自行举行了选举。[151][152] 联邦政府与提格雷的关系迅速恶化，[153] 2020年11月，埃塞俄比亚开始在提格雷地区进行军事攻势，以回应对该地区驻军的攻击，这标志着提格雷战争的开始。[154][155] 截至2022年3月，估计有50万人因暴力和饥荒而死亡。[156][157][158]

After a number of peace and mediation proposals in the intervening years, Ethiopia and the Tigrayan rebel forces agreed to a cessation of hostilities on 2 November 2022.^[159] Coupled with OLA insurgency, the federal government relations with Fano militias, who previously allied to the government in the Tigray War, deteriorated in mid-2023, resulting in War in Amhara. According to reports conducted by the Ethiopian Human Rights Commission (EHRC), mass human rights violations carried out by ENDF troops including door-to-door searches, extrajudicial killings, massacres and detentions. Notable incident includes the Merawi massacre in early 2024, which left 50 to 100 residents deaths in Merawi town in Amhara Region.^[160][161]
【参考译文】经过几年的和平与调解提议后，埃塞俄比亚和提格雷反叛力量于2022年11月2日同意停火。[159] 与此同时，联邦政府与此前在提格雷战争中曾与政府结盟的法诺民兵的关系在2023年中期恶化，导致了阿姆哈拉地区的战争。根据埃塞俄比亚人权委员会（EHRC）的报告，埃塞俄比亚国防军（ENDF）士兵实施了大规模侵犯人权的行为，包括挨家挨户搜查、法外处决、屠杀和拘留。值得注意的事件包括2024年初发生的梅拉维大屠杀，导致阿姆哈拉地区的梅拉维镇50至100名居民死亡。[160][161]

2. 地理 | Geography

Main article: Geography of Ethiopia / 主条目：埃塞俄比亚地理

At 1,104,300 square kilometres (426,372.61 sq mi),^[162] Ethiopia is the world’s 28th-largest country, comparable in size to Bolivia. It lies between the 3rd parallel north and the 15th parallel north and longitudes 33rd meridian east and 48th meridian east.
【参考译文】埃塞俄比亚面积为1,104,300平方公里（426,372.61平方英里）[162]，是世界第28大国家，其大小与玻利维亚相近。它位于北纬3度至北纬15度之间，以及东经33度至东经48度之间。

自1993年5月厄立特里亚省独立建国之后，埃塞俄比亚成为一个内陆国，邻国有吉布提、厄立特里亚、苏丹、南苏丹、肯尼亚和索马里。首都在亚的斯亚贝巴。另外，与肯尼亚、南苏丹交界的伊雷米三角，埃塞俄比亚及南苏丹各自宣称拥有主权和管辖权，现由肯尼亚管辖。

The major portion of Ethiopia lies in the Horn of Africa, which is the easternmost part of the African landmass. The territories that have frontiers with Ethiopia are Eritrea to the north and then, moving in a clockwise direction, Djibouti, Somalia, Kenya, South Sudan and Sudan. Within Ethiopia is a vast highland complex of mountains and dissected plateaus divided by the Great Rift Valley, which runs generally southwest to northeast and is surrounded by lowlands, steppes, or semi-desert. There is a great diversity of terrain with wide variations in climate, soils, natural vegetation and settlement patterns.
【参考译文】埃塞俄比亚的主要区域位于非洲之角，这是非洲大陆最东部的部分。与埃塞俄比亚接壤的国家有北部的厄立特里亚，按顺时针方向依次为吉布提、索马里、肯尼亚、南苏丹和苏丹。埃塞俄比亚境内有一个广阔的高山复合体，包括山脉和被大裂谷分割的高原，这条大裂谷大致从西南向东北延伸，并被低地、草原或半沙漠所环绕。这里有多种多样的地形，气候、土壤、自然植被和居住模式都有很大的差异。

Ethiopia is an ecologically diverse country, ranging from the deserts along the eastern border to the tropical forests in the south to extensive Afromontane in the northern and southwestern parts. Lake Tana in the north is the source of the Blue Nile. It also has many endemic species, notably the gelada, the walia ibex and the Ethiopian wolf (“Simien fox”). The wide range of altitude has given the country a variety of ecologically distinct areas, and this has helped to encourage the evolution of endemic species in ecological isolation.
【参考译文】埃塞俄比亚是一个生态多样性丰富的国家，其范围从东部边境的沙漠到南部的热带森林，再到北部和西南部广泛的阿非蒙坦（Afromontane）地区。北部的塔纳湖是蓝尼罗河的源头。该国还有许多特有的物种，特别是格拉达猴、瓦利亚野山羊和埃塞俄比亚狼（又名西米恩狐）。广阔的海拔变化给这个国家带来了多种生态上独特的区域，这有助于促进物种在生态隔离中的进化。

The nation is a land of geographical contrasts, ranging from the vast fertile west, with its forests and numerous rivers, to the world’s hottest settlement of Dallol in its north. The Ethiopian Highlands are the largest continuous mountain ranges in Africa, and the Sof Omar Caves contains the largest cave on the continent. Ethiopia also has the second-largest number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Africa.^[163]
【参考译文】埃塞俄比亚是一个地理对比鲜明的国家，西部广阔肥沃，森林密布，河流众多，北部有世界上最热的达洛尔定居点。埃塞俄比亚高地是非洲最大的连续山脉，索夫奥马尔洞穴是非洲大陆最大的洞穴。埃塞俄比亚还拥有非洲第二多的联合国教科文组织世界遗产。[163]

2.1 气候 | Climate

Main articles: Climate of Ethiopia and Climate change in Ethiopia
【主条目：”埃塞俄比亚的气候“和”埃塞俄比亚的气候变化“词条】

The predominant climate type is tropical monsoon, with wide topographic-induced variation. The Ethiopian Highlands cover most of the country and have a climate which is generally considerably cooler than other regions at similar proximity to the Equator. Most of the country’s major cities are located at elevations of around 2,000–2,500 m (6,562–8,202 ft) above sea level, including historic capitals such as Gondar and Axum. The modern capital, Addis Ababa, is situated on the foothills of Mount Entoto at an elevation of around 2,400 metres (7,900 ft). It experiences a mild climate year round. With temperatures fairly uniform year round, the seasons in Addis Ababa are largely defined by rainfall: a dry season from October to February, a light rainy season from March to May, and a heavy rainy season from June to September. The average annual rainfall is approximately 1,200 millimetres (47 in).
【参考译文】主要的气候类型是热带季风气候，但由于地形高度的变化，导致了气候上的广泛差异。埃塞俄比亚高地覆盖了大部分地区，其气候通常比其他接近赤道的地区凉爽得多。该国大多数主要城市都位于海拔约2,000至2,500米（6,562至8,202英尺）的高度，包括历史上的首都贡德尔和阿克苏姆。现代首都亚的斯亚贝巴位于恩托托山脚下，海拔约为2,400米（7,900英尺）。这里全年气温温和。由于一年四季温度变化不大，亚的斯亚贝巴的季节主要由降雨量定义：10月至2月为旱季，3月至5月为轻雨季，6月至9月为大雨季。年平均降水量大约为1,200毫米（47英寸）。

There are on average seven hours of sunshine per day. The dry season is the sunniest time of the year, though even at the height of the rainy season in July and August there are still usually several hours per day of bright sunshine. The average annual temperature in Addis Ababa is 16 °C (60.8 °F), with daily maximum temperatures averaging 20–25 °C (68.0–77.0 °F) throughout the year, and overnight lows averaging 5–10 °C (41.0–50.0 °F).
【参考译文】平均每天有七个小时的日照时间。旱季是一年中最阳光充足的时候，即使是在7月和8月雨季高峰期，每天仍有数小时的明亮阳光。亚的斯亚贝巴年平均气温为16°C（60.8°F），白天最高温度全年平均为20至25°C（68.0至77.0°F），夜间最低温度平均为5至10°C（41.0至50.0°F）。

Most major cities and tourist sites in Ethiopia lie at a similar elevation to Addis Ababa and have a comparable climate. In less elevated regions, particularly the lower lying Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands in the east of Ethiopia, the climate can be significantly hotter and drier. Dallol, in the Danakil Depression in this eastern zone, has the world’s highest average annual temperature of 34 °C (93.2 °F).
【参考译文】埃塞俄比亚大多数主要城市和旅游景点位于与亚的斯亚贝巴相似的高度，因此气候也相当类似。在较低海拔的地区，特别是在埃塞俄比亚东部的干旱草原和灌木丛中，气候可能显著更热且更干燥。位于这一东部地区的达洛尔，在丹纳基尔洼地中，拥有全球最高的年平均气温，达到34°C（93.2°F）。

Ethiopia is vulnerable to many of the effects of climate change. These include increases in temperature and changes in precipitation. Climate change in these forms threatens food security and the economy, which is agriculture based.^[166] Many Ethiopians have been forced to leave their homes and travel as far as the Gulf, Southern Africa and Europe.^[167]
【参考译文】埃塞俄比亚容易受到气候变化的许多影响。这些影响包括温度上升和降水模式的变化。以农业为基础的经济使埃塞俄比亚面临着食品安全和经济安全的威胁。[166] 许多埃塞俄比亚人被迫离开家园，远赴海湾地区、南部非洲乃至欧洲寻求生计。[167]

Since April 2019, the Ethiopian Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed has promoted Beautifying Sheger, a development project that aims to reduce the negative effects of climate change – among other things – in the capital city Addis Ababa.^[168] In the following May, the government held “Dine for Sheger”, a fundraising event in order to cover some of the $1 billion needed through the public.^[169] $25 million was raised through the expensive event, both through the cost of attending and donations.^[170] Two Chinese railway companies under the Belt and Road Initiative between China and Ethiopia had supplied funds to develop 12 of the total 56 kilometres.^[171]
【参考译文】自2019年4月以来，埃塞俄比亚总理阿比·艾哈迈德推动了一项名为“美化谢格尔”的发展项目，旨在减少气候变化等负面影响对首都亚的斯亚贝巴的影响。[168] 在随后的5月，政府举办了“为谢格尔筹款晚宴”，以筹集所需的10亿美元的一部分资金。[169] 通过这次昂贵的活动，无论是参加费用还是捐款，共筹集到了2500万美元的资金。[170] 根据中国与埃塞俄比亚之间的“一带一路”倡议，两家中国铁路公司为总计56公里中的12公里提供了资金支持。[171]

2.2 生物多样性 | Biodiversity

Main article: Wildlife of Ethiopia【主条目：埃塞俄比亚野生动物】

See also: Environmental issues in Ethiopia and Deforestation in Ethiopia
【另见：埃塞俄比亚环境问题 和 埃塞俄比亚森林砍伐】

Ethiopia is a global centre of avian diversity. To date more than 856 bird species have been recorded in Ethiopia, twenty of which are endemic to the country.^[172] Sixteen species are endangered or critically endangered. Many of these birds feed on butterflies, like the Bicyclus anynana.^{[173][full citation needed]}
【参考译文】埃塞俄比亚是全球鸟类多样性的中心之一。截至目前，已有超过856种鸟类在埃塞俄比亚被记录，其中有20种是该国特有的。[172] 这些鸟类中有16种处于濒危或极度濒危状态。许多这些鸟类以蝴蝶为食，比如斑环蛱蝶（Bicyclus anynana）。[173][需要完整引用]

Historically, throughout the African continent, wildlife populations have been rapidly declining due to logging, civil wars, pollution, poaching, and other human factors.^[174] A 17-year-long civil war, along with severe drought, negatively affected Ethiopia’s environmental conditions, leading to even greater habitat degradation.^[175] Habitat destruction is a factor that leads to endangerment. When changes to a habitat occur rapidly, animals do not have time to adjust. Human impact threatens many species, with greater threats expected as a result of climate change induced by greenhouse gases.^[176] With carbon dioxide emissions in 2010 of 6,494,000 tonnes, Ethiopia contributes just 0.02% to the annual human-caused release of greenhouse gases.^[177]
【参考译文】历史上，整个非洲大陆的野生动物数量因伐木、内战、污染、偷猎和其他人类因素而迅速下降。[174] 持续了17年的内战，加上严重的干旱，对埃塞俄比亚的环境条件产生了负面影响，导致栖息地退化加剧。[175] 栖息地破坏是导致物种濒危的一个因素。当栖息地的变化发生得过快时，动物们没有足够的时间去适应新的环境。人类活动威胁着许多物种，预计随着温室气体引起的气候变化，这些威胁将会更加严重。[176] 2010年，埃塞俄比亚的二氧化碳排放量为6,494,000吨，仅占全球人为产生的温室气体排放总量的0.02%。[177]

Ethiopia has 31 endemic species of mammals.^[178] Ethiopia has many species listed as critically endangered and vulnerable to global extinction. The threatened species in Ethiopia can be broken down into three categories (based on IUCN ratings): critically endangered, endangered, and vulnerable.^[178]
【参考译文】埃塞俄比亚有31种特有的哺乳动物。[178] 埃塞俄比亚有许多物种被列为极度濒危和易受全球灭绝威胁。埃塞俄比亚的受威胁物种可以分为三个类别（根据IUCN评级）：极度濒危、濒危和易危。[178]

Ethiopia is one of the eight fundamental and independent centres of origin for cultivated plants in the world.^[179] However, deforestation is a major concern for Ethiopia as studies suggest loss of forest contributes to soil erosion, loss of nutrients in the soil, loss of animal habitats, and reduction in biodiversity. At the beginning of the 20th century, around 420,000 km² (or 35%) of Ethiopia’s land was covered by trees, but recent research indicates that forest cover is now approximately 11.9% of the area.^[180] The country had a 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 7.16/10, ranking it 50th globally out of 172 countries.^[181]
【参考译文】埃塞俄比亚是世界上八大基本和独立的栽培植物起源中心之一。[179] 然而，森林砍伐是埃塞俄比亚面临的一个主要问题，研究表明森林的丧失会导致土壤侵蚀、土壤养分流失、动物栖息地减少以及生物多样性的减少。20世纪初，埃塞俄比亚约有420,000平方公里（或35%的土地面积）被树木覆盖，但最近的研究表明，目前的森林覆盖率约为总面积的11.9%。[180] 2018年，埃塞俄比亚的森林景观完整性指数平均得分为7.16/10，在全球172个国家中排名第50位。[181]

