卫报 / The Guardian -（全文）中英文维基百科词条

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0. 概述

辽观注：此标题是我们在搬运、整合过程中添加的。

0.1 文字说明

辽观注：此标题是我们在搬运、整合过程中添加的。

《卫报》（英语：The Guardian），是英国的全国性综合内容日报。1819年英国爆发彼得卢屠杀事件，创刊人英国记者约翰·爱德华·泰勒为揭露事件的事实，于1821年创办《曼彻斯特卫报》，因总部设于曼彻斯特而得该名。1855年改为日报。1872年起，斯科特主持编务，将《曼彻斯特卫报》变得高雅生动，奠定了该报成为全国性高级报纸的基础。1959年《曼彻斯特卫报》更名为《卫报》，成为英国第二大高级报纸。《卫报》总部于1964年迁至伦敦，不过于曼城和伦敦均设有印刷设施。一般公众视《卫报》的政治倾向为左派，《卫报》受到重视的领域包括世界主义观点、文艺报导和评论、外国通讯。《卫报》与《泰晤士报》、《每日电讯报》同为英国三个著名的高级报纸。

Along with its sister papers, The Observer and The Guardian Weekly, The Guardian is part of the Guardian Media Group, owned by the Scott Trust Limited.[5] The trust was created in 1936 to “secure the financial and editorial independence of The Guardian in perpetuity and to safeguard the journalistic freedom and liberal values of The Guardian free from commercial or political interference”.[6] The trust was converted into a limited company in 2008, with a constitution written so as to maintain for The Guardian the same protections as were built into the structure of the Scott Trust by its creators. Profits are reinvested in its journalism rather than distributed to owners or shareholders.[6] It is considered a newspaper of record in the UK.[7][8]
【参考译文】连同其姊妹报纸《观察家报》和《卫报周刊》，《卫报》是卫报媒体集团的一部分，该集团由斯科特信托有限公司所有。该信托基金成立于1936年，旨在“永久保障《卫报》的财政和编辑独立，并保护《卫报》免受商业或政治干预的新闻自由和自由价值观”。2008年，信托基金转换为一家有限公司，其章程编写的目的在于为《卫报》保留与斯科特信托建立时由其创建者所赋予的相同保护。利润被重新投资于新闻业而非分配给所有者或股东。它被认为是英国的权威报纸之一。

The editor-in-chief Katharine Viner succeeded Alan Rusbridger in 2015.[9][10] Since 2018, the paper’s main newsprint sections have been published in tabloid format. As of July 2021, its print edition had a daily circulation of 105,134.[3] The newspaper is available online; it lists UK, US (founded in 2011), Australian (founded in 2013), European, and International editions,[11] and its website has sections for World, Europe, US, Americas, Asia, Australia, Middle East, Africa, New Zealand,[12] Inequality, and Global development.
【参考译文】主编凯瑟琳·维纳在2015年接替了艾伦·拉斯布里奇的职位。自2018年起，该报的主要新闻版面开始采用小报格式出版。截至2021年7月，其印刷版的日发行量为105,134份。该报纸可在线获取，列出了英国、美国（2011年成立）、澳大利亚（2013年成立）、欧洲和国际版面，其网站设有世界、欧洲、美国、美洲、亚洲、澳大利亚、中东、非洲、新西兰、不平等和全球发展等栏目。

The paper’s readership is generally on the mainstream left of British political opinion,[13][14] and the term “Guardian reader” is used to imply a stereotype of a person with liberal, left-wing or “politically correct” views.[15] Frequent typographical errors during the age of manual typesetting led Private Eye magazine to dub the paper the “Grauniad” in the 1970s, a nickname still occasionally used by the editors for self-mockery.[16][17]
【参考译文】该报的读者群一般位于英国政治意见的主流左派，[13][14] “《卫报》读者”这个词被用来暗示一个具有自由主义、左倾或“政治正确”观点的人的形象。[15] 在手动排版时代频繁出现的排版错误导致《私眼》杂志在20世纪70年代将该报戏称为“Grauniad”，这个昵称至今偶尔仍被编辑们用于自嘲。[16][17]

In an Ipsos MORI research poll in September 2018 designed to interrogate the public’s trust of specific titles online, The Guardian scored highest for digital-content news, with 84% of readers agreeing that they “trust what [they] see in it”.[18] A December 2018 report of a poll by the Publishers Audience Measurement Company stated that the paper’s print edition was found to be the most trusted in the UK in the period from October 2017 to September 2018. It was also reported to be the most-read of the UK’s “quality newsbrands”, including digital editions; other “quality” brands included The Times, The Daily Telegraph, The Independent, and the i. While The Guardian‘s print circulation is in decline, the report indicated that news from The Guardian, including that reported online, reaches more than 23 million UK adults each month.[19]
【参考译文】在2018年9月由益普索莫里研究公司进行的一项旨在调查公众对特定在线标题的信任度的民意调查中，《卫报》在数字内容新闻方面得分最高，84%的读者同意他们“信任在其中看到的内容”。[18] 一份2018年12月由出版商受众测量公司发布的民调报告显示，在2017年10月至2018年9月期间，《卫报》的印刷版被认定为英国最受信赖的报纸。报告还指出，《卫报》包括其数字版在内，是英国“优质新闻品牌”中最常阅读的。其他的“优质”品牌还包括《泰晤士报》、《每日电讯报》、《独立报》和《i报》。虽然《卫报》的印刷版发行量在下降，但报告表明，《卫报》的新闻，包括在线报道的新闻，每月能够触及超过2300万的英国成年人读者。[19]

Chief among the notable “scoops” obtained by the paper was the 2011 News International phone-hacking scandal—and in particular the hacking of the murdered English teenager Milly Dowler‘s phone.[20] The investigation led to the closure of the News of the World, the UK’s best-selling Sunday newspaper and one of the highest-circulation newspapers in history.[21] In June 2013, The Guardian broke news of the secret collection by the Obama administration of Verizon telephone records,[22] and subsequently revealed the existence of the surveillance program PRISM after knowledge of it was leaked to the paper by the whistleblower and former National Security Agency contractor Edward Snowden.[23] In 2016, The Guardian led an investigation into the Panama Papers, exposing then–Prime Minister David Cameron‘s links to offshore bank accounts. It has been named “newspaper of the year” four times at the annual British Press Awards: most recently in 2014, for its reporting on government surveillance.[24]
【参考译文】《卫报》获得的引人注目的“独家新闻”中，最引人关注的要数 2011 年新闻国际电话窃听丑闻，尤其是窃听被谋sha1的英国少女米莉·道勒的手机。[20] 这项调查导致《世界新闻报》停刊，该报是英国最畅销的周日报纸，也是历史上发行量最大的报纸之一。[21] 2013 年 6 月，《卫报》曝光了奥巴马政府秘密收集威瑞森电信电话记录的消息，[22] 随后，在举报人、前国家安全局承包商爱德华·斯诺登向《卫报》泄露了“棱镜”监控计划的存在。[23] 2016 年，《卫报》牵头对巴拿马文件进行调查，揭露了时任首相戴维·卡梅伦与离岸银行账户的联系。该报曾四次在年度英国新闻奖中被评为“年度报纸”：最近一次是在 2014 年，因其对（美国）政府监控的报道。[24]

0.2 概况表格

Type【类型】	Daily newspaper【日报】
Format【版式】	Broadsheet (1821–2005)【对开版（1821–2005）】 Berliner (2005–2018)【柏林版（2005–2018）】 Compact (since 2018)【紧凑版（自2018年起）】
Owner(s)【股东】	Guardian Media Group【《卫报》媒体集团】
Founder(s)【创始人】	John Edward Taylor【约翰·爱德华·泰勒】
Publisher【发行者】	Guardian Media Group【《卫报》媒体集团】
Editor-in-chief【主编】	Katharine Viner
Founded【创立于】	5 May 1821 (as The Manchester Guardian, renamed The Guardian in 1959) 【1821年5月5日（作为《曼彻斯特卫报》创刊，1959年更名为《卫报》）】
Political alignment 【政治倾向】	Centre-left[1][2]【中间偏左】
Language【语言】	English【英语】
Headquarters【总部】	Kings Place, London【英国伦敦金斯广场】
Country【国家】	United Kingdom【美国】
Circulation【发行量】	105,134 (as of July 2021)[3] 【10万5134（截至2021年7月）[3]】
Sister newspapers 【姊妹报纸】	The Observer【《观察家报》】 The Guardian Weekly【《卫报周刊》】
ISSN	0261-3077 (print) 1756-3224 (web)
OCLC number 【OCLC号码】	60623878
Website【网站】	theguardian.com

1. 历史 | History

1.1 1821-1972年 | 1821 to 1972

1.1.1 早年 | Early years

图片题注：Manchester Guardian Prospectus, 1821
参考译文：《曼彻斯特卫报》创刊 prospectus，1821年

图片作者：The Guardian staff

The Manchester Guardian was founded in Manchester in 1821 by cotton merchant John Edward Taylor with backing from the Little Circle, a group of non-conformist businessmen.[25] They launched the paper, on 5 May 1821 (by chance the very day of Napoleon’s death) after the police closure of the more radical Manchester Observer, a paper that had championed the cause of the Peterloo Massacre protesters.[26] Taylor had been hostile to the radical reformers, writing: “They have appealed not to the reason but the passions and the suffering of their abused and credulous fellow-countrymen, from whose ill-requited industry they extort for themselves the means of a plentiful and comfortable existence. They do not toil, neither do they spin, but they live better than those that do.”[27] When the government closed down the Manchester Observer, the mill-owners’ champions had the upper hand.[28]
【参考译文】《曼彻斯特卫报》于1821年由棉商约翰·爱德华·泰勒在“小圈子”（Little Circle）的支持下在曼彻斯特创立。“小圈子”是一群非国教徒商人组成的团体。他们在1821年5月5日（恰巧是拿破仑去世的日子）推出了该报，此前警方关闭了更加激进的《曼彻斯特观察家报》，该报曾支持彼得卢大tu2 sha1 kang4 yi4者的事业。泰勒对激进改革者持敌对态度，写道：“他们诉诸的不是理性而是被误导和轻信的同胞的情感和痛苦，从这些同胞得不到回报的劳动中榨取自己充裕舒适生活的手段。他们既不劳作也不纺织，但他们的生活却比那些劳动者更好。”当政府关闭《曼彻斯特观察家报》时，那些拥护工厂主的人便占据了上风。

The influential journalist Jeremiah Garnett joined Taylor during the establishment of the paper, and all of the Little Circle wrote articles for the new paper.[29] The prospectus announcing the new publication proclaimed that it would “zealously enforce the principles of civil and religious Liberty … warmly advocate the cause of Reform … endeavour to assist in the diffusion of just principles of Political Economy and … support, without reference to the party from which they emanate, all serviceable measures”.[30] In 1825, the paper merged with the British Volunteer and was known as The Manchester Guardian and British Volunteer until 1828.[31]
【参考译文】有影响力的记者杰里米亚·加内特在报纸创立期间加入了泰勒，小圈子的所有成员都为新报纸撰写了文章。宣布新刊物的创刊号声明宣称，它将“热情地维护公民和宗教自由的原则……积极倡导改革事业……努力帮助传播正确的政治经济学原理……并且……不论这些措施出自哪个党派，都将支持所有有用的办法”。1825年，该报纸与《英国志愿军报》合并，并在1828年之前被称为《曼彻斯特卫报和英国志愿军报》。

The working-class Manchester and Salford Advertiser called The Manchester Guardian “the foul prostitute and dirty parasite of the worst portion of the mill-owners”.[32] The Manchester Guardian was generally hostile to labour’s claims. Of the 1832 Ten Hours Bill, the paper doubted whether in view of the foreign competition “the passing of a law positively enacting a gradual destruction of the cotton manufacture in this kingdom would be a much less rational procedure.”[33] The Manchester Guardian dismissed strikes as the work of outside agitators, stating that “if an accommodation can be effected, the occupation of the agents of the Union is gone. They live on strife … .”[34]
【参考译文】工人阶级的《曼彻斯特和索尔福德广告报》称《曼彻斯特卫报》为“最恶劣的工厂主那一部分的肮脏妓女和污秽寄生虫”。《曼彻斯特卫报》通常对劳工的要求持敌对态度。对于1832年的《十小时工作法案》，该报怀疑考虑到外国竞争，“通过一项法律实际规定逐步摧毁我国的棉花制造业是否会是一个更理性的程序。”《曼彻斯特卫报》将ba4 gong1归咎于外部煽动者的工作，声称“如果能够达成和解，工会代理人的工作就没了。他们靠冲突生存……。”

In March 2023, an academic review commissioned by the Scott Trust determined that John Edward Taylor and nine of his eleven backers had links to the Atlantic slave trade through their interests in Manchester’s textile industry.[35]
【参考译文】2023年3月，由斯科特信托委托进行的一项学术审查确定，约翰·爱德华·泰勒及其十一位支持者中的九位通过他们在曼彻斯特纺织业的利益与大西洋奴隶贸易有联系。

1.1.2 奴隶制和美国内战 | Slavery and the American Civil War

The newspaper opposed slavery and supported free trade. An 1823 leading article on the continuing “cruelty and injustice” to slaves in the West Indies long after the abolition of the slave trade with the Slave Trade Act 1807 wanted fairness to the interests and claims both of the planters and of their oppressed slaves.[36] It welcomed the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 and accepted the “increased compensation” to the planters as the “guilt of slavery attaches far more to the nation” rather than individuals. Success of the Act would encourage emancipation in other slave-owning nations to avoid “imminent risk of a violent and bloody termination.”[37] However, the newspaper argued against restricting trade with countries that had not yet abolished slavery.[38]
【参考译文】该报纸反对奴隶制并支持自由贸易。一篇1823年的主要文章讨论了在1807年废奴法案通过后西印度群岛继续存在的对奴隶的“残忍和不公正”待遇，希望对种植园主和受压迫的奴隶双方的利益和诉求都能做到公平对待。该报欢迎1833年废除奴隶制法案，并接受给予种植园主“增加补偿”的做法，理由是“奴隶制的罪恶更多地附着于国家而非个人”。法案的成功将会鼓励其他拥有奴隶的国家也走向解放奴隶的道路，以避免“暴力和血腥的终结”的风险。然而，该报纸反对限制与尚未废除奴隶制国家的贸易往来。

Complex tensions developed in the United States.[39] When the abolitionist George Thompson toured, the newspaper said that “[s]lavery is a monstrous evil, but civil war is not a less one; and we would not seek the abolition even of the former through the imminent hazard of the latter”. It suggested that the United States should compensate slave-owners for freeing slaves[40] and called on President Franklin Pierce to resolve the 1856 “civil war”, the Sacking of Lawrence due to pro-slavery laws imposed by Congress.[41]
【参考译文】在美国，复杂的紧张局势发展起来。当废奴主义者乔治·汤普森巡回演讲时，该报纸表示“奴隶制是一种巨大的邪恶，但内战也不是较小的邪恶；我们不会甚至冒着后者迫在眉睫的危险去寻求前者的废除。”它建议美国应该补偿奴隶主释放奴隶的行为，并呼吁总统富兰克林·皮尔斯解决1856年的“内战”，即由于国会强加的亲奴隶制法律导致的劳伦斯事件。

In 1860, The Observer quoted a report that the newly elected president Abraham Lincoln was opposed to abolition of slavery.[42] On 13 May 1861, shortly after the start of the American Civil War, the Manchester Guardian portrayed the Northern states as primarily imposing a burdensome trade monopoly on the Confederate States, arguing that if the South was freed to have direct trade with Europe, “the day would not be distant when slavery itself would cease”. Therefore, the newspaper asked “Why should the South be prevented from freeing itself from slavery?”[43] This hopeful view was also held by the Liberal leader William Ewart Gladstone.[44]
【参考译文】1860年，《观察家报》引用了一份报告称，新当选的总统亚伯拉罕·林肯反对废除奴隶制。1861年5月13日，在美国内战刚刚开始不久后，《曼彻斯特卫报》将北方各州描绘成主要对邦联各州施加重负的贸易垄断者，并认为如果南方能够自由地与欧洲直接贸易，“奴隶制本身停止的日子将不会遥远”。因此，该报纸问到“为什么南方不能被允许摆脱奴隶制呢？”这一乐观的观点也被自由党领袖威廉·尤尔特·格莱斯顿持有。

图片题注：Statue of Abraham Lincoln in Manchester, with extracts from the working men’s letter and his reply on its base
参考译文：曼彻斯特的亚伯拉罕·林肯雕像，底座上刻有工人信件的摘录及其回复

图片作者：Photograph by Mike Peel (www.mikepeel.net). and one more author

There was division in Britain over the Civil War, even within political parties. The Manchester Guardian had also been conflicted. It had supported other independence movements and felt it should also support the rights of the Confederacy to self-determination. It criticised Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation for not freeing all American slaves.[44] On 10 October 1862, it wrote: “It is impossible to cast any reflections upon a man so evidently sincere and well-intentioned as Mr Lincoln but it is also impossible not to feel that it was an evil day both for America and the world, when he was chosen President of the United States”.[45]
【参考译文】在美国内战期间，英国内部对此存在分歧，即使在政党内部也是如此。《曼彻斯特卫报》也有矛盾之处。它支持其他独立运动，并认为也应该支持邦联自决的权利。它批评林肯的《解放黑人奴隶宣言》没有解放所有的美国奴隶。1862年10月10日，它写道：“不可能对像林肯先生这样显然真诚和善意的人提出任何批评，但同样也不可能不感到当他被选为美国总统时，对美国和世界来说都是不幸的一天。”

