吴作栋 / Goh Chok Tong -（全文）中英文维基百科词条融合

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0. 概述

【辽观注】此标题是我们在搬运、整合过程中添加的。

图0-1和0-2（发布于知乎想法）

0.1 文字说明

【辽观注】此标题是我们在搬运、整合过程中添加的。

吴作栋 SPMJ（英语：Goh Chok Tong；1941年5月20日—），新加坡华裔政治人物，第二任新加坡总理。祖籍中国福建省泉州市永春县湖洋镇吴岭村。1990年起接任总理，并于1992年起担任新加坡人民行动党秘书长至2004年为止。2004年至2011年间，出任国务资政。

Goh Chok Tong AC SPMJ (born 20 May 1941) is a Singaporean former politician who served as the second prime minister of Singapore from 1990 to 2004 and as a senior minister of Singapore from 2004 to 2011. He served as the secretary-general of the People’s Action Party (PAP) from 1992 to 2004 and was the member of Parliament (MP) for Marine Parade SMC from 1976 to 1988, and Marine Parade GRC from 1988 to 2020.
【参考译文】吴作栋 AC SPMJ（1941 年 5 月 20 日出生）是新加坡前政治家，曾于 1990 年至 2004 年担任新加坡第二任总理，并于 2004 年至 2011 年担任新加坡高级部长。他于 1992 年至 2004 年担任人民行动党秘书长，并于 1976 年至 1988 年担任马林百列单选区国会议员，并于 1988 年至 2020 年担任马林百列集选区国会议员。

Prior to his appointment as prime minister, he was the country’s deputy prime minister, where he advocated for the Medisave, a savings scheme that allows Singaporeans to set aside part of their income into a Medisave account to meet future medical expenses. Goh also advocated for the Edusave Awards, a monetary reward for students who did well in school based on either their academic achievements or character to enshrine meritocracy.
【参考译文】在他被任命为总理之前，他曾担任该国的副总理，在此期间，他提倡了健保双全（Medisave）计划，这个储蓄计划让新加坡人可以将他们收入的一部分存入健保双全账户，以应对未来的医疗费用。吴作栋还提倡了教育储蓄奖励，这是一种金钱奖励，给予在学校表现优秀的学生，根据他们的学术成绩或品格来表彰优绩。

Shortly before and during his tenure as prime minister, Goh proposed political reforms like the introduction of Non-Constituency Members of Parliament (NCMP), to allow more opposition into Parliament, Group Representation Constituencies (GRC), to make sure that minorities are represented in Parliament and Nominated Members of Parliament (NMP), to have independent opinions in Parliament since all NMPs are non-partisan. Goh assumed the responsibility of government in a carefully managed leadership transition. In 1990, He introduced the Vehicle Quota System to limit the exponential increase of personal vehicles. In 1991, Goh also enacted the elected presidency scheme in 1991, with previous presidents having been appointed by Parliament.
【参考译文】在担任总理前夕及任内，吴作栋提出了诸如引入非选区议员（NCMP）的政治改革，以允许更多反对党成员进入国会；推行集选区（GRC）制度，以确保少数群体在国会中有代表；以及推举非党派人士出任提名议员（NMP），以便在国会中拥有独立的声音。吴作栋在一个精心管理的领导层过渡中承担了政府的责任。1990年，他推出了车辆配额制度，以限制个人车辆数量的指数级增长。1991年，他还实施了民选总统制，此前的总统是由国会委任的。

On 12 August 2004, Goh was succeeded by Lee Hsien Loong, the eldest son of Singapore’s first prime minister, Lee Kuan Yew,[3] and was subsequently appointed as a senior minister in the Cabinet and chairman of the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) between 2004 and 2011.[4] He resigned from the Cabinet in 2011, and was given the honorary title of “Emeritus Senior Minister” by Lee. He stepped down as a Member of Parliament (MP) and retired from politics in 2020.[5]
【参考译文】2004年8月12日，吴作栋由新加坡首位总理李光耀的长子李显龙接任，并随后被任命为内阁资政及新加坡金融管理局（MAS）主席，任期从2004年至2011年。2011年，他辞去了内阁职务，并被李显龙授予“荣誉资政”的称号。他在2020年卸任国会议员并从政坛退休。