Ethiopia loses an estimated 1,410 km² of natural forests each year due to firewood collection, conversion to farmland, overgrazing, and use of forest wood for building material. Between 1990 and 2005 the country lost approximately 21,000 km² of forests.^[182] Current government programs to control deforestation consist of education, promoting reforestation programs, and providing raw materials which are alternatives to timber. In rural areas the government also provides non-timber fuel sources and access to non-forested land to promote agriculture without destroying forest habitat.^[183]
【参考译文】埃塞俄比亚每年估计有1,410平方公里的天然森林因采集薪柴、转化为农田、过度放牧和使用森林木材作为建筑材料等原因而消失。在1990年至2005年间，该国失去了大约21,000平方公里的森林。[182] 当前政府控制森林砍伐的措施包括教育公众、推广植树造林计划以及提供木材替代材料。在农村地区，政府还提供非木材燃料来源，并提供非林地用于农业，以避免破坏森林栖息地。[183]

Organizations such as SOS and Farm Africa are working with the federal government and local governments to create a system of forest management.^[184]
【参考译文】诸如SOS和Farm Africa等组织正在与联邦政府和地方政府合作，建立一个森林管理体系。[184]

2.3 水文

主条目：埃塞俄比亚复兴大坝

境内多河流、湖泊，塔纳湖为最大的湖泊。西北有蓝尼罗河流经。西南有奥摩河经过，最后流入图尔卡纳湖。蓝尼罗河发源于埃塞俄比亚，也是整条尼罗河最大的水量来源。1990年代埃塞俄比亚欲向非洲发展银行贷款以修建水库，却被尼罗河下游的埃及用外交势力否决，后来向中国贷款才获得修建水库的经费。

3. 政府与政治 | Government and politics

3.1 政府 | Government

Main articles: Government of Ethiopia, Law of Ethiopia, and Judiciary of Ethiopia
【主条目：埃塞俄比亚政府、埃塞俄比亚法律、埃塞俄比亚司法系统】

See also: Rulers and Heads of State of Ethiopia【另见：埃塞俄比亚统治者与国家元首】

1994年12月，制宪会议通过《埃塞俄比亚联邦民主共和国宪法》，决定改国体为联邦制；政体实行三权分立和议会内阁制，实行政教分离。总统为国家元首，由人民代表院提名，经联邦院和人民代表院三分之二多数同意后通过，任期为6年，最多可连任两届。总理和内阁拥有最高执行权力，由多数党或多党联合组阁，集体向人民代表院负责。联邦议会由人民代表院和联邦院组成。人民代表院系联邦立法和最高权力机构，由选民直选产生的547名议员组成，少数民族至少占20席，任期五年。联邦院拥有宪法解释权，以及裁决民族自决或分离、各州间纠纷等权力，由大约117名各民族代表组成，每个民族至少有一位代表，此外每百万人口可增选一名代表，由各州议会推选或人民直选产生，任期五年。各民族平等自治，享有民族自决和分离权，任何一个民族的立法机构以三分之二多数通过分离要求后，联邦政府应在3年内组织该族进行公决，多数赞成即可脱离联邦。各州可以本族语言为州工作语言^[31]。

Ethiopia is a federal parliamentary republic, wherein the Prime Minister is the head of government, and the President is the head of state but with largely ceremonial powers. Executive power is exercised by the government and federal legislative power vested in both the government and the two chambers of parliament. The House of Federation is the upper chamber of the bicameral legislature with 108 seats, and the lower chamber is the House of Peoples’ Representatives (HoPR) with 547 seats. The House of Federation is chosen by the regional councils whereas MPs of the HoPR are elected directly, in turn, they elect the president for a six-year term and the prime minister for a 5-year term.
【参考译文】埃塞俄比亚是一个联邦议会制共和国，在这个体制中，总理是政府首脑，总统则是国家元首，但主要行使礼仪性的职权。行政权力由政府行使，而联邦立法权力则由政府和两个议院共同拥有。参议院即联邦院是两院制立法机构的上议院，拥有108个席位；下议院是人民代表院（HoPR），拥有547个席位。联邦院议员由各地区的议会选举产生，而人民代表院的议员则是直接选举产生，他们再选举产生总统，任期六年，以及总理，任期五年。

The Ethiopian judiciary consists of dual system with two court structures: the federal and state courts. The FDRE Constitution vested federal judicial authority to the Federal Supreme Court which can overturn and review decisions of subordinate federal courts; itself has regular division assigned for fundamental errors of law. In addition, the Supreme Court can perform circuit hearings in established five states at any states of federal levels or “area designated for its jurisdiction” if deemed “necessary for the efficient rendering of justice”.^[185][186]
【参考译文】埃塞俄比亚的司法体系由两个法院结构组成：联邦法院和州法院，形成了双轨制。根据埃塞俄比亚联邦民主共和国宪法，联邦最高法院拥有联邦司法权，它可以推翻和审查下级联邦法院的判决；自身设有专门的部门负责处理法律上的根本性错误。此外，最高法院可以在五个已设立的州或其他认为“为有效实现正义所必需”的州或“指定管辖区域”进行巡回审理。[185][186]

The Federal Supreme Proclamation granted three subject matter principles: laws, parties and place to federal court jurisdiction, first “cases arising under the Constitution, federal laws and international treaties“, second over “parties specified by federal laws”.^[187]
【参考译文】联邦最高法院公告赋予了联邦法院三项主题原则：法律、当事人和地点，首先是“源于宪法、联邦法律和国际条约的案件”，其次是“由联邦法律规定的当事人”。[187]

On the basis of Article 78 of the 1994 Ethiopian Constitution, the judiciary is completely independent of the executive and the legislature.^[188] To ensure this, the President and Vice President of the Supreme Court are appointed by Parliament on the nomination of Prime Minister. Once elected, the executive power has no authority to remove them from office. Other judges are nominated by the Federal Judicial Administration Council (FJAC) on the basis of transparent criteria and the Prime Minister’s recommendation for appointment in the HoPR. In all cases, judges cannot be removed from their duty unless they retired, violated disciplinary rules, gross incompatibility, or inefficiency to unfit due to ill health. Contrary, the majority vote of HoPR have the right to sanction removal in federal judiciary level or state council in cases of state judges.^[189] In 2015, the realities of this provision were questioned in a report prepared by Freedom House.^[190]
【参考译文】根据1994年埃塞俄比亚宪法第78条的规定，司法完全独立于行政部门和立法部门。[188] 为了确保这一点，最高法院院长和副院长由总理提名后，由议会任命。一旦当选，行政部门无权将他们从职位上撤职。其他法官由联邦司法管理委员会（FJAC）根据透明的标准提名，并根据总理的推荐由人民代表院任命。在所有情况下，除非法官退休、违反纪律规则、严重不胜任或者因为健康原因无法履职，否则不能被解职。相反，人民代表院的多数投票有权在联邦司法层面制裁解职，或者在州法官的情况下由州议会执行。[189] 2015年，自由之家的一份报告对这一规定的实际情况提出了质疑。[190]

3.2 政治 | Politics

Post-1995, Ethiopia’s politics has been liberalized which promotes all-encompassing reforms to the country. Today, its economy is based on mixed, market-oriented principles.^[189] Ethiopia has eleven semi-autonomous administrative regions that have the power to raise and spend their own revenues.^{[citation needed]}
【参考译文】自1995年以来，埃塞俄比亚的政治已经变得更加自由化，这促进了全面的改革。如今，其经济基于混合市场经济的原则。[189] 埃塞俄比亚有十一个半自治的行政区，它们有权自行征税和支出。[需要引用]

The first multiparty election took place in May 1995, which was won by the EPRDF.^[191] The president of the transitional government, EPRDF leader Meles Zenawi, became the first Prime Minister of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, and Negasso Gidada was elected its president.^[192] Meles’ government was consistently re-elected; however, these results were heavily criticized by international observers, and denounced by the opposition as fraudulent.^[193]
【参考译文】第一次多党选举于1995年5月举行，埃塞俄比亚人民革命民主阵线（EPRDF）赢得了选举。过渡政府主席、EPRDF领导人梅莱斯·泽纳维成为了埃塞俄比亚联邦民主共和国的第一任总理，而内加索·吉达达当选为总统。[191] 梅莱斯的政府一直连选连任；然而，这些选举结果受到了国际观察员的强烈批评，并被反对派指责为欺诈。[193]

埃塞俄比亚人民革命民主阵线执政的政府成立后，积极与反对党接触、对话，致力于政治和解，制定和实施五年发展计划，执政地位得到巩固，梅莱斯始终担任主席。创建以民族联邦制为基础的联邦政体，以发展经济为重点，注重协调稳定、发展和民族团结三者间关系。2001年埃革阵“四大”通过新党章、党纲，确立了各民族平等参与国家事务的“革命民主”和“资本主义自由市场经济”的政经发展方向。埃塞俄比亚经常在首都和多民族混居区域的主要城市发生暴力活动，造成流血冲突。^[32][33]

Meles died on 20 August 2012 in Brussels, where he was being treated for an unspecified illness.^[194] Deputy Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn was appointed as a new prime minister until the 2015 elections,^[195] and remained so afterwards with his party in control of every parliamentary seat.^[196] On 15 February 2018, Hailemariam resigned as Prime Minister, following years of protests and a state of emergency.^{[197][198][199]} Abiy Ahmed became prime minister following Hailemariam’s resignation. He made a historic visit to Eritrea in 2018, ending the state of conflict between the two countries,^[144] and was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2019.^[200]
【参考译文】梅莱斯于2012年8月20日在布鲁塞尔去世，当时他正在那里接受未公开疾病的治疗。[194] 副总理海尔马里亚姆·德萨莱尼被任命为新总理，直至2015年的选举。[195] 此后，海尔马里亚姆继续担任总理，他的政党控制了议会中的每一个席位。[196] 2018年2月15日，海尔马里亚姆辞去了总理职务，这是在他任职期间多年抗议和紧急状态之后发生的。[197][198][199] 海尔马里亚姆辞职后，阿比·艾哈迈德成为总理。他在2018年对厄立特里亚进行了历史性访问，结束了两国之间的冲突状态，[144] 并在2019年获得了诺贝尔和平奖。[200]

According to the Democracy Index published by the United Kingdom-based Economist Intelligence Unit in late 2010, Ethiopia was an “authoritarian regime”, ranking as the 118th-most democratic out of 167 countries.^[201] Ethiopia had dropped 13 places on the list since 2008, and the 2010 report attributed the drop to the government’s crackdown on opposition activities, media, and civil society before the 2010 parliamentary election, which the report argued had made Ethiopia a de facto one-party state.^[202]
【参考译文】根据英国《经济学人》情报组于2010年底发布的民主指数报告，埃塞俄比亚被归类为“威权政体”，在全球167个国家中排名为第118位最民主的国家。[201] 自2008年以来，埃塞俄比亚在该排名中下降了13位，2010年的报告指出，政府在2010年议会选举前对反对派活动、媒体和民间社会的打压导致了排名下降，报告认为这使得埃塞俄比亚实际上成为一个一党制国家。[202]

埃革阵政府曾长期努力推动政治与社会和谐，促进内部稳定，并大赦反政府组织领导人。2019年，埃革阵主体部分改组为繁荣党，但掌控政权长达27年的提格雷人民解放阵线拒绝加入。^[34]埃塞俄比亚国会传统运作方式，是由规模大的民族党团主导，^[35]改革后的不满情绪滋生，虽然政府控制局势能力较强，政局总体保持稳定，但基于民族的分离主义反政府武装在边远地区制造恐怖袭击事件，局部地区安全的形势有所恶化。^[36]

Accompanied by pervasive internal and intercommunal conflicts in the 21st century, the Ethiopian government resorted to authoritarian structure, severing democratic and human rights.^[203] Freedom House, who has worked on Ethiopia since 2008, indicates that Ethiopia is “Not Free” state due to very poor fundamental rights (political and civil liberties) recorded in both EPRDF and Prosperity Party regimes.^[204][205] Under Abiy Ahmed, Ethiopia is experiencing democratic backsliding since 2019 marked by turbulent period of internal conflict, jailing opposition group members and limit media freedom.^{[206][207][208]}
【参考译文】伴随着21世纪内部和跨社群冲突的普遍存在，埃塞俄比亚政府采取了威权结构，严重限制了民主和人权。自2008年起就在埃塞俄比亚工作的自由之家指出，由于在埃塞俄比亚人民革命民主阵线（EPRDF）和繁荣党执政期间记录到的基本权利（政治和公民自由）非常差，埃塞俄比亚被认定为“不自由”国家。[203][204][205] 在阿比·艾哈迈德的领导下，自2019年以来，埃塞俄比亚经历了民主倒退，这一时期以内部冲突动荡、监禁反对派成员和限制媒体自由为标志。[206][207][208]

3.3 行政区划 | Administrative divisions

Main articles: Subdivisions of Ethiopia, Regions of Ethiopia, List of zones of Ethiopia, and Districts of Ethiopia
【主条目：埃塞俄比亚的行政区划、埃塞俄比亚的地区、埃塞俄比亚的区列表、埃塞俄比亚的区划】