By then, the Union blockade was causing suffering in British towns. Some including Liverpool supported the Confederacy as did “current opinion in all classes” in London. On 31 December 1862, cotton workers held a meeting at the Free Trade Hall in Manchester which resolved “its detestation of negro slavery in America, and of the attempt of the rebellious Southern slave-holders to organise on the great American continent a nation having slavery as its basis”. There was a comment that “an effort had been made in a leading article of the Manchester Guardian to deter the working men from assembling together for such a purpose”. The newspaper reported all this and published their letter to President Lincoln[46] while complaining that “the chief occupation, if not the chief object of the meeting, seems to have been to abuse the Manchester Guardian“.[45] Lincoln replied to the letter thanking the workers for their “sublime Christian heroism” and American ships delivered relief supplies to Britain.[46]
【参考译文】到那时，联邦的封锁已经在英国城镇中造成了苦难。包括利物浦在内的一些地方支持邦联，伦敦各界的普遍舆论也是如此。1862年12月31日，棉纺工人在曼彻斯特的自由贸易大厅举行了一次会议，决议“痛恨美国的黑人奴隶制，以及叛乱的南部奴隶主试图在北美大陆上建立一个以奴隶制为基础的新国家”的行为。有人评论说，“《曼彻斯特卫报》在其一篇社论中试图阻止工人们为了这样的目的聚集在一起”。该报纸报道了这一切，并发表了他们写给林肯总统的信，同时抱怨说，“会议的主要活动，如果不是主要目的，似乎是诋毁《曼彻斯特卫报》。”林肯回复了这封信，感谢工人们的“崇高的基督教英雄主义”，美国船只向英国运送了救援物资。

The newspaper reported the shock to the community of the assassination of Abraham Lincoln in 1865, concluding that “[t]he parting of his family with the dying President is too sad for description”,[47] but in what from today’s perspective looks an ill-judged editorial wrote that “[o]f his rule we can never speak except as a series of acts abhorrent to every true notion of constitutional right and human liberty”, adding: “it is doubtless to be regretted that he had not the opportunity of vindicating his good intentions”.[44]
【参考译文】该报纸报道了1865年亚伯拉罕·林肯遇刺对社区造成的震惊，总结道：“总统临终时刻与其家人的告别悲伤得难以言表。”但是，在一篇从今天的视角来看似乎是判断失误的社论中写道：“对于他的统治，我们除了将其视为一系列违背一切真正的宪法权利和人类自由观念的行为之外，无法做出其他评价”，并补充说：“毫无疑问，令人遗憾的是他没有机会证明自己的良好意图。”

According to Martin Kettle, writing for The Guardian in February 2011: “The Guardian had always hated slavery. But it doubted the Union hated slavery to the same degree. It argued that the Union had always tacitly condoned slavery by shielding the southern slave states from the condemnation they deserved. It was critical of Lincoln’s emancipation proclamation for stopping short of a full repudiation of slavery throughout the US. And it chastised the president for being so willing to negotiate with the south, with slavery one of the issues still on the table.”[48]
【参考译文】根据马丁·凯特于2011年2月为《卫报》撰写的文章：“《卫报》一直憎恶奴隶制。但它怀疑联邦是否也同样憎恶奴隶制。《卫报》认为联邦一直通过保护南部蓄奴州免受应得的谴责而默认了奴隶制的存在。它批评林肯的解放宣言未能全面否定全美的奴隶制。并且它指责总统如此愿意与南方谈判，而奴隶制仍然是谈判桌上的议题之一。”

1.1.3 C. P. Scott

C. P. Scott made the newspaper nationally recognised. He was editor for 57 years from 1872, and became its owner when he bought the paper from the estate of Taylor’s son in 1907. Under Scott, the paper’s moderate editorial line became more radical, supporting William Gladstone when the Liberals split in 1886, and opposing the Second Boer War against popular opinion.[49] Scott supported the movement for women’s suffrage, but was critical of any tactics by the Suffragettes that involved direct action:[50] “The really ludicrous position is that Mr Lloyd George is fighting to enfranchise seven million women and the militants are smashing unoffending people’s windows and breaking up benevolent societies’ meetings in a desperate effort to prevent him.” Scott thought the Suffragettes’ “courage and devotion” was “worthy of a better cause and saner leadership”.[51] It has been argued that Scott’s criticism reflected a widespread disdain, at the time, for those women who “transgressed the gender expectations of Edwardian society“.[50]
【参考译文】C. P. 斯科特使该报纸获得了全国性的认可。他从1872年开始担任编辑长达57年，并在1907年从泰勒的儿子的遗产中买下了该报纸，成为了它的主人。在斯科特的领导下，该报纸原本温和的编辑路线变得更加激进，在1886年自由党内部分裂时支持威廉·格莱斯顿，并且不顾大众舆论反对第二次布尔战争。斯科特支持女性选举权运动，但他批评了任何涉及直接行动的女性参政论者的策略：“真正荒谬的情况是，劳合·乔治先生正在争取让七百万女性获得选举权，而激进派却在拼命地打砸无辜者的窗户和破坏慈善组织的会议，试图阻止他。”斯科特认为女性参政论者的“勇气和奉献精神”是“值得更好的事业和更理智的领导的”。有人认为，斯科特的批评反映了当时对那些“违反了爱德华时代社会性别期望”的女性的广泛鄙视。

Scott commissioned J. M. Synge and his friend Jack Yeats to produce articles and drawings documenting the social conditions of the west of Ireland; these pieces were published in 1911 in the collection Travels in Wicklow, West Kerry and Connemara.[52]
【参考译文】斯科特委托J. M. Synge和他的朋友Jack Yeats撰写文章并绘制插图，以记录爱尔兰西部的社会状况；这些作品于1911年收录在《在威克洛、凯里西部和康尼马拉的旅行》一书中出版。

Scott’s friendship with Chaim Weizmann played a role in the Balfour Declaration. In 1948 The Manchester Guardian was a supporter of the new State of Israel.[citation needed]
【参考译文】斯科特与哈伊姆·魏茨曼的友谊在贝尔福宣言中发挥了作用。1948年，《曼彻斯特卫报》支持新生的以色列国。[需要引证]

Ownership of the paper passed in June 1936 to the Scott Trust (named after the last owner, John Russell Scott, who was the first chairman of the Trust). This move ensured the paper’s independence.[53][additional citation(s) needed]
【参考译文】该报纸的所有权在1936年6月移交给了斯科特信托（以最后一位所有者约翰·拉塞尔·斯科特命名，他也是信托的第一任主席）。这一举措保证了报纸的独立性。[53][需要额外的引证]

From 1930 to 1967, a special archival copy of all the daily newspapers was preserved in 700 zinc cases. These were found in 1988 whilst the newspaper’s archives were deposited at the University of Manchester‘s John Rylands University Library, on the Oxford Road campus. The first case was opened and found to contain the newspapers issued in August 1930 in pristine condition. The zinc cases had been made each month by the newspaper’s plumber and stored for posterity. The other 699 cases were not opened and were all returned to storage at The Guardian‘s garage, owing to shortage of space at the library.[54]
【参考译文】从1930年到1967年，所有日报的特别档案副本都被保存在700个锌制箱子里。这些箱子在1988年报纸档案存放在曼彻斯特大学约翰·赖兰兹大学图书馆（位于牛津路校区）时被发现。第一个箱子被打开了，里面发现了保存完好的1930年8月发行的报纸。这些锌箱子是由报社的管道工每个月制作的，并为了后代保存起来。由于图书馆空间不足，其余699个箱子未被打开，并全部被送回《卫报》的车库保存。

1.1.4 西班牙内战 | Spanish Civil War

Traditionally affiliated with the centrist to centre-left Liberal Party, and with a northern, non-conformist circulation base, the paper earned a national reputation and the respect of the left during the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939). George Orwell wrote in Homage to Catalonia (1938): “Of our larger papers, the Manchester Guardian is the only one that leaves me with an increased respect for its honesty”.[55] With the pro-Liberal News Chronicle, the Labour-supporting Daily Herald, the Communist Party‘s Daily Worker and several Sunday and weekly papers, it supported the Republican government against General Francisco Franco‘s insurgent nationalists.[56] 【参考译文】传统上与中间偏左的自由党结盟，并拥有北部非国教徒读者基础的《曼彻斯特卫报》，在西班牙内战（1936–1939）期间赢得了全国性的声誉，并得到了左翼的尊重。乔治·奥威尔在《向加泰罗尼亚致敬》（1938年）中写道：“在我们的大型报纸中，《曼彻斯特卫报》是唯一让我对其诚实性更加尊敬的报纸。”与支持自由党的《新闻纪事报》、支持工党的《每日先驱报》、gong4 chan3党的《每日工人报》以及几家周报和星期日报纸一样，《曼彻斯特卫报》支持共和政府对抗佛朗哥将军领导的叛乱民族主义者。

1.1.5 战后 | Post-war

The paper’s then editor, A. P. Wadsworth, so loathed Labour’s left-wing champion Aneurin Bevan, who had made a reference to getting rid of “Tory Vermin” in a speech “and the hate-gospellers of his entourage” that it encouraged readers to vote Conservative in the 1951 general election and remove Clement Attlee’s post-war Labour government.[57]
【参考译文】该报当时的编辑A. P. Wadsworth如此厌恶工党的左翼代表人物Aneurin Bevan，因为在一次演讲中Bevan提到了要清除“保守党的败类”及其“传仇恨之道的随从”，以至于该报鼓励读者在1951年的.general选举中投票给保守党，以此来结束克莱门特·艾德礼的战后工党政府。

The Manchester Guardian strongly opposed military intervention during the 1956 Suez Crisis: “The Anglo-French ultimatum to Egypt is an act of folly, without justification in any terms but brief expediency. It pours petrol on a growing fire. There is no knowing what kind of explosion will follow.”[58][59]
【参考译文】在1956年的苏伊士运河危机中，《曼彻斯特卫报》强烈反对军事干预：“英法两国对埃及发出的最后通牒是一种愚蠢的行为，除了短暂的权宜之计外没有任何正当理由。这无异于在熊熊烈火上浇汽油，谁也不知道接下来会发生什么样的爆炸。”

On 24 August 1959, The Manchester Guardian changed its name to The Guardian. This change reflected the growing prominence of national and international affairs in the newspaper.[60] In September 1961, The Guardian, which had previously only been published in Manchester, began to be printed in London.[61] Nesta Roberts was appointed as the newspaper’s first news editor there, becoming the first woman to hold such a position on a British national newspaper.[62]
【参考译文】1959年8月24日，《曼彻斯特卫报》更名为《卫报》。这一更改反映了该报对国内外事务报道日益增长的重要性。1961年9月，《卫报》开始在伦敦印刷，此前它只在曼彻斯特出版。奈斯塔·罗伯茨被任命为该报在伦敦的第一位新闻编辑，成为首位在英国全国性报纸上担任此类职务的女性。

1.2 1972-2000年 | 1972 to 2000

1.2.1 “麻烦”（北爱尔兰冲突）| The Troubles

During the early period of the Troubles, The Guardian supported British state intervention to quell disturbances between Irish Catholics and Ulster loyalists in Northern Ireland.[63] After the Battle of the Bogside between Catholic residents of Derry and the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC), The Guardian called for the British Armed Forces to be deployed to the region, arguing that their deployment would “present a more disinterested face of law and order” than the RUC.”[64]
【参考译文】在北爱尔兰问题初期阶段，《卫报》支持英国政府介入以平息爱尔兰天主教徒与北爱尔兰忠诚派之间的冲突。在德里的沼侧区居民与皇家阿尔斯特警署（RUC）之间的冲突（博格赛德之战）之后，《卫报》呼吁部署英国武装部队到该地区，认为军队的部署将比RUC“呈现一个更为中立的法治面貌”。

On 30 January 1972, troops from the 1st Battalion, Parachute Regiment opened fire on a Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association march, killing fourteen people in an event that would come to be known as Bloody Sunday. In response to the incident, The Guardian argued that “Neither side can escape condemnation… The organizers of the demonstration, Miss Bernadette Devlin among them, deliberately challenged the ban on marches. They knew that stone throwing and sniping could not be prevented, and that the IRA might use the crowd as a shield.”[65] The Guardian further stated that “It is certainly true that the army cordons had endured a wanton barrage of stones, steel bars, and other missiles. That still does not justify opening fire so freely.”[65]
【参考译文】1972年1月30日，来自空降兵第一营的部队向北爱尔兰公民权利协会的一次游行开火，造成十四人死亡，这一事件后来被称为“血腥星期日”。针对这一事件，《卫报》认为：“双方都无法逃脱谴责……包括伯纳黛特·德夫林小姐在内的示威组织者故意挑战了禁止游行的禁令。他们知道无法阻止投掷石块和狙击，而且爱尔兰共和军可能会利用人群作为掩护。”《卫报》进一步表示：“军队的封锁线确实遭受了肆意的石块、钢筋和其他投射物的攻击。但这仍然不能成为如此随意开火的正当理由。”

After the events of Bloody Sunday, John Widgery, Baron Widgery was appointed the head of a tribunal to investigate the killings. The resulting tribunal, known as the Widgery Tribunal, largely exonerated the actions of the soldiers involved in the incident.[66][67] The Guardian published an article on 20 April 1972 which supported the tribunal and its findings, arguing that “Widgery’s report is not one-sided”.[68]
【参考译文】在“血腥星期日”事件之后，约翰·威德格里，威德格里勋爵被任命为一个调查杀戮事件的法庭负责人。由此产生的被称为威德格里法庭的调查结果基本上为涉事士兵的行为开脱了责任。《卫报》在1972年4月20日发表了一篇文章支持该法庭及其结论，认为“威德格里的报告并非一面之词”。

In response to the introduction of internment without trial in Northern Ireland, The Guardian argued that “Internment without trial is hateful, repressive and undemocratic. In the existing Irish situation, most regrettably, it is also inevitable… To remove the ringleaders, in the hope that the atmosphere might calm down, is a step to which there is no obvious alternative.”[69]
【参考译文】针对在北爱尔兰引入不经审判的监禁制度，《卫报》认为，“不经审判的监禁是令人憎恶的、压制性的和反民主的。但在现有的爱尔兰局势下，非常遗憾的是，这也是不可避免的……移除那些首要分子，希望局势可能因此平静下来，这是一个没有明显替代方案的步骤。”

1.2.2 莎拉·蒂斯代尔事件 | Sarah Tisdall

In 1983, the paper was at the centre of a controversy surrounding documents regarding the stationing of cruise missiles in Britain that were leaked to The Guardian by civil servant Sarah Tisdall. The paper eventually complied with a court order to hand over the documents to the authorities, which resulted in a six-month prison sentence for Tisdall,[70] though she served only four. “I still blame myself”, said Peter Preston, who was the editor of The Guardian at the time, but he went on to argue that the paper had no choice because it “believed in the rule of law”.[71] In a 2019 article discussing Julian Assange and the protection of sources by journalists, John Pilger criticised the editor of The Guardian for betraying Tisdall by choosing not to go to prison “on a fundamental principle of protecting a source”.[72]
【参考译文】1983年，该报纸因公务员莎拉·蒂斯代尔泄露有关在英国部署巡航导弹的文件给《卫报》而卷入了一场争议。报纸最终遵从法院命令将文件交给了当局，这导致蒂斯代尔被判六个月的监禁，尽管她只服刑了四个月。“我仍然责怪自己，”彼得·普雷斯顿说道，他在当时是《卫报》的编辑，但他接着辩解说报纸别无选择，因为它“相信法治”。在一篇2019年关于朱利安·阿桑奇和记者保护消息来源的文章中，约翰·皮尔格批评了《卫报》的编辑，因为他选择不去坐牢以坚持保护消息来源这一基本原则而背叛了蒂斯代尔。

1.2.3 据称俄罗斯情报部门渗透 | Alleged penetration by Russian intelligence

In 1994, KGB defector Oleg Gordievsky identified Guardian literary editor Richard Gott as “an agent of influence”. While Gott denied that he received cash, he admitted he had had lunch at the Soviet Embassy and had taken benefits from the KGB on overseas visits. Gott resigned from his post.[73]
【参考译文】1994年，苏联情报局（KGB）叛逃者奥列格·戈迪耶夫斯基指认《卫报》文学编辑理查德·戈特为“影响力代理人”。尽管戈特否认自己收过现金，但他承认曾在苏联大使馆用餐，并在海外访问时接受了克格勃的好处。戈特因此辞去了他的职务。

Gordievsky commented on the newspaper: “The KGB loved The Guardian. It was deemed highly susceptible to penetration.”[74]
【参考译文】戈迪耶夫斯基还评论该报纸说：“克格勃喜爱《卫报》。该报被认为极易受到渗透。”

