李显龙 / Lee Hsien Loong -（全文）中英文维基百科词条融合

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目录

0. 概述

【辽观注】此标题是我们在搬运、整合过程中添加的。

图0-1和0-2（发布于知乎想法）

0.1 文字说明

【辽观注】此标题是我们在搬运、整合过程中添加的。

李显龙 SPMJ DK（英语：Lee Hsien Loong，1952年2月10日—），为新加坡政治人物，现任新加坡国务资政。曾于2004年至2024年间担任新加坡总理（第3任）。

Lee Hsien Loong PPA(E) SPMJ DK (born 10 February 1952) is a Singaporean politician and former brigadier-general serving as a current senior minister of Singapore since 2024, having previously served as the third prime minister of Singapore from 2004 to 2024. He has served as the secretary-general of the People’s Action Party (PAP) since 2004 and has been the member of Parliament (MP) for the Teck Ghee division of Ang Mo Kio GRC since 1991, and previously Teck Ghee SMC from 1984 and 1991.
【参考译文】李显龙（生于1952年2月10日）是一位新加坡政治家和前准将，自2024年起担任新加坡现任资深部长，此前他曾于2004年至2024年担任新加坡第三任总理。自2004年以来，他还担任人民行动党（PAP）秘书长，并自1991年起成为安顺集选区（Ang Mo Kio GRC）的泰祺分区国会议员，此前他从1984年至1991年曾是泰祺单选区议员。

Born and raised in Singapore during British colonial rule, Lee is the eldest son of Singapore’s first prime minister, Lee Kuan Yew. He graduated from Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1974 with first class honours in mathematics and a Diploma in Computer Science with distinction (equivalent to a first-class master’s in computer science). He served in the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) between 1971 and 1984, and attained the rank Brigadier-General, completing a Master of Public Administration degree at Harvard Kennedy School in 1980. Lee resigned from the SAF in 1984 to enter politics and was elected the MP for Teck Ghee SMC. Since its dissolution in 1991, he has represented the Teck Ghee ward of Ang Mo Kio GRC.
【参考译文】李显龙出生于英国殖民统治时期的新加坡，是新加坡首位总理李光耀的长子。他于1974年以数学一等荣誉学位和计算机科学优异文凭（相当于计算机科学一等硕士学位）毕业于剑桥大学三一学院。他在1971年至1984年间在新加坡武装部队（SAF）服役，并晋升为准将军衔，并于1980年在哈佛大学肯尼迪政府学院完成了公共管理硕士学位的学习。1984年，李显龙从新加坡武装部队辞职，进入政坛，并当选为泰祺单选区的国会议员。自1991年该单选区解散后，他一直代表安顺集选区的泰祺分区。

Lee has served as Deputy Prime Minister, Minister for Finance, Minister for Trade and Industry, and Second Minister for Defence under two Prime Ministers Lee Kuan Yew and Goh Chok Tong before assuming the office of prime minister in August 2004. In his first two years, his government enacted a five-day work week and extended maternity leave days. His proposal to build two integrated resorts in Singapore to increase tourism revenue led to the development of the Marina Bay Sands and Resorts World Sentosa. Following the Great Recession of 2008, he oversaw the country’s economic recovery within two years. Further political reforms in 2010 saw increased online activism, as well as the number of Non-Constituency Members of Parliament (NCMPs) in Parliament.
【参考译文】李显龙曾在两位总理李光耀和吴作栋的任期内担任副总理、财政部长、贸工部长以及国防部第二部长，直到2004年8月接任总理职务。在他的前两年任期内，他的政府实施了五天工作制并延长了产假天数。他提出在新加坡建设两个综合度假村以增加旅游收入的提议，促成了滨海湾金沙和圣淘沙名胜世界的开发。在2008年全球金融危机之后，他监督了国家在两年内的经济复苏。2010年的进一步政治改革看到了网络活动主义的增长，以及国会中非选区议员（NCMPs）人数的增加。

李显龙任内提倡提高商品和服务税以资助社会支出和基础设施发展，任内商品及服务税由2004年的4%提高到2024年的9%。2019年，他的政府推出了备受争议的《2019年防止网络假信息和网络操纵法案》以打击网络谣言[1]。

In between 2020 and 2021, Lee has oversaw the government response to COVID-19 pandemic and its subsequent recession and recovery. In 2022, he also oversaw the government response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, making Singapore the only Southeast Asian country to impose sanctions on Russia. That same year, his government de jure and de facto legalised same-sex sexual activity between men by repealing the then already unenforced colonial-era Section 377A. Lee is frequently noted by the international media as the world’s highest-paid state leader. His libel suits against journalists and political opponents have been frequently covered by international news outlets. In April 2024, Lee announced that he would not seek a sixth term as prime minister in the forthcoming general election and resigned from his position as prime minister in May alongside his cabinet; he was succeeded by Lawrence Wong, who formed a new cabinet and subsequently appointed Lee as a Senior Minister.
【参考译文】在2020年至2021年期间，李显龙监督了政府对COVID-19疫情及其随后的经济衰退和复苏的应对措施。2022年，他还监督了政府对俄罗斯入侵乌克兰的反应，使新加坡成为唯一一个对俄罗斯实施制裁的东南亚国家。同年，他的政府正式和实际上废除了当时已经不再执行的殖民时期的第377A条，从而合法化了男性之间的同性性行为。李显龙经常被国际媒体称为世界上薪酬最高的国家领导人。他对记者和政治对手提起的诽谤诉讼也频繁出现在国际新闻报道中。2024年4月，李显龙宣布他不会在即将举行的大选中寻求第六个任期，并于同年5月与其内阁一同辞去了总理职务；他由Lawrence Wong接替，后者组建了新内阁，并任命李显龙为资深部长。

0.2 概况表格

【辽观注】此标题是我们在搬运、整合过程中添加的。

李显龙 / LEE Hsien-loong
阁下 MP SPMJ DK
 新加坡国务资政 / Senior Minister of Singapore
现任 / Incumbent
就任日期 2024年5月15日
与张志贤 / Teo Chee Hea同时在任
总理黄循财 / Lawrence Wong
 新加坡第3任总理 / 3rd Prime Minister of Singapore
任期 2004年8月12日—2024年5月15日
总统塞拉潘·纳丹 / S. R. Nathan →
陈庆炎 / Tony Tan→
哈莉玛·雅各布 / Halimah Yacob →
尚达曼 / Tharman Shanmugaratnam
副职陈庆炎 / Tony Tan（1995年—2005年）
贾古玛 / S. Jayakumar（2004年—2009年）
黄根成 / Wong Kan Seng（2005年—2011年）
张志贤 / Teo Chee Hean（2009年—2019年）
尚达曼 / Tharman Shanmugaratnam（2011年—2019年）
王瑞杰 / Heng Swee Keat（2019年—2024年）
黄循财 / Lawrence Wong（2022年—2024年）
前任吴作栋 / Goh Chok Tong
继任黄循财 / Lawrence Wong
人民行动党第3任中央执行委员会秘书长 / Secretary-General of the People’s Action Party
现任 / Incumbent
就任日期 2004年12月3日
副职黄根成 / Wong Kan Seng
张志贤 / Teo Chee Hean
尚达曼 / Tharman Shanmugaratnam
王瑞杰 / Heng Swee Keat
陈振声
主席林文兴 / Lim Boon Heng → 许文远 / Khaw Boon Wan → 颜金勇 / Gan Kim Yong
前任吴作栋 / Goh Chok Tong
继任黄循财 / Lawrence Wong
新加坡副总理 / Minister for Finance
任期 1990年11月28日—2004年8月12日
与王鼎昌、陈庆炎同时在任
总理吴作栋 / Goh Chok Tong
前任吴作栋 / Goh Chok Tong、王鼎昌 / Ong Teng Cheong
继任贾古玛 / S. Jayakumar、黄根成 / Wong Kan Seng
 新加坡新加坡国会议员 / Member of the Singapore Parliament
现任 / Incumbent
就任日期 1991年8月31日
前任新选区 / Constituency established
选区宏茂桥集选区 / Ang Mo Kio GRC
多数票6万2,826票（38.7%）
任期 1984年12月22日—1991年8月31日
前任新选区
继任已废止
选区德义单选区 / (Teck Ghee)
个人资料 / Personal details
出生1952年2月10日
 新加坡殖民地竹脚妇幼医院
民族华人
国籍 马来西亚（1963年－1965年）
 新加坡（1965年－）
政党 人民行动党 / People’s Action Party
配偶黄名扬 / Wong Ming Yang
（1978年结婚—1982年丧偶）
何晶 / Ho Ching（1985年结婚）
儿女黄名扬所生：
李修齐
李毅鹏
何晶所生：
李鸿毅
李浩毅
父母李光耀（父亲）/ Lee Kuan Yew (father)
柯玉芝（母亲）/ Kwa Geok Choo (mother)
母校剑桥大学 / Trinity College, Cambridge (BA, Dipl.)
哈佛大学 / Harvard University (MPA)
美国陆军指挥参谋学院
军事背景
效忠 新加坡
服役 新加坡共和国陆军
服役时间1971年－1984年
军衔准将 / Brigadier-General

1. 早年生活 | Early life

Lee Hsien Loong was born at KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital in Singapore on 10 February 1952,[3] during the time when Singapore was a British colony.[4] He is the eldest child of Lee Kuan Yew and Kwa Geok Choo and the patriline grandson of a retired storekeeper-turned-salesman, Lee Chin Koon (1903–1995) and Chua Jim Neo (1905–1980), a chef. His mother has ancestry from Tong’an District and Longhu while his father has ancestry from Dabu County in China.[5][6]
【参考译文】李显龙于1952年2月10日出生在新加坡的中央医院（妇女与儿童），当时新加坡还是英国殖民地。他是李光耀和柯玉珠的长子，是退休仓库管理员兼推销员李钦坤（1903–1995年）和厨师蔡认娘（1905–1980年）的直系孙子。他的母亲祖籍来自同安县和龙虎，而父亲则祖籍中国大埔县。

1952年2月10日，李显龙生在新加坡竹脚妇幼医院，他是已故新加坡总理李光耀和妻子柯玉芝的长子，家中有一名妹妹李玮玲和一名弟弟李显扬[2][3]。李显龙的祖母蔡认娘是客家闽南混血的娘惹。[4][5]根据李光耀的传记，李显龙自5岁就学会爪夷文，一直关注新加坡政务，自1963年以来经常随同父亲到群众大会场地。

1.1 教育 | Education

Lee was educated at Nanyang Primary School and Catholic High School—where he played clarinet in the school band,[7] and National Junior College before he was awarded the President’s Scholarship and Singapore Armed Forces Overseas Scholarship in 1971 by the Public Service Commission (PSC) to study mathematics at Trinity College, University of Cambridge.[8]
【参考译文】李显龙曾在南洋小学和天主教高中接受教育，在学校乐队中演奏单簧管，并在国家初级学院学习。1971年，他获得了总统奖学金和新加坡武装部队海外奖学金，由公共服务委员会（PSC）颁发，前往剑桥大学三一学院学习数学。

He became the Senior Wrangler at Cambridge in 1973,[9][10] and graduated in 1974 with a Bachelor of Arts with first class honours degree (later promoted to Master of Arts by seniority) in mathematics and a diploma in computer science (now equivalent to a master’s degree in computer science) with distinction. His college tutor, Denis Marrian, later described Lee as “the brightest mathematician he had admitted to the college”.[11] Béla Bollobás said that Lee “would have been a world-class research mathematician”, but his father did not realise this and persuaded Lee to leave the field.[12] In an interview prior to Lee’s resignation as prime minister in 2024, Lee said he did not feel regret pursing the path of politics over mathematics, saying that he “had the responsibility to come back to Singapore, be part of Singapore, and do what [he] could to help the country to succeed”, and added saying it was “the right thing to do”.[13]
【参考译文】1973年，他在剑桥大学成为了Senior Wrangler（数学考试第一名）。1974年，他以一等荣誉学士学位毕业，专业是数学，并且还以优异的成绩获得了计算机科学文凭（现在等同于计算机科学硕士学位）。他的大学导师丹尼斯·马里安后来形容李显龙是“他所录取的学生中最聪明的数学家”。贝拉·波洛巴什曾说，李显龙“本可以成为一名世界级的研究数学家”，但是他的父亲没有意识到这一点，并说服他离开了这一领域。在2024年李显龙卸任总理之前的一次采访中，他表示并不后悔选择了政治而非数学的道路，他说自己“有责任回到新加坡，成为新加坡的一部分，并尽其所能帮助国家取得成功”，并补充说这样做是“正确的选择”。