主条目：埃塞俄比亚行政区划

Ethiopia is administratively divided into four levels: regions, zones, woredas (districts) and kebele (wards).^[209][210] The country comprises 12 regions and two city administrations under these regions, plenty of zones, woredas and neighbourhood administration: kebeles. The two federal-level city administrations are Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa.^[211]
【参考译文】埃塞俄比亚在行政上分为四个层级：地区、区、沃雷达（区划）和凯贝勒（街区）。[209][210] 该国由12个地区和两个市级行政区组成，还包括众多的区、沃雷达和街区行政单位：凯贝勒。两个联邦级别的市级行政区是亚的斯亚贝巴和迪雷达瓦。[211]

3.4 国际关系 | Foreign relations

Main article: Foreign relations of Ethiopia【主条目：埃塞俄比亚的国际关系】

Ethiopia was historically a trading nation that exported goods such as gold, ivory, exotic animals, and incense.^[212] Modern Ethiopian foreign relations began under Emperor Tewodros II, who during his reign sought to re-establish a cohesive Ethiopian state, but was thwarted by the British expedition of 1868.^[213] Since then, the country was seen redundant by world powers until the opening of Suez Canal due to an influence of Mahdist War.^{[214][clarification needed]}
【参考译文】历史上，埃塞俄比亚是一个贸易国家，出口黄金、象牙、珍稀动物和香料等商品。[212] 现代埃塞俄比亚的外交关系始于特沃德罗斯二世皇帝时期，他在位期间试图重新建立一个统一的埃塞俄比亚国家，但被1868年的英国远征所阻挠。[213] 从此以后，直到苏伊士运河开通之前，由于马赫迪战争的影响，世界大国都认为埃塞俄比亚无关紧要。[214][需要澄清]

Today, Ethiopia maintains strong relations with China, Israel, Mexico, Turkey and India as well as neighboring countries. Ethiopia is a strategic partner of Global War on Terrorism and African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA).^[215] US. Former U.S. President Barack Obama was the first incumbent U.S. president to visit Ethiopia in July 2015; the speech he gave in African Union during this trip focused on combatting Islamic terrorism.^[216][217] Emigration from Ethiopia is primarily directed towards Europe, including Italy, the United Kingdom and Sweden, as well as Canada and Australia, while emigration to the Middle East is primarily to Saudi Arabia and Israel. Ethiopia is founding member of the Group of 24 (G-24), the Non-Aligned Movement and the G77. In 1963, the Organization of African Unity, which later renamed itself the African Union, was founded in Addis Ababa, which today hosts the secretariat of the African Union, the African Union Commission. In addition, Ethiopia is also a member of the Pan African Chamber of Commerce and Industry, the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, the African Standby Force^[218] and many of global NGOs focused on Africa.
【参考译文】今天，埃塞俄比亚与包括中国、以色列、墨西哥、土耳其和印度在内的多个国家以及邻国保持着紧密的关系。埃塞俄比亚是全球反恐战争的战略伙伴，并参与了非洲增长与机会法案（AGOA）。[215] 2015年7月，美国前总统巴拉克·奥巴马成为首位在职期间访问埃塞俄比亚的美国总统；他在此次访问期间在非洲联盟发表的演讲着重讨论了打击伊斯兰恐怖主义的问题。[216][217] 埃塞俄比亚人的移民主要流向欧洲，包括意大利、英国和瑞典，以及加拿大和澳大利亚，而移往中东的人口主要是前往沙特阿拉伯和以色列。埃塞俄比亚是24国集团（G-24）、不结盟运动和77国集团的创始成员国之一。1963年，非洲统一组织（后来更名为非洲联盟）在亚的斯亚贝巴成立，现在该市是非洲联盟秘书处和非洲联盟委员会的所在地。此外，埃塞俄比亚还是泛非商会和工业协会、联合国非洲经济委员会、非洲待命部队[218]以及许多专注于非洲的国际非政府组织的成员。

Ethiopia is one of the African countries that was a founding member of League of Nations, which served as the predecessor for the United Nations, since 1923. UN taskforces in Ethiopia deal primarily with humanitarian issues and development. Some of its agencies^[which?] maintain regional ties with United Nations Economic Commission for Africa and the African Union. The UN prioritizes sustainable development in Ethiopia, including fighting poverty, sustainable economic growth, climate change policy, educational and healthcare provisions, increasing employment, and environmental protection.^[224]
【参考译文】埃塞俄比亚是非洲国家之一，自1923年起就是国际联盟的创始成员国，国际联盟是联合国的前身。联合国在埃塞俄比亚的任务力量主要处理人道主义问题和发展事务。其中一些机构与联合国非洲经济委员会和非洲联盟保持区域联系。联合国在埃塞俄比亚优先考虑可持续发展问题，包括抗击贫困、可持续经济增长、气候变化政策、教育和医疗保健提供、增加就业以及环境保护。[224]

3.5 军事 | Military

Main articles: Ethiopian National Defense Force and Military history of Ethiopia
【主条目：埃塞俄比亚国民防卫军、埃塞俄比亚军事史】

主条目：埃塞俄比亚国防军

参见：索马里战事 (2006年至2009年)

The Ethiopian army’s origins and military traditions date back to the earliest history of Ethiopia. Due to Ethiopia’s location between the Middle East and Africa, it has long been in the middle of Eastern and Western politics and has been subject to foreign invasions. In 1579, the Ottoman Empire‘s attempt to expand from a coastal base at Massawa during the Ottoman conquest of Habesh was defeated.^[225] The Army of the Ethiopian Empire was also able to defeat the Egyptians in 1876 at Gura, led by Ethiopian Emperor Yohannes IV.^[226] Ethiopia only has 3 branches inside the military, consisting of the Army, Airforce, and a Navy although it is landlocked. With an annual budget of over $1 billion dollars, it is the largest armed force in East Africa, and one of the largest in Africa.^[227][228]
【参考译文】埃塞俄比亚军队的起源和军事传统可以追溯到埃塞俄比亚最早的历史。由于埃塞俄比亚位于中东和非洲之间，长期以来一直是东西方政治的交汇点，并遭受过外国的入侵。1579年，在奥斯曼帝国征服哈贝什的过程中，从马萨瓦沿海基地向外扩张的尝试被击败。[225] 1876年，由埃塞俄比亚皇帝约翰内斯四世领导的埃塞俄比亚帝国军队在古拉战役中战胜了埃及军队。[226] 埃塞俄比亚军队仅有三个分支，包括陆军、空军和海军，尽管该国是内陆国家。拥有超过10亿美元的年度预算，它是东非最大的武装力量之一，也是非洲最大的武装力量之一。[227][228]

3.6 执法 | Law enforcement

Ethiopia has two main federal law enforcement agencies at the federal level, to which being the Ethiopian Federal Police, and the National Intelligence Security Service. The NISS serving both as a spy agency and domestic law enforcement agency has national jurisdiction for counterterrorism, and foreign related counter espionage activities and protecting national security. It also has authority related to international economic crimes related of which to Ethiopia as a whole.^[229][230] It alongside the EFP (Ethiopian Federal Police) who both enforce federal laws domestically and for the National Intelligence Security Service cooperate internationally and enforce border regulations and peoples and products coming in and out in Ethiopia.^[231] The EFP mostly enforcing non-international, and non-espionage crimes, enforcing civil rights related subjects of matter and domestic financial crimes. At the regional level Ethiopia has 12 regionals statewide police departments, and 2 federally chartered police forces, those being the Addis Ababa Police, and Dire Dawa Police forces.^[232][233]
【参考译文】在联邦层面，埃塞俄比亚有两个主要的联邦执法机构，分别是埃塞俄比亚联邦警察和国家安全情报局。国家安全情报局既作为一个间谍机构也作为一个国内执法机构，具有全国性的反恐管辖权，以及与外国相关的反间谍活动和保护国家安全的责任。它还负责涉及埃塞俄比亚整体的国际经济犯罪相关事务。[229][230] 它与埃塞俄比亚联邦警察一起在国内执行联邦法律，并在国际上与国家安全情报局合作，执行边境规定以及进出埃塞俄比亚的人和货物的监管。[231] 埃塞俄比亚联邦警察主要负责非国际性和非间谍罪行的执法工作，执行与民权有关的事项以及国内金融犯罪。在地区层面，埃塞俄比亚有12个州级警察部门和地区警察部队，以及2个联邦特许警察力量，即亚的斯亚贝巴警察和迪雷达瓦警察。[232][233]

4. 经济 | Economy

Main article: Economy of Ethiopia / 主条目：埃塞俄比亚经济

Main article: Industrial sector in Ethiopia【主条目：埃塞俄比亚的工业部门】

Ethiopia registered the fastest economic growth under Meles Zenawi’s administration.^[234] According to the IMF, Ethiopia was one of the fastest growing economies in the world, registering over 10% economic growth from 2004 through 2009.^[235] It was the fastest-growing non-oil-dependent African economy in the years 2007 and 2008.^[236] In 2015, the World Bank highlighted that Ethiopia had witnessed rapid economic growth with real domestic product (GDP) growth averaging 10.9% between 2004 and 2014.^[237]
【参考译文】在梅莱斯·泽纳维的领导下，埃塞俄比亚实现了最快的经济增长。[234] 根据国际货币基金组织的数据，埃塞俄比亚是世界上经济增长最快的国家之一，从2004年到2009年经济年增长率超过了10%。[235] 在2007年和2008年，它是非石油依赖型非洲经济体中增长最快的。[236] 2015年，世界银行强调，埃塞俄比亚在过去十年实现了快速的经济增长，2004年至2014年间实际国内生产总值（GDP）平均增长率为10.9%。[237]

In 2008 and 2011, Ethiopia’s growth performance and considerable development gains were challenged by high inflation and a difficult balance of payments situation. Inflation surged to 40% in August 2011 because of loose monetary policy, large civil service wage increase in early 2011, and high food prices.^[238]
【参考译文】2008年和2011年，埃塞俄比亚的增长表现和显著的发展成果受到了高通胀和艰难的国际收支状况的挑战。2011年8月，由于宽松的货币政策、2011年初大幅度提高公务员薪酬以及食品价格高涨，通货膨胀率飙升至40%。[238]

In spite of fast growth in recent years, GDP per capita is one of the lowest in the world, and the economy faces a number of serious structural problems. However, with a focused investment in public infrastructure and industrial parks, Ethiopia’s economy is addressing its structural problems to become a hub for light manufacturing in Africa.^[239] In 2019 a law was passed allowing expatriate Ethiopians to invest in Ethiopia’s financial service industry.^[240]
【参考译文】尽管近年来实现了快速增长，但人均GDP仍然是世界上最低的之一，经济面临着一系列严重的结构性问题。然而，通过集中投资公共基础设施和工业园区，埃塞俄比亚的经济正在解决其结构性问题，努力成为非洲轻工业的中心。[239] 2019年，一项允许海外埃塞俄比亚人投资埃塞俄比亚金融服务行业的法律获得通过。[240]

4.1 能源与水力发电 | Energy and hydropower

See also: Energy in Ethiopia and List of power stations in Ethiopia
【另见：埃塞俄比亚的能源、埃塞俄比亚的发电站列表】

Ethiopia has 14 major rivers flowing from its highlands, including the Nile. It has the largest water reserves in Africa. As of 2012, hydroelectric plants represented around 88.2% of the total installed electricity generating capacity.
【参考译文】埃塞俄比亚有14条主要河流从其高原流出，其中包括尼罗河。它是非洲水资源储备最大的国家。截至2012年，水力发电厂占总装机电力生产能力的大约88.2%。

The remaining electrical power was generated from fossil fuels (8.3%) and renewable sources (3.6%).
【参考译文】剩余的电力来自化石燃料（8.3%）和可再生能源（3.6%）。

The electrification rate for the total population in 2016 was 42%, with 85% coverage in urban areas and 26% coverage in rural areas. As of 2016, total electricity production was 11.15 TW⋅h and consumption was 9.062 TW⋅h. There were 0.166 TW⋅h of electricity exported, 0 kW⋅h imported, and 2.784 GW of installed generating capacity.^[17] Ethiopia delivers roughly 81% of water volume to the Nile through the river basins of the Blue Nile, Sobat River and Atbara. In 1959, Egypt and Sudan signed a bilateral treaty, the 1959 Nile Waters Agreement, which gave both countries exclusive maritime rights over the Nile waters. Ever since, Egypt has discouraged almost all projects in Ethiopia that sought to use the local Nile tributaries. This had the effect of discouraging external financing of hydropower and irrigation projects in western Ethiopia, thereby impeding water resource-based economic development projects. However, Ethiopia is in the process of constructing a large 6,450 MW hydroelectric dam on the Blue Nile river. When completed, this Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam is slated to be the largest hydroelectric power station in Africa.^[243] The Gibe III hydroelectric project is so far the largest in the country with an installed capacity of 1,870 MW. For the year 2017–18 (2010 E.C) this hydroelectric dam generated 4,900 GW⋅h.^[244]
【参考译文】2016年，全国总人口的电气化率为42%，其中城市地区的覆盖率为85%，农村地区为26%。截至2016年，总电力生产为11.15太瓦时（TW·h），消费为9.062太瓦时（TW·h）。有0.166太瓦时（TW·h）的电力出口，进口0千瓦时（kW·h），装机发电容量为2.784吉瓦（GW）。[17] 埃塞俄比亚通过蓝尼罗河、索巴特河和阿特巴拉河向尼罗河输送大约81%的水量。1959年，埃及和苏丹签署了双边条约——1959年尼罗河水协议，该协议赋予两国对尼罗河水域的专属海上权利。自此以后，埃及几乎阻止了埃塞俄比亚所有利用当地尼罗河支流的项目。这导致外部融资支持的西部埃塞俄比亚水电和灌溉项目受阻，从而阻碍了基于水资源的经济发展项目。然而，埃塞俄比亚正在蓝尼罗河上建设一座大型6,450兆瓦的水力发电大坝。完工后，这座名为埃塞俄比亚复兴大坝的工程将成为非洲最大的水力发电站。[243] 目前，吉贝三号水电项目是该国最大的项目，装机容量为1,870兆瓦。在2017-18财年（2010 E.C），这座水电站产生了4,900吉瓦时（GW·h）的电力。[244]