1.2.4 Jonathan Aitken

In 1995, both the Granada Television programme World in Action and The Guardian were sued for libel by the then cabinet minister Jonathan Aitken, for their allegation that Harrods owner Mohamed Al Fayed had paid for Aitken and his wife to stay at the Hôtel Ritz in Paris, which would have amounted to accepting a bribe on Aitken’s part. Aitken publicly stated that he would fight with “the simple sword of truth and the trusty shield of British fair play”.[75] The court case proceeded, and in 1997 The Guardian produced evidence that Aitken’s claim of his wife paying for the hotel stay was untrue.[76] In 1999, Aitken was jailed for perjury and perverting the course of justice.[77]
【参考译文】1995年，格兰达电视节目《世界在行动》和《卫报》因指控时任内阁大臣乔纳森·艾特肯接受哈罗兹百货公司老板穆罕默德·阿尔·法耶德支付其与妻子在巴黎丽兹酒店的住宿费用而遭到诽谤诉讼，这相当于艾特肯接受了贿赂。艾特肯公开表示他将用“简单的真理之剑和英国公平竞赛的可靠盾牌”来进行抗争。诉讼案继续进行，1997年，《卫报》提供了证据证明艾特肯关于其妻子支付酒店住宿费的说法不属实。1999年，艾特肯因伪证罪和妨碍司法公正而被判入狱。

1.2.5 Connection

In May 1998, a series of Guardian investigations exposed the wholesale fabrication of a much-garlanded ITV documentary The Connection, produced by Carlton Television.
【参考译文】1998年5月，《卫报》的一系列调查揭露了由卡尔顿电视台制作的获奖众多的ITV纪录片《Connection》的大规模造假行为。

The documentary purported to film an undiscovered route by which heroin was smuggled into the United Kingdom from Colombia. An internal inquiry at Carlton found that The Guardian‘s allegations were in large part correct and the then industry regulator, the ITC, punished Carlton with a record £2 million fine[78] for multiple breaches of the UK’s broadcasting codes. The scandal led to an impassioned debate about the accuracy of documentary production.[79][80]
【参考译文】这部纪录片声称拍摄到了一条从哥伦比亚走私海洛因进入英国的新路线。卡尔顿内部的调查发现，《卫报》的指控在很大程度上是正确的，当时的行业监管机构ITC因违反英国广播准则对卡尔顿处以创纪录的200万英镑罚款。这一丑闻引发了关于纪录片制作准确性的激烈辩论。

Later in June 1998, The Guardian revealed further fabrications in another Carlton documentary from the same director.[81]
【参考译文】1998年6月晚些时候，《卫报》又揭露了同一导演制作的另一部卡尔顿纪录片中的进一步造假行为。

1.2.6 科索沃战争 | Kosovo War

The paper supported NATO‘s military intervention in the Kosovo War in 1998–1999. The Guardian stated that “the only honourable course for Europe and America is to use military force”.[82] Mary Kaldor‘s piece was headlined “Bombs away! But to save civilians, we must get in some soldiers too.”[83]
【参考译文】该报纸支持1998-1999年北约在科索沃战争中的军事干预。《卫报》表示，“对于欧洲和美国而言，唯一的荣誉之路就是使用军事力量”。玛丽·卡尔多的文章标题是“投弹吧！但为了拯救平民，我们也必须派一些士兵进去。”

1.3 2000年以来 | Since 2000

图片题注：The Guardian senior news writer Esther Addley interviewing Ecuadorian foreign minister Ricardo Patiño for an article relating to Julian Assange in 2014
参考译文：《卫报》高级新闻记者埃丝特·阿德利在2014年采访厄瓜多尔外交部长里卡多·帕蒂诺，撰写了一篇与朱利安·阿桑奇有关的文章。

图片作者：David G Silvers/Cancillería del Ecuador

In the early 2000s, The Guardian challenged the Act of Settlement 1701 and the Treason Felony Act 1848.[84][85] In October 2004, The Guardian published a humorous column by Charlie Brooker in its entertainment guide, the final sentence of which was viewed by some as a call for violence against U.S. President George W. Bush; after a controversy, Brooker and the paper issued an apology, saying the “closing comments were intended as an ironic joke, not as a call to action”.[86]
【参考译文】在2000年代初，《卫报》挑战了1701年的《继承法案》和1848年的《叛国重罪法案》。2004年10月，《卫报》在其娱乐指南中发布了一篇查理·布鲁克撰写的幽默专栏文章，该文章的最后一句话被一些人视为对美国总统乔治·W·布什的暴力呼吁；在引发争议后，布鲁克和报社进行了道歉，称“最后的评论是作为一个讽刺的笑话，而不是行动的号召”。

Following the 7 July 2005 London bombings, The Guardian published an article on its comment pages by Dilpazier Aslam, a 27-year-old British Muslim and journalism trainee from Yorkshire.[87] Aslam was a member of Hizb ut-Tahrir, an Islamist group, and had published a number of articles on their website. According to the newspaper, it did not know that Aslam was a member of Hizb ut-Tahrir when he applied to become a trainee, though several staff members were informed of this once he started at the paper.[88] The Home Office said that the group’s “ultimate aim is the establishment of an Islamic state (Caliphate), according to Hizb ut-Tahrir via non-violent means”. The Guardian asked Aslam to resign his membership of the group and, when he did not do so, terminated his employment.[89]
【参考译文】在2005年7月7日伦敦爆炸事件发生后，《卫报》在其评论版面发表了一篇文章，作者是来自约克郡的27岁英国mu4 si1 lin2迪尔帕齐尔·阿斯兰，他是yi1 si1 lan2团体“塔赫里尔党”的成员，并在其网站上发布过多篇文章。据该报称，在阿斯兰申请成为实习生时并不知道他是塔赫里尔党的成员，尽管在他开始在报社工作后有一些工作人员得知了这一点。内政部表示，该组织的“最终目标是通过非暴力手段建立一个yi1 si1 lan2国家（哈里发guo2）”。《卫报》要求阿斯兰辞去该组织的成员身份，当他没有这样做时，报社终止了他的雇佣关系。

In early 2009, The Guardian started a tax investigation into a number of major UK companies,[90] including publishing a database of the tax paid by the FTSE 100 companies.[91] Internal documents relating to Barclays Bank‘s tax avoidance were removed from The Guardian website after Barclays obtained a gagging order.[92] The newspaper played a pivotal role in exposing the depth of the News of the World phone hacking affair. The Economist‘s Intelligent Life magazine opined that:
【参考译文】2009年初，《卫报》开始了对多家英国主要公司的税务调查，并发布了一份包含富时100指数公司所缴税款的数据库。在巴克莱银行获得禁令后，与该银行避税相关的内部文件从《卫报》网站上被删除。该报在揭露《世界新闻报》电话窃听事件的深度方面起到了关键作用。《经济学人》杂志的《智慧生活》专栏评论道：

As Watergate is to the Washington Post, and thalidomide to the Sunday Times, so phone-hacking will surely be to The Guardian: a defining moment in its history.[93]

【参考译文】“正如水门事件之于《华盛顿邮报》，反应停药物事件之于《星期日泰晤士报》，电话窃听事件无疑将成为《卫报》历史上的决定性时刻。”

1.3.1 巴以冲突报道 | Israeli-Palestinian conflict coverage

In recent decades, The Guardian has been accused of biased criticism of Israeli government policy[94] and of bias against the Palestinians.[95] In December 2003, columnist Julie Burchill cited “striking bias against the state of Israel” as one of the reasons she left the paper for The Times.[96]
【参考译文】近年来，《卫报》被指责对以色列政府政策存在偏向性的批评，并且对巴勒斯坦人存在偏见。2003年12月，专栏作家朱莉·伯奇尔引用了“对以色列国明显的偏见”作为她离开《卫报》转投《泰晤士报》的原因之一。

Responding to these accusations, a Guardian editorial in 2002 condemned antisemitism and defended the paper’s right to criticise the policies and actions of the Israeli government, arguing that those who view such criticism as inherently anti-Jewish are mistaken.[97] Harriet Sherwood, then The Guardian‘s foreign editor, later its Jerusalem correspondent, has also denied that The Guardian has an anti-Israel bias, saying that the paper aims to cover all viewpoints in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.[98]
【参考译文】回应这些指责，《卫报》在2002年发表了一篇社论，谴责反犹太主义，并捍卫了报纸批评以色列政府政策和行为的权利，认为那些认为这种批评本质上是反犹太的人是错误的。哈里特·舍伍德，曾任《卫报》外事编辑，后来成为耶路撒冷通讯员，也否认《卫报》存在反以色列的偏见，表示该报旨在涵盖以巴冲突中的所有观点。

On 6 November 2011, Chris Elliott, The Guardian‘s readers’ editor, wrote that “Guardian reporters, writers and editors must be more vigilant about the language they use when writing about Jews or Israel”, citing recent cases where The Guardian received complaints regarding language chosen to describe Jews or Israel. Elliott noted that, over nine months, he upheld complaints regarding language in certain articles that were seen as anti-Semitic, revising the language and footnoting this change.[99]
【参考译文】2011年11月6日，《卫报》读者编辑克里斯·埃利奥特写道，“《卫报》的记者、作者和编辑在写作涉及犹太人或以色列的内容时，必须更加警惕他们使用的语言”，他提到了最近几起《卫报》收到投诉的案例，这些投诉针对的是选择用来描述犹太人或以色列的语言。埃利奥特指出，在九个月的时间里，他支持了关于某些文章语言的投诉，这些语言被视为反犹太，并修改了这些语言，并对改动进行了注脚说明。

The Guardian‘s style guide section referred to Tel Aviv as the capital of Israel in 2012. In 2012, media watchdog HonestReporting filed a complaint with the Press Complaints Commission (PCC) after The Guardian ran a correction apologizing for “wrongly” having called Jerusalem as Israel’s capital. After an initial ruling supporting The Guardian, the PCC retracted its original ruling, leading to the newspaper’s acknowledgement that it was wrong to call Tel Aviv Israel’s capital.[100][101][102]
【参考译文】《卫报》的风格指南部分在2012年将特拉维夫称为以色列的首都。2012年，在《卫报》发布了一则更正声明，为其“错误地”称耶路撒冷为以色列首都而道歉后，媒体监督组织HonestReporting向新闻投诉委员会（PCC）提出了投诉。在最初的裁决支持《卫报》之后，PCC撤回了其原始裁决，导致该报承认称特拉维夫为以色列首都是错误的。

The Guardian later clarified: “In 1980, the Israeli Knesset enacted a law designating the city of Jerusalem, including East Jerusalem, as the country’s capital. In response, the UN security council issued resolution 478, censuring the “change in character and status of the Holy City of Jerusalem” and calling on all member states with diplomatic missions in the city to withdraw.
【参考译文】《卫报》后来澄清道：“1980年，以色列议会通过了一项法律，指定包括东耶路撒冷在内的耶路撒冷市为该国的首都。作为回应，联合国安理会发布了第478号决议，谴责‘圣城耶路撒冷性质和地位的变化’，并呼吁所有在该城市设有外交使团的成员国撤回。”

The UN has reaffirmed this position on several occasions, and almost every country now has its embassy in Tel Aviv. While it was therefore right to issue a correction to make clear Israel’s designation of Jerusalem as its capital is not recognised by the international community, we accept that it is wrong to state that Tel Aviv – the country’s financial and diplomatic centre – is the capital. The style guide has been amended accordingly.”[103]
【参考译文】联合国在多个场合重申了这一立场，几乎所有国家现在都在特拉维夫设有大使馆。虽然因此发布更正是正确的，以表明国际社会不承认以色列将耶路撒冷指定为其首都，但我们承认，声明特拉维夫——这个国家的金融和外交中心——是首都，这是不对的。风格指南已相应进行了修正。”

On 11 August 2014 the print edition of The Guardian published a pro-Israeli advocacy advert during the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict featuring Elie Wiesel, headed by the words “Jews rejected child sacrifice 3,500 years ago. Now it’s Hamas’ turn.” The Times had decided against running the ad, although it had already appeared in major American newspapers.[104] One week later, Chris Elliott expressed the opinion that the newspaper should have rejected the language used in the advert and should have negotiated with the advertiser on this matter.[105]
【参考译文】2014年8月11日，在2014年以色列-加沙冲突期间，《卫报》印刷版刊登了一则支持以色列的宣传广告，其中出现了埃利·维瑟尔，标题写着“犹太人在3500年前拒绝了献祭儿童。现在轮到哈马斯了。”《泰晤士报》决定不刊登这则广告，尽管它已经在美国的主要报纸上出现过。

In October 2023, The Guardian stated it would not renew the contract of cartoonist Steve Bell after he submitted a cartoon featuring Netanyahu, with his shirt open, wearing boxing gloves and holding a scalpel over a dotted shape of the Gaza Strip on his stomach. The caption read: “Residents of Gaza, get out now.” Due to what has been seen by some as a reference to Shakespeare’s Shylock‘s “pound of flesh”, it prompted accusations that it was antisemitic.[106] Bell said that he was inspired by the 1960s “Johnson’s Scar” cartoon by David Levine of U.S. president Lyndon B Johnson within the context of the Vietnam War.[107][108]
【参考译文】2023年10月，《卫报》表示，在漫画家史蒂夫·贝尔提交了一幅描绘内塔尼亚胡的漫画后，将不再续签他的合同。在这幅漫画中，内塔尼亚胡敞着衬衫，戴着拳击手套，手持手术刀，在腹部画出了加沙地带的轮廓，配文写着：“加沙居民们，现在离开。”由于有些人认为这是对莎士比亚笔下夏洛克“一磅肉”的影射，这引发了这幅漫画具有反犹太主义倾向的指责。贝尔表示，他的灵感来源于美国漫画家大卫·莱文在1960年代创作的关于美国总统林登·B·约翰逊的“Johnson’s Scar”漫画，该漫画是在越南战争背景下的作品。

1.3.2 克拉克县（美国）| Clark County

In August 2004, for the US presidential election, the daily G2 supplement launched an experimental letter-writing campaign in Clark County, Ohio, an average-sized county in a swing state. Editor Ian Katz bought a voter list from the county for $25 and asked readers to write to people listed as undecided in the election, giving them an impression of the international view and the importance of voting against President George W. Bush.[citation needed] Katz admitted later that he did not believe Democrats who warned that the campaign would benefit Bush and not opponent John Kerry.[109] The newspaper scrapped “Operation Clark County” on 21 October 2004 after first publishing a column of responses—nearly all of them outraged—to the campaign under the headline “Dear Limey assholes”.[110] Some commentators suggested that the public’s dislike of the campaign contributed to Bush’s victory in Clark County.[111]
【参考译文】2004年8月，在美国总统大选期间，《卫报》的日刊G2增刊在俄亥俄州的克拉克县发起了一项实验性的写信活动，克拉克县是一个摇摆州中的中等大小的县。编辑伊恩·卡茨以25美元的价格从该县购买了一份选民名单，并请求读者给那些在选举中尚未决定投票意向的人写信，目的是给他们留下国际观的印象，并强调投票反对总统乔治·W·布什的重要性。卡茨后来承认，他不相信那些警告说这项活动将会使布什受益而非对手约翰·克里的民主党人的说法。《卫报》在2004年10月21日终止了“克拉克县行动”，在此之前，该报首先发表了一篇专栏文章，汇集了对该活动的回应——几乎所有的回应都表示愤怒——标题为“致亲爱的英国混蛋们”。一些评论员认为公众对这项活动的反感促成了布什在克拉克县的胜利。

1.3.3 《卫报美国》| Guardian America and Guardian US

In 2007, the paper launched Guardian America, an attempt to capitalise on its large online readership in the United States, which at the time stood at more than 5.9 million. The company hired former American Prospect editor, New York magazine columnist and New York Review of Books writer Michael Tomasky to head the project and hire a staff of American reporters and web editors. The site featured news from The Guardian that was relevant to an American audience: coverage of US news and the Middle East, for example.[112]
【参考译文】2007年，该报纸推出了《卫报美国版》，试图利用其在美国庞大的在线读者群，当时这一数字超过了590万。公司聘请了前《美国前景》杂志编辑、《纽约杂志》专栏作家及《纽约书评》撰稿人迈克尔·托马斯基来领导该项目，并雇用了一批美国记者和网络编辑。该网站提供《卫报》的新闻内容，重点面向美国观众，例如美国新闻和中东地区的报道。

Tomasky stepped down from his position as editor of Guardian America in February 2009, ceding editing and planning duties to other US and London staff. He retained his position as a columnist and blogger, taking the title editor-at-large.[113]
【参考译文】2009 年 2 月，托玛斯基辞去《卫报美国版》主编一职，将编辑和策划工作移交给其他美国和伦敦员工。他保留了专栏作家和博主的职位，并担任特约编辑。[113]

In October 2009, the company abandoned the Guardian America homepage, instead directing users to a US news index page on the main Guardian website.[114] The following month, the company laid off six American employees, including a reporter, a multimedia producer and four web editors. The move came as Guardian News and Media opted to reconsider its US strategy amid a huge effort to cut costs across the company.[115] In subsequent years, however, The Guardian has hired various commentators on US affairs including Ana Marie Cox, Michael Wolff, Naomi Wolf, Glenn Greenwald and George W. Bush’s former speechwriter Josh Treviño.[116][117] Treviño’s first blog post was an apology for a controversial tweet posted in June 2011 over the second Gaza flotilla, the controversy which had been revived by the appointment.[118]
【参考译文】2009 年 10 月，该公司放弃了《卫报》美国版主页，而是将用户引导至《卫报》主网站上的美国新闻索引页。[114] 次月，该公司解雇了六名美国员工，包括一名记者、一名多媒体制作人和四名网络编辑。此举正值卫报新闻传媒集团在削减公司成本的大规模努力下选择重新考虑其美国战略之际。[115] 然而，在随后的几年里，《卫报》聘请了多位美国事务评论员，包括安娜·玛丽·考克斯、迈克尔·沃尔夫、内奥米·沃尔夫、格伦·格林沃尔德和乔治·W·布什的前演讲撰稿人乔什·特雷维尼奥。[116][117] 特雷维尼奥的第一篇博客文章是为 2011 年 6 月发布的一条有关第二艘jia1 sha1船队的争议推文道歉，这一争议因这项任命而重新出现。[118]