荣誉国务资政 / The Honourable Emeritus Senior Minister
吴作栋 / Goh Chok Tong
SPMJ
 新加坡第2任总理 / 2nd Prime Minister of Singapore
任期
1990年11月28日—2004年8月12日
总统黄金辉 / Wee Kim Wee → 王鼎昌 / Ong Teng Cheong → 塞拉潘·纳丹 / S. R. Nathan
副总理王鼎昌 / Ong Teng Cheong（1985—1993）
李显龙 / Lee Hsien Loong（1990－2004）
陈庆炎 / Tony Tan（1995—2005）
前任李光耀 / Lee Kuan Yew
继任李显龙 / Lee Hsien Loong
第2任新加坡人民行动党行政委员会秘书长 / Secretary-General of the People’s Action Party
任期
1992年11月1日—2004年12月3日
主席王鼎昌 / Ong Teng Cheong → 陈庆炎 / Tony Tan
前任李光耀 / Lee Kuan Yew
继任李显龙 / Lee Hsien Loong
新加坡国务资政 / Senior Minister of Singapore
任期 / In office12 August 2004 – 20 May 2011【2004 年 8 月 12 日 – 2011 年 5 月 20 日】
Serving with S. Jayakumar (2009–2011)【服务于 S. Jayakumar （2009–2011）】
Preceded by
【前任】		李光耀 / Lee Kuan Yew
Succeeded by
【继任】		Teo Chee Hean【张志贤】
Tharman Shanmugaratnam【尚达曼】
Member of Parliament for Marine Parade【马林百列集选区国会议员】
In office【任期】23 December 1976 – 23 June 2020
【1976年12月23日 – 2020年6月23日】
Political party【政党】People’s Action Party【人民行动党】
Preceded by【前任】Constituency established【选区成立】
Succeeded by【继任】Tan See Leng (PAP)【陈锡陵（人民行动党）】
Constituency【选区】Marine Parade SMC【马林百列单边议会】
(1976–1988)
Marine Parade GRC【马林百列集选区】
(1988–2020)
Senior positions【高级职位】
Chairman of the Monetary Authority of Singapore【新加坡金融管理局主席】
In office【在任】：20 August 2004 – 30 April 2011【2004年8月20日 至 2011年4月30日】
Preceded by【前任】李显龙 / Lee Hsien Loong
Succeeded by【继任】Tharman Shanmugaratnam【尚达曼】
Ministerial offices【部长职位】
Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore【新加坡副总理】
In office【在任】：2 January 1985 – 28 November 1990【1985年1月2日至1990年11月28日】
Serving with Ong Teng Cheong【与王鼎昌共事】
Preceded by【前任】Goh Keng Swee【吴庆瑞】
S. Rajaratnam【拉贾勒南】
Succeeded by【继任】李显龙 / Lee Hsien Loong
Tony Tan【陈庆炎】
Minister for Defence【国防部长】
In office【在任】：1 June 1982 – 30 June 1991【1982年6月1日至1991年6月30日】
Preceded by【前任】Howe Yoon Chong【黄允中】
Succeeded by【继任】Yeo Ning Hong【杨宁鸿】
Minister for Health【卫生部长】
In office【在任】15 March 1979 – 31 May 1981
【1979年3月15日至1981年5月31日】
Preceded by【前任】Office established【职位创立】
Succeeded by【继任】Tony Tan【陈庆炎】
个人资料 / Personal details
出生1941年5月20日
海峡殖民地新加坡 / Singapore, Strait Settlements
政党人民行动党 / People’s Action Party
Alma mater【母校】University of Singapore (BA)
Williams College (MA)
配偶陈子玲（1965年结婚）
专业律师
子女2

1. 早年和教育 | Early life and education

Goh was born in Singapore on 20 May 1941 to Goh Kah Choon and Quah Kwee Hwa, who hailed from the Minnan region of Fujian province in China. He has Chinese Hokkien ancestry.[6] Goh studied at Raffles Institution from 1955 to 1960. He was a very competitive swimmer in his younger days and was given the nickname “Bold”.
【参考译文】吴作栋于1941年5月20日在新加坡出生，父亲Goh Kah Choon和母亲Quah Kwee Hwa来自中国福建省闽南地区。他有中国福建人的血统。吴作栋从1955年至1960年在莱佛士书院学习。年轻时，他是一名极具竞争力的游泳选手，并因此获得了“Bold”的绰号。

1955年，他就读于当地著名的英校莱佛士书院，曾是莱佛士书院学生会主席；1961年进入新加坡国立大学学习，并于1964年获经济学一等荣誉学位，同年开始任职于政府部门。1966年，吴作栋赴美国威廉姆斯学院深造，获发展经济学硕士学位。回国后，他任职于“新加坡海皇轮船公司”（现时为法国达飞海运集团子公司），1973年出任公司董事经理。