4.2 农业 | Agriculture

Main article: Agriculture in Ethiopia【主条目：埃塞俄比亚的农业】

Agriculture constitutes around 85% of the labour force. However, the service sector represents the largest portion of the GDP.^[17] Many other economic activities depend on agriculture, including marketing, processing, and export of agricultural products. Production is overwhelmingly by small-scale farmers and enterprises, and a large part of commodity exports are provided by the small agricultural cash-crop sector. Principal crops include coffee, legumes, oilseeds, cereals, potatoes, sugarcane, and vegetables. Ethiopia is also a Vavilov centre of diversity for domesticated crops, including enset,^[245] coffee Okra and teff.
【参考译文】农业构成了约85%的劳动力。然而，服务业代表了国内生产总值（GDP）的最大部分。[17] 许多其他经济活动都依赖于农业，包括农产品的营销、加工和出口。生产主要由小规模农民和企业完成，而大宗商品出口的很大一部分是由小型农业现金作物部门提供的。主要农作物包括咖啡、豆类、油籽、谷物、土豆、甘蔗和蔬菜。埃塞俄比亚也是家养作物的多样性中心之一，包括恩塞特（Enset）、咖啡、秋葵和苔麸。

Exports are almost entirely agricultural commodities (with the exception of gold exports), and coffee is the largest foreign exchange earner. Ethiopia is Africa’s second biggest maize producer.^[246] According to UN estimations, the per capita GDP of Ethiopia has reached $357 as of 2011.^[247]
【参考译文】出口几乎全部是农产品（除了黄金出口），而咖啡是最大的外汇收入来源。埃塞俄比亚是非洲第二大玉米生产国。[246] 根据联合国的估计，截至2011年，埃塞俄比亚的人均GDP已达到357美元。[247]

4.3 出口 | Exports

Main article: Coffee production in Ethiopia【主条目：埃塞俄比亚的咖啡生产】

Ethiopia is often considered as the birthplace of coffee since cultivation began in the 9th century.^[251] Exports from Ethiopia in the 2009–2010 financial year totalled US$1.4 billion.^[252] Ethiopia produces more coffee than any other nation on the continent.^[253] “Coffee provides a livelihood for close to 15 million Ethiopians, 16% of the population. Farmers in the eastern part of the country, where a warming climate is already impacting production, have struggled in recent years, and many are currently reporting largely failed harvests as a result of a prolonged drought”.^[254]
【参考译文】埃塞俄比亚通常被认为是咖啡的发源地，因为咖啡种植始于9世纪。[251] 2009-2010财政年度埃塞俄比亚的出口总额为14亿美元。[252] 埃塞俄比亚是非洲大陆上咖啡产量最高的国家。[253] “咖啡为大约1500万埃塞俄比亚人提供了生计，占总人口的16%。东部地区的农民，那里的气候变暖已经影响到了咖啡生产，在近年来遭遇了困境，许多人目前报告称由于长期干旱导致收成大量减产。”[254]

Ethiopia also has the fifth largest inventory of cattle.^[255] Other main export commodities are khat, gold, leather products, and oilseeds. Recent development of the floriculture sector means Ethiopia is poised to become one of the top flower and plant exporters in the world.^[256]
【参考译文】埃塞俄比亚还拥有第五大的牛群数量。[255] 其他主要出口商品包括恰特草（Khat）、黄金、皮革制品和油籽。花卉产业的近期发展意味着埃塞俄比亚有望成为世界上顶级的鲜花和植物出口国之一。[256]

Cross-border trade by pastoralists is often informal and beyond state control and regulation. In East Africa, over 95% of cross-border trade is through unofficial channels. The unofficial trade of live cattle, camels, sheep, and goats from Ethiopia sold to Somalia, Djibouti, and Kenya generates an estimated total value of US$250–300 million annually (100 times more than the official figure).^[257]
【参考译文】游牧民族的跨境贸易通常是非正式的，超出了国家的控制和监管。在东非地区，超过95%的跨境贸易是通过非官方渠道进行的。从埃塞俄比亚出售给索马里、吉布提和肯尼亚的活牛、骆驼、绵羊和山羊等牲畜的非官方贸易估计每年总价值约为2.5亿至3亿美元（是非官方统计数字的100倍）。[257]

This trade helps lower food prices, increase food security, relieve border tensions, and promote regional integration.^[257] However, the unregulated and undocumented nature of this trade runs risks, such as allowing disease to spread more easily across national borders. Furthermore, the government of Ethiopia is purportedly unhappy with lost tax revenue and foreign exchange revenues.^[257] Recent initiatives have sought to document and regulate this trade.^[257]
【参考译文】这种贸易有助于降低食品价格、增加食品安全、缓解边境紧张局势并促进区域一体化。[257] 然而，这种贸易的非正规和未记录性质也带来了风险，例如容易使疾病跨国界传播。此外，据报道，埃塞俄比亚政府对于失去税收和外汇收入感到不满。[257] 最近的一些举措旨在记录和规范这种贸易。[257]

With the private sector growing slowly, designer leather products like bags are becoming a big export business, with Taytu becoming the first luxury designer label in the country.^[258] Additional small-scale export products include cereals, pulses, cotton, sugarcane, potatoes, and hides. With the construction of various new dams and growing hydroelectric power projects around the country, Ethiopia also plans to export electric power to its neighbours.^[259][260]
【参考译文】随着私营部门的缓慢增长，设计师皮革产品如手袋正成为一大出口业务，Taytu成为该国首个奢侈品牌。[258] 其他小型出口产品包括谷物、豆类、棉花、甘蔗、土豆和皮革。随着全国各地新建大坝和不断增长的水力发电项目的建设，埃塞俄比亚还计划向邻国出口电力。[259][260]

Most regard Ethiopia’s large water resources and potential as its “white oil” and its coffee resources as “black gold”.^[261][262]
【参考译文】大多数人认为埃塞俄比亚庞大的水资源及其潜力是其“白色石油”，而其咖啡资源则是“黑色黄金”。[261][262]

4.4 交通运输 | Transport

Main article: Transport in Ethiopia【主条目：埃塞俄比亚的交通运输】

Two trans-African automobile routes pass through Ethiopia: the Cairo-Cape Town Highway and the N’Djamena-Djibouti Highway. Ethiopia has 926 km of electrified 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge railways, 656 km for the Addis Ababa–Djibouti Railway between Addis Ababa and the Port of Djibouti (via Awash)^[263] and 270 km for the Awash–Hara Gebeya Railway between Addis Ababa and the twin cities of Dessie/Kombolcha.^[264]
【参考译文】两条穿越非洲的汽车路线穿过埃塞俄比亚：开罗-开普敦公路和恩贾梅纳-吉布提公路。埃塞俄比亚拥有926公里的电气化1,435毫米（4英尺8+1⁄2英寸）标准轨铁路，其中656公里为亚的斯亚贝巴-吉布提铁路，连接亚的斯亚贝巴和吉布提港（经由阿瓦什）；另有270公里为阿瓦什-哈拉盖贝亚铁路，连接亚的斯亚贝巴与德赛/孔博尔查双子城。[263][264]

Ethiopia had 58 airports as of 2012,^[17] and 61 as of 2016.^[265] Among these, the Bole International Airport in Addis Ababa and the Aba Tenna Dejazmach Yilma International Airport in Dire Dawa accommodate international flights.
【参考译文】截至2012年，埃塞俄比亚拥有58个机场，[17] 截至2016年则有61个机场。[265] 其中，亚的斯亚贝巴的博莱国际机场和迪雷达瓦的阿巴·特纳·德贾兹马奇·伊尔马国际机场能够接纳国际航班。

4.5 科学和技术 | Science and technology

Main article: Science and technology in Ethiopia【主条目：埃塞俄比亚的科学和技术】

See also: List of Ethiopian scientists【参见：埃塞俄比亚科学家列表】

Science and technology in Ethiopia emerging as progressive due to lack of organized institutions. Manufacturing and service providers often place themselves in competitive programming in order to advance innovative and technological solutions through in-house arenas.^{[clarification needed]} The Ethiopian Space Science and Technology is responsible for conducting multifaceted tasks regarding space and technology. In addition, Ethiopia also launched 70 kg ET-RSS1 multi-spectral remote sensing satellite in December 2019. The President Sahle-Work Zewde told prior in October 2019 that “the satellite will provide all the necessary data on changes in climate and weather-related phenomena that would be used for the country’s key targets in agriculture, forestry as well as natural resources protection initiatives.” By January 2020, satellite manufacturing, assembling, integrating and testing began. This would also incremented facility built by French company funded by European Investment Bank (EIB). The main observatory Entoto Observatory and Space Science Research Center (EORC) allocated space programmes. The Ethiopian Biotechnology Institute is a part of Scientific Research & Development Services Industry, responsible for environmental and climate conservation.^[268] Numerous profound scientists have contributed degree of honours and reputations. Some are Kitaw Ejigu, Mulugeta Bekele, Aklilu Lemma, Gebisa Ejeta and Melaku Worede. Computer scientist Timnit Gebru, named one of Time’s most influential people in 2022, was born in Ethiopia.^[269]
【参考译文】埃塞俄比亚的科学和技术因缺乏有组织的机构而正在逐渐兴起。制造商和服务提供商通常会通过内部竞技来提升创新和技术解决方案的竞争能力。[需要澄清] 埃塞俄比亚太空科学技术机构负责开展与太空和技术相关的多方面任务。此外，埃塞俄比亚还在2019年12月发射了一颗70公斤重的ET-RSS1多光谱遥感卫星。2019年10月，总统萨赫勒-沃克·策德曾表示，“这颗卫星将提供所有必要的数据，用于监测气候变化和与天气相关的现象，这些数据将用于农业、林业以及自然资源保护等关键目标。” 到2020年1月，卫星制造、组装、集成和测试工作开始。这项工作还将利用一家法国公司建造的设施，该项目由欧洲投资银行（EIB）资助。主要观测站恩托托天文台和空间科学研究中⼼（EORC）负责分配太空计划。埃塞俄比亚生物技术研究所是科学研发服务行业的一部分，负责环境保护和气候变化工作。许多杰出科学家为科学界做出了贡献并获得了荣誉和声誉。其中一些人包括基塔夫·埃吉古、穆卢盖塔·贝克莱、阿克利卢·莱玛、格比萨·埃杰塔和梅拉库·沃雷德。计算机科学家蒂姆尼特·格布鲁在2022年被《时代》杂志评为最具影响力的人物之一，她出生于埃塞俄比亚。[269]

Ethiopia is known for use of traditional medicine since millennia. The first epidemic occurred in Ethiopia was in 849, causing the Aksumite Emperor Abba Yohannes evicted from place due to “God’s punishment for misdeeds”. The first traditional medicine was claimed to be derived from this catastrophe, but the exact source is debated. Though differ from ethnic groups, traditional medicine often implements herbs, spiritual healing, bone-setting and minor surgical procedures in treating disease.^[270]
【参考译文】埃塞俄比亚自古以来就以其传统医学的应用而闻名。埃塞俄比亚发生的第一起疫情是在849年，导致阿克苏米特皇帝阿巴·约翰尼斯因“上帝对他恶行的惩罚”而被迫离开王位。据说第一种传统医学源自这场灾难，但确切来源仍有争议。虽然因民族群体而异，但传统医学通常采用草药、精神疗法、骨科治疗和小手术等手段来治疗疾病。[270]

Ethiopia was ranked 125th in the Global Innovation Index in 2023.^[271]
【参考译文】2023年，埃塞俄比亚在全球创新指数中排名第125位。[271]

5. 人口统计 | Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Ethiopia【主条目：埃塞俄比亚的人口统计】

See also: Ethiopians and List of ethnic groups in Ethiopia【另见：埃塞俄比亚人、埃塞俄比亚的民族群体列表】

Ethiopia is the most populous landlocked country in the world.^[272] Its total population has grown from 38.1 million in 1983 to 109.5 million in 2018.^[273] According to UN estimations in 2013, life expectancy had improved substantially over time, with male life expectancy reported to be 56 years and for women 60 years.^[247]
【参考译文】埃塞俄比亚是世界上人口最多的内陆国家。[272] 其总人口从1983年的3810万增长到了2018年的1.095亿。[273] 根据2013年联合国的估计，预期寿命有了显著改善，男性预期寿命为56岁，女性为60岁。[247]

Ethiopia’s population is highly diverse, containing over 80 different ethnic groups, the four largest of which are the Oromo, Amhara, Somali and Tigrayans. According to the Ethiopian national census of 2007, the Oromo are the largest ethnic group in Ethiopia, at 34.4% of the nation’s population. The Amhara represent 27.0% of the country’s inhabitants, while Somalis and Tigrayans represent 6.2% and 6.1% of the population respectively.^[6]
【参考译文】埃塞俄比亚的人口极其多样化，包含超过80个不同的民族群体，其中最大的四个民族是奥罗莫人、阿姆哈拉人、索马里人和提格雷人。根据2007年的埃塞俄比亚全国人口普查，奥罗莫人是埃塞俄比亚最大的民族群体，占全国人口的34.4%。阿姆哈拉人占该国居民的27.0%，而索马里人和提格雷人分别占6.2%和6.1%。[6]

Afroasiatic-speaking communities make up the majority of the population. Among these, Semitic speakers often collectively refer to themselves as the Habesha people. The Arabic form of this term (al-Ḥabasha) is the etymological basis of “Abyssinia”, the former name of Ethiopia in English and other European languages.^[274]
【参考译文】说亚非语系语言的社区构成了人口的大多数。其中，闪族语言使用者通常集体自称为哈比沙人。这个词的阿拉伯语形式（al-Ḥabasha）是“Abyssinia”（英语和其他欧洲语言中埃塞俄比亚的旧称）一词的词源基础。[274]