Guardian US launched in September 2011, led by editor-in-chief Janine Gibson, which replaced the previous Guardian America service.[119] After a period during which Katharine Viner served as the US editor-in-chief before taking charge of Guardian News and Media as a whole, Viner’s former deputy, Lee Glendinning, was appointed to succeed her as head of the American operation at the beginning of June 2015.[120]
【参考译文】2011 年 9 月，《卫报》美国版正式上线，由主编珍妮·吉布森（Janine Gibson）掌舵，取代了之前的《卫报美国版》。[119] 凯瑟琳·维纳曾担任美国版主编，之后接管了整个《卫报新闻传媒》部门。 2015 年 6 月初，维纳的前副手李·格伦丁宁（Lee Glendinning）被任命接替她担任美国版业务的负责人。[120]

1.3.4 被禁止报道议会 | Gagged from reporting Parliament

In October 2009, The Guardian reported that it was forbidden to report on a parliamentary matter – a question recorded in a Commons order paper, to be answered by a minister later that week.[121] The newspaper noted that it was being “forbidden from telling its readers why the paper is prevented—for the first time in memory—from reporting parliament. Legal obstacles, which cannot be identified, involve proceedings, which cannot be mentioned, on behalf of a client who must remain secret. The only fact The Guardian can report is that the case involves the London solicitors Carter-Ruck.” The paper further claimed that this case appears “to call into question privileges guaranteeing free speech established under the 1689 Bill of Rights“.[122]
【参考译文】2009年10月，《卫报》报道说，它被禁止报道一件国会事务——一项记录在下议院命令文件中的问题，该问题将在当周晚些时候由一名部长回答。该报纸指出，它被“禁止告知读者为什么报纸首次被禁止（记忆中第一次）报道国会”。无法识别的法律障碍涉及无法提及的案件，代表一个必须保密的客户。《卫报》唯一能报告的事实是，这个案件涉及伦敦律师事务所Carter-Ruck。该报进一步声称，此案似乎“质疑了在1689年权利法案下确立的言论自由特权”。

The only parliamentary question mentioning Carter-Ruck in the relevant period was by Paul Farrelly MP, in reference to legal action by Barclays and Trafigura.[123][124] The part of the question referencing Carter-Ruck relates to the latter company’s September 2009 gagging order on the publication of a 2006 internal report[125] into the 2006 Côte d’Ivoire toxic waste dump scandal, which involved a class action case that the company only settled in September 2009 after The Guardian published some of the commodity trader’s internal emails.[126] The reporting injunction was lifted the next day, as Carter-Ruck withdrew it before The Guardian could challenge it in the High Court.[127] Alan Rusbridger attributed the rapid back-down by Carter-Ruck to postings on Twitter,[128] as did a BBC News Online article.[129]
【参考译文】在相关时期内唯一提到Carter-Ruck的议会问题是议员保罗·法雷利提出的，涉及到巴克莱银行和托克集团的法律行动。该问题中提到Carter-Ruck的部分与后者公司在2009年9月下达的封口令有关，封口令禁止公布一份2006年的内部报告，这份报告涉及2006年科特迪瓦有毒废物倾倒丑闻。该事件涉及一起集体诉讼案件，该公司仅在2009年9月《卫报》公布了一些商品交易商的内部邮件后才解决了此案。报道禁令在第二天被解除，因为Carter-Ruck在《卫报》能够向高等法院提出挑战之前撤回了禁令。艾伦·拉斯布里奇将Carter-Ruck迅速让步归因于Twitter上的帖子，BBC新闻在线的一篇文章也持相同看法。

1.3.5 爱德华·斯诺登泄密和英国政府干预 | Edward Snowden leaks and intervention by the UK government

In June 2013, the newspaper broke news of the secret collection of Verizon telephone records held by Barack Obama‘s administration[22][130] and subsequently revealed the existence of the PRISM surveillance program after it was leaked to the paper by former NSA contractor Edward Snowden.[23] The Guardian said a DSMA-Notice had been sent to editors and journalists on 7 June after the first Guardian story about the Snowden documents. It said the DSMA-Notice was being used as an “attempt to censor coverage of surveillance tactics employed by intelligence agencies in the UK and US”.[131]
【参考译文】2013年6月，该报纸披露了巴拉克·奥巴马政府秘密收集的Verizon电话记录的消息[22][130]，随后在前国家安全局（NSA）承包商爱德华·斯诺登将信息泄露给该报后，揭示了棱镜（PRISM）监视计划的存在。《卫报》称，在6月7日，即《卫报》发表关于斯诺登文件的第一篇报道后，向编辑和记者发送了一份DSMA-Notice（国防与安全传媒协议通知）。该报说，DSMA-Notice被用作“试图审查关于英美情报机构所采用的监视手段的报道”。

The newspaper was subsequently contacted by the British government’s Cabinet Secretary, Sir Jeremy Heywood, under instruction from Prime Minister David Cameron and Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg, who ordered that the hard drives containing the information be destroyed.[132] The Guardian‘s offices were then visited in July by agents from the UK’s GCHQ, who supervised the destruction of the hard drives containing information acquired from Snowden.[133] The Guardian said it had destroyed the hard drives to avoid threatened legal action by the UK government that could have stopped it from reporting on US and British government surveillance contained in the documents.[134]
【参考译文】随后，该报纸接到了英国内阁秘书杰瑞米·海伍德爵士的联系，后者是根据首相戴维·卡梅伦和副首相尼克·克莱格的指示行事，命令销毁含有这些信息的硬盘。2013年7月，《卫报》的办公室迎来了来自英国政府通讯总部（GCHQ）的特工，他们监督了包含从斯诺登那里获取的信息的硬盘的销毁过程。《卫报》表示，它销毁硬盘是为了避免英国政府可能采取的法律行动，这些行动可能会阻止其报道文件中有关美国和英国政府监视活动的内容。

In June 2014, The Register reported that the information the government sought to suppress by destroying the hard drives related to the location of a “beyond top secret” internet monitoring base in Seeb, Oman, and the close involvement of BT and Cable & Wireless in intercepting internet communications.[135] Julian Assange criticised the newspaper for not publishing the entirety of the content when it had the chance.[136] Rusbridger had initially covered the Snowden documents without the government’s supervision, but subsequently sought it, and established an ongoing relationship with the Defence Ministry. The Guardian coverage of Snowden later continued because the information had already been copied outside the United Kingdom, earning the company’s US website, The Guardian US, an American Pulitzer Prize for Public Service in 2014.[137] Rusbridger and subsequent chief editors would sit on the government’s DSMA-notice board.[138]
【参考译文】2014年6月，《注册报》报道说，政府试图通过销毁硬盘来压制的信息与位于阿曼塞布的一个“绝密以上”互联网监控基地的位置，以及BT和Cable & Wireless在拦截互联网通信中的密切参与有关。朱利安·阿桑奇批评该报纸没有在有机会的时候公布全部内容。拉斯布里奇最初是在没有政府监督的情况下报道斯诺登文件的，但后来寻求了政府的监督，并与国防部建立了持续的关系。由于信息已经被复制到英国境外，《卫报》对斯诺登事件的报道得以继续，该报的美国网站《卫报美国版》因此获得了2014年的普利策公共服务奖。拉斯布里奇及其继任的主编们成为了政府DSMA-Notice委员会的成员。

1.3.6 对待朱利安·阿桑奇 | Treatment of Julian Assange

The Guardian published the US diplomatic cables files and the Guantanamo Bay files in collaboration with Julian Assange and WikiLeaks.[139] When some of the diplomatic cables were made available online in unredacted form, WikiLeaks blamed Guardian journalists David Leigh and Luke Harding for publishing the encryption key to the files in their book WikiLeaks: Inside Julian Assange’s War on Secrecy.[140] The Guardian blamed Assange for the release of the unredacted cables.[141]
【参考译文】《卫报》与朱利安·阿桑奇和维基解密合作发表了美国外交电文文件和关塔那摩湾文件。当部分未经编辑的外交电文在网上公开时，维基解密指责《卫报》记者大卫·利和卢克·哈丁在其书《维基解密：朱利安·阿桑奇的秘密战争》中公布了文件的加密密钥。《卫报》则将未经编辑的电文发布归咎于阿桑奇。

Journalist Glenn Greenwald, a former contributor to The Guardian, accused The Guardian of publishing false claims about Assange in a report about an interview Assange gave to Italian newspaper La Repubblica. The Guardian article had claimed that Assange had praised Donald Trump and criticised Hillary Clinton and also alleged that Assange had “long had a close relationship with the Putin regime”. Greenwald wrote: “This article is about how those [Guardian‘s] false claims—fabrications, really—were spread all over the internet by journalists, causing hundreds of thousands of people (if not millions) to consume false news”.[142] The Guardian later amended its article about Assange to remove the claim about his connection to the Russian government.[143] While Assange was in the Ecuadorian embassy, The Guardian published a number of articles pushing the narrative that there was a link between Assange and the Russian government.[139]
【参考译文】记者格伦·格林沃尔德曾是《卫报》的撰稿人，他指责《卫报》在一个关于阿桑奇接受意大利报纸《La Repubblica》采访的报道中发表了关于阿桑奇的虚假声明。《卫报》的文章声称阿桑奇赞扬了唐纳德·特朗普并批评了希拉里·克林顿，并且还声称阿桑奇“长期与普京政权保持密切关系”。格林沃尔德写道：“这篇文章讲述的是《卫报》的这些虚假声明——实际上是捏造的——如何被记者们在整个互联网上传播，导致数十万甚至数百万人消费了假新闻。”《卫报》后来修改了关于阿桑奇的文章，删除了关于他与俄罗斯政府有关联的说法。当阿桑奇在厄瓜多尔大使馆时，《卫报》发表了一系列文章，推动阿桑奇与俄罗斯政府之间存在联系的叙述。

In a November 2018 Guardian article, Luke Harding and Dan Collyns cited anonymous sources which stated that Donald Trump‘s former campaign manager Paul Manafort held secret meetings with WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange inside the Ecuadorian embassy in London in 2013, 2015, and 2016.[144] The name of a third author, Fernando Villavicencio, was removed from the online version of the story soon after publication. The title of the story was originally ‘Manafort held secret talks with Assange in Ecuadorian embassy’. A few hours after publication, ‘sources say’ was added to the title, and the meeting became an ‘apparent meeting’.[145] One reporter characterised the story, “If it’s right, it might be the biggest get this year. If it’s wrong, it might be the biggest gaffe.” Manafort and Assange both said they had never met, with the latter threatening legal action against The Guardian.[146]
【参考译文】在2018年11月的一篇《卫报》文章中，卢克·哈丁和丹·柯林斯援引匿名消息来源称，唐纳德·特朗普的前竞选经理保罗·马纳福特在2013年、2015年和2016年在伦敦的厄瓜多尔大使馆内与维基解密创始人朱利安·阿桑奇秘密会面。故事的在线版本发布不久后删除了第三位作者费尔南多·比亚维森西奥的名字。故事的原标题是“马纳福特在厄瓜多尔大使馆与阿桑奇举行秘密会谈”。在发布几个小时后，标题中增加了“消息来源称”，会议变成了“所谓的会议”。马纳福特和阿桑奇两人都表示从未见过面，后者威胁要对《卫报》采取法律行动。

Ecuador’s London consul Fidel Narváez, who had worked at Ecuador’s embassy in London from 2010 to July 2018, said that Manafort had not visited Assange.[145] Serge Halimi said Harding had a personal grievance against Assange and noted that Manafort’s name does not appear in the Ecuadorian embassy’s visitors’ book and there were no pictures of Manafort entering or leaving “one of the most surveilled and filmed buildings on the planet”.[145] The Guardian has neither retracted nor apologised for the story about the meeting. Stella Moris, Assange’s wife, said The Guardian failed in its responsibility to Assange and its “negligence has created such a problem that if Julian dies or is extradited, that will forever blot the reputation of the Guardian“.[139]
【参考译文】曾在2010年至2018年7月期间在伦敦的厄瓜多尔大使馆工作的伦敦领事菲德尔·纳尔瓦埃斯说，马纳福特并未访问过阿桑奇。塞尔日·哈利米说哈丁对阿桑奇有个人怨恨，并指出马纳福特的名字没有出现在厄瓜多尔大使馆的访客登记簿上，也没有马纳福特进出“地球上被监视和拍摄最多的建筑物之一”的照片。《卫报》既没有撤回也没有为关于这次会面的故事道歉。阿桑奇的妻子斯特拉·莫里斯说，《卫报》未能履行对阿桑奇的责任，“其疏忽造成了这样一个问题，如果朱利安死了或被引渡，这将永远玷污《卫报》的声誉。”

1.3.7 普丽蒂·帕特尔漫画 | Priti Patel cartoon

The Guardian was accused of being “racist and misogynistic” after it published a cartoon depicting Home Secretary, Priti Patel as a cow with a ring in its nose in an alleged reference to her Hindu faith, since cows are considered sacred in Hinduism.[147][148]
【参考译文】《卫报》刊登了一幅漫画，将内政大臣普丽蒂·帕特尔描绘成一头鼻环戴在牛身上，据称此举暗指她的印度教信仰，因为牛在印度教中被视为神圣之物，因此被指责为“种族主义和厌女”。[147][148]

1.3.8 涉嫌 WhatsApp 后门 | Alleged WhatsApp backdoor

After publishing a story on 13 January 2017 claiming that WhatsApp had a “backdoor [that] allows snooping on messages”, more than 70 professional cryptographers signed on to an open letter calling for The Guardian to retract the article.[149][150] On 13 June 2017, readers’ editor Paul Chadwick released an article detailing the flawed reporting in the original January article, which was amended to remove references to a backdoor.[151][152]
【参考译文】2017 年 1 月 13 日，《卫报》发表了一篇报道称 WhatsApp 有一个“后门，可以窥探消息”。此后，70 多名专业密码学家签署了一封公开信，呼吁《卫报》撤回该文章。[149][150] 2017 年 6 月 13 日，读者编辑保罗·查德威克 (Paul Chadwick) 发布了一篇文章，详述了 1 月份原始文章中的错误报道，该文章已修改，删除了对后门的提及。[151][152]

1.3.9 西班牙语版 | Spanish-language edition

In January 2021, The Guardian began publishing in the Spanish language under the La Lista newspaper.[153] 【参考译文】2021 年 1 月，《卫报》开始以西班牙语在 La Lista 报纸下出版。[153]

1.3.10 苏埃拉·布雷弗曼评论 | Suella Braverman comments

In October 2022, Suella Braverman speaking in Parliament blamed “Guardian-reading, tofu-eating wokerati” for disruptive Just Stop Oil protests.[154]
【参考译文】2022 年 10 月，苏埃拉·布雷弗曼 (Suella Braverman) 在议会发表讲话，将“读《卫报》、吃豆腐的工人jie1 ji2”归咎于破坏“停止石油”抗议活动的人群。[154]

1.3.11 2022 网络攻击 | 2022 Cyber attack

In December 2022 it was reported that The Guardian had suffered a significant cyber-attack on its office systems, thought to be ransomware.[155][156] Staff were directed to work from home and were able to continue publishing to the website despite the loss of some internal systems.[157] The print edition also continued to be produced. On 4 January 2023, UK staff were informed of a security breach and that the Information Commissioner’s Office had been notified, as required by GDPR. It was indicated that staff would continue working from home until at least 23 January.[158] The newspaper confirmed on 11 January that personal details of all UK staff had been accessed by criminals.[159]
【参考译文】据报道，2022年12月，《卫报》的办公系统遭受了一次严重的网络攻击，据信是勒索软件攻击。员工被指示在家工作，并且尽管失去了一些内部系统，他们仍能够继续在网站上发布内容。印刷版也继续出版。2023年1月4日，英国员工被告知发生了安全漏洞，并且按照GDPR的要求已经通知了信息专员办公室。据告知，员工将继续在家工作直到至少1月23日。1月11日，该报确认所有英国员工的个人详细信息已被fan4 zui4分子访问。

1.3.12 塞浦路斯机密 | Cyprus Confidential

Main article: Cyprus Confidential【主条目：塞浦路斯机密】

In November 2023, the Guardian joined with the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, Paper Trail Media [de] and 69 media partners including Distributed Denial of Secrets and the Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project (OCCRP) and more than 270 journalists in 55 countries and territories[160][161] to produce the ‘Cyprus Confidential‘ report on the financial network which supports the regime of Vladimir Putin, mostly with connections to Cyprus, and showed Cyprus to have strong links with high-up figures in the Kremlin, some of whom have been sanctioned.[162][163] Government officials including Cyprus president Nikos Christodoulides[164] and European lawmakers[165] began responding to the investigation’s findings in less than 24 hours,[164] calling for reforms and launching probes.[166][167]
【参考译文】2023年11月，《卫报》与国际调查记者联盟（ICIJ）、Paper Trail Media及包括Distributed Denial of Secrets和有组织犯罪与腐败报道项目（OCCRP）在内的69个媒体合作伙伴，以及来自55个国家和地区的超过270名记者合作，制作了名为“塞浦路斯机密”的报告。该报告揭示了一个支持弗拉基米尔·普京政权的金融网络，该网络主要与塞浦路斯有关联，并显示塞浦路斯与克里姆林宫高层人物有着紧密的联系，其中一些人受到了制裁。包括塞浦路斯总统尼科斯·克里斯托杜利德斯和欧洲议员在内的政府官员在不到24小时内就开始对调查结果作出回应，呼吁进行改革并启动调查。