Upon his graduation, Goh returned to Singapore to work in the government.[7] Goh’s dream of getting a PhD was disrupted as the government would not transfer his bursary bond to the university, where he had signed on as a research fellow after graduation.
【参考译文】毕业后，吴作栋回到新加坡在政府工作。吴作栋攻读博士学位的梦想因政府不愿将其奖学金契约转到大学而中断，他在毕业后已经在那里签约成为一名研究员。

In 2015, Goh was awarded an honorary Doctor of Laws degree by his alma mater, the National University of Singapore, for his contributions to the country.[8]
【参考译文】2015年，为了表彰他对国家的贡献，他的母校——新加坡国立大学授予他荣誉法学博士学位。

2. 职业生涯 | Career

In 1969, Goh was seconded to the national shipping company Neptune Orient Lines (NOL) as the company’s Planning and Projects Manager. His career advanced quickly and by 1973 he was the Managing Director. At NOL, Goh worked under the company’s founder, Muhammad Jalaluddin Sayeed, with whom he maintained close ties.[9]
【参考译文】1969年，吴作栋被借调到国家航运公司——新加坡海皇轮船公司（Neptune Orient Lines, NOL），担任规划与项目经理。他的事业发展迅速，到1973年时已成为公司的总经理。在NOL工作期间，吴作栋在其创始人Muhammad Jalaluddin Sayeed手下工作，并与他保持着密切的关系。

3. 政治生涯 | Political career

In the 1976 general election, Goh, then 35, was elected as Member of Parliament for Marine Parade SMC as a People’s Action Party (PAP) candidate. He was appointed as a Senior Minister of State. In 1981, he was promoted to Minister for Trade and Industry and later served in other appointments including Minister for Health and Minister for Defence.[10]
【参考译文】在1976年的全国大选中，当时35岁的吴作栋作为人民行动党（PAP）候选人当选为马林百列单选区（Marine Parade SMC）的国会议员。他被任命为高级政务部长。1981年，他升任为贸易及工业部长，并后来担任过包括卫生部长和国防部长在内的其他职务。

Goh was tasked to organise the 1981 Anson SMC by-election which was a pivotal event in shaping his political sensibilities. Despite having been passed over as first assistant secretary-general by Tony Tan, Goh was asked to his surprise by Lee Kuan Yew to lead and organise the by-election, ostensibly because of Goh’s previous successful campaigns in organising the 1979 by-election at Anson SMC and the 1980 General Elections.
【参考译文】吴作栋被委以组织1981年安森单选区（Anson SMC）补选的任务，这一事件对于塑造他的政治意识起到了关键作用。尽管此前Tony Tan被选为第一助理秘书长，但令吴作栋惊讶的是，李光耀却要求他来领导和组织这次补选，这显然得益于吴作栋之前在组织1979年安森单选区补选和1980年大选中的成功表现。

Early on in the campaigning for the 1981 Anson SMC by-election, a chasm of leadership emerged as volunteers and older activists for the previous MP Devan Nair departed along with the MP. The new PAP candidate was Pang Kim Hin, who had difficulties connecting to the electorate as he had a reputation of being a “rich man’s son”, as the nephew of Old Guard minister Lim Kan San. Despite being a three-cornered fight, it was apparent that the main opposition candidate was J. B. Jeyaretnam, who was a veteran opposition at the time, having previously came close in winning the seat at Telok Blangah Constituency, which is of close proximity to Anson.
【参考译文】在1981年安森单选区（Anson SMC）补选的竞选早期阶段，随着前任议员Devan Nair离开以及其志愿者和支持者的离去，出现了一道领导层的裂痕。新的人民行动党（PAP）候选人为庞金兴（Pang Kim Hin），由于他被认为是“富家子弟”（因其为老一代部长林根三的侄子），因此在选民中难以建立联系。尽管此次选举是一场三方竞争，但主要的反对党候选人显然是J. B. Jeyaretnam，他是一位经验丰富的反对党人士，之前在邻近安森的Telok Blangah选区几乎赢得了席位。