In 2009, Ethiopia hosted a population of refugees and asylum seekers numbering approximately 135,200. The majority of this population came from Somalia (approximately 64,300 persons), Eritrea (41,700) and Sudan (25,900). The Ethiopian government required nearly all refugees to live in refugee camps.^[275]
【参考译文】2009年，埃塞俄比亚接待了大约135,200名难民和寻求庇护者。这些人当中多数来自索马里（约64,300人）、厄立特里亚（41,700人）和苏丹（25,900人）。埃塞俄比亚政府要求几乎所有难民居住在难民营中。[275]

5.1 城市化 | Urbanization

Main articles: List of cities and towns in Ethiopia and Urbanization in Ethiopia
【主条目：埃塞俄比亚的城市和城镇列表、埃塞俄比亚的城市化进程】

主条目：埃塞俄比亚城市列表

Population growth, migration, and urbanization are all straining both governments’ and ecosystems’ capacity to provide people with basic services.^[276] Urbanization has steadily been increasing in Ethiopia, with two periods of significantly rapid growth. First, in 1936–1941 during the Italian occupation under Mussolini’s fascist government, and then from 1967 to 1975 when the populations of urban areas tripled.^[277]
【参考译文】人口增长、迁移和城市化都在给政府和生态系统提供基本服务的能力带来压力。[276] 在埃塞俄比亚，城市化一直在稳步增长，并经历了两个显著的快速增长期。第一个快速增长期是在1936年至1941年意大利占领期间，当时处于墨索里尼法西斯政府统治下；第二个快速增长期是从1967年到1975年，城市人口翻了三倍。[277]

In 1936, Italy annexed Ethiopia, building infrastructure to connect major cities, and a dam providing power and water.^[278] This, along with the influx of Italians and labourers, was the major cause of rapid growth during this period. The second period of growth was from 1967 to 1975, when rural populations migrated to towns seeking work and better living conditions.^[277]
【参考译文】1936年，意大利吞并了埃塞俄比亚，修建了连接主要城市的基础设施，并建了一座提供电力和供水的大坝。[278] 这一时期快速增长的主要原因是意大利人的涌入和劳工的到来。第二个增长期是从1967年到1975年，当时农村人口迁移到城镇寻找工作和更好的生活条件。[277]

This pattern slowed due to the 1975 Land Reform program instituted by the government, which provided incentives for people to stay in rural areas. As people moved from rural areas to the cities, there were fewer people to grow food for the population. The Land Reform Act was meant to increase agriculture since food production was not keeping up with population growth over the period of 1970–1983. This program encouraged the formation of peasant associations, large villages based on agriculture. The legislation did lead to an increase in food production, although there is debate over the cause; it may be related to weather conditions more than the reform.^[279] Urban populations have continued to grow with an 8.1% increase from 1975 to 2000.^[280]
【参考译文】这一模式因1975年的土地改革计划而放缓，该计划由政府实施，为人们留在农村地区提供了激励。随着人们从农村迁移到城市，种植粮食供人口食用的人越来越少。土地改革法案旨在增加农业生产，因为在1970年至1983年期间，粮食生产跟不上人口增长的速度。该计划鼓励形成农民协会，这些协会是以农业为基础的大村庄。虽然这项立法确实导致了粮食生产的增加，但对于原因存在争议；这可能与天气条件更相关，而非改革本身。[279] 城市人口继续增长，从1975年到2000年增长了8.1%。[280]

As of at least 2024, Ethiopia is one of the most rapidly urbanizing countries in the world, although its population is still largely rural.^[282]
【参考译文】截至至少2024年，埃塞俄比亚是世界上城市化进程最快的国家之一，尽管其人口仍然主要是农村人口。[282]

5.1.1 农村与城市生活 | Rural and urban life

Main article: Rural flight in Ethiopia【主条目：埃塞俄比亚的农村人口外流】

Migration to urban areas is usually motivated by the hope of better lives. In peasant associations, daily life is a struggle to survive. About 16% of the population in Ethiopia lives on less than one dollar per day (2008). Only 65% of rural households in Ethiopia consume the World Health Organization‘s (WHO’s) minimum standard of food per day (2,200 kilocalories), with 42% of children under five years old being underweight.^[283]
【参考译文】迁往城市通常是出于对更好生活的期望。在农民协会中，日常生活是一场生存斗争。埃塞俄比亚约有16%的人口每天的生活费不足1美元（2008年数据）。在埃塞俄比亚的农村家庭中，只有65%的家庭每天消耗的世界卫生组织（WHO）最低食物标准（2,200千卡路里），5岁以下儿童中有42%体重不足。[283]

Most poor families (75%) share their sleeping quarters with livestock, and 40% of children sleep on the floor, where nighttime temperatures average 5 degrees Celsius in the cold season.^[283] The average family size is six or seven, living in a 30 square metre mud and thatch hut, with less than two hectares of land to cultivate.^[283]
【参考译文】大多数贫困家庭（75%）与牲畜共用睡眠区，40%的儿童睡在地上，寒冷季节夜间平均气温为5摄氏度。[283] 平均家庭成员数量为六到七人，居住在30平方米的泥屋和茅草屋中，耕种的土地不到两公顷。[283]

The peasant associations face a cycle of poverty. Since the landholdings are so small, farmers cannot allow the land to lie fallow, which reduces soil fertility.^[283] This land degradation reduces the production of fodder for livestock, which causes low milk yields.^[283] Since the community burns livestock manure as fuel, rather than plowing the nutrients back into the land, the crop production is reduced.^[283] The low productivity of agriculture leads to inadequate incomes for farmers, hunger, malnutrition and disease. These unhealthy farmers have difficulty working the land and the productivity drops further.^[283]
【参考译文】农民协会面临着贫困循环。由于土地持有量很小，农民无法让土地休耕，这降低了土壤肥力。[283] 土壤退化减少了牲畜饲料的生产，导致牛奶产量低。[283] 由于社区将牲畜粪便作为燃料燃烧，而不是将其营养物质回填到土地中，作物产量减少。[283] 农业生产力低下导致农民收入不足、饥饿、营养不良和疾病。这些身体状况不佳的农民难以耕作土地，生产力进一步下降。[283]

Although conditions are drastically better in cities, all of Ethiopia suffers from poverty and poor sanitation. However, poverty in Ethiopia fell from 44% to 29.6% during 2000–2011, according to the World Bank.^[284] In the capital city of Addis Ababa, 55% of the population used to live in slums.^[278] Now, however, a construction boom in both the private and the public sector has led to a dramatic improvement in living standards in major cities, particularly in Addis Ababa. Notably, government-built condominium housing complexes have sprung up throughout the city, benefiting close to 600,000 individuals.^[285] Sanitation is the most pressing need in the city, with most of the population lacking access to waste treatment facilities. This contributes to the spread of illness through unhealthy water.^[278]
【参考译文】尽管城市条件明显更好，但整个埃塞俄比亚仍面临贫困和卫生条件差的问题。然而，根据世界银行的数据，埃塞俄比亚的贫困率从2000年到2011年间从44%下降到了29.6%。[284] 在首都亚的斯亚贝巴，过去有55%的人口生活在贫民窟。[278] 不过，现在由于私营和公共部门的建筑热潮，主要城市的生活水平有了显著改善，尤其是在亚的斯亚贝巴。值得注意的是，政府建造的廉租房遍布全城，惠及了将近60万人。[285] 卫生是城市中最紧迫的需求，大部分人口缺乏废物处理设施。这导致了通过不健康水源传播疾病的增加。[278]

Despite the living conditions in the cities, the people of Addis Ababa are much better off than people living in the peasant associations owing to their educational opportunities. Unlike rural children, 69% of urban children are enrolled in primary school, and 35% of those are eligible to attend secondary school.^{[clarification needed][278]} Addis Ababa has its own university as well as many other secondary schools. The literacy rate is 82%.^[278]
【参考译文】尽管城市中的居住条件如此，亚的斯亚贝巴的人们相比生活在农民协会的人们生活要好得多，因为他们有更多的教育机会。与农村儿童不同，69%的城市儿童就读于小学，其中35%的孩子有资格上中学。[需要澄清][278] 亚的斯亚贝巴有自己的大学和其他多所中学。识字率为82%。[278]

Many NGOs (Non-Governmental Organizations) are working to solve this problem; however, most are far apart, uncoordinated, and working in isolation.^[280] The Sub-Saharan Africa NGO Consortium is attempting to coordinate efforts.^[280]
【参考译文】许多非政府组织（NGO）正在努力解决这个问题；然而，大多数组织相互分离、协调不足且各自独立运作。[280] 撒哈拉以南非洲非政府组织联盟试图协调各方的努力。[280]

5.2 语言 | Languages

Main article: Languages of Ethiopia【主条目：埃塞俄比亚的语言】

According to Glottolog, there are 109 languages spoken in Ethiopia, while Ethnologue lists 90 individual languages spoken in the country.^[286][287] Most people in the country speak Afroasiatic languages of the Cushitic or Semitic branches. The former includes the Oromo language, spoken by the Oromo, and Somali, spoken by the Somalis; the latter includes Amharic, spoken by the Amhara, and Tigrinya, spoken by the Tigrayans. Together, these four groups make up about three-quarters of Ethiopia’s population. Other Afroasiatic languages with a significant number of speakers include the Cushitic Sidamo, Afar, Hadiyya and Agaw languages, as well as the Semitic Gurage languages, Harari, Silt’e, and Argobba languages.^[6] Arabic, which also belongs to the Afroasiatic family, is likewise spoken in some areas.^[288]
【参考译文】根据Glottolog的统计，埃塞俄比亚有109种语言被使用，而Ethnologue则列出了该国有90种单独的语言。[286][287] 该国大多数人口使用亚非语系的库希特语支或闪族语支的语言。前者包括奥罗莫人使用的奥罗莫语和索马里人使用的索马里语；后者包括阿姆哈拉人使用的阿姆哈拉语和提格雷人使用的提格雷尼亚语。这四个民族加起来约占埃塞俄比亚人口的四分之三。其他使用人数较多的亚非语系语言还包括库希特语支的西达莫语、阿法尔语、哈迪亚语和阿加乌语，以及闪族语支的古拉格语、哈拉里语、西尔特语和阿尔戈巴语。[6] 同样属于亚非语系的阿拉伯语也在某些地区被使用。[288]

English is the most widely spoken foreign language, the medium of instruction in secondary schools and all tertiary education; federal laws are also published in British English in the Federal Negarit Gazeta including the 1995 constitution.^[289]
【参考译文】英语是最广泛使用的外语，是中学教育的教学语言，并且在所有高等教育阶段使用；联邦法律也用英国英语在联邦公报上公布，包括1995年的宪法。[289]

Amharic was the language of primary school instruction, but has been replaced in many areas by regional languages such as Oromo, Somali or Tigrinya.^[290] All languages enjoy equal state recognition in the 1995 Constitution of Ethiopia.^[140]
【参考译文】阿姆哈拉语曾经是小学教育的教学语言，但在许多地区已经被地区性语言如奥罗莫语、索马里语或提格雷尼亚语取代。[290] 所有语言在1995年的埃塞俄比亚宪法中享有平等的国家承认。[140]

5.2.1 书写系统 | Script

Ethiopia’s principal orthography is the Ge’ez script. Employed as an abugida for several of the country’s languages, it first came into usage in the 6th and 5th centuries BC as an abjad to transcribe the Semitic Ge’ez language.^[291] Ge’ez now serves as the liturgical language of both the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo and Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Churches. During the 1980s, the Ethiopic character set was computerized. It is today part of the Unicode standard as Ethiopic, Ethiopic Extended, Ethiopic Supplement and Ethiopic Extended-A.
【参考译文】埃塞俄比亚的主要书写系统是盖兹文字。作为一种元音附标文字，它被用来书写该国的多种语言，最早在公元前6世纪至5世纪作为一种辅音元音文字用来转写闪族语系的盖兹语。[291] 如今，盖兹语已成为埃塞俄比亚正统教会和厄立特里亚正统教会的礼拜语言。在20世纪80年代，盖兹字符集被电脑化。如今，它作为埃塞俄匹克、埃塞俄匹克扩展、埃塞俄匹克补充和埃塞俄匹克扩展-A成为了Unicode标准的一部分。

Other writing systems have also been used over the years by different Ethiopian communities. The latter include Bakri Sapalo‘s script for Oromo.^[292]
【参考译文】多年来，埃塞俄比亚的不同社群也使用了其他的书写系统。其中包括巴克里·萨帕洛为奥罗莫语创造的文字系统。[292]

5.3 宗教 | Religion

Main article: Religion in Ethiopia / 主条目：埃塞俄比亚宗教

According to the 2007 National Census, Christians make up 62.8% of the country’s population, Muslims 33.9%, practitioners of traditional faiths 2.6%, and other religions 0.6%.^[6] The ratio of the Christian to Muslim population has largely remained stable when compared to previous censuses conducted decades ago.^[294] Sunnis form the majority of Muslims with non-denominational Muslims being the second largest group of Muslims, and the Shia are a minority. Sunnis are largely Shafi’is or Salafis, and there are also many Sufi Muslims there.^[295]
【参考译文】根据2007年的全国人口普查，基督徒占该国人口的62.8%，穆斯林占33.9%，传统信仰的信徒占2.6%，其他宗教信徒占0.6%。[6] 与几十年前进行的人口普查相比，基督徒与穆斯林的人口比例大致保持稳定。[294] 大多数穆斯林是逊尼派，无教派穆斯林是第二大的穆斯林群体，什叶派是少数派。逊尼派主要是沙菲仪派或萨拉菲派，也有许多苏菲派穆斯林。[295]