2. 股权和财务 | Ownership and finances

The Guardian is part of the Guardian Media Group (GMG) of newspapers, radio stations and print media. GMG components include The Observer, The Guardian Weekly and TheGuardian.com. All were owned by The Scott Trust, a charitable foundation existing between 1936 and 2008, which aimed to ensure the paper’s editorial independence in perpetuity, maintaining its financial health to ensure it did not become vulnerable to takeovers by commercial media groups. At the beginning of October 2008, the Scott Trust’s assets were transferred to a new limited company, The Scott Trust Limited, with the intention being that the original trust would be wound up.^[168] Dame Liz Forgan, chair of the Scott Trust, reassured staff that the purposes of the new company remained the same as under the previous arrangements.
【参考译文】《卫报》是《卫报》媒体集团（GMG）的一部分，该集团旗下包括报纸、广播电台和印刷媒体。GMG的组成部分包括《观察家报》、《卫报周刊》和TheGuardian.com。所有这些原先由斯科特信托拥有，斯科特信托是一个从1936年到2008年存在的慈善基金会，其目的是确保报纸的编辑独立性永续不变，并维持其财务健康以防止被商业媒体集团收购。2008年10月初，斯科特信托的资产被转移到一个新的有限公司——斯科特信托有限公司，原信托基金会被计划解散。斯科特信托主席丽兹·福尔根女爵士向员工保证，新公司的宗旨与之前的安排保持一致。

The Guardian is the only British national daily to conduct (since 2003) an annual social, ethical and environmental audit in which it examines, under the scrutiny of an independent external auditor, its own behaviour as a company.^[169] It is also the only British national daily newspaper to employ an internal ombudsman (called the “readers’ editor”) to handle complaints and corrections.
【参考译文】《卫报》是唯一一家英国全国性日报，自2003年起每年进行一次社会、伦理和环境审计，在独立外部审计员的监督下审查其自身的公司行为。它也是唯一一家雇用内部监察员（称为“读者编辑”）来处理投诉和更正的英国全国性日报。

The Guardian and its parent groups participate in Project Syndicate and intervened in 1995 to save the Mail & Guardian in South Africa; GMG sold the majority of its shares of the Mail & Guardian in 2002.^[170]
【参考译文】卫报及其母公司集团参与了 Project Syndicate，并于 1995 年介入拯救了南非的邮政卫报；GMG 于 2002 年出售了其所持有的邮政卫报大部分​​股份。[170]

The Guardian was consistently loss-making until 2019.^[171] The National Newspaper division of GMG, which also includes The Observer, reported operating losses of £49.9 million in 2006, up from £18.6 million in 2005.^[172] The paper was therefore heavily dependent on cross-subsidisation from profitable companies within the group.
【参考译文】《卫报》一直处于亏损状态，直到 2019 年。[171] GMG 的国家报纸部门（包括《观察家报》）报告称，2006 年的运营亏损为 4990 万英镑，高于 2005 年的 1860 万英镑。[172] 因此，该报严重依赖集团内盈利公司的交叉补贴。

The continual losses made by the National Newspaper division of the Guardian Media Group caused it to dispose of its Regional Media division by selling titles to competitor Trinity Mirror in March 2010. This included the flagship Manchester Evening News, and severed the historic link between that paper and The Guardian. The sale was in order to safeguard the future of The Guardian newspaper as is the intended purpose of the Scott Trust.^[173]
【参考译文】卫报传媒集团全国报纸部门持续亏损，导致其于 2010 年 3 月将地区媒体部门出售给竞争对手三一镜报，其中包括旗舰报纸《曼彻斯特晚报》，并切断了该报纸与《卫报》的历史联系。此次出售是为了保障《卫报》的未来，这也是斯科特信托基金的初衷。[173]

In June 2011 Guardian News and Media revealed increased annual losses of £33 million and announced that it was looking to focus on its online edition for news coverage, leaving the print edition to contain more comments and features. It was also speculated that The Guardian might become the first British national daily paper to be fully online.^[174][175]
【参考译文】2011 年 6 月，卫报新闻传媒集团公布年度亏损增加 3300 万英镑，并宣布将重点关注其在线版的新闻报道，而印刷版将包含更多评论和专题。还有人猜测《卫报》可能成为第一家完全在线的英国全国性日报。[174][175]

For the three years up to June 2012, the paper lost £100,000 a day, which prompted Intelligent Life to question whether The Guardian could survive.^[176]
【参考译文】截至 2012 年 6 月的三年内，该报每天亏损 10 万英镑，这让《智能生活》质疑《卫报》是否能够生存下去。[176]

Between 2007 and 2014 The Guardian Media Group sold all their side businesses, of regional papers and online portals for classifieds, and consolidated into The Guardian as sole product. The sales let them acquire a capital stock of £838.3 million as of July 2014, supposed to guarantee the independence of the Guardian in perpetuity. In the first year, the paper made more losses than predicted, and in January 2016 the publishers announced that The Guardian would cut 20 per cent of staff and costs within the next three years.^[177] The newspaper is rare in calling for direct contributions “to deliver the independent journalism the world needs.”^[178]
【参考译文】在2007年至2014年期间，《卫报》媒体集团出售了所有的地方报纸和分类广告在线门户等附属业务，并集中力量发展《卫报》作为唯一的产品。这些出售使他们截至2014年7月获得了8.383亿英镑的资金储备，旨在永久保证《卫报》的独立性。然而，在第一年里，该报纸的亏损超过了预期，并且在2016年1月，出版商宣布《卫报》将在未来三年内削减20%的员工和成本。该报罕见地呼吁直接捐款，“以提供世界所需要的独立新闻报道。”

The Guardian Media Group’s 2018 annual report (year ending 1 April 2018) indicated some significant changes occurring. Its digital (online) editions accounted for over 50% of group revenues by that time; the loss from news and media operations was £18.6 million, 52% lower than during the prior year (2017: £38.9 million). The Group had cut costs by £19.1 million, partly by switching its print edition to the tabloid format. The Guardian Media Group’s owner, the Scott Trust Endowment Fund, reported that its value at the time was £1.01 billion (2017: £1.03 billion).^[179] In the following financial report (for the year 2018–2019), the group reported a profit (EBITDA) of £0.8 million before exceptional items, thus breaking even in 2019.^[180][181]
【参考译文】《卫报》媒体集团2018年的年度报告（截至2018年4月1日的财年）显示了一些重要的变化。到那时，其数字（在线）版面已经占到了集团收入的50%以上；新闻和媒体业务的亏损为1860万英镑，比前一年下降了52%（2017年：3890万英镑）。该集团通过降低成本1910万英镑，部分是通过将其印刷版改为小报格式实现的。《卫报》媒体集团的所有者斯科特信托基金报告称，当时其价值为10.1亿英镑（2017年：10.3亿英镑）。在随后的财务报告（2018-2019财年）中，该集团报告在扣除特殊项目前实现了80万英镑的利润（息税折旧摊销前利润），从而在2019年达到了收支平衡。

To be sustainable, the annual subsidy must fall within the £25 million of interest returned on the investments from the Scott Trust Endowment Fund.^[182]
【参考译文】为了保持可持续性，年度补贴必须保持在斯科特信托基金投资回报的2500万英镑利息范围内。

2.2 “会员”订阅计划 | “Membership” subscription scheme

In 2014, The Guardian launched a membership scheme.^[183] The scheme aims to reduce the financial losses incurred by The Guardian without introducing a paywall, thus maintaining open access to the website. Website readers can pay a monthly subscription, with three tiers available.^[184] As of 2018 this approach was considered successful, having brought more than 1 million subscriptions or donations, with the paper hoping to break even by April 2019.^[185]
【参考译文】2014年，《卫报》推出了一项会员订阅计划。该计划旨在减少《卫报》所遭受的财政损失，同时不引入付费墙，从而保持网站的开放访问。网站读者可以选择支付月度订阅费，共有三个不同的等级可供选择。截至2018年，这种方法被认为是非常成功的，因为它带来了超过100万的订阅或捐赠，并且该报希望能在2019年4月实现盈亏平衡。

2.3 基金会资助 | Foundation funding

In 2016, the company established a U.S.-based philanthropic arm to raise money from individuals and organizations including think tanks and corporate foundations.^[186] The grants are focused by the donors on particular issues. By the following year, the organization had raised $1 million from the likes of Pierre Omidyar‘s Humanity United, the Skoll Foundation, and the Conrad N. Hilton Foundation to finance reporting on topics including modern-day slavery and climate change. The Guardian has stated that it has secured $6 million “in multi-year funding commitments” thus far.^[187]
【参考译文】2016年，该公司在美国成立了一个慈善分支，用于从个人和组织（包括智库和企业基金会）筹集资金。这些捐赠资金被捐赠者指定用于特定的问题上。到第二年，该组织从皮埃尔·奥米迪亚的“人道团结”（Humanity United）、斯克尔基金会（Skoll Foundation）和康拉德·希尔顿基金会（Conrad N. Hilton Foundation）等机构筹集了100万美元，用于资助包括现代奴隶制和气候变化在内的报道主题。《卫报》表示，截至目前，它已经获得了600万美元的“多年资金承诺”。

The new project developed from funding relationships which the paper already had with the Ford, Rockefeller, and Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.^[188] Gates had given the organization $5 million^[189] for its Global Development webpage.^[190]
【参考译文】这个新项目是基于报纸与福特基金会、洛克菲勒基金会以及比尔和梅琳达·盖茨基金会已有的资金合作关系而发展起来的。盖茨基金会曾向该组织提供了500万美元用于其全球发展网页的建设。

As of March 2020, the journal claims to be “the first major global news organisation to institute an outright ban on taking money from companies that extract fossil fuels.”^[191]
【参考译文】截至2020年3月，该报声称自己是“第一个完全禁止接受化石燃料提取公司资金的主要全球新闻机构”。

3. 政治立场和编辑观点 | Political stance and editorial opinion

Founded by textile traders and merchants, in its early years The Guardian had a reputation as “an organ of the middle class”,^[192] or in the words of C. P. Scott’s son Ted, “a paper that will remain bourgeois to the last”.^[193] Associated at first with the Little Circle and hence with classical liberalism as expressed by the Whigs and later by the Liberal Party, its political orientation underwent a decisive change after World War II, leading to a gradual alignment with Labour and the political left in general.
【参考译文】《卫报》由纺织品贸易商和商人创立，在其早期岁月里，它有着“中产阶级喉舌”的名声，或者正如C. P. Scott的儿子Ted所说，“这是一份坚持到最后都会保持资产阶级立场的报纸”。最初，《卫报》与小圈子（Little Circle）有关联，因此与自由党及辉格党所表达的经典自由主义观点相联系，但在第二次世界大战后，它的政治倾向发生了决定性的转变，逐渐转向支持工党和政治左派。

The Scott Trust describes one of its “core purposes” to be “to secure the financial and editorial independence of the Guardian in perpetuity: as a quality national newspaper without party affiliation; remaining faithful to its liberal tradition”.^[6][194] The paper’s readership is generally on the mainstream left of British political opinion: a MORI poll taken between April and June 2000 showed that 80 per cent of Guardian readers were Labour Party voters;^[13] according to another MORI poll taken in 2005, 48 per cent of Guardian readers were Labour voters and 34 per cent Liberal Democrat voters.^[14] The term “Guardian reader” can be used to imply a stereotype of liberal, left-wing or “politically correct” views.^[15]
【参考译文】斯科特信托描述了其“核心目的”之一是“永久保障《卫报》的财政和编辑独立性：作为一份无党派关系的高质量全国性报纸；坚持其自由主义传统”。该报的读者群一般位于英国政治意见的主流左翼：一项由MORI在2000年4月至6月间进行的民调显示，80%的《卫报》读者是工党的选民；根据2005年另一项MORI的民调，48%的《卫报》读者是工党的支持者，34%支持自由民主党。“《卫报》读者”这一术语有时会被用来暗示一种自由派、左翼或‘政治正确’的观点模式。

Although the paper is often considered to be “linked inextricably” to the Labour Party,^[194] three of The Guardian‘s four leader writers joined the more centrist Social Democratic Party on its foundation in 1981. The paper was enthusiastic in its support for Tony Blair in his successful bid to lead the Labour Party,^[195] and to be elected Prime Minister.^[196] On 19 January 2003, two months before the 2003 invasion of Iraq, an Observer Editorial said: “Military intervention in the Middle East holds many dangers. But if we want a lasting peace it may be the only option. … War with Iraq may yet not come, but, conscious of the potentially terrifying responsibility resting with the British Government, we find ourselves supporting the current commitment to a possible use of force.”^[197] The Guardian, however, opposed the war, along with the Daily Mirror and The Independent.^[198]
【参考译文】尽管《卫报》常被认为与工党“密不可分”[194]，但在1981年社会民主党成立时，《卫报》四位社论作者中有三位加入了更为中间路线的社会民主党。该报对托尼·布莱尔成功竞选成为工党领袖[195]并当选首相表示了热情的支持[196]。2003年1月19日，在伊拉克战争爆发前两个月，《观察家报》的一篇社论写道：“在中东地区的军事干预包含许多危险因素。但是，如果我们想要一个持久的和平，这可能是唯一的选项。……与伊拉克的战争也许不会发生，但是在意识到英国政府肩负着潜在的可怕责任的情况下，我们发现自己支持目前对可能动用武力的承诺。”[197]然而，《卫报》反对这场战争，与之持相同立场的还有《每日镜报》和《独立报》[198]。

Then Guardian features editor Ian Katz asserted in 2004 that “it is no secret we are a centre-left newspaper”.^[199] In 2008, Guardian columnist Jackie Ashley said that editorial contributors were a mix of “right-of-centre libertarians, greens, Blairites, Brownites, Labourite but less enthusiastic Brownites, etc,” and that the newspaper was “clearly left of centre and vaguely progressive”. She also said that “you can be absolutely certain that come the next general election, The Guardian‘s stance will not be dictated by the editor, still less any foreign proprietor (it helps that there isn’t one) but will be the result of vigorous debate within the paper”.^[200] The paper’s comment and opinion pages, though often written by centre-left contributors such as Polly Toynbee, have allowed some space for right-of-centre voices such as Sir Max Hastings and Michael Gove. Since an editorial in 2000, The Guardian has favoured abolition of the British monarchy.^[201] “I write for the Guardian,” said Max Hastings in 2005,^[202] “because it is read by the new establishment,” reflecting the paper’s then-growing influence.
【参考译文】《卫报》特写编辑伊恩·卡茨在2004年时声称，“我们是一份中左翼报纸，这一点并不是什么秘密”[199]。2008年，《卫报》专栏作家杰基·阿什利表示，该报的社论撰稿人是一个混合体，包括“偏右的自由主义者、环保主义者、布莱尔派、布朗派、以及一些不太热情的劳工党布朗派人士等”，并且该报“显然是中左翼的，并且具有模糊的进步性”。她还说，“你可以完全肯定的是，下次大选时，《卫报》的立场将不会由编辑，更不是任何外国所有者（幸好没有）来决定，而是报纸内部激烈辩论的结果”[200]。尽管该报的评论和观点页面经常由像波莉·托因比这样的中左翼撰稿人撰写，但也给了一些偏右的声音如马克斯·黑斯廷斯爵士和迈克尔·戈夫发表意见的空间。自从2000年的一篇社论以来，《卫报》就支持废除英国君主制[201]。“我为《卫报》写作，”马克斯·黑斯廷斯在2005年时说道，“因为这份报纸是由新的建制派阅读的，”这反映了该报当时日益增长的影响力。

In the run-up to the 2010 general election, following a meeting of the editorial staff,^[203] the paper declared its support for the Liberal Democrats, due in particular, to the party’s stance on electoral reform. The paper suggested tactical voting to prevent a Conservative victory, given Britain’s first-past-the-post electoral system.^[204] At the 2015 election, the paper switched its support to the Labour Party. The paper argued that Britain needed a new direction and Labour “speaks with more urgency than its rivals on social justice, standing up to predatory capitalism, on investment for growth, on reforming and strengthening the public realm, Britain’s place in Europe and international development”.^[205]
【参考译文】在2010年大选前夕，经过编辑部会议的讨论[203]，该报宣布支持自由民主党，尤其是由于该党在选举改革上的立场。报纸建议采取策略性投票以防止保守党获胜，鉴于英国的相对多数选举制度[204]。而在2015年的大选中，该报转而支持工党。《卫报》认为英国需要一个新的方向，并指出工党“在社会正义、对抗掠夺性资本主义、投资增长、改革和加强公共服务领域、英国在欧洲的地位以及国际发展等方面比其竞争对手表现出了更大的紧迫性”[205]。