He subsequently went on to complete a Master of Public Administration degree, becoming a Mason Fellow at Harvard University‘s John F. Kennedy School of Government in 1980.[4]
【参考译文】随后，他在1980年完成了哈佛大学约翰·肯尼迪政府学院的公共管理硕士学位，并成为梅森学者。

能讲英语、华语、马来语等多种语言。

1.2 军旅生涯 | Military career

Lee joined the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) in 1971, and served as a commissioned officer between 1974 and 1984, and held various staff and command posts, including Director of the Joint Operations and Plans Directorate, and Chief of Staff of the General Staff.[14]
【参考译文】李显龙于1971年加入新加坡武装部队（SAF），并在1974年至1984年间担任委任军官，其间担任过多个职员和指挥职务，包括联合行动与计划局局长和总参谋长等职务。

He also attended the United States Army Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth in 1978.[15]
【参考译文】1978年，他还曾在美国莱文沃斯堡的美国陆军指挥与参谋学院学习。

Lee rose quickly through the ranks in the Singapore Army, becoming the youngest brigadier-general in Singapore’s history after his promotion in July 1983 at the age of 32.[16]
【参考译文】李显龙在新加坡军队中迅速晋升，于1983年7月被提升为准将，成为新加坡历史上最年轻的一位准将，当时他仅32岁。

Notably, he was put in command of the rescue operations following the Sentosa cable car disaster. Lee served as commanding officer of the 23rd Battalion Singapore Artillery in the Singapore Army before he left the SAF in 1984 for politics.[17][18]
【参考译文】值得注意的是，他在圣淘沙缆车事故后负责指挥救援行动。在1984年离开新加坡武装部队从政之前，李显龙在新加坡陆军中担任第23炮兵营的营长。

2. 早期政治生涯 | Early political career

During the 1980s, Lee was regarded as the core member of the next batch of new leaders in the People’s Action Party (PAP) leadership transition that was taking place in the mid-1980s, as Lee Kuan Yew had declared that he would step down as prime minister in 1984. Following the 1984 general election, all of the old Central Executive Committee members except Lee Kuan Yew resigned on 1 January 1985.[19]
【参考译文】在20世纪80年代，李显龙被视为人民行动党（PAP）领导层过渡期间新一代领导核心成员之一，这次过渡发生在80年代中期，因为李光耀宣布他将在1984年卸任总理一职。在1984年大选之后，除了李光耀之外的所有中央执行委员会老成员都在1985年1月1日辞职。

Lee was first elected Member of Parliament for the Teck Ghee SMC in 1984, at the age of 32. He was subsequently appointed Minister of State for Trade and Industry, and Minister of State for Defence.
【参考译文】李显龙在1984年首次当选为泰祺单选区的国会议员，当时他32岁。随后，他被任命为贸工部和国防部的部长级政务部长。

In 1985, Lee chaired the government’s economic committee, which recommended changes to established government policies to reduce business costs, foster longer-term growth and revive the Singapore economy, which was experiencing a recession at the time. The committee’s recommendations included reductions in corporate and personal taxes and the introduction of a consumption tax.
【参考译文】1985年，李显龙主持了政府的经济委员会，该委员会建议改变既定的政府政策以降低企业成本、促进长期增长并重振当时正经历衰退的新加坡经济。委员会的建议包括降低公司和个人税负以及引入消费税。

In 1986, Lee was appointed Acting Minister for Trade and Industry. In 1987, he became a full member of the Cabinet as Minister for Trade and Industry and Second Minister for Defence.
【参考译文】1986年，李显龙被任命为代理贸工部长。1987年，他成为内阁正式成员，担任贸工部长及国防部第二部长。

3.1 人民行动党青年团 | PAP Youth Committee

In March 1986, First Deputy Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong discussed the question with Lee on encouraging younger Singaporeans to join the party. Goh was firm that the proposed committee should attract only the right kinds of members, ruling out material rewards as an incentive. The proposed youth wing was to encourage the improvement of the system from within, which would give new members a stake in the country’s future. Lee later said the establishment of the youth wing reflected concerns by the leadership that the lack of an official channel to engage with the younger generation might lead them to vote for opposition parties and potentially bring the PAP government down. The youth wing was an official “tailor-made” mechanism to allow dissenting opinions to be heard.
【参考译文】1986年3月，第一副总理吴作栋与李显龙讨论了鼓励年轻新加坡人加入政党的问题。吴作栋坚决认为，提议中的委员会只能吸引合适的成员类型，并排除了物质奖励作为激励手段。提议中的青年翼旨在鼓励从内部改进体制，这将使新成员在国家的未来中有一定的利害关系。李显龙后来表示，青年翼的建立反映了领导层的担忧，即缺乏一个官方渠道来与年轻一代互动可能会导致他们投票给反对党，进而有可能使人民行动党政府下台。青年翼是一个官方“量身定制”的机制，允许不同的意见被听取。

Lee was the first chairman of the PAP Youth Committee upon its establishment, the predecessor to Young PAP.[20]
【参考译文】李显龙在人民行动党青年团委员会成立时担任首任主席，该委员会是青年行动党的前身。

3. 副总理 | Deputy Prime Minister

3.1 部长职务 | Ministerial duties

On 28 November 1990, Goh Chok Tong succeeded Lee Kuan Yew as prime minister. Lee Hsien Loong was made one of two deputy prime ministers, along with Ong Teng Cheong. He continued to serve as the minister for trade and industry until 1992, when he was diagnosed with lymphoma. He subsequently relinquished his ministerial position and underwent three months of chemotherapy, though he continued to be a deputy prime minister during his illness. The chemotherapy was successful, and his cancer has gone into remission.[21]
【参考译文】1990年11月28日，吴作栋接替李光耀出任总理。李显龙被任命为两位副总理之一，另一位是王鼎昌。他继续担任贸工部长直至1992年被诊断出患有淋巴瘤。随后，他放弃了部长职位并接受了三个月的化疗，尽管在患病期间他仍然担任副总理职务。化疗取得了成功，他的癌症得到了缓解。

Lee was appointed chairman of the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) in January 1998,[22] and in 2001 he was made the finance minister. To ease the growing budget deficit due to falling tax revenues from cuts in corporate and personal income taxes and other factors such as the Iraq War and SARS outbreak, Lee proposed on 29 August 2003 to raise the GST from three per cent to five per cent, a change that took place in January 2004.
【参考译文】李显龙于1998年1月被任命为新加坡金融管理局（MAS）主席，[22] 并在2001年被任命为财政部长。为了缓解由于削减公司所得税和个人所得税导致税收下降以及伊拉克战争和SARS疫情等因素造成的日益严重的预算赤字，李显龙在2003年8月29日提议将商品及服务税（GST）从3%提高到5%，这一变化于2004年1月生效。

Lee initiated several amendments to render requirements for Singapore citizenship less restrictive, notably for foreign-born children of Singaporean women.[23] The changes were made after repeated pleas from MPs and the Remaking Singapore Committee.
【参考译文】李显龙启动了几项修正案，以使新加坡公民身份的要求变得不那么严格，特别是对于新加坡女性在国外出生的子女。这些改动是在国会议员和重塑新加坡委员会多次呼吁之后做出的。

1999年11月，世界客属第15届恳亲大会在马来西亚吉隆坡成功举办，李光耀、李显龙以及马来西亚首相马哈蒂尔·穆罕默德出席闭幕式并致词[9]。

为缓解因为降低企业税和个人税而税收入下降，以及其他因素如伊拉克战争以及SARS的爆发，而导致的不断增长的预算赤字，2003年8月29日，李显龙提议将消费税（Goods and Services Tax，简称GST）从3%提高到5%。这个提议在2004年1月落实。

在国际方面，李显龙建立了新加坡与他国的关系，例如新西兰。2001年12月，李显龙越过新柔长堤，前往新山出席开斋节庆祝会，与时任马来西亚首相马哈蒂尔·穆罕默德会面[10]。2002年，李显龙再度与马哈迪会面[11]。

3.2 访问台湾地区 | Visit to Taiwan

On 10 July 2004, Lee visited Taiwan, an island claimed by the People’s Republic of China (PRC) that has been ruled by the Republic of China (ROC) since 1945. The Singapore government maintains a policy of neutrality in the Cross-Strait relations between the two sides despite having severed diplomatic relations with the Republic of China on 3 October 1990 in favour of the People’s Republic. To continue facilitating this policy when Lee becomes Prime Minister, Lee believed it to be important for him to “personally feel for the situation” in Taiwan and made the trip going to Taiwan. Ministry of Foreign Affairs officials advised that any visit to Taiwan by an incumbent prime minister would be diplomatically impossible, hence the trip was planned a month before Lee assumed the premiership and in his capacity as a private citizen, not as a government minister or as the head of government, with the PRC embassy informed on 9 July 2004.
【参考译文】2004 年 7 月 10 日，李显龙访问台湾。台湾是中华人民共和国宣称拥有主权的岛屿，自 1945 年以来一直由中华民国统治。新加坡政府在两岸关系上保持中立政策，尽管新加坡政府于 1990 年 10 月 3 日与中华民国断绝外交关系，转而与中华人民共和国建立外交关系。为了在李显龙出任总理后继续推行这一政策，李显龙认为“亲自感受台湾局势”对他来说很重要，因此决定前往台湾。外交部官员表示，现任总理访问台湾在外交上是不可能的，因此李光耀出任总理前一个月就计划了这次访问，并以普通公民的身份，而不是政府部长或政府首脑的身份进行访问，并于 2004 年 7 月 9 日通知了中华人民共和国大使馆。

On the same day’s afternoon, the PRC government summoned the Singapore ambassador in Beijing and urged the cancellation of Lee’s trip, citing the likelihood of Chen Shui Bian‘s administration in Taiwan exploiting the trip as a diplomatic coup and using it to promote the independence of Taiwan, with the PRC claiming that Singapore was making a “historical error” for the trip. Then-Foreign Minister S. Jayakumar replied to the PRC counterpart of him Li Zhaoxing that the ROC government had been asked to keep the visit low-profile and that it would proceed as planned.[24][25]
【参考译文】当天下午，中国政府召见新加坡驻北京大使，敦促取消李显龙的访问，理由是陈水扁政府可能会利用这次访问进行外交政变，并借此推动台湾独立，而中国则声称新加坡的这次访问犯了一个“历史错误”。时任外交部长贾古玛回复中国外长李肇星称，已要求中华民国政府保持低调，访问将按计划进行。[24][25]

The PRC later retaliated by cancelling several visits by high-ranking PRC officials to Singapore and delaying planned signing ceremonies, hinting that free trade negotiations would also be pushed back. The matter was further complicated and magnified when Taiwanese media headlined the visit and portrayed it as a diplomatic breakthrough, which raised tensions with the PRC. The Singapore government later published the full records of the discussion with the Chinese embassy in Singapore’s local media.[24]
【参考译文】随后，中国采取报复措施，取消了数名中国高级官员对新加坡的访问，并推迟了原定的签字仪式，暗示自由贸易谈判也将被推迟。台湾媒体大肆报道此次访问，称其为一次外交突破，这加剧了与中国的紧张关系，使问题变得更加复杂和严重。新加坡政府随后在新加坡当地媒体上公布了与中国大使馆会谈的完整记录。[24]