Ethiopia has close historical ties with all three of the world’s major Abrahamic religions. In the 4th century, the Ethiopian empire was one of the first in the world to officially adopt Christianity as the state religion. As a result of the resolutions of the Council of Chalcedon, in 451 the Miaphysites, which included the vast majority of Christians in Egypt and Ethiopia, were accused of monophysitism and designated as heretics under the common name of Coptic Christianity (see Oriental Orthodoxy).^[296]
【参考译文】埃塞俄比亚与世界三大亚伯拉罕宗教都有着密切的历史联系。4世纪时，埃塞俄比亚帝国是世界上最早正式采纳基督教为国教的国家之一。由于卡尔西顿会议决议的影响，451年，包括埃及和埃塞俄比亚绝大多数基督徒在内的一性论者被指责为唯一神论者，并被共同命名为科普特基督教（参见东方正统教会）。[296]

The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church is part of Oriental Orthodoxy. It is by far the largest Christian denomination, although a number of P’ent’ay (Protestant) churches have recently gained ground. Since 1930, a relatively small Ethiopian Catholic Church has existed in full communion with Rome, with adherents making up less than 1% of the total population.^[294][297]
【参考译文】埃塞俄比亚正统提瓦侯多教会是东方正统教会的一部分。它是最大的基督教派别，尽管最近一些新教（P’ent’ay）教会逐渐发展壮大。自1930年以来，与罗马保持完全共融的小规模埃塞俄比亚天主教会存在，信徒占总人口的比例不到1%。[294][297]

Islam in Ethiopia dates back to the founding of the religion in 622 when a group of Muslims were counselled by Muhammad to escape persecution in Mecca. The disciples subsequently migrated to Abyssinia via modern-day Eritrea, which was at the time ruled by Ashama ibn-Abjar, a pious Christian emperor.^[298]
【参考译文】伊斯兰教在埃塞俄比亚的历史可以追溯到公元622年该宗教创立之时，当时一群穆斯林在穆罕默德的建议下逃离麦加的迫害。这些信徒随后迁移到当时的阿比西尼亚（现在的厄立特里亚境内），当时这个地区由阿沙马·本·阿布贾尔统治，他是一个虔诚的基督教皇帝。[298]

5.4 卫生健康 | Health

Main articles: Health in Ethiopia and Healthcare in Ethiopia
【主条目：埃塞俄比亚的健康状况、埃塞俄比亚的医疗保健】

Only a minority of Ethiopians are born in hospitals, while most are born in rural households. Those who are expected to give birth at home have elderly women serve as midwives who assist with the delivery.^[299] The “WHO estimates that a majority of maternal fatalities and disabilities could be prevented if deliveries were to take place at well-equipped health centres, with adequately trained staff”.^[300] Birth rates, infant mortality rates, and death rates are lower in cities than in rural areas due to better access to education, medicines, and hospitals.^[278] Life expectancy is better in cities compared to rural areas, but there have been significant improvements witnessed throughout the country as of 2016, the average Ethiopian living to be 62.2 years old, according to a UNDP report.^[301] Despite sanitation being a problem, use of improved water sources is also on the rise; 81% in cities compared to 11% in rural areas.^[280]
【参考译文】只有少数埃塞俄比亚人在医院出生，大多数在农村家庭出生。那些预计在家分娩的妇女会有老年妇女担任助产士协助分娩。[299] “世界卫生组织估计，如果分娩能在配备良好的医疗机构进行，并有训练有素的工作人员参与，大多数产妇死亡和残疾是可以避免的。”[300] 由于更好的教育、药物和医院的可及性，城市的出生率、婴儿死亡率和死亡率低于农村地区。[278] 与农村地区相比，城市的预期寿命更高，但根据联合国开发计划署2016年的报告，整个国家的情况都有了显著改善，埃塞俄比亚人的平均预期寿命达到了62.2岁。[301] 尽管卫生条件是一个问题，但使用改进水源的情况也在增加；城市中有81%的人使用改进水源，而在农村地区这一比例仅为11%。[280]

根据世界银行的艾滋病毒项目全球负责人介绍，在埃塞俄比亚每100,000人里就会有一名医生。^[50]然而另一份报告来自世界健康组织给出了一组数字，1936个埃塞俄比亚医生，使世界银行的数字升到每100,000人里就有2.6个是医生。^[51]这些数据表明了高等学历人才离开埃塞俄比亚前往西方寻求更多就业和经济机会的现状。

Ethiopia’s main health problems are said to be communicable (contagious) diseases worsened by poor sanitation and malnutrition. Over 58 million people (nearly half the population) do not have access to clean water as of 2023.^[302] These problems are exacerbated by the shortage of trained doctors and nurses and health facilities.^[303] The World Health Organization‘s 2006 World Health Report gives a figure of 1,936 physicians (for 2003), which comes to about 2.6 per 100,000.^[304]
【参考译文】埃塞俄比亚的主要健康问题是可传播（传染）性疾病，这些问题因卫生条件差和营养不良而加剧。截至2023年，超过5800万人（几乎占总人口的一半）无法获得清洁饮用水。[302] 这些问题因训练有素的医生和护士短缺以及卫生设施不足而加剧。[303] 世界卫生组织2006年的《世界卫生报告》给出的数据显示，2003年埃塞俄比亚共有1,936名医生，这意味着每10万人中有大约2.6名医生。[304]

埃塞俄比亚的公共健康的状态是在城市要比农村好得多。出生率、婴儿死亡率和正常死亡率在城市比农村地区低，由于教育、药品和医院^[53]在城市有着优质的设施对比于农村。在城市中，人们的平均寿命为53岁，在农村地区是48岁。^[53]由于卫生是一个问题，利用改进的水源比例也随趋势上升；相比农村地区11％城市是81％。正如在非洲其他地区，许多人为了希望有更好的生活条件而移居城市。

医护人员与现代医学培训的低可用性，和资金不足的医疗服务，导致了使用家庭为基础的疗法医治常见疾病可靠性较差的同时体现了传统治疗的优势。

在埃塞俄比亚有119家医院（12仅亚的斯亚贝巴）和412家保健中心。^[54]埃塞俄比亚人有58年平均预期寿命，这是相较低的。^[53]和在这国家的婴儿死亡率比较高，因为有8%的婴儿在出生后不久死亡^[54]（虽然这是从1965年的数字16％到8%，有着显著降低）。生育有关的并发症如产科瘘仍然影响许多国家的妇女。

The National Mental Health Strategy, published in 2012, introduced the development of policy designed to improve mental health care in Ethiopia. This strategy mandated that mental health be integrated into the primary health care system.^[305] However, the success of the National Mental Health Strategy has been limited. For example, the burden of depression is estimated to have increased 34.2% from 2007 to 2017.^[306] Furthermore, the prevalence of stigmatizing attitudes, inadequate leadership and co-ordination of efforts, as well as a lack of mental health awareness in the general population, all remain as obstacles to successful mental health care.^[307]
【参考译文】2012年发布的《国家心理健康战略》引入了旨在改善埃塞俄比亚心理健康护理政策的发展。该战略规定必须将心理健康纳入初级卫生保健系统。[305] 然而，《国家心理健康战略》的成功有限。例如，从2007年到2017年，抑郁症的负担估计增加了34.2%。[306] 此外，污名化的态度普遍存在、领导力和协调努力不足以及普遍民众对心理健康意识的缺乏仍然是成功提供心理健康护理的障碍。[307]

5.5 教育 | Education

Main article: Education in Ethiopia【主条目：埃塞俄比亚的教育】

See also: Higher education in Ethiopia【主条目：埃塞俄比亚的高等教育】

The current system follows school expansion schemes which are very similar to the system in the rural areas during the 1980s, with an addition of deeper regionalization, providing rural education in students’ own languages starting at the elementary level, and with more budgetary financing allocated to the education sector. Public education is free at primary levels and usually offers between age 7 and 12. The sequence of general education in Ethiopia is six years of primary school, then four years of lower secondary school followed by two years of higher secondary school.^[308]
【参考译文】当前的教育体系遵循与1980年代农村地区非常相似的学校扩张方案，增加了更深层次的地方化，从小学阶段开始提供学生母语的农村教育，并且分配给教育领域的预算资金更多。公立教育在小学阶段是免费的，通常提供给7岁到12岁的学生。埃塞俄比亚的一般教育序列是六年小学教育，接着是四年初级中学教育，最后是两年高级中学教育。[308]

The Ethiopian education is governed by the Ministry of Education and its cycle consists of a 4+4+2+2 system; elementary education consists of eight years, divided into two cycles of four years, and four years of secondary education, divided into two stages of two years.^[309] National exams are conducted by the National Education Assessment and Examination Agency (NEAEA). Since 2018, there are two national exams: the Ethiopian General Secondary Education Certificate Examination (EGSECE), also known as Grade 10 national exam and Grade 12 national exam.^[310]
【参考译文】埃塞俄比亚的教育由教育部管理，其教育周期为4+4+2+2的体系；初等教育包括八年，分为两个四年周期，中等教育为四年，分为两个两年阶段。[309] 国家考试由国家教育评估和考试机构（NEAEA）组织。自2018年起，有两种国家级考试：埃塞俄比亚普通中学教育证书考试（EGSECE），也被称为十年级全国考试和十二年级全国考试。[310]

As of 2022, there are 83 universities, 42 public universities, and more than 35 higher education institutions. Foreign students constitute 16,305 in higher education level. The overall number of tertiary students in both public and private institutions exploded by more than 2,000 percent, from 34,000 in 1991 to 757,000 in 2014, per UIS data.^{[citation needed]} Access to education in Ethiopia has improved significantly. Approximately three million people were in primary school in 1994–95 but by 2008–09, primary enrolment had risen to 15.5 million – an increase of over 500%.^[311] In 2013–14, Ethiopia had witnessed a significant boost in gross enrolment across all regions.^[312] The national GER was 104.8% for boys, 97.8% for girls and 101.3% across both sexes.^[313]
【参考译文】截至2022年，埃塞俄比亚有83所大学，其中42所为公立大学，另有35所以上的高等教育机构。外国学生在高等教育层面的数量为16,305人。根据联合国教科文组织统计研究所（UIS）的数据，无论是公立还是私立机构的高等教育学生总数从1991年的34,000人激增超过2,000%，达到2014年的757,000人。[需要引证] 埃塞俄比亚的教育获取情况已显著改善。大约在1994-1995年间，有300万人在读小学，但到2008-2009年，小学入学人数上升到1,550万——增长超过500%。[311] 2013-2014年间，埃塞俄比亚在全国各地区都见证了毛入学率的显著提升。[312] 全国男性的毛入学率为104.8%，女性为97.8%，两者合计为101.3%。[313]

The literacy rate has increased in recent years: according to the 1994 census, the literacy rate in Ethiopia was 23.4%.^[287] In 2007 it was estimated to be 39% (male 49.1% and female 28.9%).^[314] A report by UNDP in 2011 showed that the literacy rate in Ethiopia was 46.7%. The same report also indicated that the female literacy rate had increased from 27 to 39 per cent from 2004 to 2011, and the male literacy rate had increased from 49 to 59 per cent over the same period for persons 10 years and older.^[315] By 2015, the literacy rate had further increased, to 49.1% (57.2% male and 41.1% female).^[316]
【参考译文】近年来，识字率有所提高：根据1994年人口普查，埃塞俄比亚的识字率为23.4%。[287] 2007年估计的识字率为39%（男性49.1%，女性28.9%）。[314] 2011年联合国开发计划署的一份报告显示，埃塞俄比亚的识字率为46.7%。同一报告还指出，从2004年到2011年，女性识字率从27%增加到39%，而10岁及以上人群的男性识字率在同一时期从49%增加到59%。[315] 到2015年，识字率进一步提高到49.1%（男性57.2%，女性41.1%）。[316]

6. 文化 | Culture

Main article: Culture of Ethiopia【主条目：埃塞俄比亚的文化】

Ethiopia’s culture heavily influenced by the local population, an interaction of Semitic, Cushitic and less populous Nilo-Saharan speaking people, which evolved from first millennium BC. Semitic Tigrayans and Amharas, who dominated the politics in the past, distinguished from other population by hierarchical structure and agrarian life derived partly from South Arabia as a result of back migration, while the southern Cushitic (Oromo and Somali) are strong adherents to egalitarianism and pastoral life. Others including Kaffa, Sidamo, and Afar tradition derived from the latter people.^[317]
【参考译文】埃塞俄比亚的文化深受当地人口的影响，是闪族语系、库希特语系和较少数的尼罗-撒哈拉语系人群之间的互动结果，这种文化自公元前第一千年就开始演变。在过去主导政治的闪族语系提格雷人和阿姆哈拉人，在等级制度结构和部分源于南阿拉伯地区的农业生活方式上与其他人群有所不同，这是回迁的结果；而南部的库希特语系人群（如奥罗莫人和索马里人）则坚定地支持平等主义和游牧生活。其他人群，如卡法人、西达莫人和阿法尔人的传统则源自后者的文化。[317]

6.1 美术 | Arts

Main article: Ethiopian art【主条目：埃塞俄比亚的美术】

Arts of Ethiopia were largely influenced by Christian iconography throughout much of its history. This consisted of illuminated manuscripts, painting, crosses, icons and other metalwork such as crowns. Most historical arts were commissioned by the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, the state religion for a millennium. The earlier Aksumite period arts were stone carvings as evidenced in their stelae, though there is no surviving Christian art from this era. As Christianity was introduced, its iconography was partly influenced by Byzantine art. Most remaining arts beyond the early modern period were ruined as a result of invasion of the Adal Sultanate in the Ethiopian Highlands, but were revived by Catholic emissaries. The Western intervention in Ethiopian art began in the 20th century, with also maintaining traditional Ethiopian character.^{[citation needed]}
【参考译文】埃塞俄比亚的艺术在其历史上很大程度上受到了基督教图像学的影响。这包括了装帧精美的手稿、绘画、十字架、圣像以及其他金属制品，如王冠。大多数历史艺术作品都是由埃塞俄比亚正统提瓦侯多教会委托创作的，该教会是千年来的国教。早期的阿克苏姆时期的艺术主要是石雕，这一点在他们的石柱上得到了证明，不过这一时期没有幸存下来的基督教艺术作品。随着基督教的引入，其图像学部分受到了拜占庭艺术的影响。除了早期现代时期之外的大多数艺术作品都在阿达尔苏丹国入侵埃塞俄比亚高原的过程中遭到破坏，但后来被天主教传教士复兴。西方对埃塞俄比亚艺术的干预始于20世纪，并且保留了传统的埃塞俄比亚特色。[需要引证]