The rising costs of housing and upcoming public bus fares was a source of unhappiness among voters. PAP lost the Anson seat with a 37-point swing in just 10 months since the last general election, marking the first time since Independence that PAP had lost a seat. This watershed event prompted rumours within the PAP of the end of Goh’s political career.[11] While Lee Kuan Yew was worried that Goh lacked political sensitivity towards the electorate, as he failed to detect the possible loss of the seat and remained overconfident until very close to polling day, he did not blame Goh for the loss, as he reflected in his memoir From Third World to First.
【参考译文】住房成本上升和即将提高的公共汽车票价让选民感到不满。自上次大选仅10个月后，人民行动党在安森选区的席位丢失了37个百分点，这是自新加坡独立以来人民行动党首次失去一个席位。这一里程碑式的事件引发了人民行动党内关于吴作栋政治生涯终结的传言。尽管李光耀担心吴作栋缺乏对选民的政治敏感度，因为他未能察觉到可能失去席位的情况并且直到投票日前夕仍然过于自信，但他并没有因为这次失利而责怪吴作栋。李光耀在他的回忆录《从第三世界到第一》中对此有所反思。

In 1985, Goh became Deputy Prime Minister and began to assume the responsibility of the government in a carefully managed leadership transition. According to Lee Kuan Yew, his preferred successor was Tony Tan. However, Goh was selected by the second generation of PAP leaders that included Tony Tan and Ong Teng Cheong; Lee accepted their decision.[7]: 114–116  However, during the 1988 National Day Rally, Lee Kuan Yew publicly discussed his preferred choice of successor to the nation – ranking Goh as his second below Tony Tan, and while praising his ‘faster mind’, criticized Goh’s indecisiveness and softer and consultative approach to leadership. This led to Goh feeling humiliated and astonished, as he recounted in his 2018 memoir, Tall Order: The Goh Chok Tong Story.[11]
【参考译文】

1985年，吴作栋成为副总理，并在一个精心管理的领导层过渡过程中开始承担政府的责任。据李光耀所述，他首选的接班人是Tony Tan（陈庆炎）。然而，吴作栋是由包括Tony Tan（陈庆炎）和Ong Teng Cheong（王鼎昌）在内的第二代人民行动党领导人挑选出来的；李光耀接受了他们的决定。然而，在1988年的国庆群众大会上，李光耀公开向国民讨论了他的接班人选——将吴作栋列为仅次于Tony Tan的第二人选，并且虽然赞扬了他的“思维敏捷”，但也批评了吴作栋的优柔寡断和较为温和的咨询式领导风格。这使得吴作栋感到屈辱和震惊，正如他在2018年的回忆录《Tall Order: The Goh Chok Tong Story》中所回忆的那样。

3.1 就任总理 | Prime Minister

On 28 November 1990, Goh succeeded Lee Kuan Yew and became the second Prime Minister of Singapore. During the first year of Goh’s premiership, Lee remained as secretary-general of the PAP.[12] Lee also remained an influential member of Goh’s Cabinet, holding the post of Senior Minister. The 1991 general elections, the first electoral test for Goh, led to the party winning 61% of the popular vote, the all-time low for PAP since independence. Because of the drop in share of the popular vote, and losing an unprecedented four seats in Parliament to the opposition, Goh had to quell rumours about his potential resignation to the international news media. In 1992, Lee handed over the post of Secretary-General of the People’s Action Party (PAP) to Goh, successfully completing the leadership transition.[1]
【参考译文】1990年11月28日，吴作栋接替李光耀，成为新加坡的第二任总理。在吴作栋担任总理的第一年里，李光耀仍担任人民行动党的秘书长。李光耀也是吴作栋内阁中有影响力的一员，担任资深部长。1991年的大选是吴作栋面临的第一次选举考验，结果该党赢得了61%的有效票数，这是自新加坡独立以来人民行动党得票率的最低点。由于得票率下降，并且史无前例地在国会中失去了四个席位给反对党，吴作栋不得不向国际新闻媒体平息有关他可能辞职的谣言。1992年，李光耀将人民行动党秘书长的职位交给了吴作栋，从而成功完成了领导权的交接。

Goh’s Deputy Prime Ministers Lee Hsien Loong and Ong Teng Cheong were both diagnosed with cancer in 1992, which prompted the prime minister to call an by-election in his own constituency of Marine Parade in 1992, just over a year after the 1991 elections, citing the need for ‘political self-renewal’ and to get ‘ministerial calibre’ people to join the government. By calling the by-election, Goh became the first Prime Minister of Singapore to vacate his seat to contest a by-election. The vacation also produced a real risk of Goh losing the premiership in the event the PAP lost. Teo Chee Hean, who is currently[when?] one of the core leaders of the third generation of members of PAP and a Senior Minister, was one of the new politicians brought in to contest in the by-election.[citation needed]. The PAP retained Marine Parade GRC with 72.9% of the popular vote, allowing Goh to continue on as Prime Minister, eventually for the next decade.
【参考译文】吴作栋的两位副总理李显龙和王鼎昌都在1992年被诊断出患有癌症，这促使总理在1992年，即1991年大选后仅一年多的时间里，在自己的选区马林百列（Marine Parade）举行补选，理由是需要“政治自我更新”，并吸引具有“部长级素质”的人才加入政府。通过召开补选，吴作栋成为了新加坡第一位放弃自己议席参加补选的总理。此举也带来了如果人民行动党失败，吴作栋可能会失去总理职位的真实风险。Teo Chee Hean，目前是人民行动党第三代成员的核心领导人之一，也是资深部长，是新引进参加补选的政治人物之一。人民行动党在马林百列集选区（GRC）以72.9%的得票率保住了席位，使吴作栋得以继续担任总理，最终持续了接下来的十年。