On 28 August 2004, in his first National Day Rally speech and as prime minister, Lee criticised the Taiwanese leadership and populace over their pro-independence stance. He reiterated the reasons for the visit and said that Singapore’s decision to stand firm on its vital interests had earned it international respect.[26] Relations were eventually mended when Lee met Hu Jintao at the APEC Economics Leaders’ Meeting on 19 November 2004, which signified the end of the dispute.[24]
【参考译文】2004 年 8 月 28 日，李显龙在担任总理后的首次国庆群众大会演讲中批评台湾领导人和民众的“台独”立场。他重申了此次访问的原因，并表示新加坡坚持维护自身利益的决定为其赢得了国际尊重。[26] 2004 年 11 月 19 日，李显龙在亚太经合组织经济领导人会议上会见胡锦涛，标志着争端结束，两国关系最终得以修复。[24]

“When our vital interests are at stake, we must quietly stand our ground. As Dr Habibie said, Singapore is a little red dot. If we don’t defend our interests, who will?”
【参考译文】“当我们的切身利益受到威胁时，我们必须默默坚守立场。正如哈比比博士所说，新加坡是一个小红点。如果我们不捍卫自己的利益，谁来捍卫呢？”

——Lee in his National Day Rally speech[26]
【参考译文】李显龙国庆群众大会致辞[26]

4. 总理 | Prime Minister

4.1 2004-2006：第一个任期 | 2004–2006: First term

李显龙在2004年正式接任总理的数月前，他已经在一些关键领域号召改革，为私人企业让出更多空间。身为政府的一分子，李显龙在一次演讲中说道：“保姆不应该时时刻刻照料一切事情。”

On 12 August 2004, Lee succeeded Goh Chok Tong as prime minister and relinquished his chairmanship of the Monetary Authority of Singapore to Goh. Chief Justice Yong Pung How had Lee sworn in at the Istana.[27] As prime minister, Lee also became chairman of the People’s Association.
【参考译文】2004年8月12日，李显龙接替吴作栋出任总理，并将新加坡金融管理局主席的职位交给了吴作栋。首席大法官翁秉若在总统府主持了李显龙的就职宣誓仪式。作为总理，李显龙还成为了人民协会的主席。

In his maiden National Day Rally speech on 22 August 2004, Lee announced several new initiatives, among them the policy of the “five-day work week” which removed the half-working day on Saturday.[28] The plan took effect on 1 January 2005. In response to public feedback, maternity leave was also extended from eight to twelve weeks after consultation with employers and unions. To encourage the growth of the birthrate in Singapore, the Baby Bonus scheme was expanded to provide financial support to women who bear a fourth child.[29][26]
【参考译文】在2004年8月22日他的首次国庆群众大会上，李显龙宣布了几项新的举措，其中包括“五天工作制”政策，取消了周六半天工作的制度。这项计划于2005年1月1日生效。回应公众的反馈，在与雇主和工会协商后，产假也从八周延长到了十二周。为了鼓励新加坡生育率的增长，“婴儿花红”计划也被扩大，为生育第四个孩子的女性提供财政支持。

In November 2004, Lee sparked a national debate when he proposed to build two Integrated Resorts (IRs), or hotel-casinos. Despite the longstanding stance against gambling in Singapore, with the exception of regulated industries such as the Singapore Turf Club and Singapore Pools, the government was concerned its stance was hurting the economic competitiveness of the country, risking the loss of tourism revenue to other cities. In April 2005, despite some public opposition, the government approved the proposal. The IRs were built in Marina Bay and Sentosa. To limit the negative social impact of casino gambling, Lee suggested safeguards such as prohibiting minors from the casinos and charging an entrance fee for Singaporeans of S$100 (or S$2000 for a yearly pass). The Casino Control Act was enacted into law on 1 June 2006, which regulated the operations of the casino operators and provided social safeguards intended to deter problem gambling.[30]
【参考译文】2004年11月，当李显龙提出建造两个综合度假村（IRs，即酒店赌场）时，引发了全国性的辩论。尽管新加坡长期以来反对赌博，除了受监管的行业如新加坡赛马公会和新加坡博彩公司外，政府担心其立场正在损害国家的经济竞争力，可能会将旅游收入输给其他城市。尽管有一些公众反对，但在2005年4月，政府还是批准了这一提案。这两个综合度假村分别建在滨海湾和圣淘沙。为了限制赌场赌博带来的负面社会影响，李显龙建议采取保护措施，例如禁止未成年人进入赌场，并对新加坡公民收取每次100新元（或每年2000新元的年票）的入场费。《赌场管制法》于2006年6月1日制定为法律，该法规范了赌场运营商的运营，并提供了旨在防止问题赌博的社会保障措施。

In February 2006, Lee announced a S$2.6 billion Progress Package[31][32] to distribute budget surpluses in the form of cash, top-ups to the Central Provident Fund, rental and utilities rebates, and educational funds. The cash bonuses were distributed in early May 2006. As the announcement came three months before the 2006 Singaporean general election, it drew criticism that the ruling party was involved in “vote buying”.[33]
【参考译文】2006年2月，李显龙宣布了一项26亿新元的“进步配套”，以现金、公积金补贴、租金和水电费回扣以及教育基金的形式分配财政盈余。现金红利于2006年5月初发放。由于这一宣布发生在2006年新加坡大选前三个月，因此遭到了执政党涉及“买票”的批评。

4.2 2006-2011：第二个任期 | 2006–2011: Second term

主条目：2006年新加坡大选

2006年2月，大选的三个月前，李显龙在国会宣布了总值26亿新元的“增长配套”（Progress Package）。[12][13]此计划是派发前几年所累积的预算盈余以现金的方式给所有新加坡成年人，给年长者的国家养老储蓄增值，给住在政府组屋的人租金和水电费回扣，给来自低收入家庭的学童教育基金，以及给超过40岁的低薪工人和刚完成国民服役的军人现金花红。这些现金花红在2006年5月初分发完毕。

批评者，尤其是反对党党员，指出增长配套是为了将在2006年5月6日举行的新加坡国会大选而“收买选票”。在那次大选，李显龙带领的人民行动党赢得84个议席的82个，包括37个选区不战而胜。李显龙与其他五人在宏茂桥集选区获胜，以9万6591票赢得集选区，占总票数15万9872的60.42%。反对党工人党的六人一组大多数是20多岁，选区是15年来首次有反对党竞选。

工人党决定竞逐宏茂桥是个意外的惊喜，因为预计反对党将避开由重量级部长带领的集选区。然而，工人党说，竞逐该集选区的首要原因是给予宏茂桥的居民投票的机会。尽管工人党团队经验不足，再加上李显龙是总理，他们还是赢得了强烈的4万9468票（30.94%）。废票的比例也非常高，总废票为1万3813，占8.64%。

In that election, the PAP won 82 of the 84 seats, including 37 walkovers. The Ang Mo Kio GRC was contested for the first time in 15 years. The Workers’ Party (WP) claimed that they wanted to give Ang Mo Kio residents a chance to exercise their vote. Lee and his six-member GRC team won 60.42% of the votes against WP’s inexperienced team.
【参考译文】在那次选举中，人民行动党赢得了84个席位中的82个席位，其中37个席位是没有竞争对手自动当选的。安顺集选区15年来首次遭遇挑战。工人党（WP）声称，他们希望给安顺居民一个行使投票权的机会。李显龙和他的六人集选区团队面对工人党经验不足的团队，赢得了60.42%的选票。

On 29 November 2007, Lee announced that he would relinquish his finance ministerial portfolio to Tharman Shanmugaratnam on 1 December of that year. The handover was largely supported by business analysts, who felt that the importance of the position necessitated the dedication of a full-time minister for Singapore to entrench and promote its role as a financial hub. Regional economist Song Seng Wun said that with the growing sophistication of the economy and the financial markets’ increasing volatility, Lee “may not have the full-time attention” due to his concurrent duties as prime minister.[34]
【参考译文】2007年11月29日，李显龙宣布他将于当年12月1日将财政部长的职务交给尚达曼。这一交接得到了商业分析师的广泛支持，他们认为这一职位的重要性需要一位全职部长来巩固和提升新加坡作为金融中心的地位。区域经济学家宋诚文表示，随着经济的日益复杂和金融市场波动性的增加，身兼总理职务的李显龙“可能无法全心投入”财长的工作。

4.2.1 大萧条 | Great Recession

The economy grew for the first two years of Lee’s tenure but plunged 12.5% during the Great Recession. Singapore became the first Asian country to slip into a recession during the fourth quarter of 2008, with the financial, construction and manufacturing sectors being particularly affected by the Great Recession; the downturn was attributed to the city’s trade-dependent economy.[35] To counteract the ailing economy, the government announced a S$2.8 billion stimulus fund in November 2008 for SMEs and local firms and further pledged a S$20.5 billion Resilience Package in January 2009.[36] These measures were intended to keep the unemployment rate low, having risen to 2.6% in December 2008 and 3.3% by the end of Q2 2009.[35]
【参考译文】在李显龙任期内的头两年，经济有所增长，但在大萧条期间下滑了12.5%。新加坡在2008年第四季度成为第一个陷入衰退的亚洲国家，金融、建筑和制造业部门受到大萧条的严重影响；此次经济衰退归因于该市依赖贸易的经济。为了应对疲软的经济，政府在2008年11月宣布了一项28亿新元的刺激基金用于中小企业和本地企业，并在2009年1月进一步承诺提供205亿新元的坚韧配套。这些措施旨在保持较低的失业率，失业率在2008年12月上升至2.6%，并在2009年第二季度末达到3.3%。

In August 2009, Lee declared that “the worst [was] over” and that Singapore was in a stronger position due to better-than-forecast growth in the manufacturing and services industries.[37] The Ministry of Trade and Industry announced an end to the recession in November 2009 and forecast a 3–5% growth for 2010.[36] Singapore subsequently saw a record-high economic recovery of 14.53%, defying predictions of moderate growth, with the unemployment rate falling to 1.8% by September 2010.[37][38]
【参考译文】2009年8月，李显龙宣布“最糟糕的时期已经过去”，并且由于制造业和服务行业的增长好于预期，新加坡处于更为有利的位置。2009年11月，贸工部宣布经济衰退结束，并预测2010年将实现3%至5%的增长。随后，新加坡实现了创纪录的14.53%的经济复苏，打破了适度增长的预测，失业率在2010年9月降至1.8%。

4.2.2 政治改革 | Political reforms

On 27 May 2009, Lee gave a speech in Parliament validating the roles of nonpartisan Nominated members of parliament (NMP) and praising the NMP scheme as having improved “quality of debate” in the-PAP dominated parliament. He proposed to make the scheme permanent.[39] In May 2010, Lee instituted electoral reforms to the electoral system by reducing the number of group representation constituencies (GRC) and increasing the number of non-constituency members of parliament (NCMP) and nominated members of parliament (NMP) to a maximum of nine each (inclusive of the number of elected opposition members).[40] A cooling-off day on the day before the election was instituted, where campaigning is prohibited except for party political broadcasts.[41]

2010年，李显龙对当前的选举制度制定了选举改革方案，减少集选区的数量，将非选区议员（Non-constituency Member of Parliament，简称NCMP）的数量增至最多9人（包括当选反对党议员），也将官委议员（Nominated Member of Parliament，简称NMP）增至9人。改革还包括互联网竞选活动合法化，以及强制“冷静日”，不得进行竞选活动，政党政治广播除外。

李显龙被任命为管理超过1000亿新元的新加坡政府投资公司的董事长，于2011年6月1日生效。他将接替他父亲李光耀担任董事长，而李光耀则继续担任公司的高级顾问。

4.3 2011-2015：第三个任期 | 2011–2015: Third term

主条目：2011年新加坡大选

2011年4月，选举局宣布大选将在2011年5月7日举行。大选中人民行动党仅在一个选区自动当选。选举结果显示，行动党的支持率较2006年大选下跌6.46%，至60.14%，是自独立以来最低。[14]虽然行动党赢得绝大部分议席，即87个议席的81个，但是行动党将阿裕尼集选区输给工人党，这是反对党首次赢得集选区。两名内阁部长，即外交部长杨荣文及总理公署部长陈惠华败选。[15]