6.2 建筑 | Architecture

Main article: Architecture of Ethiopia【主条目：埃塞俄比亚的建筑】

The “Bete Medhane Alem” or “House of our Saviour” is one of the 12 churches in Lalibela built under Emperor Lalibela I. Perhaps the most impressive^[opinion] architecture in antiquity was founded during the Dʿmt period. Ashlar masonry was an archetype of South Arabian architecture with most architectural structure similarity.^[318]
【参考译文】“Bete Medhane Alem”或“我们的救世主之家”是拉利贝拉一世皇帝时期建造的12座教堂之一。也许最令人印象深刻的古代建筑是在德姆特（Dʿmt）时期建立的。砌石建筑是南阿拉伯建筑的原型，具有最多的建筑结构相似性。[318]

The Aksumite continued to flourish its architecture around the 4th century CE. Aksumite stelae commonly used single block and rocks. The Tomb of the False Door built for Aksumite emperors used monolithic style.^[319] The Lalibela civilization was largely of Aksumite influence, but the layer of stones or wood is quite different for some dwellings.^[320]
【参考译文】阿克苏姆时期在公元4世纪左右继续繁荣其建筑。阿克苏姆时期的石碑通常使用单块石头和岩石。为阿克苏姆皇帝建造的“假门之墓”采用了独石风格。[319] 拉利贝拉文明很大程度上受到了阿克苏姆的影响，但某些住宅的石层或木层却有所不同。[320]

In the Gondarine period, the architecture of Ethiopia was influenced by Baroque, Arab, Turkish and Gujarati Indian styles independently taught by Portuguese emissaries in the 16th and 17th centuries. Examples include the imperial fortress Fasil Ghebbi, which is influenced by a mix of these styles. The medieval architecture also affected the later 19th- and 20th-century era.^[321]
【参考译文】在贡达尔时期，埃塞俄比亚的建筑受到了巴洛克式、阿拉伯式、土耳其式和古吉拉特印度风格的影响，这些风格是由16世纪和17世纪葡萄牙传教士独立传授的。例子包括受这些风格混合影响的皇家堡垒Fasil Ghebbi。中世纪的建筑也影响了后来的19世纪和20世纪时代。[321]

6.3 文学 | Literature

Main article: Ethiopian literature【主条目：埃塞俄比亚文学】

Ethiopian literature traces back to the Aksumite period in the 4th century, mostly religious motifs. In royal inscription, it employed both Ge’ez and Greek language, but the latter was discontinued in 350. Unlike most Sub-Saharan African countries, Ethiopia has ancient distinct language, the Ge’ez, which dominated political and educational aspects. In spite of the current political instability in the country endangering cultural heritage of these works, preservation has improved in recent years.^[322]
【参考译文】埃塞俄比亚文学可以追溯到公元4世纪的阿克苏姆时期，主要以宗教为主题。在皇家铭文中，同时使用了盖兹语和希腊语，但希腊语在350年后不再使用。与大多数撒哈拉以南非洲国家不同，埃塞俄比亚拥有古老且独特的语言——盖兹语，这种语言在政治和教育方面占据主导地位。尽管目前的政治不稳定威胁到了这些作品的文化遗产，但近年来的保护工作已经有所改善。[322]

The Ethiopian literary works mostly consisted of handwritten codex (branna, or ብራና in Amharic). It is prepared by gathering parchment leaves and sewing to stick together. The codex size varies considerably depending on volumes and preparation. For example, pocket size codex lengthens 45 cm, which is heavier in weight. Historians speculated that archaic codex existed in Ethiopia. Today manuscripts resembling primitive codex are still evident for existence where parchment leaves are convenient for writing.^[322]
【参考译文】埃塞俄比亚的文学作品主要由手写的典籍（branna，或在阿姆哈拉语中称为ብራና）组成。这些典籍是通过收集羊皮纸页并缝合在一起制作而成的。典籍的大小根据卷数和制作方式有很大差异。例如，口袋大小的典籍长度可达45厘米，重量较重。历史学家推测，在埃塞俄比亚存在过古老的典籍。今天，类似于原始典籍的手稿依然可见，其中羊皮纸页便于书写。[322]

Another notable writing book is protective (or magic) scroll, serving as written amulet. Some of these were intended for magical purpose, for example ketab is used for magical defence. Scrolls were typically produced by debtera, non-ordained clergy expertise on exorcism and healings. About 30 cm scroll is portable whereas 2 cm is often unrolled and hanged to the walls of houses. Scrolls emulating original medium of Ethiopia literature is highly disputed, where there is overwhelming evidence that Ge’ez language books were written in codex. In lesser, Ethiopia used accordion books (called sensul) which were dated to late 15th or 16th century, made up of folded parchment paper, with or without cover. Those books usually contain pictorial representation of life and death of religious figures, or significant texts have also juxtaposed.^[322]
【参考译文】另一种值得注意的书写书籍是护身符（或魔法）卷轴，用作书面护身符。其中一些用于魔法目的，例如ketab被用于魔法防御。卷轴通常由debtera制作，他们是未被授予圣职但擅长驱魔和治疗的神职人员。大约30厘米长的卷轴便于携带，而2厘米宽的卷轴通常展开并挂在房屋的墙上。关于卷轴是否模仿了埃塞俄比亚文学的原始媒介存在争议，有大量的证据表明盖兹语的书籍是写在典籍上的。此外，埃塞俄比亚还使用了折叠书（称为sensul），这些书可以追溯到15世纪晚期或16世纪，由折叠的羊皮纸制成，有时带有封面，有时没有。这些书通常包含宗教人物生平和死亡的图画描述，或者重要文本也会并置在一起。[322]

6.3.1 诗歌 | Poetry

Ethiopia is highly popularized in poetry. Most poets recount past events, social unrests, poverty and famine. Qene is the most used element of Ethiopian poetry – regarded as a form of Amharic poetry, though the term generally refers to any poems. True qene requires advanced ingenious mindset. By providing two metaphorical words, i.e. one with obvious clues and the other is too convoluted conundrum, one must answer parallel meanings. Thus, this is called sem ena work (gold and wax).^[323] The most notable poets are Tsegaye Gebre-Medhin, Kebede Michael and Mengistu Lemma.
【参考译文】埃塞俄比亚在诗歌方面非常流行。大多数诗人讲述过去的事件、社会动荡、贫穷和饥荒。Qene是最常用的埃塞俄比亚诗歌元素——被视为一种阿姆哈拉语诗歌形式，尽管这个词通常指任何类型的诗歌。真正的Qene要求有高超的创造力。通过提供两个比喻性的词语，其中一个有明显的线索，另一个则是复杂难解的谜题，人们必须回答出平行的意义。因此，这被称为sem ena work（金与蜡）。[323] 最著名的诗人包括Tsegaye Gebre-Medhin、Kebede Michael和Mengistu Lemma。

6.3+1 哲学 | Philosophy

Ethiopian philosophy has been superlatively prolific since ancient times in Africa, though offset of Greek and Patristic philosophy. The best known philosophical revival was in the early modern period figures such as Zera Yacob (1599–1692) and his student Walda Heywat, who wrote Hatata (Inquiry) in 1667 as an argument for the existence of God.
【参考译文】埃塞俄比亚哲学自古以来在非洲就极其丰富，尽管受到了希腊哲学和教父哲学的影响。最为人熟知的哲学复兴出现在近代早期的人物，如泽拉·雅各布（1599–1692年）和他的学生瓦尔达·海瓦特，后者在1667年撰写了《Hatata》（探究），作为论证上帝存在的论据。

6.5 音乐 | Music

Main article: Music of Ethiopia【主条目：埃塞俄比亚的音乐】

See also: Ethiopian Golden Age of music【另见：埃塞俄比亚音乐的黄金时代】

The music of Ethiopia is extremely diverse, with each of the country’s 80 ethnic groups being associated with unique sounds. Ethiopian music uses a distinct modal system that is pentatonic, with characteristically long intervals between some notes. As with many other aspects of Ethiopian culture and tradition, tastes in music and lyrics are strongly linked with those in neighbouring Eritrea, Somalia, Djibouti, and Sudan.^[324][325] Traditional singing in Ethiopia presents diverse styles of polyphony (heterophony, drone, imitation, and counterpoint). Traditionally, lyricism in Ethiopian song writing is strongly associated with views of patriotism or national pride, romance, friendship, and a unique type of memoire known as tizita.
【参考译文】埃塞俄比亚的音乐极其多样，每个民族都有自己独特的音乐风格。埃塞俄比亚音乐采用了一种独特的五声音阶模式，其中一些音符之间有着特有的大间隔。如同埃塞俄比亚文化的许多其他方面一样，音乐和歌词的品味与邻近的厄立特里亚、索马里、吉布提和苏丹有着紧密的联系。[324][325] 埃塞俄比亚的传统歌唱呈现了多声部风格的多样性，包括异质复调、持续音、模仿和对位。传统上，埃塞俄比亚歌曲创作中的抒情性与爱国主义或国家自豪感、浪漫、友谊以及一种名为tizita的独特回忆类型密切相关。

Saint Yared, a 6th-century Aksumite composer, is widely regarded as the forerunner of traditional music of Eritrea and Ethiopia, creating liturgical music of the Ethiopian and Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church.^[326]
【参考译文】6世纪的阿克苏姆作曲家圣耶拉德被广泛认为是厄立特里亚和埃塞俄比亚传统音乐的先驱，他创作了埃塞俄比亚和厄立特里亚正统提瓦侯多教会的礼拜音乐。[326]

Modern music is traced back to the reign of Emperor Haile Selassie, where 40 Armenian orphans called Arba Lijoch arrived from Jerusalem to Addis Ababa. By 1924, the band was almost established as orchestral; but after World War II, several similar bands emerged such as Imperial Bodyguard Band, Army Band, and Police Band.^[327]
【参考译文】现代音乐可以追溯到海尔·塞拉西一世皇帝的统治时期，当时40名来自耶路撒冷的亚美尼亚孤儿，被称为Arba Lijoch，抵达了亚的斯亚贝巴。到1924年，乐队几乎已经建立为管弦乐队；但在二战之后，出现了几个类似的乐队，如皇家卫队乐队、军队乐队和警察乐队。[327]

In the 1960s and 1970s, traditional infused modern Ethiopian music was revived in what is known as the “Golden Age“. Several notable musical artists emerged thereafter, for example, Tilahun Gessesse, Alemayehu Eshete, Bizunesh Bekele, Muluken Melesse and Mahmoud Ahmed. It also employed tradition style called tizita. During the Derg regime, these artists were prohibited to perform in the country and often forced into exile in North America and Europe, mixing with jazz and funk influences. For example, Roha Band, Walias Band, and Ethio Stars. By this time, Neway Debebe was critical of the Derg government.^[323]
【参考译文】在1960年代和1970年代，融合了传统元素的现代埃塞俄比亚音乐在所谓的“黄金时代”中复兴。此后出现了几位著名的音乐艺术家，例如提拉洪·格塞塞、阿勒梅耶胡·埃谢特、比祖内什·贝克莱、穆卢肯·梅莱塞和马哈茂德·艾哈迈德。这一时期也采用了名为tizita的传统风格。在门格斯特政权期间，这些艺术家被禁止在国内演出，常常被迫流亡到北美和欧洲，并融入了爵士乐和放克的影响。例如，Roha Band、Walias Band和Ethio Stars。这一时期，纽韦·德贝贝对门格斯特政府持批评态度。[323]

Modern music became developed shortly in the 1990s and 2000s. In this period, the most popular artists were Aster Aweke, Gigi and Teddy Afro. Ethiopian music further modernized in the next decade, employing electronic type and more popular. DJ Rophnan was renowned for pioneering EDM after releasing his debut album Reflection in 2018.^[323]
【参考译文】现代音乐在1990年代和2000年代迅速发展。在这段时期，最受欢迎的艺术家包括阿斯特·阿韦凯、Gigi和泰迪·阿弗罗。进入下一个十年，埃塞俄比亚音乐进一步现代化，采用了电子风格，更加流行。DJ Rophnan因其2018年发行的首张专辑《Reflection》而在电音舞曲领域崭露头角。[323]

6.6 历法 | Calendar

Main articles: Ethiopian calendar and Oromo calendar【主条目：埃塞俄比亚历法和奥罗莫历法】

Ethiopia has several local calendars. The most widely known is the Ethiopian calendar, also known as the Ge’ez calendar, and written with the ancient Ge’ez script, one of the oldest alphabets still in use in the world.^[328] It is based on the older Alexandrian or Coptic calendar, which in turn derives from the Egyptian calendar. Like the Coptic calendar, the Ethiopian calendar has twelve months of exactly 30 days each plus five or six epagomenal days, which form a thirteenth month. The Ethiopian months begin on the same days as those of the Coptic calendar, but their names are in Ge’ez.^{[citation needed]}
【参考译文】埃塞俄比亚有几个本地历法。最为人所知的是埃塞俄比亚历法，也称盖兹历法，使用的是盖兹文字，这是世界上最古老的仍在使用的字母之一。[328] 它基于更早的亚历山大历或科普特历，而科普特历又源自埃及历。与科普特历一样，埃塞俄比亚历法有十二个月，每个月恰好30天，再加上五或六个额外日，形成第十三个月。埃塞俄比亚的月份与科普特历的月份开始日期相同，但月份名称是用盖兹语表示的。[需要引证]