As Prime Minister, Goh promised a more open-minded and consultative style of leadership than that of his predecessor. This greater openness extended also to the socio-economic spheres of life, for instance, in his support for the rise of “little bohemias” in Singapore, enclaves where more creativity and entrepreneurship could thrive.[13]
【参考译文】作为总理，吴作栋承诺采取比前任更加开明和协商式的领导风格。这种更大的开放性也延伸到了社会经济领域，例如，他支持新加坡“小波西米亚”（little bohemias）的兴起，这些是创意和创业精神能够蓬勃发展的区域。

Goh’s administration introduced several major policies and policy institutions, including:
【参考译文】吴作栋的政府推出了一系列重大政策和政策机构，包括：

图3-1和3-2（发布于知乎想法）

During the period under Goh’s administration, Singapore has experienced several crises, such as the aircraft hijack of Singapore Airlines Flight 117 in 1991, the Asian financial crisis in 1997 and 1998, threats of terrorism in 2001 including Singaporean victims of the 9/11 attacks in New York City by Al-Qaeda and the Singapore embassies attack plot by Jemaah Islamiyah, the 2001–2003 economic recession, 2003 SARS outbreak, and other events.
【参考译文】在吴作栋执政期间，新加坡经历了几场危机，包括1991年的新加坡航空公司117航班劫机事件、1997至1998年的亚洲金融危机、2001年的恐怖主义威胁（包括新加坡人在纽约遭受的9·11袭击以及伊斯兰教祈祷团策划的新加坡大使馆袭击计划）、2001-2003年的经济衰退、2003年的非典（SARS）疫情以及其他事件。

Goh’s access to Bill Clinton’s White House was blocked because of the Michael Fay incident; it did not deter Goh from reaching out to the US President to pitch his idea for a free trade agreement (FTA) between Singapore and the US, as he did not believe Clinton to be aware of the diplomatic freeze. With the help of American businessman Joe Ford, Goh managed to reached out to President Clinton during the 1997 APEC summit, where he played golf with Clinton, ending the diplomatic freeze.
【参考译文】由于迈克尔·费伊事件，吴作栋访问白宫受到了阻碍；但这并没有阻止他向美国总统推销新加坡与美国之间自由贸易协定（FTA）的想法，因为他认为克林顿并不知道这种外交冻结。在美国商人乔·福特的帮助下，吴作栋在1997年的亚太经合组织峰会上设法接触到了克林顿总统，并与他一起打高尔夫球，从而结束了这场外交冻结。

On September 1998, Goh had a meeting with Clinton in the White House and agreed to contribute to the Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization which helped build strong ties between the two Koreas. The considerable improvement in this bilateral relationship had great impact on Singapore’s economic recovery from the Asian Financial Crisis as several trade negotiations, part of “The Millennium Round”, failed during the 1999 Seattle WTO protests and Doha Round. As international trade was three times Singapore’s GDP at that time, securing trade treaties was paramount to Singapore’s economic survival, with the US as its most desired trading partner.
【参考译文】1998年9月，吴作栋在白宫与克林顿会面，并同意向朝鲜半岛能源开发组织（Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization）做出贡献，这有助于加强朝鲜半岛南北双方之间的关系。这种双边关系的重大改善对新加坡从亚洲金融危机中恢复经济起到了重要作用，因为在1999年西雅图世贸组织抗议活动和多哈回合谈判中，“千年回合”贸易谈判的一部分未能达成。鉴于当时国际贸易额是新加坡国内生产总值的三倍，确保贸易条约对新加坡的经济生存至关重要，而美国是新加坡最希望的贸易伙伴。