Assistant Editor Michael White, in discussing media self-censorship in March 2011, says: “I have always sensed liberal, middle class ill-ease in going after stories about immigration, legal or otherwise, about welfare fraud or the less attractive tribal habits of the working class, which is more easily ignored altogether. Toffs, including royal ones, Christians, especially popes, governments of Israel, and U.S. Republicans are more straightforward targets.”^[206]
【参考译文】副主编迈克尔·怀特在2011年3月讨论媒体自我审查时说：“我一直感觉到自由派、中产阶级在追查移民故事——无论是合法的还是非法的移民，或是福利欺诈，或是工人阶级较不吸引人的部落习惯时的不安。对于贵族，包括王室成员、基督徒特别是教皇、以色列政府以及美国共和党则是更容易攻击的目标。”[206]

In a 2013 interview for NPR, The Guardian‘s Latin America correspondent Rory Carroll stated that many editors at The Guardian believed and continue to believe that they should support Hugo Chávez “because he was a standard-bearer for the left”.^[207]
【参考译文】在2013年接受NPR采访时，《卫报》的拉丁美洲通讯员罗里·卡罗尔表示，《卫报》的许多编辑认为并且继续认为他们应当支持雨果·查韦斯，“因为他被认为是左翼的旗帜人物”[207]。

In the 2015 United Kingdom general election, it endorsed the Labour Party.^[208]
【参考译文】在2015年的英国大选中，《卫报》支持了工党[208]。

In the 2015 Labour Party leadership election, The Guardian supported Blairite candidate Yvette Cooper and was critical of left-winger Jeremy Corbyn, the successful candidate.^[209] These positions were criticised by the Morning Star, which accused The Guardian of being conservative.^{[210][undue weight? – discuss]} Although the majority of Guardian columnists were against Corbyn winning, Owen Jones, Seumas Milne, and George Monbiot wrote supportive articles about him. Despite the critical position of the paper in general, The Guardian endorsed the Labour Party while Corbyn was its leader in the 2017^[211] and 2019 general elections — although in both cases they endorsed a vote for opposition parties other than Labour, such as the Liberal Democrats and the Scottish National Party in seats where Labour did not stand a chance.^[212]
【参考译文】在2015年的工党党魁选举中，《卫报》支持布莱尔派候选人伊薇特·库珀，并且批评了最终胜出的左翼候选人杰里米·科尔宾[209]。《卫报》的这些立场遭到了《晨星报》的批评，后者指责《卫报》保守[210]（可能存在不当权重？— 讨论）。尽管大多数《卫报》的专栏作家反对科尔宾胜选，但欧文·琼斯、西穆斯·米尔恩和乔治·蒙比奥特为他撰写了支持性的文章。尽管报纸整体上对科尔宾持批评态度，但在2017年[211]和2019年的大选中，《卫报》还是在他担任党魁时支持了工党——不过在这两次选举中，他们同时也支持在工党没有胜算的选区投票给其他反对党，比如自由民主党或苏格兰民族党[212]。

In the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum, The Guardian endorsed remaining in the EU,^[213] and in the 2019 European election invited its readers to vote for pro-EU candidates, without endorsing specific parties.^[214]
【参考译文】在2016年的英国脱欧公投中，《卫报》支持留在欧盟[213]，并在2019年的欧洲议会选举中邀请其读者投票给亲欧盟的候选人，但没有明确支持具体的政党[214]。

4. 发行量和版式 | Circulation and format

The Guardian had a certified average daily circulation of 204,222 copies in December 2012 — a drop of 11.25 per cent in January 2012 — as compared to sales of 547,465 for The Daily Telegraph, 396,041 for The Times, and 78,082 for The Independent.^[215] In March 2013, its average daily circulation had fallen to 193,586, according to the Audit Bureau of Circulations.^[216] Circulation has continued to decline and stood at 161,091 in December 2016, a decline of 2.98 per cent year-on-year.^[217] In July 2021, the circulation was 105,134; later that year, the publishers stopped making circulation data public.^[3]
【参考译文】《卫报》在2012年12月的认证平均日发行量为204,222份，相比2012年1月下降了11.25%，而同期《每日电讯报》的销量为547,465份，《泰晤士报》为396,041份，《独立报》为78,082份[215]。根据发行量审核局的数据，到2013年3月，其平均日发行量降至193,586份[216]。发行量持续下滑，至2016年12月时，发行量为161,091份，同比减少了2.98%[217]。2021年7月，发行量为105,134份；同年晚些时候，出版商停止公开发行量数据[3]。

4.1 出版历史 | Publication history

The first edition was published on 5 May 1821,^[218] at which time The Guardian was a weekly, published on Saturdays and costing 7d; the stamp duty on newspapers (4d per sheet) forced the price up so high that it was uneconomic to publish more frequently. When the stamp duty was cut in 1836, The Guardian added a Wednesday edition and with the abolition of the tax in 1855 it became a daily paper costing 2d.
【参考译文】首期《卫报》于1821年5月5日发行[218]，当时《卫报》是一份周刊，每周六出版，售价为7便士；由于报纸印花税（每张4便士）迫使价格如此之高，以至于更频繁地出版在经济上是不合算的。1836年印花税降低后，《卫报》增加了周三版，随着1855年该税种的废除，《卫报》成为了每日发行的报纸，售价为2便士。

In October 1952, the paper took the step of printing news on the front page, replacing the adverts that had hitherto filled that space. Then-editor A. P. Wadsworth wrote: “It is not a thing I like myself, but it seems to be accepted by all the newspaper pundits that it is preferable to be in fashion.”^[219]
【参考译文】1952年10月，该报采取了一项举措，在头版刊登新闻，取代了此前占据该位置的广告。当时的编辑A. P. Wadsworth写道：“这并不是我自己喜欢的事情，但似乎所有报纸专家都认为，追赶潮流是更好的选择。”[219]

Following the closure of the Anglican Church Newspaper, The Guardian, in 1951, the paper dropped “Manchester” from its title in 1959, becoming simply The Guardian.^[220] In 1964 it moved to London, losing some of its regional agenda but continuing to be heavily subsidised by sales of the more downmarket but more profitable Manchester Evening News. The financial position remained extremely poor into the 1970s; at one time it was in merger talks with The Times. The paper consolidated its centre-left stance during the 1970s and 1980s.^{[citation needed]}
【参考译文】在1951年同名的圣公会报纸《卫报》停刊之后，该报于1959年从其名称中去掉了“曼彻斯特”，简化为《卫报》[220]。1964年，《卫报》迁往伦敦，失去了一些地区性议题的关注，但继续依靠销量更大且更有盈利性的《曼彻斯特晚报》进行大量补贴。其财务状况在1970年代依然非常糟糕；有一段时间它甚至与《泰晤士报》进行了合并谈判。在1970年代和1980年代期间，该报巩固了其中左翼的立场[需要引证]。

On 12 February 1988, The Guardian had a significant redesign; as well as improving the quality of its printers’ ink, it also changed its masthead to a juxtaposition of an italic Garamond “The“, with a bold Helvetica “Guardian”, that remained in use until the 2005 redesign.
【参考译文】1988年2月12日，《卫报》进行了重大改版；除了提高印刷油墨的质量外，它还将报头改成了斜体Garamond字体的“The”与粗体Helvetica字体的“Guardian”相结合的形式，这一设计一直使用到2005年改版为止。

In 1992, The Guardian relaunched its features section as G2, a tabloid-format supplement. This innovation was widely copied by the other “quality” broadsheets and ultimately led to the rise of “compact” papers and The Guardian‘s move to the Berliner format. In 1993 the paper declined to participate in the broadsheet price war started by Rupert Murdoch‘s The Times. In June 1993, The Guardian bought The Observer from Lonrho, thus gaining a serious Sunday sister newspaper with similar political views.
【参考译文】1992年，《卫报》将其特写版重新推出为G2，一份小报格式的增刊。这一创新被其他“优质”对开报纸广泛效仿，并最终导致了“紧凑型”报纸的兴起以及《卫报》转向柏林格式。1993年，该报拒绝参与由鲁伯特·默多克的《泰晤士报》发起的对开报纸价格战。1993年6月，《卫报》从Lonrho公司手中买下了《观察家报》，从而获得了一份具有相似政治观点的重要周报。

Its international weekly edition is now titled The Guardian Weekly, though it retained the title Manchester Guardian Weekly for some years after the home edition had moved to London. It includes sections from a number of other internationally significant newspapers of a somewhat left-of-centre inclination, including Le Monde and The Washington Post. The Guardian Weekly was also linked to a website for expatriates, Guardian Abroad, which was launched in 2007 but had been taken offline by 2012.
【参考译文】其国际周刊现在名为《卫报周刊》，尽管在本土版移师伦敦后的几年里，它仍保留了《曼彻斯特卫报周刊》的名称。它包含了多个具有左倾倾向的国际重要报纸的部分内容，包括《世界报》（Le Monde）和《华盛顿邮报》（The Washington Post）。《卫报周刊》还与一个针对海外侨民的网站“Guardian Abroad”相关联，该网站于2007年推出，但到2012年已被下线。

4.2 转为柏林版式报纸 | Moving to the Berliner paper format

The Guardian is printed in full colour,^[221] and was the first newspaper in the UK to use the Berliner format for its main section, while producing sections and supplements in a range of page sizes including tabloid, approximately A4, and pocket-size (approximately A5).
【参考译文】《卫报》采用全彩印刷[221]，是英国第一家在其主体版面使用柏林版式的报纸，同时以多种页面尺寸制作各个版块和增刊，包括小报尺寸（tabloid），大约A4大小，以及口袋尺寸（大约A5）。

In 2004, The Guardian announced plans to change to a Berliner or “midi” format,^[222] similar to that used by Die Tageszeitung in Germany, Le Monde in France and many other European papers. At 470×315 mm, this is slightly larger than a traditional tabloid. Planned for the autumn of 2005, this change followed moves by The Independent and The Times to start publishing in tabloid (or compact) format. On Thursday, 1 September 2005, The Guardian announced that it would launch the new format on Monday 12 September 2005.^[223] Sister Sunday newspaper The Observer also changed to this new format on 8 January 2006.
【参考译文】2004年，《卫报》宣布计划将其改为柏林格式或“midi”格式[222]，类似于德国的《日报》（Die Tageszeitung）、法国的《世界报》（Le Monde）以及许多其他欧洲报纸所使用的格式。这种尺寸为470×315毫米，略大于传统的小报。这项变更原计划于2005年秋季实施，紧随《独立报》和《泰晤士报》开始采用小报（或紧凑型）格式的步伐。2005年9月1日星期四，《卫报》宣布将于2005年9月12日星期一启动新的格式[223]。姊妹周报《观察家报》也在2006年1月8日转换为这种新格式。

The format switch was accompanied by a comprehensive redesign of the paper’s look. On Friday, 9 September 2005, the newspaper unveiled its newly designed front page, which débuted on Monday 12 September 2005. Designed by Mark Porter, the new look includes a new masthead for the newspaper, its first since 1988. A typeface family designed by Paul Barnes and Christian Schwartz was created for the new design. With just over 200 fonts, it was described as “one of the most ambitious custom type programs ever commissioned by a newspaper”.^[224][225] Among the fonts is Guardian Egyptian, a slab serif that is used in various weights for both text and headlines, and is central to the redesign.
【参考译文】版式转换伴随着报纸外观的全面重新设计。2005 年 9 月 9 日星期五，该报公布了新设计的头版，并于 2005 年 9 月 12 日星期一首次亮相。新外观由马克·波特设计，包括报纸的新报头，这是自 1988 年以来的第一次。保罗·巴恩斯和克里斯蒂安·施瓦茨为新设计创建了字体系列。它有 200 多种字体，被描述为“报纸有史以来最雄心勃勃的自定义字体程序之一”。[224][225] 字体包括 Guardian Egyptian，这是一种粗衬线字体，用于各种粗细的正文和标题，是重新设计的核心。

The switch cost Guardian Newspapers £80 million and involved setting up new printing presses in east London and Manchester.^[226] This switch was necessary because, before The Guardian‘s move, no printing presses in Britain could produce newspapers in the Berliner format. There were additional complications, as one of the paper’s presses was part-owned by Telegraph Newspapers and Express Newspapers, contracted to use the plant until 2009. Another press was shared with the Guardian Media Group’s north-western tabloid local papers, which did not wish to switch to the Berliner format.
【参考译文】此次转换耗资 8000 万英镑，涉及在伦敦东部和曼彻斯特设立新的印刷机。[226] 这次转换是必要的，因为在《卫报》转换之前，英国没有印刷机可以印刷柏林格式的报纸。此外，还有额外的复杂因素，因为该报的其中一台印刷机部分归电讯报和快报所有，并签约使用该工厂至 2009 年。另一台印刷机与卫报传媒集团的西北小报共享，这些小报不愿改用柏林格式。

4.2.1 反向 | Reception

The new format was generally well received by Guardian readers, who were encouraged to provide feedback on the changes. The only controversy was over the dropping of the Doonesbury cartoon strip. The paper reported thousands of calls and emails complaining about its loss; within 24 hours the decision was reversed and the strip was reinstated the following week. G2 supplement editor Ian Katz, who was responsible for dropping it, apologised in the editors’ blog saying, “I’m sorry, once again, that I made you—and the hundreds of fellow fans who have called our helpline or mailed our comments’ address—so cross.”^[227] However, some readers were dissatisfied as the earlier deadline needed for the all-colour sports section meant coverage of late-finishing evening football matches became less satisfactory in the editions supplied to some parts of the country.
【参考译文】新格式总体上得到了《卫报》读者的好评，读者们被鼓励提供关于这些变化的反馈。唯一的争议是取消了《杜尼斯伯里》（Doonesbury）漫画条。据报道，有数千个电话和电子邮件抱怨这一取消决定；在24小时内，这一决定被推翻，漫画条在接下来的一周内恢复。负责取消该漫画条的G2增刊编辑伊恩·卡茨在编辑博客中道歉说：“我很抱歉，再次让你们——以及数百位致电我们服务热线或邮件给我们评论地址的粉丝——如此生气。”[227]然而，一些读者并不满意，因为全彩体育版所需的提前截稿时间意味着在全国某些地区的版本中，晚间足球比赛的报道变得不那么令人满意。

The investment was rewarded with a circulation rise. In December 2005, the average daily sale stood at 380,693, nearly 6 per cent higher than the figure for December 2004.^[228] However, by December 2012, circulation had dropped to 204,222.^[229] In 2006, the US-based Society for News Design chose The Guardian and Polish daily Rzeczpospolita as the world’s best-designed newspapers—from among 389 entries from 44 countries.^[230]
【参考译文】这次投资得到了回报，发行量有所上升。2005年12月，平均每日销售量达到380,693份，比2004年12月的数据高出近6%[228]。然而，到2012年12月，发行量下降至204,222份[229]。2006年，总部位于美国的新闻设计协会（Society for News Design）从44个国家提交的389份参赛作品中评选出《卫报》和波兰日报《Rzeczpospolita》为世界上设计最佳的报纸[230]。

4.3 自2018年起的小报格式 | Tabloid format since 2018

In June 2017, Guardian Media Group (GMG) announced that The Guardian and The Observer would relaunch in tabloid format from early 2018.^[231] The Guardian confirmed the launch date for the new format to be 15 January 2018. GMG also signed a contract with Trinity Mirror – the publisher of the Daily Mirror, Sunday Mirror, and Sunday People – to outsource printing of The Guardian and The Observer.^[232]
【参考译文】2017年6月，卫报媒体集团（GMG）宣布《卫报》和《观察家报》将于2018年初以小报格式重新发行[231]。《卫报》确认新格式的发行日期为2018年1月15日。GMG还与《每日镜报》、《星期日镜报》和《星期日人民报》的出版商Trinity Mirror签订了合同，将《卫报》和《观察家报》的印刷外包给后者[232]。

The format change was intended to help cut costs as it allowed the paper to be printed by a wider array of presses, and outsourcing the printing to presses owned by Trinity Mirror was expected to save millions of pounds annually. The move was part of a three-year plan that included cutting 300 jobs in an attempt to reduce losses and break even by 2019.^[231][233] The paper and ink are the same as previously and the font size is fractionally larger.^[234]
【参考译文】此次格式变更旨在帮助降低成本，因为它允许报纸在更多种类的印刷机上印刷，而将印刷外包给Trinity Mirror拥有的印刷厂预计每年可以节省数百万英镑。此举是为期三年计划的一部分，该计划包括裁减300个工作岗位，试图减少亏损并在2019年实现收支平衡[231][233]。纸张和油墨与之前相同，字体大小略有增大[234]。

An assessment of the response from readers in late April 2018 indicated that the new format had led to an increased number of subscriptions. The editors were working on changing aspects that had caused complaints from readers.^[234]
【参考译文】2018年4月底对读者反应的评估表明，新格式导致订阅数量增加。编辑们正在努力改变那些引起读者抱怨的方面[234]。

In July 2018, the masthead of the new tabloid format was adjusted to a dark blue.^[235]
【参考译文】2018年7月，新的小报格式的报头颜色调整为深蓝色[235]。