Like the Julian calendar, the sixth epagomenal day—which in essence is a leap day—is added every four years without exception on 29 August of the Julian calendar, six months before the Julian leap day. Thus, the first day of the Ethiopian year, 1 Mäskäräm, for years between 1901 and 2099 (inclusive), is usually 11 September (Gregorian), but falls on 12 September in years before the Gregorian leap year. It is approximately seven years and three months behind the Gregorian calendar because of an alternate calculation in determining the date of the Annunciation of Jesus.^{[citation needed]}
【参考译文】与儒略历类似，每隔四年会在8月29日（儒略历）这一天加上第六个额外日，即实际上的闰日，而且不会例外。因此，埃塞俄比亚历法的第一天，即1 Mäskäräm，对于1901年至2099年（含）之间的年份来说，通常是9月11日（公历），但在公历闰年之前则会落在9月12日。由于计算耶稣显圣日日期的方法不同，埃塞俄比亚历法比公历大约落后七年零三个月。[需要引证]

Another calendrical system was developed around 300 BC by the Oromo people. A lunar-stellar calendar, this Oromo calendar relies on astronomical observations of the moon in conjunction with seven particular stars or constellations. Oromo months (stars/lunar phases) are Bittottessa (Iangulum), Camsa (Pleiades), Bufa (Aldebarran), Waxabajjii (Belletrix), Obora Gudda (Central Orion-Saiph), Obora Dikka (Sirius), Birra (full moon), Cikawa (gibbous moon), Sadasaa (quarter moon), Abrasa (large crescent), Ammaji (medium crescent), and Gurrandala (small crescent).^[329]
【参考译文】另一种历法系统大约在公元前300年由奥罗莫人发展起来。这是一种基于月亮和七颗特定星星或星座观测的阴阳历。奥罗莫月份（星相/月相）包括：Bittottessa（Iangulum）、Camsa（昴宿星团）、Bufa（毕宿五）、Waxabajjii（女巫之星）、Obora Gudda（猎户座中心-赛弗）、Obora Dikka（天狼星）、Birra（满月）、Cikawa（凸月）、Sadasaa（上弦月）、Abrasa（大弯月）、Ammaji（中弯月）和Gurrandala（小弯月）。[329]

6.7 媒体 | Media

Main articles: Communications in Ethiopia and Media in Ethiopia
【主条目：埃塞俄比亚通信和埃塞俄比亚媒体】

he Ethiopian Broadcasting Corporation (EBC), formerly known as ETV, is the state media. Radio broadcasting was commenced earlier in 1935 before the television service began in 1962 with assistance of British firm Thomson and Emperor Haile Selassie.^[3] Since 2015, EBC has upgraded its studios with modernized transmission.
【参考译文】埃塞俄比亚广播公司（EBC），前身为ETV，是国家媒体机构。无线电广播早在1935年就开始了，在英国公司汤姆森的帮助下，电视服务于1962年开始，并得到了海尔·塞拉西一世皇帝的支持。[3] 自2015年以来，EBC升级了其工作室，实现了现代化传输。

Kana TV is the most popular TV channel in Ethiopia.^[330] It is mainly known for dubbing foreign content into Amharic. Over several decades, the state television has served as the major mass media until in the late 2000s, when EBS TV launched as the first private television channel. Moreover, numerous private channels were commenced in 2016, culminating in the growth of privately owned media companies in the country. As an example, Fana TV has been the largest TV network since its launch in 2017.
【参考译文】埃塞俄比亚广播公司（EBC），前身为ETV，是国家媒体机构。无线电广播早在1935年就开始了，在英国公司汤姆森的帮助下，电视服务于1962年开始，并得到了海尔·塞拉西一世皇帝的支持。[3] 自2015年以来，EBC升级了其工作室，实现了现代化传输。

The most widely circulated newspapers in Ethiopia are Addis Fortune, Capital Ethiopia, Ethiopian Reporter, Addis Zemen^{[citation needed]} (Amharic) and Ethiopian Herald.^{[citation needed]}
【参考译文】埃塞俄比亚发行量最大的报纸包括《Addis Fortune》、《Capital Ethiopia》、《Ethiopian Reporter》、《Addis Zemen》[阿姆哈拉语][需要引证] 和《Ethiopian Herald》。[需要引证]

The sole internet service provider is the national telecommunications firm Ethio telecom. A large portion of users in the country access the internet through mobile devices.^[331] As of July 2016, there are around 4.29 million people who have internet access at their home as compared to a quarter of a million users a decade before that.^[332] The Ethiopian government has at times intentionally shut down internet service in the country or restricted access to certain social media sites during periods of political unrest. In August 2016, following protest and demonstration in the Oromia Region, all access to the internet was shut down for a period of two days.^[333] In June 2017, the government shut down access to the internet for mobile users during a period that coincided with the administration of university entrance examination. Although the reason for the restriction was not confirmed by the government,^[331] the move was similar to a measure taken during the same period in 2016, after a leak of test questions.^[334][335]
【参考译文】唯一的互联网服务提供商是国家电信公司Ethio telecom。该国很大一部分用户通过移动设备接入互联网。[331] 截至2016年7月，大约有429万人可以在家中上网，而十年前这一数字仅为25万。[332] 在政治动荡时期，埃塞俄比亚政府有时会故意关闭全国的互联网服务或限制访问某些社交媒体网站。2016年8月，在奥罗米亚地区抗议示威之后，所有互联网接入被关闭了两天。[333] 2017年6月，在大学入学考试期间，政府关闭了手机用户的互联网接入。虽然政府没有确认限制的原因，[331] 但这一举动与2016年同期采取的措施类似，当时是因为试题泄露。[334][335]

6.8 电影 | Cinema

Main article: Cinema of Ethiopia【主条目：埃塞俄比亚电影】

The first cinema was introduced in 1898, three years after the first world film was projected. Cinematic artifacts ascribed by Italian minister Federico Ciccodicola [it] which then offered to Emperor Menelik II. The early 20th century appearance with spectacle was around 1909 and embraced by documentary or biographical films. Au de Menilek was the first film directed by Charles Martel. The first 16mm black-and-white film dedicated to coronation of Emperor Zewditu, then coronation of Emperor Haile Selassie was filmed. The 1990s saw international booming of Ethiopian films. The most influential people in this era were Haile Gerima, Salem Mekuria, Yemane Demissie, and Teshome Gabriel. Films began modernized in the 2000s and implemented Amharic language. The most internationally grossed films are Selanchi, Difret, Lamb, Prince of Love and Lambadina. The modern era saw several reoccurring actors including Selam Tesfaye, Fryat Yemane, Hanan Tarik, Mahder Assefa, Amleset Muchie and Ruth Negga.
【参考译文】

电影最早是在1898年引入埃塞俄比亚的，这距离世界上第一部电影放映仅过去了三年。意大利部长费德里科·奇科迪科拉[Federico Ciccodicola]将其作为礼物献给了孟尼利克二世皇帝。20世纪初，大约在1909年，电影首次以壮观的形式出现，主要是纪录片或传记片。查尔斯·马泰尔执导的《Au de Menilek》是第一部电影。第一部16毫米黑白电影是为庆祝塞拉西一世皇帝加冕而拍摄的，随后又拍摄了海尔·塞拉西一世皇帝的加冕仪式。1990年代见证了埃塞俄比亚电影在国际上的兴起。这一时期最具影响力的人物包括海尔·格里玛、萨勒姆·梅库里亚、叶曼内·德米西和特绍梅·加布里埃尔。电影在2000年代开始现代化，并使用了阿姆哈拉语。在国际上获得最高票房的电影包括《Selanchi》、《Difret》、《Lamb》、《Prince of Love》和《Lambadina》。现代时期出现了多位经常出演的演员，包括塞兰·特斯法耶、弗赖亚特·耶曼、哈南·塔里克、马赫德·阿塞法、阿姆莱舍特·穆奇和露丝·内嘉。

One of the most prestigious film award is Gumma Film Awards held in Addis Ababa. The award, which was started in 2014, broadcast on live television in some stations.^[336] Festivals including Addis International Film Festival and the Ethiopian International Film Festival showcase amateur and professional filmmakers works; the latter being voted by judges. They were established in 2007^[337] and 2005 respectively.^[338]
【参考译文】最具声望的电影奖项是Gumma电影奖，该奖项在亚的斯亚贝巴颁发。该奖项自2014年开始设立，并在一些电视台进行现场直播。[336] 电影节包括亚的斯国际电影节和埃塞俄比亚国际电影节，展示了业余和专业电影制片人的作品；后者由评委投票选出。这两个电影节分别成立于2007年[337]和2005年。[338]

6.9 饮食 | Cuisine

Main article: Ethiopian cuisine / 主条目：埃塞俄比亚菜

See also: List of Ethiopian dishes and foods【另见：埃塞俄比亚菜肴和食品列表】

埃塞俄比亚人的主食主要是用发酵过的苔麸面糊制作的英杰拉饼和许多称为“沃特”（阿姆哈拉语：ወጥ, IPA: [wətʼ]）的炖煮。因为曾被意大利短暂占领，埃塞俄比亚人也常吃意式面食^[55]。

埃塞俄比亚高原也是世界咖啡原产地，传说自公元9世纪始便有饮用咖啡的文化，今日当地人仍延续传统的咖啡礼仪来招待宾客，在九月中旬的十字架节期间更会在宴客前用花朵装饰地板。

The best-known Ethiopian cuisine consists of various types of thick meat stews, known as wat in Ethiopian culture, and vegetable side dishes served on top of injera, a large sourdough flatbread made of teff flour. This is not eaten with utensils, but instead the injera is used to scoop up the entrées and side dishes. Almost universally in Ethiopia, it is common to eat from the same dish in the middle of the table with a group of people. It is also a common custom to feed others within a group or own hands—a tradition referred to as “gursha“.^[339] Traditional Ethiopian cuisine employs no pork, as it is forbidden in Ethiopian Orthodox Christian and Islamic faiths; Ethiopian Orthodox Christians also fast from meat on Wednesdays, Fridays, and leading up to Easter and Christmas.^[340]
【参考译文】埃塞俄比亚最知名的美食包括各种浓稠的肉炖菜，这种炖菜在埃塞俄比亚文化中被称为“wat”，以及搭配在 injera（一种用苔麸面粉制成的大酸面饼）上的蔬菜配菜。这些食物不是用餐具食用，而是用 injera 来舀取主菜和配菜。在埃塞俄比亚，几乎普遍的做法是与一群人从桌子中央的同一个盘子里吃饭。共同进餐时喂食他人或用自己的手喂食他人也是一种常见的习俗，这一传统被称为“gursha”。[339] 传统的埃塞俄比亚美食不使用猪肉，因为猪肉在埃塞俄比亚东正教和伊斯兰教信仰中是被禁止的；埃塞俄比亚东正教徒还在周三、周五以及复活节和圣诞节前禁食肉类。[340]

Chechebsa, Marqa, Chukko, Michirra and Dhanga are the most popular dishes from the Oromo. Kitfo, which originated among the Gurage, is one of the country’s most popular delicacies. In addition, Doro Wot (ዶሮ ወጥ in Amharic) and Tsebehi Derho (ጽብሒ ድርሆ in Tigrinya), are other popular dishes, originating from northwestern Ethiopia.^{[citation needed]} Tihlo (ጥሕሎ)—which is a type of dumpling—is prepared from roasted barley flour and originated in the Tigray Region. Tihlo is now very popular in Amhara and spreading further south.^[341]
【参考译文】Chechebsa、Marqa、Chukko、Michirra 和 Dhanga 是奥罗莫人中最受欢迎的菜肴。Kitfo 起源于古拉格人之中，是埃塞俄比亚最流行的美味佳肴之一。此外，Doro Wot（多罗瓦特，在阿姆哈拉语中写作 ዳሮ ወጥ）和 Tsebehi Derho（特塞比赫德霍，在提格雷尼亚语中写作 ጽብሒ ዳርሆ）是其他流行菜肴，起源于埃塞俄比亚西北部。[需要引证] Tihlo（提霍）是一种类型的饺子，由烤过的大麦粉制成，起源于提格雷地区。现在 Tihlo 在阿姆哈拉地区非常流行，并且正在向更南的地方传播。[341]

6.10 体育运动 | Sport

Main article: Sport in Ethiopia【主条目：埃塞俄比亚的体育运动】

The main sports in Ethiopia are track and field (particularly long distance running) and football. Ethiopian athletes have won many Olympic gold medals in track and field, most of them in long distance running.^[342] Abebe Bikila became the first athlete from a Sub-Saharan country to win an Olympic gold medal when he won the Marathon at the 1960 Rome Olympic Games in a world record time of 2:15:16.^[343][344]
【参考译文】埃塞俄比亚的主要运动项目是田径（特别是长跑）和足球。埃塞俄比亚的运动员在田径项目中赢得了诸多奥运金牌，大多数是在长跑项目中取得的。[342] 阿贝贝·比基拉在1960年罗马奥运会上以2小时15分钟16秒的世界纪录成绩赢得马拉松比赛金牌，成为第一位获得奥运金牌的撒哈拉以南非洲国家运动员。[343][344]

The Ethiopia national football team was one of four founding members of the Confederation of African Football and won the Africa Cup of Nations in 1962.^[345] Ethiopia has Sub-Saharan Africa’s longest basketball tradition as it established a national basketball team in 1949.
【参考译文】埃塞俄比亚国家足球队是非洲足球联合会的四个创始成员之一，并在1962年赢得了非洲国家杯。埃塞俄比亚拥有撒哈拉以南非洲地区最悠久的篮球传统，因为它在1949年就建立了国家篮球队。

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