By riding on the improved relations with the Clinton administration, Goh personally reached out to President Clinton during the annual summit at Brunei in November 2000, near the end of Clinton’s second term of his presidency. After a midnight golf session with Clinton after the banquet, Goh successfully convinced Clinton on a Singapore-USA FTA, with Clinton suggesting an FTA similar to the US-Jordan FTA. The FTA with the USA was eventually signed in 2003, and it was the USA’s first FTA with an Asian country, with Goh exalting this FTA as the “crown jewel” of Singapore’s international trade.[14]
【参考译文】借助与克林顿政府改善的关系，吴作栋在2000年11月文莱年度峰会接近尾声时亲自向克林顿总统提出请求。在宴会后的午夜高尔夫球赛后，吴作栋成功说服克林顿同意新加坡与美国的自由贸易协定（FTA），克林顿建议采用类似于美约旦FTA的模式。最终，新加坡与美国的FTA在2003年签署，这是美国与亚洲国家的第一个FTA，吴作栋称这一FTA为新加坡国际贸易的“皇冠上的明珠”。

As Secretary-General, Goh led the PAP to three general election victories in 1991, 1997, and 2001, in which the party won 61%, 65% and 75% of the votes respectively. After the 2001 general election, Goh indicated that he would step down as Prime Minister after leading the country out of the recession.[7]

During an interview with Time magazine in July 2003, Goh surprised Singaporeans by announcing that his government was openly employing homosexuals, even in sensitive jobs, despite homosexual acts remaining illegal under Section 377A of the Penal Code.[15]

3.2 国务资政 | Senior Minister

图3-3（发布于知乎想法）

In October 2003, Goh announced that he would step down when the economy recovered from a downturn that was caused by the SARS.[16] Eventually on 12 August 2004, Goh stepped down as Prime Minister and held a new position as Senior Minister in the Cabinet of his successor, Lee Hsien Loong.[17] On 20 August 2004, Goh assumed the position of Chairman of the Monetary Authority of Singapore.[18] After a number of threats of terrorism in Singapore,[citation needed] Goh met local Islamic religious leaders in 2004 and made a visit to Iran, where he met Iranian president Mohammad Khatami and visited local mosques.
【参考译文】2003年10月，吴作栋宣布他将在经济从由非典（SARS）引发的低迷中复苏后卸任。最终，在2004年8月12日，吴作栋卸任总理职务，并在继任者李显龙的内阁中担任资深部长（“国务资政”）的新职位。2004年8月20日，吴作栋担任新加坡金融管理局主席。在新加坡面临多次恐怖主义威胁之后，吴作栋于2004年会见了当地伊斯兰宗教领袖，并访问了伊朗，在那里他会见了伊朗总统穆罕默德·哈塔米并参观了当地的清真寺。

Goh subsequently visited other Middle Eastern countries as Senior Minister, with a view to improving diplomatic relationships and thus gaining wider opportunities for Singaporean businesses, especially in the United Arab Emirates, Qatar and Kuwait.[citation needed]
【参考译文】随后，作为国务资政，吴作栋访问了其他中东国家，旨在改善外交关系，从而为新加坡企业获得更广泛的机会，特别是在阿拉伯联合酋长国、卡塔尔和科威特。

On 1 February 2005, Goh was appointed an honorary Companion of the Order of Australia, Australia’s highest civilian honour, “for eminent service to Australia-Singapore relations”.[19]
【参考译文】2005年2月1日，吴作栋被授予澳大利亚荣誉同伴勋章，这是澳大利亚最高的平民荣誉，以表彰他对澳大利亚与新加坡关系作出的杰出贡献。

On 19 May 2005, Goh signed a Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement with Israel’s Finance Minister Benjamin Netanyahu on a visit to Israel, superseding the agreement signed in 1971. Improvements in the agreement include enhancements to the withholding tax rate on interest income, which was reduced from 15% to 7%. This would benefit Singaporean businessmen with investments in Israel and vice versa, by ensuring they are not taxed twice.[citation needed]
【参考译文】2005年5月19日，吴作栋在访问以色列期间与以色列财政部长本杰明·内塔尼亚胡签署了避免双重征税协议，取代了1971年签订的协议。协议的改进之处包括对利息收入预扣税率的提升，税率从15%降低到了7%。这将有利于在以色列投资的新加坡商人，反之亦然，确保他们不会被双重征税。

Goh is a founding patron for the Institute of Policy Studies, a government think tank.[20]
【参考译文】吴作栋是政策研究所（Institute of Policy Studies，一个政府智库）的创始赞助人。

In the 2006 general election, Goh was tasked to help the PAP win back the two opposition wards of Hougang and Potong Pasir.[21] However, he was unsuccessful in this task, as Low Thia Khiang and Chiam See Tong retained their respective wards.
【参考译文】在2006年的大选中，吴作栋被委以帮助人民行动党赢回由反对党控制的后港和波东巴西两个选区的任务。然而，他未能完成这一任务，因为Low Thia Khiang（刘程强）和Chiam See Tong（詹时中）分别保住了他们的选区。