后来，内阁资政李光耀和国务资政吴作栋向内阁递交辞呈[16][17]。两人分别被委任为新加坡政府投资公司和新加坡金融管理局的高级顾问。[18][19]

2011年5月21日，李显龙宣誓就职第二个任期。由他带领的新内阁包括三位新委任的部长。前教育部及贸工部高级政务部长易华仁（S. Iswaran）被任命为总理公署部长以及内政部及贸工部第二部长。首次当选国会议员的王瑞杰和陈振声分别被任命为教育部长、社会发展、青年及体育部代部长及新闻通讯及艺术部政务部长。[20][21]王瑞杰是自1984年以来第一位直接委任为全职部长的新议员。[22][23]

In the 2011 Singapore general election, the PAP saw a 6.46% swing downwards to 60.14%, its lowest since independence.[42] The result, while a landslide victory for the PAP by international standards, was seen as a rebuke to the ruling party as a result of massive immigration of low-skilled workers, high-profile rail transport breakdowns and the rising cost of living in the intervening years.[43] During the campaigning period, Lee has sensed the discontent in public sentiment and made a public apology.[44] While the PAP swept into power, winning 81 out of 87 seats, it lost Aljunied GRC to the Workers’ Party (WP), a historic win by an opposition party. Foreign Minister George Yeo and Minister in the Prime Minister’s Office Lim Hwee Hua of the GRC were defeated.[45] Following the election, Lee Kuan Yew and Goh Chok Tong resigned from the cabinet as part of a rejuvenation process in the government and to provide a clean slate for Lee.[46] Lee was sworn in to a third term on 21 May 2011.
【参考译文】在2011年的新加坡大选中，人民行动党的得票率下降了6.46%，降至60.14%，这是自新加坡独立以来的最低水平。[42]尽管按照国际标准，这一结果仍然是人民行动党的压倒性胜利，但由于大量低技能劳工的移民、高调的铁路运输中断以及这些年生活成本的上涨，这一结果被视为对执政党的谴责。[43]在竞选期间，李显龙感受到了公众情绪中的不满，并公开道歉。[44]尽管人民行动党赢得了87个席位中的81个，但阿尔俊尼集选区输给了工人党（WP），这是反对党历史性的胜利。集选区的外交部长杨荣文和总理公署部长林惠煌落选。[45]大选后，作为政府更新过程的一部分，并为李显龙提供一个新的开始，李光耀和吴作栋退出了内阁。[46]李显龙于2011年5月21日宣誓就任第三届总理任期。

On 1 June 2011, Lee was named chairman of the Government of Singapore Investment Corporation, which manages more than S$100 billion in assets. He succeeded his father, Lee Kuan Yew, who remained as senior advisor to the fund until his death.[47]
【参考译文】2011年6月1日，李显龙被任命为新加坡政府投资公司的主席，该公司管理着超过1000亿新元的资产。他接替了他的父亲李光耀，李光耀在去世前一直是该基金的高级顾问。[47]

In 2012, Lee indicated that he hoped not to be prime minister beyond the age of seventy, noting the need for someone to be in tune with the public.[48]
【参考译文】2012年，李显龙表示，他希望在七十岁以后不再担任总理，指出需要有人能够与公众保持一致。[48]

2012年4月20日，为了与新加坡网民改善联系，李显龙设立了个人Facebook专页。[24]

4.4 2015-2020年：第四个任期 | 2015–2020: Fourth term

图4-1（发布于知乎想法）

In the 2015 Singapore general election, Lee was re-elected in Ang Mo Kio GRC, with the PAP winning 83 of 89 seats in Parliament and 69.9% of the national vote. Lee’s fourth term as prime minister was marked by events such as the China–United States trade war, which adversely affected the nation’s economy, being highly reliant on free markets and trade.[49] Increased cyberattacks on Singapore-related services and websites led to the introduction of the Cybersecurity Act in 2018 and the establishment of the Cyber Security Agency.[50] The defeat of the Barisan Nasional government in the 2018 Malaysian general election, which saw the return of Mahathir Mohamad as prime minister, led to a chill in relations as the new Pakatan Harapan government sought to overturn previously signed agreements on the Kuala Lumpur-Singapore high-speed rail and Johor Bahru-Singapore Rapid Transit System, and also disputed with Singapore on airspace and maritime rights.[51][52][53][54] As part of the Lee government’s effort to promote Singapore as an international center for arbitration, the city hosted the leaders of Mainland China and Taiwan for the Ma-Xi meeting on 7 November 2015 and the North Korea–United States summit on 12 June 2018.[55][56] Singapore hosted the signing of the Singapore Convention on Mediation on 7 August 2019, the first United Nations treaty named after it, and ratified it on 25 February 2020.[57]
【参考译文】2015 年新加坡大选，李显龙在宏茂桥集选区再次当选，人民行动党赢得了国会 89 个席位中的 83 个，全国选票占比 69.9%。李显龙第四个总理任期内发生了中美贸易战等事件，对高度依赖自由市场和贸易的国家经济产生了不利影响。[49] 新加坡相关服务和网站遭受的网络攻击增多，导致新加坡于 2018 年出台《网络安全法》，并成立了网络安全局。[50] 2018 年马来西亚大选中，国阵政府落败，马哈蒂尔·穆罕默德再次出任总理，导致两岸关系降温，因为新成立的希望联盟政府试图推翻之前签署的吉隆坡-新加坡高铁和新山-新加坡捷运系统协议，并与新加坡在领空和海洋权利上发生争端。[51][52][53][54] 作为李显龙政府推动新加坡成为国际仲裁中心的努力之一，新加坡于 2015 年 11 月 7 日接待了中国大陆和台湾领导人的马习会，并于 2018 年 6 月 12 日接待了朝美峰会。[55][56] 2019 年 8 月 7 日，新加坡主办了《新加坡调解公约》的签署，这是第一部以其命名的联合国条约，并于 2020 年 2 月 25 日批准了该公约。[57]

On 20 July 2018, it was announced that sophisticated state-linked actors had hacked Lee’s health data along with that of 1.5 million other residents. The hack was intended to access Lee’s data in particular.[58]
【参考译文】2018 年 7 月 20 日，有消息称，一些与政府有关联的老练黑客窃取了李的健康数据以及其他 150 万居民的数据。此次黑客攻击的目的是获取李的数据。[58]

On 23 April 2019, Lee reshuffled his cabinet and promoted Heng Swee Keat to deputy prime minister, effective 1 May 2019. As part of the party’s leadership succession, the move was widely interpreted as a prelude to Heng succeeding Lee as Singapore’s fourth prime minister after the next general election. Lee noted that the cabinet reshuffle “was more extensive than usual”, with younger, fourth-generation ministers being prioritised and now heading two-thirds of the ministries.[59]
【参考译文】2019年4月23日，李显龙改组了他的内阁，并将王瑞杰提拔为副总理，于2019年5月1日生效。作为党内领导层交接的一部分，此举被广泛解读为王瑞杰将在下届大选后接替李显龙成为新加坡第四任总理的前奏。李显龙指出，这次内阁改组“比以往更加广泛”，优先考虑了年轻的第四代部长，现在他们领导了三分之二的政府部门。[59]

4.4.1 计划将商品及服务税（GST）提高到9% | Planned GST hike to 9%

Speaking at his party convention on 19 November 2017, Lee said that raising taxes was a necessity to fund investment in the social, healthcare, economic and infrastructure sectors. Annual expenses on preschools is expected to reach $1.7 billion by 2022, while the growth in the ageing population is predicted to create a larger demand for affordable healthcare. Construction and refurbishment of new port and rail infrastructure, coupled with economic restructuring and training of workers, also necessitated tax increases.[60] The taxes raised would be in the form of the GST, which is expected to rise from 7% to 9% by 2025. Lee’s government said that it was necessary to plan ahead for increasing annual recurrent expenses, with Heng Swee Keat saying that the “hike cannot be put off or scrapped” to pay for critical future needs, especially in the healthcare sector.[61][62][63]
【参考译文】2017年11月19日在其政党大会上的讲话中，李显龙表示，提高税收是资助社会、医疗、经济和基础设施领域投资的必要之举。预计到2022年，学前教育的年度开支将达到17亿新元，而老龄人口的增长预计将创造更大的可负担医疗需求。新的港口和铁路基础设施的建设和翻新，加上经济重组和工人培训，也需要增加税收。[60] 所增加的税收将以商品及服务税（GST）的形式征收，预计到2025年，GST将从7%提高到9%。李显龙的政府表示，有必要提前规划不断增加的年度经常性开支，黄志明表示，为了支付关键的未来需求，特别是在医疗领域，增税“不能推迟或取消”。[61][62][63]

In his Budget 2020 speech in February, Heng announced amendments to the GST Voucher Fund Act that would allow grants-in-aid to be given to parents or guardians for infants and children to mitigate their expenses. Second Minister for Finance Lawrence Wong said the intent was to expand the range of people who qualify for the fund. With the amendment, the Act would allow for the funding of the $6 billion Assurance Package, which was intended to delay the impact of the impending hike for five years.[64]
【参考译文】在2020年2月的预算演讲中，黄志明宣布对商品及服务税（GST）抵消券基金法案进行修改，以便向婴幼儿和儿童的父母或监护人提供补助金以减轻他们的费用。财政第二部长王瑞杰表示，此举的目的是扩大符合基金资格的人群范围。根据这项修正案，法案将允许为60亿新元的保障配套提供资金，该配套旨在将即将到来的税率上调影响延迟五年。[64]

The proposed hike met with broad disapproval from the opposition, with the Workers’ Party and Progress Singapore Party calling for the GST to be retained at its present rate of 7% and others calling for the GST to be suspended entirely or for the exemption of essential goods from the tax.[65]
【参考译文】提议的增税遭到了反对党的广泛反对，工人党和新加坡前进党呼吁将GST保持在目前的7%水平，还有其他声音要求完全暂停GST或对基本商品免除征税。[65]

4.4.2 《防止网络虚假信息和网络操纵法》的实施 | POFMA implementation

Lee’s government introduced the Protection from Online Falsehoods and Manipulation Act (POFMA) in 2018, colloquially known as the “fake news law”, which was first mooted by Minister of Law and Home Affairs K Shanmugam.[66] Despite concerns by activists and opposition Members of Parliament that the Act would limit free speech under the guise of preventing disinformation, the bill passed by a 72–9 vote on 8 May 2019 after two days’ debate.[67] Reporters Without Borders called the bill “terrible”, “totalitarian”, and a tool for censorship.[68][69] Reuters wrote that the act “ensnares” government critics.[70] Social media firms like Facebook expressed concern that the law would grant “broad powers to the Singapore executive branch to compel us to remove content they deem to be false and pro-actively push a government notification to users”.[71] In the leadup to the 2020 general election, Lee’s own brother Lee Hsien Yang accused him of reneging on promises made in his 2004 National Day Rally speech about promising increased civil liberties and the freedom to express diverse views without interference.[72][73]
【参考译文】李显龙政府于 2018 年出台了《防止网络虚假信息及网络操纵法案》（POFMA），俗称“假新闻法”，由律政部长兼内政部长 K Shanmugam 首次提出。[66] 尽管活动人士和反对党议员担心该法案会以防止虚假信息为幌子限制言论自由，但经过两天的辩论，该法案于 2019 年 5 月 8 日以 72 票赞成、9 票反对的结果获得通过。[67] 无疆界记者组织称该法案“可怕”、“极权”，是审查工具。[68][69] 路透社写道，该法案“圈套”了政府批评者。[70] Facebook 等社交媒体公司表示担心，该法律将赋予“新加坡行政部门广泛的权力，强迫我们删除他们认为是虚假的内容，并主动向用户推送政府通知”。[71]在 2020 年大选前夕，李显龙的胞弟李显扬指责他违背了 2004 年国庆群众大会演讲中的承诺，即增加公民自由以及不受干涉地表达不同观点的自由。[72][73]