5. 线上媒体 | Online media

The Guardian and its Sunday sibling The Observer publish all their news online, with free access both to current news and an archive of three million stories. A third of the site’s hits are for items over a month old.^[236] As of May 2013, it was the most popular UK newspaper website with 8.2 million unique visitors per month, just ahead of Mail Online with 7.6 million unique monthly visitors.^[237] In April 2011, MediaWeek reported that The Guardian was the fifth most popular newspaper site in the world.^[238] Journalists use an analytics tool called Ophan, built entirely in-house, to measure website data around stories and audience.^[239] However, the number of online readers had drastically dropped by July 2021.^[240]
【参考译文】《卫报》及其周日版《观察家报》都在网上发布所有新闻，免费提供对当前新闻和包含三百万篇文章存档的访问。网站三分之一的点击量来自于一个月以上的文章[236]。截至2013年5月，它是英国最受欢迎的报纸网站，每月有820万独立访客，略高于《每日邮报》在线版的760万独立月访客[237]。2011年4月，《MediaWeek》报道《卫报》是全球第五大最受欢迎的报纸网站[238]。记者们使用一款完全内部开发的名为Ophan的分析工具来衡量围绕文章和受众的网站数据[239]。然而，到2021年7月，在线读者的数量急剧下降[240]。

The Guardian launched an iOS mobile application for its content in 2009.^[241] An Android app followed in 2011.^[242] In 2018, the newspaper announced its apps and mobile website would be redesigned to coincide with its relaunch as a tabloid.^[243]
【参考译文】《卫报》于2009年为其内容推出了一款iOS移动应用[241]。安卓版应用随后在2011年发布[242]。2018年，该报宣布其应用程序和移动网站将重新设计，以配合其转型为小报格式的发行[243]。

The Comment is Free section features columns by the paper’s journalists and regular commentators, as well as articles from guest writers, including readers’ comments and responses below. The section includes all the opinion pieces published in the paper itself, as well as many others that only appear online. Censorship is exercised by Moderators who can ban posts – with no right of appeal – by those who they feel have overstepped the mark. The Guardian has taken what they call a very “open” stance in delivering news, and have launched an open platform for their content. This allows external developers to easily use Guardian content in external applications, and even to feed third-party content back into the Guardian network.^[244] The Guardian also had a number of talkboards that were noted for their mix of political discussion and whimsy until they were closed on Friday, 25 February 2011 after they had settled a libel action brought after months of harassment of a conservative party activist.^[245][246] They were spoofed in The Guardian‘s own regular humorous Chatroom column in G2. The spoof column purported to be excerpts from a chatroom on permachat.co.uk, a real URL that pointed to The Guardian‘s talkboards.
【参考译文】“评论自由”栏目包含了该报记者和定期评论员的专栏文章，以及来自特邀作家的文章，其中包括读者的评论和回复。该栏目包括了在报纸本身上发表的所有意见文章，以及许多只在网上出现的文章。“评论自由”栏目由版主执行审查，他们可以禁止那些被认为超出界限的帖子——而且没有申诉的权利。《卫报》采取了他们称之为非常“开放”的姿态来传递新闻，并推出了一个开放平台供其内容使用。这使得外部开发者能够轻松地在外部应用程序中使用《卫报》的内容，甚至可以将第三方内容反馈到《卫报》网络中[244]。《卫报》还有一些讨论板，因其混合的政治讨论和奇思妙想而著称，直到2011年2月25日星期五，这些讨论板在经历了几个月对一位保守党活动人士的骚扰并最终解决了诽谤诉讼后被关闭[245][246]。这些讨论板曾在《卫报》G2版块中的常规幽默专栏“聊天室”中被恶搞。该恶搞专栏声称摘自一个名为permachat.co.uk的真实网址上的聊天室，该网址指向的就是《卫报》的讨论板。

In August 2013, a webshow titled Thinkfluencer^[247] was launched by Guardian Multimedia in association with Arte.
【参考译文】2013 年 8 月，卫报多媒体与 Arte 联合推出了一档名为《Thinkfluencer》[247]的网络节目。

In 2004 the paper also launched a dating website, Guardian Soulmates.^[248] On 1 July 2020, Guardian Soulmates was closed down with the explanation: “It hasn’t been an easy decision to make, but the online dating world is a very different place to when we first launched online in July 2004. There are so many dating apps now, so many ways to meet people, which are often free and very quick.”^[249] An American version of the website titled Guardian America was an American version of the British news website Guardian Unlimited intended to win more U.S.-based readers. It was abandoned in October 2009.^[250] The Guardian launched an .onion version of its website on the Tor network in May 2022,^[251] with assistance from Alec Muffett.^[252]
【参考译文】2004年，该报还推出了一家约会网站，名为Guardian Soulmates[248]。2020年7月1日，Guardian Soulmates被关闭，解释如下：“做出这一决定并不容易，但自2004年7月我们首次在线推出以来，网上约会的世界已经变得非常不同。现在有这么多的约会应用，有那么多的方式可以认识人，而且通常是免费且非常快捷的。”[249] 一个名为Guardian America的美国版网站是英国新闻网站Guardian Unlimited的美国版，旨在吸引更多美国读者。它在2009年10月被放弃[250]。《卫报》于2022年5月在其网站上推出了.onion版本，进入了Tor网络[251]，并得到了Alec Muffett的帮助[252]。

5.1 播客 | Podcasts

The paper entered podcasting in 2005 with a twelve-part weekly podcast series by Ricky Gervais.^[253] In January 2006, Gervais’ show topped the iTunes podcast chart having been downloaded by two million listeners worldwide,^[254] and was scheduled to be listed in the 2007 Guinness Book of Records as the most downloaded podcast.^[255]
【参考译文】该报于2005年通过一档由Ricky Gervais制作的十二部分周播播客系列节目进入了播客领域[253]。2006年1月，Gervais的节目登上了iTunes播客排行榜榜首，被全球两百万听众下载[254]，并计划被列入2007年的吉尼斯世界纪录大全中作为下载次数最多的播客[255]。

The Guardian now offers several regular podcasts made by its journalists. One of the most prominent is Today in Focus, a daily news podcast hosted by Anushka Asthana and launched on 1 November 2018. It was an immediate success^[256] and became one of the UK’s most-downloaded podcasts.^{[256][257][258]}
【参考译文】《卫报》目前提供由其记者制作的几档定期播客。其中最著名的是《今日焦点》，这是一档每日新闻播客，由安努舒卡·阿斯塔纳主持，于 2018 年 11 月 1 日推出。它一经推出便大获成功[256]，成为英国下载次数最多的播客之一[256][257][258]。

6. 《卫报》电影 | GuardianFilms

In 2003 The Guardian started the film production company GuardianFilms, headed by journalist Maggie O’Kane. Much of the company’s output is documentary made for television– and it has included Salam Pax‘s Baghdad Blogger for BBC Two‘s daily flagship Newsnight, some of which have been shown in compilations by CNN International, Sex on the Streets and Spiked, both made for the UK’s Channel 4 television.^[259]
【参考译文】2003年，《卫报》成立了电影制作公司GuardianFilms，由记者Maggie O’Kane领导。该公司大部分的产出是为电视制作的纪录片，包括为BBC二台旗舰新闻节目《Newsnight》制作的Salam Pax的《巴格达博客》，其中一些片段被CNN国际频道汇编播出，以及为英国第四频道电视制作的《街头性交易》和《突变》[259]。

GuardianFilms has received several broadcasting awards. In addition to two Amnesty International Media Awards in 2004 and 2005, The Baghdad Blogger: Salam Pax won a Royal Television Society Award in 2005. Baghdad: A Doctor’s Story won an Emmy Award for Best International Current Affairs film in 2007.^[260] In 2008 photojournalist Sean Smith’s Inside the Surge won the Royal Television Society award for best international news film – the first time a newspaper has won such an award.^[261][262] The same year, The Guardian‘s Katine website was awarded for its outstanding new media output at the One World Media awards. Again in 2008, GuardianFilms’ undercover video report revealing vote rigging by Robert Mugabe‘s ZANU–PF party during the 2007 Zimbabwe election won best news programme of the year at the Broadcast Awards.^[260][263]
【参考译文】GuardianFilms获得了多项广播奖项。除了在2004年和2005年获得两个国际特赦组织媒体奖之外，《巴格达博客：Salam Pax》在2005年赢得了皇家电视学会奖。《巴格达：医生的故事》在2007年赢得了最佳国际时事影片的艾美奖[260]。2008年，摄影记者Sean Smith的作品《Inside the Surge》赢得了皇家电视学会颁发的最佳国际新闻影片奖——这是报纸首次赢得此类奖项[261][262]。同年，《卫报》的Katine网站在One World Media奖项中因其杰出的新媒体产出获奖。同样在2008年，GuardianFilms的卧底视频报道揭露了罗伯特·穆加贝的ZANU-PF党在2007年津巴布韦选举中的选票舞弊行为，在Broadcast Awards中被评为年度最佳新闻节目[260][263]。

7. 在流行文化中的引用 | References in popular culture

The paper’s nickname The Grauniad (sometimes abbreviated as “Graun”) originated with the satirical magazine Private Eye.^[264] This anagram played on The Guardian‘s early reputation for frequent typographical errors, including misspelling its own name as The Gaurdian.^[265]
【参考译文】该报的昵称《Grauniad》（有时缩写为“Graun”）起源于讽刺杂志《Private Eye》[264]。这一字谜游戏式的昵称取笑《卫报》早期常犯的排版错误，包括将自己的名字拼错为《The Gaurdian》[265]。

The first issue of the newspaper contained a number of errors, including a notification that there would soon be some goods sold at atction instead of auction. Fewer typographical errors are seen in the paper since the end of hot-metal typesetting.^[266] One Guardian writer, Keith Devlin, suggested that the high number of observed misprints was due more to the quality of the readership than the misprints’ greater frequency.^[267] The newspaper was printed in Manchester until 1961 and the fact that the prints sent to London by train were the early, more error-prone, prints may have contributed to this image as well.^[268][265] When John Cole was appointed news editor by Alastair Hetherington in 1963, he sharpened the paper’s comparatively “amateurish” setup.^[269]
【参考译文】报纸的第一期包含了许多错误，包括一条通知，说很快将有一些货物在“atction”而不是拍卖会上出售。自热金属排版时代结束以来，报纸中的排版错误减少了[266]。一位《卫报》的作者基思·德夫林提出，大量印刷错误的出现更多的是由于读者群体的素质而非错误发生的频率更高[267]。该报在1961年以前都是在曼彻斯特印刷的，通过火车送往伦敦的早期版本往往含有更多错误，这也可能促成了这一形象[268][265]。1963年，当约翰·科尔被艾拉斯特尔·赫瑟林顿任命为新闻编辑时，他改进了报纸较为“业余”的工作设置[269]。

Employees of The Guardian and sister paper The Observer have been depicted in the films The Fifth Estate (2013), Snowden (2016) and Official Secrets (2019), while Paddy Considine played a fictional Guardian journalist in the film The Bourne Ultimatum (2007).
【参考译文】《卫报》及其姊妹报《观察家报》的员工在电影《维基解密》（2013年）、《斯诺登》（2016年）和《官方机密》（2019年）中都有被描绘，而在电影《谍影重重3》（2007年）中，帕迪·康斯戴恩饰演了一位虚构的《卫报》记者。

8. 奖项 | Awards

8.1 获奖 | Received

The Guardian has been awarded the National Newspaper of the Year in 1998, 2005,^[270] 2010^[271] and 2013^[24] by the British Press Awards, and Front Page of the Year in 2002 (“A declaration of war”, 12 September 2001).^[270][272] It was also co-winner of the World’s Best-designed Newspaper as awarded by the Society for News Design (2005, 2007, 2013, 2014).^[273]
【参考译文】《卫报》曾多次获得英国报业大奖的“年度国家报纸”称号，获奖年份包括1998年、2005年[270]、2010年[271]和2013年[24]，并且还获得了2002年的“年度最佳头版”（2001年9月12日的“战争宣言”版面）[270][272]。此外，《卫报》还与《Rzeczpospolita》一起获得了新闻设计协会颁发的“世界最佳设计报纸”奖（2005年、2007年、2013年、2014年）[273]。

Guardian journalists have won a range of British Press Awards, including:^[270]
【参考译文】《卫报》的记者们也赢得了一系列的英国报业奖项，包括：

• Reporter of the Year (Nick Davies, 2000;^[274] Paul Lewis, 2010;^[275] Rob Evans & Paul Lewis, 2014);^[276]
  【参考译文】年度记者（尼克·戴维斯，2000年；保罗·刘易斯，2010年；罗伯·埃文斯与保罗·刘易斯，2014年）
• Foreign Reporter of the Year (James Meek, 2004;^[277] Ghaith Abdul-Ahad, 2008);^[278]
  【参考译文】年度外国记者（詹姆斯·米克，2004年；加斯·阿卜杜勒-阿哈德，2008年）
• Scoop of the Year (Milly Dowler phone hacked, 2012)^[279]
  【参考译文】年度新闻发现（米莉·道勒电话被窃听事件，2012年）
• Young Journalist of the Year (Emma Brockes, 2001;^[280] Patrick Kingsley, 2013);^[281]
  【参考译文】年度青年记者（艾玛·布洛克斯，2001年；帕特里克·金斯利，2013年）
• Columnist of the Year (Polly Toynbee, 2007;^[282] Charlie Brooker, 2009);^[283]
  【参考译文】年度专栏作家（波莉·托因比，2007年；查理·布鲁克，2009年）
• Critic of the Year (Marina O’Loughlin, 2015);^[284]
  【参考译文】年度评论家（玛丽娜·奥洛林，2015年）
• Feature Writer of the Year (Emma Brockes, 2002;^[280] Tanya Gold, 2009;^[285] Amelia Gentleman, 2010);^[271]
  【参考译文】年度特写作家（艾玛·布洛克斯，2002年；塔尼亚·戈尔德，2009年；阿梅莉亚·詹特尔曼，2010年）
• Cartoonist of the Year (Steve Bell, 2003);^[286]
  【参考译文】年度卡通画家（史蒂夫·贝尔，2003年）
• Political Journalist of the Year (Patrick Wintour, 2006; Andrew Sparrow, 2010);^[271]
  【参考译文】年度政治记者（帕特里克·温图尔，2006年；安德鲁·斯帕罗，2010年）
• Science & Health Journalist of the Year (Sarah Boseley, 2016);^[287]
  【参考译文】年度科学与健康记者（莎拉·博塞利，2016年）
• Business & Finance Journalist of the Year (Ian Griffiths, 2005;^[288] Simon Goodley, 2014);^[289]
  【参考译文】年度商业与财经记者（伊恩·格里菲斯，2005年；西蒙·古德利，2014年）
• Interviewer of the Year (Decca Aitkenhead, 2008);^[290]
  【参考译文】年度采访记者（黛卡·艾特肯黑德，2008年）
• Sports Reporter of the Year (David Lacey, 1997, 2002);^[291]
  【参考译文】年度体育记者（大卫·莱西，1997年，2002年）
• Sports Photographer of the Year (Tom Jenkins, 2003, 2005, 2006,^[292] 2015);^[293]
  【参考译文】年度体育摄影师（汤姆·詹金斯，2003年，2005年，2006年，2015年）
• Website of the Year (guardian.com/uk, 1999, 2001,^[294] 2007,^[295] 2008,^[296] 2015,^[297] 2020);^[298]
  【参考译文】年度网站（guardian.com/uk，1999年，2001年，2007年，2008年，2015年，2020年）
• Digital Journalist of the Year (Dan Milmo, 2001;^[299] Sean Smith, 2008;^[300] Dave Hill, 2009)^[301]
  【参考译文】年度数字记者（丹·米尔莫，2001年；肖恩·史密斯，2008年；戴夫·希尔，2009年）
• Supplement of the Year (Guardian’s Guides to…, 2007;^[302] Weekend Magazine, 2015)^[303]
  【参考译文】年度增刊（《卫报指南》，2007年；周末杂志，2015年）
• Special Supplement of the Year (World Cup 2010 Guide, 2010)^[271]
  【参考译文】年度特别增刊（2010年世界杯指南，2010年）

Other awards include:
【参考译文】其他奖项还包括：

• Bevins Prize for investigative journalism (Paul Lewis, 2010);^[304]
  【参考译文】调查新闻Bevins奖（保罗·刘易斯，2010年）
• Martha Gellhorn Prize for Journalism (Nick Davies, 1999; Chris McGreal, 2003; Ghaith Abdul-Ahad, 2005;^[305] Ian Cobain, 2009).^[306]
  【参考译文】Martha Gellhorn新闻奖（尼克·戴维斯，1999年；克里斯·麦格里尔，2003年；加斯·阿卜杜勒-阿哈德，2005年；伊恩·科贝恩，2009年）

The excellence of GUARDIAN environmental reporting has been recognized with numerous SEAL Environmental Journalism Awards: (Damian Carrington, 2017,^[307] 2018;^[308] Johnathan Watts, 2018,^[309] 2019;^[310] Fiona Harvey, 2019,^[311] 2020;^[312] George Monbiot, 2017;^[313] and Richa Syal, 2022).^[314]
【参考译文】《卫报》的环境报道也获得了多个SEAL环境新闻奖：（达米安·卡林顿，2017年，2018年；乔纳森·瓦茨，2018年，2019年；菲奥娜·哈维，2019年，2020年；乔治·蒙比奥特，2017年；里查·沙尔，2022年）

The Guardian, Observer and its journalists have also won numerous accolades at the British Sports Journalism Awards:
【参考译文】《卫报》、《观察家报》及其记者们还在英国体育新闻奖上获得了诸多荣誉：