In 2006, Goh was briefly considered for the job of United Nations Secretary-General[22] but he lost out and the job eventually went to Ban Ki-moon.[18]
【参考译文】2006年，吴作栋曾短暂地被考虑为联合国秘书长的候选人，但最终他并未获选，该职位由潘基文担任。

In 2008, Goh was invited to join the InterAction Council of Former Heads of State and Government, an independent international organisation of former world leaders.
【参考译文】2008年，吴作栋应邀加入由前世界领导人组成的独立国际组织——前国家元首和政府首脑国际行动委员会。

On 24 January 2011, Goh announced that he would continue to seek re-election to Parliament at the 2011 general election. Over the following months, he progressively released snippets prior to the election on the importance of grooming a successor who could be part of the fourth generation PAP leadership to helm Marine Parade GRC in the long run.
【参考译文】2011 年 1 月 24 日，吴作栋宣布他将继续争取在 2011 年大选中连任国会议员。在接下来的几个月里，他在选举前陆续发布了一些言论，强调培养继任者的重要性，这些继任者可以成为第四代人民行动党领导人，长期领导马林百列集选区。

3.3 名誉国务资政 | Emeritus Senior Minister

After the 2011 general election in which the opposition made unprecedented gains by winning a group representative constituency in (Aljunied), Goh and Lee Kuan Yew announced that they were retiring from the Cabinet in order to give Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong and the rest of his team a clean slate from which they can make a fresh start in the new parliamentary term.[23]
【参考译文】在2011年的大选中，反对党通过赢得一个团体代表选区（阿裕尼集选区）取得了前所未有的进展之后，吴作栋和李光耀宣布他们将退出内阁，以便让总理李显龙和他的团队能够在新的议会任期中有一个全新的开始。

On 18 May 2011, Lee Hsien Loong announced that Goh was to be appointed a senior adviser to the Monetary Authority of Singapore, and would be given the honorary title of “Emeritus Senior Minister”.[24]
【参考译文】2011年5月18日，李显龙宣布任命吴作栋为新加坡金融管理局高级顾问，并授予其“名誉国务资政（高级部长）”的荣誉称号。[24]

On 24 June 2011, Goh was awarded the 1st Class, Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun by the Japanese government.[25]
【参考译文】2011年6月24日，吴作栋被日本政府授予旭日大绶章（Order of the Rising Sun, 1st Class, Grand Cordon）。

On 4 May 2012, Goh was appointed as Patron for Advancement of the Singapore University of Technology and Design.[26]
【参考译文】2012 年 5 月 4 日，吴作栋被任命为新加坡科技设计大学发展赞助人。[26]

In 2018, Goh’s first volume authorised biography book titled Tall Order: The Goh Chok Tong Story was published. It details Goh’s life from his childhood to until he took office as Singapore’s second prime minister in 1990.[14]
【参考译文】2018年，吴作栋的首部授权传记《Tall Order: The Goh Chok Tong Story》出版。这本书详细讲述了吴作栋从童年时期一直到1990年他担任新加坡第二任总理的人生经历。

In an interview in 2019, Goh stated that he believed a 75% to 80% majority in Parliament, in the future, would constitute a ‘strong mandate’ for the Singapore government. In the same interview, he noted that he does not believe the electoral system needed any further tweaking.[27]
【参考译文】在2019年的一次采访中，吴作栋表示他认为在未来，国会中75%到80%的多数将构成对新加坡政府的“强有力的支持”。在同一采访中，他还指出他认为选举制度不需要进一步调整。

On 4 August 2019, Goh made a Facebook post stating that he felt saddened by how his long-time friend, former PAP politician Tan Cheng Bock, had “lost his way” by forming a new political party, Progress Singapore Party (PSP), to contest in the next general election.[28]
【参考译文】2019 年 8 月 4 日，吴作栋在 Facebook 上发文表示，他的老朋友、前人民行动党政治家陈清木“迷失了方向”，组建了新政党新加坡进步党（PSP）参加下届大选，他对此感到悲伤。[28]

On 25 June 2020, Goh made a Facebook post announcing his retirement as a Member of Parliament for Marine Parade GRC after 44 years of service and will therefore retire from politics.[29][30]
【参考译文】2020 年 6 月 25 日，吴作栋在 Facebook 上发文宣布，他将以马林百列集选区国会议员的身份退休，结束 44 年的服务，并从政坛退休。[29][30]