Lee and his ministers actively rebutted allegations by overseas media that POFMA is a tool for censorship, saying that “no information or view has been suppressed” as a result of the Act and that the government “has not restricted free debate”.[74] In an interview with The Straits Times, Lee noted that fake news could disrupt society, and that the United States and Europe were struggling to manage the situation, especially in light of alleged Russian interference in recent elections. He cited Germany as a country that has enacted a similar law.[75] In response to concerns that POFMA could curb free speech, Lee said that free speech exists within appropriate boundaries, with no society having absolute freedom of speech, and that defamatory or threatening speech should be banned to facilitate meaningful exchange of information and ideals.[76]
【参考译文】李光耀和他的部长们积极反驳海外媒体对《防止假新闻法》是审查工具的指控，称该法“没有压制任何信息或观点”，政府“没有限制自由辩论”。[74] 李光耀在接受《海峡时报》采访时指出，假新闻可能会扰乱社会，美国和欧洲正在努力控制这种情况，尤其是在俄罗斯涉嫌干预最近选举的情况下。他引用德国的例子，称该国也颁布了类似的法律。[75] 针对《防止假新闻法》可能限制言论自由的担忧，李光耀表示，言论自由存在于适当的界限内，没有哪个社会拥有绝对的言论自由，诽谤或威胁性言论应被禁止，以促进有意义的信息和理想交流。[76]

4.4.3 对新冠疫情的反应 | Response to COVID-19 pandemic

The first COVID-19 case in Singapore was confirmed on 23 January 2020. Early cases were primarily imported until local transmission began to develop. By late March, clusters were detected at multiple dormitories for foreign workers, which soon contributed to an overwhelming number of new cases in the country. In response, Lee announced on 3 April 2020 that Singapore would enter a limited lockdown with restrictions on movement. The policy, officially called “circuit breaker” in governmental parlance, was intended to halt the disease’s spread in the wider community. Workplaces were shut and all schools switched to home-based learning from 7 April to 1 June. Lee served as advisor to a multi-ministry level task force that had been set up in January, chaired by Minister for Education Lawrence Wong and Minister for Health Gan Kim Yong.[77][78] Lee’s government also contributed US$500,000 to support the World Health Organization.[79] With the pandemic pushing Singapore into a recession,[80] the government unveiled four successive stimulus packages intended to keep the economy afloat, the Unity, Resilience, Solidarity and Fortitude budgets.[81]
【参考译文】2020 年 1 月 23 日，新加坡确诊首例新冠肺炎病例。早期病例主要是输入性病例，直到本地传播开始发展。到 3 月底，多个外籍工人宿舍发现了聚集性病例，这很快导致该国新增病例数量激增。作为回应，李显龙于 2020 年 4 月 3 日宣布新加坡将进入有限封锁状态，限制人员流动。这项政策在政府用语中正式称为“断路器”，旨在阻止疾病在更广泛社区中的传播。从 4 月 7 日至 6 月 1 日，工作场所关闭，所有学校改为居家学习。李显龙担任 1 月份成立的多部委级工作组的顾问，该工作组由教育部长黄循财和卫生部长颜金勇担任主席。[77][78] 李显龙政府还捐赠了 50 万美元支持世界卫生组织。[79]随着疫情将新加坡推入衰退，[80] 政府推出了四个连续的刺激计划，旨在维持经济运转，即“团结”、“复原”、“团结”和“坚毅”预算。[81]

4.5 2020-2024：第五个任期 | 2020–2024: Fifth term

Following the 2020 Singapore general election, Lee was re-elected in Ang Mo Kio GRC, with the PAP securing 61.23% of the national vote, beginning his fifth successive term as prime minister. The election was widely seen as a setback for the ruling party, with the opposition Workers’ Party capturing a second GRC.[82]
【参考译文】在2020年新加坡大选之后，李显龙在安顺集选区再次当选，人民行动党获得了全国61.23%的选票，开始了他第五个连续的总理任期。这次选举普遍被认为是对执政党的一次挫折，因为反对党工人党赢得了一个第二集选区。

While noting that voters had delivered a clear mandate, Lee wrote in a letter to the party (“rules of prudence”) that with the official appointment of a leader of the opposition to reflect ground sentiments for alternative ideals, PAP MPs should expect more vigorous debates and probing questions in Parliament. He encouraged party MPs to express their views honestly on proposed policies regardless of their party affiliation, while instructing them to defend their convictions and engage the opposition constructively.[83][84] As a recognition of the Workers’ Party’s performance in the election and acknowledgement of society’s desire for alternative ideas and more robust debate, Lee appointed Pritam Singh as the first official Leader of the Opposition.[85]
【参考译文】虽然注意到选民给出了明确的授权，李显龙在写给党的信中（“审慎规则”）指出，随着反对党领导人的正式任命以反映人们对替代理念的基础情绪，人民行动党的议员们应该预期到在国会中会有更加激烈的辩论和尖锐的问题。他鼓励党的议员们无论其党派归属，都要对所提议的政策诚实地表达自己的观点，并指示他们捍卫自己的信念，与反对党进行建设性的互动。作为对工人党在选举中表现的认可以及对社会希望有更多替代想法和更有力辩论的承认，李显龙任命Pritam Singh为首位正式的反对党领导人。

Following the election, Lee announced a delay to his planned retirement in 2022 at his 70th birthday, given the demands of the COVID-19 pandemic.[86][87]
【参考译文】大选之后，鉴于新冠肺炎疫情的需求，李显龙宣布推迟原定于2022年在他70岁生日时退休的计划。

Lee attended the Pacific Alliance summit on 11 December 2020 following three years of negotiations with the Latin American trade bloc on the Pacific Alliance-Singapore free trade agreement (PASFTA), with the PASFTA due to be signed in 2021.[88] In 2022, his government strongly opposed Russia‘s invasion of Ukraine due to concerns of the territorial integrity of smaller nations around the world – the only country in Southeast Asia to openly condemn and sanction the Eurasian country.[89]
【参考译文】2020 年 12 月 11 日，李显龙出席了太平洋联盟峰会。此前，李显龙与拉丁美洲贸易集团就太平洋联盟-新加坡自由贸易协定 (PASFTA) 进行了三年的谈判，PASFTA 将于 2021 年签署。[88] 2022 年，李显龙政府出于对世界小国领土完整的担忧，强烈反对俄罗斯入侵乌克兰——他是东南亚唯一一个公开谴责和制裁这个欧亚国家的国家。[89]

On 21 August 2022, Lee announced during his annual National Day Rally as prime minister that his government intends to repeal the colonial-era Section 377A of the Penal Code, an unenforced law that criminalised sex between consenting male adults, effectively ending criminalisation both de facto and de jure.[90] The announcement was celebrated by the LGBT community in Singapore, while adding that this will be the “first step on a long road towards full equality”.[91] During the 2023 National Day Rally speech, Lee indicated a resumption of his succession plan,[92] indicating Lawrence Wong as his likely successor as prime minister.[93]
【参考译文】2022 年 8 月 21 日，李显龙总理在其年度国庆群众大会上宣布，政府计划废除《刑法典》中殖民时代的第 377A 条，这是一项未执行的法律，将同意的男性成年人之间的性行为定为犯罪，从而在事实上和法律上有效结束其刑事化。[90] 新加坡 LGBT 群体对这项宣布表示庆祝，同时补充说，这将是“实现全面平等的漫长道路上的第一步”。[91] 在 2023 年国庆群众大会的演讲中，李显龙表示将恢复其继任计划，[92] 并暗示黄循财（Lawrence Wong）为其继任总理的可能人选。[93]

On 5 November 2023, Lee announced that he would hand over the role of prime minister role to Lawrence Wong by November 2024,[94] before the next General Election which is due by November 2025. The handover ultimately occurred on 15 May 2024.[95] He remains the Secretary-General of the PAP after the handover until the next PAP Central Executive Committee (CEC) meeting.[96]
【参考译文】2023 年 11 月 5 日，李显龙宣布，他将在 2024 年 11 月之前将总理一职移交给黄循财，[94] 下届大选将于 2025 年 11 月前举行。交接最终于 2024 年 5 月 15 日发生。[95] 交接后，他将继续担任人民行动党秘书长，直至下届人民行动党中央执行委员会（CEC）会议召开。[96]

5. 国务资政（2024年至今）| Senior Minister (2024–present)

Lee tendered his resignation as prime minister alongside his cabinet to President Tharman Shanmugaratnam on 13 May 2024, with effect from 15 May 2024.[97] Lee was subsquently appointed as Senior Minister by Lee’s successor Lawrence Wong in his new cabinet while remaining as the chairman of the Research, Innovation and Enterprise Council on 15 May 2024.[98]
【参考译文】2024 年 5 月 13 日，李显龙与其内阁成员一并向总统尚德曼（Tharman Shanmugaratnam）提交了辞职书，该辞职书于 2024 年 5 月 15 日生效。[97] 李显龙随后被李的继任者黄循财（Lawrence Wong）任命为新内阁的高级部长，并继续担任研究、创新与企业理事会主席，该任命于 2024 年 5 月 15 日生效。[98]

6. 国际关系 | Foreign policy

6.1 中国 | China

See also: China–Singapore relations【主条目：中国-新加坡关系】

图6-1（发布于知乎想法）

The Lee government’s policy towards the People’s Republic of China has been marked by extensive cooperation in government-to-government projects such as the Suzhou Industrial Park, Tianjin Eco-City and Chongqing Connectivity Initiative.[99] The China-Singapore Free Trade Agreement, the first of any Asian country with China, came into effect in 2009 and was upgraded in 2018, with new regulations governing e-commerce, fair competition and the environment; Singaporean firms were also granted greater access to Chinese markets, including the legal sector, which has been denied to other nations.[100]
【参考译文】李显龙政府对中国的政策以政府间项目的广泛合作为标志，例如苏州工业园区、天津生态城和重庆互联互通项目。[99] 中国-新加坡自由贸易协定是亚洲国家与中国签署的第一个自由贸易协定，于 2009 年生效，并于 2018 年升级，增加了有关电子商务、公平竞争和环境的新法规；新加坡公司还获得了更多进入中国市场的机会，包括其他国家一直无法进入的法律领域。[100]

Under Lee’s government, Singapore has been the largest investor in China’s Belt and Road Initiative and one of its earliest proponents, having signed a memorandum of understanding in April 2018.[101][102] In April 2019, it agreed to further cooperation in trade and law enforcement, with Trade and Industry Minister Chan Chun Sing and Shanghai Mayor Ying Yong formalising plans on the formation of the Singapore-Shanghai Comprehensive Cooperation Council, which will be managed on the ministerial level. China has been Singapore’s largest trading partner since 2013, with trade reaching US$137.1 billion in 2017.[103]
【参考译文】在李显龙政府的领导下，新加坡成为中国“一带一路”倡议的最大投资者，也是最早的支持者之一，并于 2018 年 4 月签署了谅解备忘录。[101][102] 2019 年 4 月，新加坡与上海同意进一步加强贸易和执法领域的合作，新加坡贸易和工业部长陈振声和上海市市长应勇正式确定成立新加坡-上海全面合作理事会的计划，该理事会将由部长级管理。自 2013 年以来，中国一直是新加坡最大的贸易伙伴，2017 年双边贸易额达到 1371 亿美元。[103]