• Sports Writer of the Year (Daniel Taylor, 2017)^[315]
  【参考译文】年度体育记者（丹尼尔·泰勒，2017年）
• Sports News Reporter of the Year (David Conn, 2009, 2014)^[316]
  【参考译文】年度体育新闻记者（大卫·康恩，2009年，2014年）
• Football Journalist of the Year (Daniel Taylor, 2015, 2016, 2017)^[317]
  【参考译文】年度足球记者（丹尼尔·泰勒，2015年，2016年，2017年）
• Sports Interviewer of the Year (Donald McRae, 2009, 2011)^[318]
  【参考译文】年度体育采访记者（唐纳德·麦克雷，2009年，2011年）
• Diarist of the Year (David Hills, 2009)^[319]
  【参考译文】年度日记作者（戴维·希尔斯，2009年）
• Sports Feature Writer of the Year (Donald McRae, 2017,^[320] 2018)^[321]
  【参考译文】年度体育特写作家（唐纳德·麦克雷，2017年，2018年）
• Specialist Correspondent of the Year (Sean Ingle, 2016,^[322] 2017)^[323]
  【参考译文】年度专项记者（肖恩·英格尔，2016年，2017年）
• Scoop of the Year (Daniel Taylor 2016;^[317] Martha Kelner and Sean Ingle, 2017)^[323]
  【参考译文】年度新闻发现（丹尼尔·泰勒，2016年；玛莎·凯尔纳与肖恩·英格尔，2017年）
• Sports Newspaper of the Year (2017)^[324]
  【参考译文】年度体育报纸（2017年）
• Sports Website of the Year (2014, 2015, 2016, 2017)^[325][326]
  【参考译文】年度体育网站（2014年，2015年，2016年，2017年）
• Sports Journalists’ Association Sports Portfolio of the Year (Tom Jenkins, 2011)^[292]
  【参考译文】体育记者协会年度最佳体育作品集 (汤姆·詹金斯，2011 年)[292]

The guardian.co.uk website won the Best Newspaper category three years running in 2005, 2006 and 2007 Webby Awards, beating (in 2005) The New York Times, The Washington Post, The Wall Street Journal and Variety.^[327] It has been the winner for six years in a row of the British Press Awards for Best Electronic Daily Newspaper.^[328] The site won an Eppy award from the US-based magazine Editor & Publisher in 2000 for the best-designed newspaper online service.^[329]
【参考译文】《卫报》的网站guardian.co.uk在2005年、2006年和2007年的Webby Awards中连续三年获得“最佳报纸”类别奖，击败了《纽约时报》、《华盛顿邮报》、《华尔街日报》和《综艺》杂志（2005年）。该网站连续六年获得英国报业大奖的“最佳电子日报”奖项。该网站还在2000年获得了美国《编辑与出版商》杂志颁发的Eppy奖，因其是最优秀的在线报纸设计。

In 2007, the newspaper was ranked first in a study on transparency that analysed 25 mainstream English-language media vehicles, which was conducted by the International Center for Media and the Public Agenda of the University of Maryland.^[330] It scored 3.8 out of a possible 4.0.
【参考译文】2007年，在一项由马里兰大学国际媒体与公共议程中心进行的研究中，分析了25种主流英语媒体的透明度，《卫报》排名第一，得分3.8/4.0。

The Guardian US and The Washington Post shared the 2014 Pulitzer Prize for public service reporting for their coverage of the NSA’s and GCHQ’s worldwide electronic surveillance program and the document leaks by whistleblower Edward Snowden.^[331]
【参考译文】《卫报美国版》和《华盛顿邮报》共同获得了2014年的普利策公共服务报道奖，因为它们报道了NSA和GCHQ的全球电子监视项目以及爱德华·斯诺登的文件泄露事件。[331]

8.2 颁奖 | Given

The Guardian is the sponsor of two major literary awards: The Guardian First Book Award, established in 1999 as a successor to the Guardian Fiction Award, which had run since 1965, and the Guardian Children’s Fiction Prize, founded in 1967. In recent years the newspaper has also sponsored the Hay Festival in Hay-on-Wye.
【参考译文】《卫报》赞助了两项重要的文学奖项：《卫报》首作奖（The Guardian First Book Award），该奖项成立于1999年，是自1965年以来举办的《卫报》小说奖的继承者；以及《卫报》儿童小说奖（The Guardian Children’s Fiction Prize），该奖项创立于1967年。近年来，该报还赞助了在Hay-on-Wye举办的Hay文学节。

The annual Guardian Student Media Awards, founded in 1999, recognise excellence in journalism and design of British university and college student newspapers, magazines and websites.
【参考译文】《卫报》学生媒体奖每年举办一次，创办于 1999 年，旨在表彰英国大学和学院学生报纸、杂志和网站在新闻报道和设计方面的卓越表现。

In memory of Paul Foot, who died in 2004, The Guardian and Private Eye jointly set up the Paul Foot Award, with an annual £10,000 prize fund, for investigative or campaigning journalism.^[332]
【参考译文】为了纪念 2004 年去世的保罗·富特，《卫报》和《私家侦探》联合设立了保罗·富特奖，每年奖金为 10,000 英镑，用于奖励调查性或竞选性新闻报道。[332]

The newspaper produces The Guardian 100 Best Footballers In The World.^[333] Since 2018 it has also co-produced the female equivalent, The 100 Best Female Footballers In The World.
【参考译文】该报负责制作《卫报》全球 100 位最佳足球运动员榜单。[333] 自 2018 年起，该报还与《卫报》联合制作了女性版《全球 100 位最佳女足球运动员》榜单。

In 2016, The Guardian began awarding an annual Footballer of the Year award, given to a footballer regardless of gender “who has done something truly remarkable, whether by overcoming adversity, helping others or setting a sporting example by acting with exceptional honesty.”^[334]
【参考译文】2016 年，《卫报》开始颁发年度足球先生奖，颁发给“做出了真正了不起的事情，无论是克服逆境、帮助他人，还是以非凡的诚实行为树立体育榜样”的足球运动员，不分性别。[334]

8.3 最佳图书列表 | Best books lists

• The Guardian’s 100 best novels is a list of the best English-language novels as selected by Robert McCrum.
  【参考译文】《卫报》 100 部最佳小说是罗伯特·麦克拉姆评选出的最佳英语小说榜单。
• The Guardian’s 100 greatest non-fiction book list has come out in 2011^[335][336] and in 2017, as selected by Robert McCrum.^[337]
  【参考译文】《卫报》于 2011 年[335][336]和 2017 年发布了 100 本最伟大的非小说类书籍榜单，由罗伯特·麦克拉姆（Robert McCrum）选出[337]。

9. 历任主编 | Editors

10. 著名定期撰稿人（过去和现在）| Notable regular contributors (past and present)

Columnists and journalists:
【参考译文】专栏作家和记者：

• David Aaronovitch
• James Agate
• Ian Aitken
• Decca Aitkenhead
• Brian Aldiss
• Tariq Ali
• Araucaria
• John Arlott
• Claire Armitstead
• Mark Arnold-Forster
• Jackie Ashley
• Dilpazier Aslam
• Harriet Baber
• Nancy Banks-Smith
• Leonard Barden
• Laura Barton
• Catherine Bennett
• Marcel Berlins
• Michael Billington
• Heston Blumenthal
• Sidney Blumenthal
• Boutros Boutros-Ghali
• Frankie Boyle
• Mark Boyle
• Lloyd Bradley
• Russell Brand
• Emma Brockes
• Charlie Brooker
• Thom Brooks
• Guy Browning
• Alex Brummer
• Inayat Bunglawala
• Madeleine Bunting
• Julie Burchill
• Simon Callow
• James Cameron
• Duncan Campbell
• Neville Cardus
• Alexander Chancellor
• Kira Cochrane
• Mark Cocker
• Alistair Cooke
• G. D. H. Cole
• John Cole
• Rosalind Coward
• Gavyn Davies
• Robin Denselow
• Beth Ditto
• Tim Dowling
• Terry Eagleton
• Larry Elliott
• Matthew Engel
• Edzard Ernst
• Harold Evans
• Evelyn Flinders
• Paul Foot
• Liz Forgan
• Brian J. Ford
• John Fordham
• Dawn Foster
• Nigel Fountain
• Ebenezer Fox
• Michael Frayn
• Jonathan Freedland
• Hadley Freeman
• Timothy Garton Ash
• Tanya Gold
• Ben Goldacre
• Victor Gollancz
• Richard Gott
• A. C. Grayling
• Roy Greenslade
• Germaine Greer
• A. Harry Griffin
• Ben Hammersley
• Clifford Harper
• Mehdi Hasan^[338]
• Max Hastings
• Roy Hattersley
• David Hencke
• Georgina Henry
• Isabel Hilton
• L. T. Hobhouse
• J. A. Hobson
• Tom Hodgkinson
• Will Hodgkinson
• Simon Hoggart
• Stewart Holden
• Clare Hollingworth
• Will Hutton
• Marina Hyde
• C. L. R. James
• Erwin James (pseudonym)
• Waldemar Januszczak
• Simon Jenkins
• Stanley Johnson
• Owen Jones
• Alex Kapranos
• Saeed Kamali Dehghan
• Victor Keegan
• Martin Kelner
• Emma Kennedy
• Maev Kennedy
• Martin Kettle
• Arthur Koestler
• Aleks Krotoski
• David Lacey
• Mark Lawson
• David Leigh
• Rod Liddle
• Sue Limb (as Dulcie Domum)
• Maureen Lipman
• Joris Luyendijk
• John Maddox
• Derek Malcolm
• Dan McDougall
• Johnjoe McFadden
• Melanie McFadyean
• Neil McIntosh
• David McKie
• Gareth McLean
• Ian Mayes
• Anna Minton
• David Mitchell
• George Monbiot
• C. E. Montague
• Suzanne Moore
• Malcolm Muggeridge
• James Naughtie
• Richard Norton-Taylor
• Maggie O’Kane
• Susie Orbach^[339]
• Greg Palast
• David Pallister
• Michael Parkinson
• ‘Salam Pax‘
• Jim Perrin
• Melanie Phillips
• Helen Pidd
• John Pilger
• Anna Politkovskaya
• Peter Preston
• Tim Radford
• Arthur Ransome
• Adam Raphael
• Andrew Rawnsley
• Brian Redhead
• James H Reeve
• Gillian Reynolds
• Simon Rogers
• Jon Ronson
• Rhik Samadder
• Ash Sarkar
• Jack Schofield
• Mike Selvey
• Norman Shrapnel
• Frank Sidebottom
• Michael Simkins
• Posy Simmonds
• Howard Spring
• Jean Stead
• David Steel
• Jonathan Steele
• Mary Stott
• Allegra Stratton
• John Sutherland
• R. H. Tawney
• A. J. P. Taylor
• Simon Tisdall
• Arnold Toynbee
• Polly Toynbee
• Jill Tweedie
• Bibi van der Zee
• F. A. Voigt
• Ed Vulliamy
• Hilary Wainwright
• Martin Walker
• Hank Wangford
• Jim Waterson
• Jonathan Watts
• Francis Wheen
• Brian Whitaker
• Estelle White
• Michael White
• Ann Widdecombe
• Zoe Williams
• Ted Wragg
• Hugo Young
• Gary Younge
• Xue Xinran
• Tony Zappone
• Jack Massarik
• Slavoj Žižek
• Victor Zorza^[340]

Cartoonists:
【参考译文】专栏作家：

• David Austin
• Steve Bell
• Joe Berger
• Berke Breathed
• Biff
• Peter Clarke
• Les Gibbard
• John Kent
• Jamie Lenman
• David Low
• Martin Rowson
• Posy Simmonds
• Garry Trudeau

Satirists:
【参考译文】讽刺作家：

• John Crace
• Jeremy Hardy
• Armando Iannucci
• Terry Jones
• Craig Brown as “Bel Littlejohn”
• John O’Farrell
• Mark Steel

Experts:
【参考译文】专家：

• Tim Atkin
• Matthew Fort
• Malcolm Gluck
• Tim Hayward

Photographers and picture editors:
【参考译文】摄影师和图片编辑：

• Herbert Walter Doughty (The Manchester Guardian‘s first photographer, July 1908)
• Eamonn McCabe
• Sean Smith

11. 《卫报》新闻与传媒档案 | Guardian News & Media archive

The Guardian and its sister newspaper The Observer opened The Newsroom, an archive and visitor centre in London, in 2002. The centre preserved and promoted the histories and values of the newspapers through its archive, educational programmes and exhibitions. The Newsroom’s activities were all transferred to Kings Place in 2008.^[341] Now known as The Guardian News & Media archive, the archive preserves and promotes the histories and values of The Guardian and The Observer newspapers by collecting and making accessible material that provides an accurate and comprehensive history of the papers. The archive holds official records of The Guardian and The Observer, and also seeks to acquire material from individuals who have been associated with the papers.
【参考译文】《卫报》及其姊妹报《观察家报》于2002年在伦敦开设了新闻室（The Newsroom），这是一个档案馆和访客中心。该中心通过其档案、教育项目和展览来保存和推广报纸的历史和价值。2008年，新闻室的所有活动都被转移到了Kings Place[341]。现在被称为《卫报新闻与媒体档案》，该档案通过收集和提供能够准确全面反映报纸历史的材料来保存和推广《卫报》和《观察家报》的历史和价值。档案馆收藏了《卫报》和《观察家报》的官方记录，并且还致力于获取与这些报纸有关联的人士的资料。

As well as corporate records, the archive holds correspondence, diaries, notebooks, original cartoons and photographs belonging to staff of the papers.^[342] This material may be consulted by members of the public by prior appointment. An extensive Manchester Guardian archive also exists at the University of Manchester’s John Rylands University Library, and there is a collaboration programme between the two archives. Additionally, the British Library has a large archive of The Manchester Guardian available in its British Library Newspapers collection, in online, hard copy, microform, and CD-ROM formats.
【参考译文】除了公司的记录之外，档案馆还藏有属于报纸工作人员的信件、日记、笔记、原创漫画和照片[342]。公众成员可以在事先预约的情况下查阅这些资料。在曼彻斯特大学的约翰·瑞兰兹大学图书馆也存在一个广泛的《曼彻斯特卫报》档案，并且这两个档案馆之间有一个合作项目。此外，英国图书馆在其英国图书馆报纸收藏中也有大量的《曼彻斯特卫报》档案，提供在线、纸质、微缩和光盘格式的访问。

In November 2007, The Guardian and The Observer made their archives available over the internet via DigitalArchive. The current extent of the archives available are 1821 to 2000 for The Guardian and 1791 to 2000 for The Observer: these archives will eventually run up to 2003.
【参考译文】2007 年 11 月，《卫报》和《观察家报》通过 DigitalArchive 在互联网上开放了其档案。《卫报》目前提供的档案范围为 1821 年至 2000 年，《观察家报》则为 1791 年至 2000 年：这些档案最终将扩展到 2003 年。

The Newsroom’s other components were also transferred to Kings Place in 2008. The Guardian‘s Education Centre provides a range of educational programmes for students and adults. The Guardian‘s exhibition space was also moved to Kings Place, and has a rolling programme of exhibitions that investigate and reflect upon aspects of news and newspapers and the role of journalism. This programme often draws on the archive collections held in the GNM archive.
【参考译文】新闻编辑室的其他部分也于 2008 年转移到了 Kings Place。卫报教育中心为学生和成年人提供一系列教育项目。卫报的展览空间也转移到了 Kings Place，并推出了一系列展览，调查和反思新闻和报纸的各个方面以及新闻业的作用。这些项目经常利用 GNM 档案馆的档案收藏。

12. 审查

12.1 美国国防部内网访问障碍

2013年，美国国防部对驻扎在中东和南亚的美军内部网络实施了内容过滤，包括《卫报》和《华盛顿邮报》等披露过棱镜计划、维基解密和斯诺登相关内容媒体网站被自动过滤机制所筛除。美国陆军网络事业技术司令部封锁《卫报》网站主页的入口，并过滤了网站内容；并且除了主页外，其网站内的部分内容也遭到了封锁。^[5]不过，美国国防部否认曾下令封锁《卫报》，而是因为其网页的内容触动了国防部内部网络的防泄密过滤器，有关过滤器原本是用来防止网络内部的机密资料流入未加密的网络；《卫报》网页中包含的棱镜项目等机密内容，才导致使用美国国防部网络上网的军人无法访问这些网页。事件并未对国防部以外的民间网络造成任何影响。^[6]

12.2 中国封锁

网站从2014年1月7日起被中国大陆防火长城封锁，无法直接访问。《卫报》翌日表示，其已经刻意避免报道中国的负面消息，但依然被封^{[来源请求]}，这点让人费解。^[7]1月9日，网站被解封。^[8]从2014年1月23日起再次被封锁，当时《卫报》的网站上披露了有关中共高层官员财产状况的报告。同年6月，网站被解封。

2019年6月7日晚间，《卫报》发表其网站在中国大陆被再次封锁，原因可能是对六四天安门事件三十周年的报导。^[9]

2022年9月14日，可以正常访问，具体解禁时间不确定。

12.3 趣闻

2021年1月21日，香港立法会讨论“《施政报告》致谢议案”，其中亲中派工联会议员郭伟强在借题发挥要求立法打击假信息和假新闻时，引用《卫报》的内容后，竟然指《卫报》是“世界卫生组织的报章”，引起社会一片哗然。有评论认为此乃反映香港亲中派的议政水平之低，以及对世界的无知^[10]

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