A second volume of his biography titled Standing Tall: The Goh Chok Tong Years was released in April 2021 to mark his 80th birthday. The sequel consists of the 14 years which Goh was the Prime Minister of Singapore.[14]
【参考译文】2021 年 4 月，为纪念吴作栋 80 岁生日，出版了其传记第二卷《挺身而出：吴作栋时代》。续集涵盖了吴作栋担任新加坡总理的 14 年。[14]

4. 个人生活 | Personal life

Goh is married to Tan Choo Leng and they have a son and a daughter, who are twins. Their son, Goh Jin Hian, is a physician and their daughter, Goh Jin Theng, lives in London with her husband.[33] In his biography Standing Tall, Goh described himself as having no religion; he was brought up with traditional Chinese religions and “nominally practise ancestor worship“.[34] His wife is a Tibetan Buddhist[35] while both his children are Methodist Christians.[34]
【参考译文】吴作栋与Tan Choo Leng结婚，他们有一对双胞胎子女。他们的儿子Goh Jin Hian是一名医生，女儿Goh Jin Theng与丈夫生活在伦敦。在其自传《Standing Tall》中，吴先生描述自己没有宗教信仰；他是在中国传统宗教的影响下长大的，并“名义上实践祭祖”。他的妻子是一位藏传佛教徒，而两个孩子则是循道宗基督徒。

In December 2020, Goh stated in a Facebook post that he would be undergoing four weeks of radiotherapy following the removal of a lump in his larynx, in order to ensure that all cancer cells are eliminated.[36] It was the latest in a series of health issues faced by Goh in recent years.[36]
【参考译文】2020年12月，吴作栋在Facebook上发帖称，在他的喉部移除了一个肿块后，他将接受四周的放射治疗，以确保消除所有癌细胞。这是近年来吴先生面临的一系列健康问题中的最新一起。

In 2021, now retired and talking about his health, Goh indicated that he plans to try to live until at least 93 years of age, much like his Malaysian counterpart Mahathir Mohamad.[37]
【参考译文】2021年，已退休的吴作栋在谈及自己的健康状况时表示，他计划至少活到93岁，就像他的马来西亚同行马哈蒂尔·穆罕默德一样。

5. 争议

2001年1月21日，吴作栋在发表的一篇讲话中表示，在新加坡的马来人所受到的待遇比在邻国马来西亚的马来人要好。吴作栋赞扬了在新加坡马来人的成就，在讲话中他驳斥了外界所说的，马来人被排挤在社会边缘的说法。吴作栋还说，以1998年数字比较，在新加坡，23%的马来人从事行政或者是专业工作，但是，在马来西亚，担当这方面工作的马来人只占总人口的16%。他发表的言论随后触发了与马来西亚之间的争执[1]。

时任马来西亚青年及体育部长希山慕丁·胡先抨击了吴作栋的这番话，指责吴作栋诋毁马来西亚的马来人所取得的成就。希山慕丁说，把新加坡的四十万马来人与马来西亚的一千三百多万马来人相比较是不妥当的，也是明显不平衡的。他也敦促新加坡政府在维护两国关系方面要有更敏锐的触觉[1]。此外，马来西亚报章谴责了新加坡干涉马来西亚的内政。马来西亚外交部也要求新加坡政府予以澄清。

同年2月7日，马来西亚副首相阿都拉·巴达威对新加坡展开为期三天的访问以助改善两国间的敏感关系[2][3]。2月9日，阿都拉表示，访问的结果清楚地表明两国重视双边关系[4]。

6. 遗产 | Legacy

Having served as prime minister between the Lee Kwan Yew and Lee Hsien Loong eras, Goh has often been referred to in Singaporean political jokes as part of the trinity of “father, son, and the holy Goh”.[38]
【参考译文】作为李光耀和李显龙两代总理之间的人物，吴作栋经常在新加坡的政治笑话中被提及，作为“父、子和圣吴”三一的一部分。

In October 2014, the Madame Tussauds Singapore museum unveiled a wax figure of Goh. At its opening, Goh posed for pictures with his statue.[39]
【参考译文】2014年10月，新加坡杜莎夫人蜡像馆揭幕了吴作栋的蜡像。在揭幕仪式上，吴作栋与自己的雕像合影留念。

The Goh Chok Tong Enable Awards by Mediacorp Enable Fund is named after him.[40]
【参考译文】媒体Corp辅助基金设立的吴作栋助残奖即是以他的名字命名的。

7. 荣誉 | Honours

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