Bilateral relations between the two nations under Lee and the Hu Jintao and Xi Jinping administrations have been called strong.[104][105][106] Lee’s government formally adheres to the One-China policy, most recently reiterating the principle governing its relations with Taiwan in January 2020, despite the pro-independence Tsai Ing-wen administration’s refusal to recognise the 1992 consensus.[107] In spite of Chinese pressure and repeated offers of Hainan as an alternative site, Singapore continues to regularly send troops to train in Taiwan under Project Starlight and expects Beijing to respect its right to do so.[108][109] Relations between the two nations cooled in 2016 after Singapore expressed its support on the ruling of the South China Sea arbitration case by the Permanent Court of Arbitration between China and the Philippines, which had dismissed Chinese claims to “historical rights” to the sea; Singapore views the surrounding seas as its lifeline and is sensitive to any attempts at hegemony.[110]
【参考译文】在李显龙以及胡锦涛和习近平政府领导下，新加坡与台湾的双边关系一直保持强劲。[104][105][106] 李显龙政府正式坚持一个中国政策，最近一次是在 2020 年 1 月重申这一与台湾关系的原则，尽管支持独立的蔡英文政府拒绝承认“九二共识”。[107] 尽管中国施加压力并一再提供海南作为替代地点，新加坡仍继续定期派遣军队在星光计划下到台湾训练，并希望北京尊重其这样做的权利。[108][109] 2016 年，新加坡表示支持中菲常设仲裁法院对南海仲裁案的裁决，驳回了中国对南海“历史权利”的主张，此后两国关系降温；新加坡视周边海域为其生命线，对任何霸权企图都很敏感。[110]

2004年8月28日，在他的第一次国庆群众大会演讲上，他批评时任台湾总统陈水扁及民众高估自己若是宣布台湾独立运动的话会得到的支持。与此同时，他还在群众大会上澄清自己在7月访问台湾是为了确保接任总理时，能收集到足够的智慧来作出正确的决定。他也重申对一个中国政策的支持。后来，同年9月，新加坡外交部部长杨荣文告诫联合国大会关于两岸关系恶化的危害。中华民国外交部部长陈唐山被激怒，称新加坡为“鼻屎大的国家”。[38]陈后来正式道歉。[39]

2015年11月7日，当“两岸领导人会面”及两岸双方的共同晚宴也结束后，李显龙突然在个人脸书公布先前他和马英九总统会谈的照片，但没有说明会见的确切时间与地点。李显龙在脸书上贴文，说他难得有机会和“老朋友马英九喝茶叙旧”。英文部分则写着在晚间与“马英九总统” （President Ma Ying-jeou ）一起喝茶。

2016年7月，南海仲裁案出台后，李显龙曾公开表示，仲裁庭的裁决对各国的主权声索做出了“强而有力的定义”。同年8月访问美国期间，他还对美国总统贝拉克·奥巴马大赞美国的“亚太再平衡”战略，宣称所有东南亚国家都欢迎美国这样“搞平衡”。该表态引发了中国网民的一片指责[31]。中华人民共和国外交部副部长刘振民于同年8月16日在内蒙古满洲里的中国与东盟国家会议后也要求新加坡“少管闲事”[32][33]。

On 23 November 2016, the Customs and Excise Department of Hong Kong seized nine Singapore Armed Forces military vehicles at the Port of Hong Kong, which had been en route from Taiwan to Singapore after a military training exercise, in what became known as the “Terrex incident”.[111] Both sides downplayed the incident and official responses were described as “relatively muted”, but international and local observers widely interpreted the seizure as a warning to Singapore.[112][113][114] The detained vehicles were eventually released in January 2017 after it was officially deemed a customs import violation.[115][116] Singapore has since sought to improve its relations with China, signing a defence agreement in October 2019 to enlarge military exercises with the People’s Liberation Army, provide mutual logistics support, and increase exchanges between the two armed forces.[117]
【参考译文】2016 年 11 月 23 日，香港海关在香港港口扣押了 9 辆新加坡武装部队军车，这些军车当时正从台湾前往新加坡，此前他们刚刚完成一次军事训练。此事件被称为“泰雷克斯事件”。[111] 双方都淡化了这一事件，官方回应也被描述为“相对低调”，但国际和当地观察人士普遍将此次扣押解读为对新加坡的警告。[112][113][114] 被扣押的车辆最终于 2017 年 1 月获释，因为官方认定这是一起海关进口违规事件。[115][116] 此后，新加坡一直寻求改善与中国的关系，并于 2019 年 10 月签署了一项国防协议，以扩大与中国人民解放军的军事演习，相互提供后勤支持，并增加两军之间的交流。[117]

2017年9月下旬，李显龙应中国国务院总理李克强邀请访问中国[34]。

2023年3月27日，新加坡总理办公室发表声明称，新加坡总理李显龙偕夫人于3月27日至4月1日对中国进行为期六天的国事访问。期间将抵达广东广州[35]、海南博鳌以及北京。这也是三年新冠肺炎疫情以来李显龙首次访华。[36][37]

6.2 美国 | United States

See also: Singapore–United States relations【参见：新加坡-美国关系】

图6-2至6-5（发布于知乎想法）

Singapore has a close defence and political relationship with the United States and is one of its strongest bilateral partners in Southeast Asia.[118] The US is an important arms supplier to Singapore, with US$7.34 billion in active sales under the Foreign Military Sales system as of 2020.[119] Singapore has traditionally viewed the US as a critical guarantor of stability and security in the Asia-Pacific region and Lee’s government has continued that policy, emphasising the US’s role as an important counterweight to the rise of China and its increasing military prowess.[120][121]
【参考译文】新加坡与美国建立了紧密的国防和政治关系，是美国在东南亚最强的双边伙伴之一。[118] 美国是新加坡重要的武器供应国，截至 2020 年，根据外国军事销售系统，美国在新加坡的军售额高达 73.4 亿美元。[119] 新加坡一直将美国视为亚太地区稳定和安全的重要保障国，李显龙政府也继续推行这一政策，强调美国作为制衡中国崛起及其日益增强的军事实力的重要力量。[120][121]

The two nations have a defence pact[122] dating to the 1990 memorandum of understanding (MoU), which allowed US access to Singapore’s air and naval bases and established the Logistics Group Western Pacific at Sembawang Terminal. On 12 July 2005, Lee and President George W. Bush signed the Strategic Framework Agreement (SFA), which recognised Singapore as a “Major Security Cooperation Partner”. The two nations agreed to address the threats of terrorism and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, while also furthering defence and security cooperation.[123][124] Under the Barack Obama administration’s Pivot to Asia strategy, the United States Navy has completed multiple littoral combat ship deployments to Singapore since 2014.[125][126]
【参考译文】两国之间的国防协议[122]可以追溯到 1990 年的谅解备忘录（MoU），该协议允许美国使用新加坡的空军和海军基地，并在实巴望码头设立了西太平洋后勤小组。2005 年 7 月 12 日，李显龙与总统乔治·沃克·布什签署了《战略框架协议》（SFA），确认新加坡为“主要安全合作伙伴”。两国同意应对恐怖主义和大规模杀伤性武器扩散的威胁，同时加强国防和安全合作。[123][124] 在奥巴马政府实施“亚洲再平衡”战略期间，自 2014 年以来，美国海军已在新加坡完成了多次濒海战斗舰部署。[125][126]

In December 2015, the SFA was upgraded when Defence Minister Ng Eng Hen and Secretary of Defense Ashton Carter signed the Defence Cooperation Agreement, which expanded cooperation to humanitarian assistance and disaster relief, cyber defence, biosecurity and public communications. US P-8A Poseidon surveillance planes were also based in Singapore for the first time, which analysts said was a response to China’s actions in the South China Sea, with Lee reiterating Singapore’s commitment to “defend the rights of freedom of navigation and overflight”.[127][128] In support of the US military intervention against ISIS, the Republic of Singapore Air Force has also contributed aerial refuelling and logistical support to Operation Inherent Resolve.[129] In September 2019, a year before the 1990 MoU’s expiry, Lee and the Donald Trump administration renewed it for another 15 years.[130][131]
【参考译文】2015 年 12 月，在国防部长黄永亨和国防部长阿什顿·卡特签署《国防合作协定》后，两国对《战略框架协议》进行了升级，将合作范围扩大到人道主义援助和救灾、网络防御、生物安全和公共通信领域。美国 P-8A“海神”侦察机也首次驻扎在新加坡，分析人士称这是对中国在南海行动的回应，李显龙重申新加坡致力于“捍卫航行和飞越自由的权利”。[127][128] 为支持美国对伊斯兰国（ISIS）的军事干预，新加坡空军也为“内在决心”行动提供了空中加油和后勤支持。[129] 2019 年 9 月，即 1990 年谅解备忘录到期前一年，李显龙政府与特朗普政府将其续签了 15 年。[130][131]

The United States is Singapore’s largest foreign investor, with US$15 billion invested in 2017 and stock reaching US$274.3 billion.[132][133] The Singapore-United States Free Trade Agreement was implemented in January 2004, with trade reaching $45 billion in 2016.[134] Lee was one of the early drafters and a strong advocate of the Trans-Pacific Partnership, which was intended to lower both non-tariff and tariff barriers to trade[135] and establish an investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) mechanism,[136] and on many occasions urged the U.S. Congress to ratify the deal as soon as possible, adding that not to do so would “affect U.S. standing and credibility” in the world.[137] Fitch analyst Andrew Colquhoun said that membership in the pact would have given Singapore an advantage over Hong Kong’s close links to China. As a country dependent on free trade, it was “vital” that Singapore retain a seat at the negotiating table.[138] The agreement was ultimately not ratified after Trump became president in 2017 and pulled the US out of the pact.[139]
【参考译文】美国是新加坡最大的外国投资者，2017 年投资额达 150 亿美元，股票市值达到 2743 亿美元。[132][133] 《新加坡-美国自由贸易协定》于 2004 年 1 月实施，2016 年贸易额达到 450 亿美元。[134] 李显龙是《跨太平洋伙伴关系协定》（TPP）的早期起草者之一，也是该协定的坚定支持者。该协定的目的是降低非关税和关税贸易壁垒[135]，并建立投资者与国家争端解决（ISDS）机制[136]。他多次敦促美国国会尽快批准该协议，并补充说，如果不这样做，将“影响美国在世界上的地位和信誉”。[137] 惠誉分析师安德鲁·科尔库洪表示，加入该协定将使新加坡相对于香港在紧密的中国联系中占据优势。作为一个依赖自由贸易的国家，新加坡“必须”保留在谈判桌上的席位。[138] 特朗普于 2017 年就任总统后，美国退出了该协定，该协定最终未能获得批准。[139]

6.3 马来西亚 | Malaysia

See also: Malaysia–Singapore relations【参见：马来西亚-新加坡关系】

Malaysia has had six prime ministers and four changes of government since Lee became prime minister in 2004.[140][141] Lee has sought to improve relations with Malaysia after decades of acrimony by enhancing the countries’ economic integration and infrastructural links. Since 2010, Lee has attended the annual Leaders’ Retreat set for the two countries’ leaders to discuss issues and enhance the dispute resolution mechanism.[142][143][144] But bilateral relations remain complex and fraught with occasional disputes involving water supply, land reclamation, and airspace and maritime territorial claims. To avoid harming the relationship, efforts have been made to isolate unresolved disputes from cross-border cooperation tackling transnational crime, terrorism and drug trafficking; this has resulted in close collaboration between Singapore’s and Malaysia’s police and security agencies.[24][145]
【参考译文】自李显龙于 2004 年出任总理以来，马来西亚已有六任总理和四届政府更迭。[140][141] 李显龙试图通过加强两国的经济一体化和基础设施联系，来改善两国几十年来因尖锐矛盾而受损的关系。自 2010 年以来，李显龙参加了为两国领导人设立的年度领导人务虚会，以讨论问题并加强争端解决机制。[142][143][144] 但双边关系仍然复杂，并且充斥着偶尔涉及供水、土地开垦以及领空和海洋领土主张的争端。为了避免损害两国关系，已努力将未解决的争端与跨境合作分开处理，跨境合作主要针对跨国犯罪、恐怖主义和毒品走私问题；这促成了新加坡和马来西亚警方与安全机构之间的密切合作。[24][145]

In May 2007, Lee agreed with Abdullah Badawi‘s government to invest in the Iskandar Malaysia project and assist in building a tourism and industrial zone;[146] the project was seen as a complement to the Singaporean economy and a strategy for Singapore to expand economically into its immediate hinterland, with RM20.57 billion invested as of 2019.[147][148][149] In September 2010, Lee and Prime Minister Najib Razak resolved the longstanding KTM railway land dispute, with Malaysia agreeing to vacate a railway line cutting through the island to Tanjong Pagar railway station in exchange for land parcels in the Central Business District and Marina South, to be managed jointly.[150][151]
【参考译文】2007 年 5 月，李显龙同意阿卜杜拉·巴达维政府投资伊斯干达马来西亚项目，并协助建设旅游和工业区；[146] 该项目被视为新加坡经济的补充，也是新加坡向周边内陆地区进行经济扩张的战略，截至 2019 年，该项目已投资 205.7 亿林吉特。[147][148][149] 2010 年 9 月，李显龙与纳吉布·拉扎克总理解决了长期存在的马来西亚铁道公司（KTM）铁路土地争端，马来西亚同意让出一条穿过该岛至丹戎巴葛火车站的铁路线，以换取中央商务区和滨海湾南区的地块，这些地块将进行联合管理。[150][151]

With the expiration of the 1961 Water Agreement in August 2011, Singapore handed the Skudai and Gunung Pulai water treatment plants over to the Johor state government, marking the end of one of two water agreements.[152] To ease congestion on the Johor–Singapore Causeway, which links the two countries, Lee revived a dormant 1991 plan to link the Singapore MRT network to Johor Bahru in 2011.[153] During this period, Malaysia also reinstated a plan to connect Kuala Lumpur to Singapore via a high-speed rail network.[154] After joint preliminary technical studies on both rail projects, it was agreed to proceed with the Kuala Lumpur–Singapore high-speed rail (KL-SG HSR) in February 2013 and the Johor Bahru-Singapore Rapid Transit System (JB-SG RTS) in December 2016.[155][156]
【参考译文】1961 年《供水协定》于 2011 年 8 月到期，新加坡将士古来和古来水处理厂移交给柔佛州政府，标志着两个供水协定中的一个结束。[152] 为缓解连接两国的柔佛-新加坡新柔长堤的交通拥堵，李显龙于 2011 年重启了 1991 年提出的将新加坡地铁网络连接到新山的计划。[153] 在此期间，马来西亚还恢复了一项通过高速铁路网络将吉隆坡与新加坡连接起来的计划。[154] 在对这两个铁路项目进行联合初步技术研究后，双方同意于 2013 年 2 月推进吉隆坡-新加坡高速铁路（KL-SG HSR）项目，并于 2016 年 12 月推进新山-新加坡捷运系统（JB-SG RTS）项目。[155][156]

After the 2018 Malaysian general election and the fall of the Barisan Nasional government, the Mahathir Mohamad government repeatedly delayed the rail projects, citing their high cost and its financial indebtedness.[157][158][159] Lee reiterated the legally binding nature of the joint projects, which stipulated compensation to Singapore in the event of a cancellation, but nevertheless acceded to Malaysia’s request for an extension to conduct a review.[160][161] In October 2018, tensions rose when Malaysia extended its Johor Bahru port limits past its 1979 maritime claims into undelimited waters off Singapore’s reclaimed Tuas sector.[162]
【参考译文】2018 年马来西亚大选后，国民阵线政府倒台，马哈蒂尔·穆罕默德政府以成本高昂和财政负债为由，一再推迟铁路项目。[157][158][159] 李显龙重申了这些联合项目的法律约束力，这些项目规定，如果取消项目，需向新加坡提供赔偿，但他还是应马来西亚的要求，同意延期进行审查。[160][161] 2018 年 10 月，马来西亚将其柔佛巴鲁港口限制范围从 1979 年的海域主张扩大至新加坡填海造地区域外的未划界水域，导致紧张局势升级。[162]

The maritime dispute occurred in conjunction with the Pasir Gudang airspace dispute, which began in early December; the airspace is under Malaysian sovereignty but was previously delegated to Singapore to manage in a 1973 agreement.[163] In April 2019, Transport Minister Khaw Boon Wan and his counterpart Anthony Loke reached a joint agreement to revert to the previous status quo on both disputes.[164] The 2020 Malaysian political crisis resulted in the Pakatan Harapan government’s collapse and the appointment of Muhyiddin Yassin as prime minister. Singapore has since worked closely with Malaysia to combat the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.[165][166] In July 2020, Lee and Muhyiddin formally agreed to recommence the JB-SG RTS project in a signing ceremony on the causeway.[167]
【参考译文】海事争端与巴士古当空域争端同时发生，后者始于 12 月初；该空域属于马来西亚主权，但根据 1973 年签署的协议，此前已委托新加坡管理。[163] 2019 年 4 月，交通部长陆文灏和他的马来西亚对等官员安东尼·陆克达成联合协议，双方同意恢复之前在这两个争端中的现状。[164] 2020 年马来西亚政治危机导致希望联盟政府垮台，并任命穆希丁·亚辛为总理。自那以后，新加坡与马来西亚密切合作，共同抗击 COVID-19 大流行。[165][166] 2020 年 7 月，李显龙和穆希丁在通道上举行的签字仪式上正式同意重启新山-新加坡捷运系统（JB-SG RTS）项目。[167]

On 6 May 2022, Lee alongside his wife visited the Malaysian state of Johor and attended a Johor state award investiture ceremony at the invitation of the Sultan of Johor. Lee was awarded Grand Commander of the Order of the Crown of Johor (First Class), the highest honour awarded in the State of Johor while his wife was awarded Grand Commander of the Order of Sultan Ibrahim of Johor, being the first Singaporean to receive this honour.[168] Lee made another visit to Johor alongside his cabinet ministers on 11 January 2024 to attend a commemorative ceremony for the Johor Bahru-Singapore Rapid Transit System (RTS) Link project and witnessed the signing of a memorandum of understanding on the Johor-Singapore Special Economic Zone (JS-SEZ).[169]
【参考译文】2022 年 5 月 6 日，李显龙携夫人访问马来西亚柔佛州，并应柔佛苏丹的邀请出席柔佛州授勋仪式。李显龙被授予柔佛王冠勋章大司令（一等），这是柔佛州的最高荣誉，而他的夫人则被授予柔佛苏丹易卜拉欣勋章大司令，成为首位获此殊荣的新加坡人。[168] 2024 年 1 月 11 日，李显龙再次携内阁部长访问柔佛州，出席新山-新加坡捷运系统（RTS）连接项目的纪念仪式，并见证了柔佛-新加坡特别经济区（JS-SEZ）谅解备忘录的签署。[169]

7. 争议 | Controversies

7.1 公寓回扣 | Condominium rebates

Main article: 1995 Hotel Properties Limited apartment sales
【主条目：1995 年 Hotel Properties Limited 公寓销售】

In 1996, while serving as deputy prime minister, Lee and his father Senior Minister Lee Kuan Yew addressed Parliament on the allegations of receiving special discounts on four luxury condominium units that they had purchased from Hotel Properties Limited (HPL) on the properties of Nassim Jade and Scotts 28 in 1994 and 1995 respectively. Lee Kuan Yew’s brother Lee Suan Yew was the director of HPL, leading to the controversy. Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong ordered an immediate investigation into the matter, since although the provision of special discounts or rebates to relatives and associates of directors is permitted under Singapore law, shareholders must approve such transactions.[170]
【参考译文】1996 年，时任副总理的李显龙与其父国务资政李光耀就有关指控在国会发言，这些指控称他们于 1994 年和 1995 年分别从酒店地产有限公司（HPL）购买了纳森翡翠和史葛士二十八号的四个豪华公寓单元，并获得了特别折扣。李光耀的弟弟李显文是 HPL 的董事，这一关系导致争议不断。尽管新加坡法律允许向董事的亲属和同僚提供特别折扣或回扣，但股东必须批准此类交易，因此，吴作栋总理下令立即调查此事。[170]

7.2 部长薪俸 | Ministerial salary

Lee’s salary has been a source of public discontent.[171] From 2008 to 2012, Lee received an annual salary of S$3,870,000 (US$2,856,930),[172] an increase of 25% from the previous S$3,091,200 (US$2,037,168).[173][174] In January 2012, due to public discontent,[175] Lee took a 28% pay cut, reducing his salary to S$2.2 million (US$1.7 million).[170][176][177] He remained the highest-paid head of government in the world[178] until his resignation as prime minister in 2024.
【参考译文】李显龙的薪酬一直引起公众不满。[171] 从 2008 年到 2012 年，李显龙的年薪为 3,870,000 新加坡元（2,856,930 美元），[172] 比之前的 3,091,200 新加坡元（2,037,168 美元）增加了 25%。[173][174] 2012 年 1 月，由于公众的不满，[175] 李显龙减薪 28%，薪水降至 220 万新加坡元（170 万美元）。[170][176][177] 直到 2024 年辞去总理职务之前，他一直是世界上收入最高的政府首脑[178]。

7.3 裙带关系指控 | Allegations of nepotism

身为新加坡建国总理李光耀的长子，李显龙的政治生涯曾被指控为裙带关系与世袭专政。[47][48][49][50]

1985年他32岁时，他成为新加坡有史以来最年轻的准将，而从小被广泛认为是李光耀总理一职的接班人。当李光耀卸任总理一职，由吴作栋接任时，数位评论家认为吴只是个过渡人物，但是李光耀却不以为然。李光耀在他的回忆录中强调，他不能让儿子直接继承他：“由其他人接替我担任总理较为恰当。那么若显龙之后升到那个职位，就明确能够看出他是靠自己的实力做到的。”

李氏政权对裙带关系的问题十分敏感。李显龙解释说：“如果有人质疑我是总理不是因为我是最合适的人选，而是因为我父亲的关系，又或是我的妻子经营淡马锡不是因为她是最合适的人选，而是因为我的关系，那么我的所有信誉和道德权威将被销毁，因为我不配担任这个职位。”[47][48]

In 2010, Lee, together with his predecessors, threatened legal action against The New York Times Company, which owns the International Herald Tribune, regarding an op-ed piece titled “All in the Family” of 15 February 2010 by Philip Bowring, a freelance columnist and former editor of the Far Eastern Economic Review. The International Herald Tribune apologised in March that readers of the article may “infer that the younger Lee did not achieve his position through merit”. The New York Times Company and Bowring agreed to pay S$60,000 to Lee, S$50,000 to Lee Kuan Yew and S$50,000 to Goh (amounting to about US$114,000 at the time), in addition to legal costs. The case stemmed from a 1994 settlement between the three Singaporean leaders and the paper about an article also by Bowring that referred to ‘dynastic politics’ in East Asian countries, including Singapore. In that settlement, Bowring agreed not to say or imply that the younger Lee had attained his position through nepotism.
【参考译文】2010 年，李显龙与其前任一道，威胁要对《纽约时报》公司（旗下拥有《国际先驱论坛报》）采取法律行动，起因是自由撰稿人、前《远东经济评论》编辑菲利普·鲍林在 2010 年 2 月 15 日撰写的一篇标题为《家族至上》的社论。《国际先驱论坛报》在 3 月份道歉，称该文章的读者可能会“认为较年轻的李显龙并未凭实力获得其职位”。除了法律费用外，《纽约时报》公司和鲍林同意向李显龙支付 60,000 新加坡元，向李光耀支付 50,000 新加坡元，并向吴作栋支付 50,000 新加坡元（当时总计约 114,000 美元）。该案源于 1994 年这三位新加坡领导人与《纽约时报》之间达成的一项和解协议，该协议同样涉及鲍林撰写的一篇关于东亚国家（包括新加坡）“王朝政治”的文章。在那次和解中，鲍林同意不说或暗示较年轻的李显龙是通过裙带关系获得其职位的。

In response, media rights watchdog Reporters Without Borders wrote an open letter urging Lee and other top Singapore government officials to stop taking “libel actions” against journalists.[179][180][181][182] Legal action had been taken in the Singapore courts for defamation against the Financial Times (2007)[183] and the New York Times Company.[179] In a 2008 report, the International Bar Association Human Rights Institute cast doubts on the independence of the judiciary in cases involving PAP litigants or interests.
【参考译文】作为回应，媒体权利监督机构“无国界记者”撰写了一封公开信，敦促李显龙和其他新加坡政府高层官员停止对记者采取“诽谤诉讼”。[179][180][181][182] 新加坡法院已对《金融时报》（2007 年）[183]和《纽约时报》公司提起诽谤诉讼。[179] 在 2008 年的一份报告中，国际律师协会人权研究所对涉及人民行动党诉讼方或利益的案件中司法机构的独立性表示怀疑。

As the eldest son of Lee Kuan Yew, Lee’s career has been shadowed by allegations of nepotism.[184][185][186][183] He was widely tipped to be prime minister with several critics viewing Goh Chok Tong as a seat-warmer. Lee has challenged his critics to prove their allegations of nepotism or put the matter to rest.[184][185]
【参考译文】作为李光耀的长子，李显龙的职业生涯一直笼罩在任人唯亲的指控之下。[184][185][186][183] 他被广泛认为将成为总理，而许多批评者则认为吴作栋只是在“占着位置”。李显龙向批评者提出挑战，要求他们证明任人唯亲的指控，或者停止炒作此事。[184][185]

7.4 欧思礼路房产纠纷 | Oxley Road house dispute

See also: 38 Oxley Road / 参见：欧思礼路38号

In June 2017, Lee became embroiled in a dispute with his brother Lee Hsien Yang and sister Lee Wei Ling, over the fate of their father’s house at 38 Oxley Road.[187][188][189][190] Founding prime minister Lee Kuan Yew was averse to a cult of personality.[191] As a result, he had inserted in his final will a demolition clause stating that the house was to be torn down when his daughter moves out; it also states that should demolition be impossible, the house shall be closed to the public.[192]
【参考译文】2017 年 6 月，李显龙与弟弟李显扬和妹妹李玮玲就位于欧思礼路 38 号的父亲故居的命运产生了纠纷。[187][188][189][190] 新加坡国父李光耀生前不希望自己被个人崇拜。[191] 因此，他在最后的遗嘱中加入了一条拆除条款，表明如果女儿搬离故居，故居必须被拆除；该条款还指出，如果无法拆除，故居将对公众关闭。[192]

Lee’s siblings alleged that he was abusing his powers, using “organs of the state” as prime minister to preserve the house against their father’s wishes. Lee and the Cabinet denied all their allegations and convened a special sitting of Parliament to debate the matter thoroughly.[193] In his closing speech, Lee stated: “After two days of debate, nobody has stood behind these [his siblings’] allegations or offered any evidence, not even opposition MPs … It shows that the Government and I have acted properly and with due process.” He left open options to convene a select committee or Commission of Inquiry should substantive evidence be presented.[194][195][196][197] The siblings accepted Lee’s offer to settle the dispute in private the following day.[198]
【参考译文】李显龙的兄弟姐妹们指控他滥用职权，利用总理的“国家机器”违背父亲的意愿保留故居。李显龙和内阁否认了他们的所有指控，并召集议会特别会议就该问题进行了彻底辩论。[193] 在总结发言中，李显龙表示：“经过两天的辩论，没有人支持这些（其兄弟姐妹的）指控，也没有提出任何证据，就连反对派议员也没有……这表明我和政府已经采取了适当和正当的程序。”他留下了成立一个特别委员会或调查委员会的选项，以便在提出实质性证据时进行调查。[194][195][196][197] 李显龙的兄弟姐妹们接受了他在次日私下解决纠纷的提议。[198]

On 1 September 2019, Lee sent a letter, via the Prime Minister Office, to journalist Terry Xu of The Online Citizen (TOC) requesting that Xu take down a TOC article with false allegations.[199] On 5 September, Lee sued Xu for repeating statements made by Lee’s siblings.[199] By doing so, Lee attracted critics for using the prime minister’s office for personal matters.[199]
【参考译文】2019 年 9 月 1 日，李显龙通过总理公署致函在线公民新闻网（The Online Citizen，简称 TOC）记者徐永泉，要求徐永泉撤下一篇包含虚假指控的 TOC 文章。[199] 9 月 5 日，李显龙起诉徐永泉，称他重复了李显龙兄弟姐妹的言论。[199] 李显龙因此遭到批评，指其利用总理公署处理私人事务。[199]

7.5 一马公司（1MDB）诽谤案 | 1MDB defamation case

参见：1MDB丑闻

2018年11月5日，一篇题为《李显龙成了1MDB关键调查目标》（Lee Hsien Loong becomes 1MDB’s key investigation target）的文章被刊载在新闻网站《States Times Review》上[55]，该文章指控，马来西亚与新加坡签署数项不公平协议，以获得新加坡的银行协助漂白一个马来西亚发展有限公司（1MDB）的资金。马来西亚社交新闻网站《The Coverage》也在同年11月7日报道，马来西亚前首相纳吉·阿都拉萨跟李显龙签署了几项不公平的协议，例如兴建隆新高铁的合作案，以换取新加坡银行协助一马公司洗黑钱[56][57]。对此新加坡金管局于11月9日发表文告驳斥所有指控，并指这些指控明显具诽谤性[58]。

In December 2018, Lee sued Leong Sze Hian, a prominent government critic, for sharing an online article on his Facebook page alleging that former Malaysian prime minister Najib Razak had signed “secret deals” with Lee to secure help from Singaporean banks to facilitate money laundering from Malaysia’s government-run strategic development company 1Malaysia Development Berhad, in what became known as the 1MDB scandal. Lee’s lawyers claimed that Lee had been “gravely injured in his character and reputation” and “brought into public scandal, odium and contempt”.[200] Leong removed the post thereafter but justified his actions by claiming that it was “a matter of public interest… whether or not it was correct” and filed a countersuit against Lee, claiming that the lawsuit proceedings against him were “an abuse of the process of the court”.[201] The Court of Appeal dismissed the countersuit in September 2019, citing that Singapore law does not recognise the concept of the abuse of court process.[202]
【参考译文】2018 年 12 月，李显龙起诉了政府知名批评人士梁实轩，指控梁实轩在其脸书主页上分享了一篇在线文章，文章声称前马来西亚总理纳吉布·拉扎克曾与李显龙签署“秘密协议”，以确保获得新加坡银行的帮助，方便马来西亚政府战略发展公司 1MDB（一马公司）洗钱，该事件被称为 1MDB 丑闻。李显龙的律师声称，李显龙在“品格和声誉上受到严重损害”，并“被公众唾弃和蔑视”。[200] 梁实轩随后删除了该帖子，但为其行为辩解称“无论对错，这都是一个公众关心的问题”，并对李显龙提起反诉，声称针对他的诉讼程序“滥用法院程序”。[201] 上诉法院于 2019 年 9 月驳回了反诉，理由是新加坡法律不承认滥用法院程序的概念。[202]

In October 2020, Lee took the stand in a four-day trial in the High Court against Leong, who was defended by lawyer Lim Tean, secretary-general of the opposition party Peoples Voice.[203] In an opening statement, Lee’s lawyer Davinder Singh said that 1MDB had become “a byword for corruption and criminal activity” and that Leong’s sharing the post might have implied that “Lee was complicit in criminal activity relating to 1MDB”.[204] Lee claimed that he was compelled to file the suit because not to do so would have raised questions, given his history of filing lawsuits against defamatory statements.[203] Leong did not take the witness stand, with Lim arguing that it was unnecessary for Leong to give evidence, and that it was Lee’s responsibility to prove that Leong’s actions were malicious and had damaged Lee’s reputation. The case was adjourned to November 2020.[205] Leong was found guilty in March 2021 of defamation and ordered to pay damages to Lee.[206]
【参考译文】2020 年 10 月，李显龙在高等法院对梁实轩进行了为期四天的审判，梁实轩由反对党人民之声秘书长林添生律师辩护。[203] 在开场陈述中，李显龙的律师达文德尔·辛格表示，1MDB 已成为“腐败和犯罪活动的代名词”，梁实轩分享该帖子可能意味着“李显龙与 1MDB 相关的犯罪活动有牵连”。[204] 李显龙声称，他之所以被迫提起诉讼，是因为如果不这样做，就会引发质疑，因为他有起诉诽谤性言论的历史。[203] 梁思贤没有出庭作证，林添生辩称梁实轩没有必要提供证据，而是李显龙有责任证明梁实轩的行为是恶意的，并损害了李显龙的声誉。该案被推迟到 2020 年 11 月审理。[205] 2021 年 3 月，梁实轩被判诽谤罪成立，并被勒令向李显龙支付赔偿金。[206]

7.6 关于管制新加坡新闻自由的争议

李显龙在新加坡言论和新闻自由的问题上备受国际社会的非议，而新加坡几乎所有媒体资源都掌握在执政党手中[51]。2016年11月2日，非政府组织“无国界记者”把李显龙列入“新闻自由掠夺者”名单[52][53]。另外，英国自由民主党党魁蒂姆法隆亦曾经说过，英国如果要和新加坡进行贸易往来，应该在进行贸易商谈的时候，讨论新加坡言论和新闻自由的问题。对于该批评，李显龙在2017年2月接受英国广播公司（BBC）节目 “Hard Talk（唇枪舌剑）” 的时候就反问为何其他人会想教他如何管理新加坡，又说新加坡是全面开放的国家，但无一种道德标准或价值判断适合套用在所有国家身上[51]。

2021年7月，李显龙继续上榜“新闻自由掠夺者”名单[54]。

7.7“越南入侵柬埔寨”发言惹议[62]

2019年5月31日，李显龙在脸书贴文哀悼泰国前总理炳·廷素拉暖，表示廷素拉暖担任泰国总理期间，东南亚国家联盟正对抗越南入侵赤柬：“泰国处在最前线，看着越南军队越界进入柬埔寨，廷素拉暖坚决反对这种情况，因此与东协成员国在国际论坛上，一起反对越南入侵（赤柬）。”。他同日在第18届“香格里拉对话”（Shangri-La Dialogue）开幕晚宴上演说，也再次提及越南入侵赤柬。李显龙的“入侵说”引起越南强烈不满，越南外交部发言人黎氏秋姮于6月4日称，对于未陈述历史原貌，造成负面公众印象的言论感到“遗憾”[63][64]。

6月6日，柬埔寨首相洪森在脸书上，强烈谴责李显龙就越柬关系发表的言论，同时认为，新加坡领导人当时确实参与杀害柬埔寨人民，支持种族灭绝制度并希望该制度重回柬埔寨[65][66][67]。

8. 个人生活 | Personal life

李显龙的第一任妻子是马来西亚出生的黄名扬（1951年—1982年10月28日），为其产下长女李修齐和患有白化症的长子李毅鹏。黄名扬在产下李毅鹏的3周后因心脏病发而逝世，终年31岁。[68]

1985年，33岁的李显龙与公务员何晶结婚，何晶后来于2004年成为淡马锡控股的首席执行官[69]。生下两个儿子李鸿毅、李浩毅。李鸿毅是2006年李光耀数学及科学奖得主，同年，他被委任为新加坡武装部队军官。2008年，李显龙与何晶的幼子李浩毅也获得了“李光耀数理奖”，李显龙以家长身份出席了颁奖典礼。

Their younger son, Li Haoyi, is a software engineer who authors books on the Scala programming language.[213]
【参考译文】他们的小儿子李浩毅是一名软件工程师，撰写过关于Scala编程语言的书籍。[213]

Lee was initially diagnosed with lymphoma, for which he underwent chemotherapy[214] in the early 1990s.[215] He subsequently underwent a successful robot-assisted keyhole prostatectomy on 15 February 2015 after being diagnosed with prostate cancer.[216][217][218]
【参考译文】20世纪90年代初，李被诊断为淋巴瘤，并接受了化疗[214]。[215]2015年2月15日，在被诊断为前列腺癌后，他接受了成功的机器人辅助的腹腔镜前列腺切除术。[216][217][218]

Lee is interested in computer programming and has written a Sudoku solver in C++ in his spare time.[219]
【参考译文】李对计算机编程很感兴趣，在闲暇之余他编写了一个用C++编写的数独求解器。[219]

9. 荣誉

9.1 外国勋章奖章

9.2 其他

9.3 国家荣誉和奖牌 | National honours and medals

参见、参考文献、外部链接

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