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目录
0. 概述
辽观注：此标题是我们在搬运、整合过程中添加的。
0.1 文字说明
辽观注：此标题是我们在搬运、整合过程中添加的。
津巴布韦共和国（英语：Republic of Zimbabwe），通称津巴布韦（Zimbabwe），是位于非洲南部的内陆国家，地处赞比西河与林波波河之间，南接南非，西部及西南部与博茨瓦纳接壤，西北与赞比亚接壤，东部及东北部与莫桑比克相邻，尽管津巴布韦与纳米比亚无领土接壤，但是在赞比西河河岸两国仅相隔200余米相望。津巴布韦于1980年4月18日独立建国，面积39万平方公里，最大城市和首都为哈拉雷。
A country of roughly 15 million people as per 2022 census,[15] Zimbabwe’s largest ethnic group are the Shona, who make up 80% of the population, followed by the Northern Ndebele and other smaller minorities. Zimbabwe has 16 official languages,[3] with English, Shona, and Ndebele the most common. Zimbabwe is a member of the United Nations, the Southern African Development Community, the African Union, and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa.
【参考译文】根据2022年的人口普查，津巴布韦约有1500万人口，[15] 其中最大的族群是修纳族，占总人口的80%，其次是北恩德贝莱族和其他较小的少数民族。津巴布韦有16种官方语言，[3] 其中英语、修纳语和恩德贝莱语最为常用。津巴布韦是联合国、南部非洲发展共同体、非洲联盟以及东部和南部非洲共同市场的成员。
津巴布韦人口的组成在立国后变化巨大，独立时总人口690万，其中约30万（当时约占5.5%）是白人统治阶级，但改革政策之后，目前白人出现持续下降的现象，已经仅剩不到数万人，且多在欧美境外居留并大量移民他国。
Beginning in the 9th century, during its late Iron Age, the Bantu people (who would become the ethnic Shona) built the city-state of Great Zimbabwe; the city-state became one of the major African trade centres by the 11th century but was abandoned by the mid 15th century.[16] From there, the Kingdom of Zimbabwe was established, followed by the Rozvi and Mutapa empires.
【参考译文】早在9世纪晚期铁器时代，班图人（后来成为修纳族）就建立了大津巴布韦城邦；到11世纪时，该城邦已成为非洲的主要贸易中心之一，但到15世纪中叶被遗弃。[16] 随后，建立了津巴布韦王国，继而又出现了罗兹维帝国和穆塔帕帝国。
不列颠南非公司在1890年入侵了津巴布韦地区，并在对当地人进行了屠杀后，划出了现在津巴布韦的边境线。1890年至1980年是津巴布韦历史上的殖民地统治时期（罗得西亚），并由白人统治，这个名字源自于替英国在这个地区建立殖民地的塞西尔·罗兹。罗得西亚因气候宜人，当时的物产多以农产品为主，当时白人农场主因此地富饶，该国有“阿非利加面包篮”美誉，并建立了欧洲式首都索尔兹伯里，现名哈拉雷，发展热络市场经济，该地是罗兹在1890年时建立的贸易集散城市，为非洲中部大城之一。
The British South Africa Company of Cecil Rhodes demarcated the Rhodesia region in 1890 when they conquered Mashonaland and later in 1893 Matabeleland after the First Matabele War. Company rule ended in 1923 with the establishment of Southern Rhodesia as a self-governing British colony. In 1965, the white minority government unilaterally declared independence as Rhodesia. The state endured international isolation and a 15-year guerrilla war with Black majority forces; this culminated in a peace agreement that established de jure sovereignty as Zimbabwe in April 1980.
【参考译文】塞西尔·罗兹的英国南非公司于1890年征服马绍纳兰后划定了罗得西亚地区，1893年第一次马塔贝莱战争后征服马塔贝莱兰。随着1923年南罗得西亚作为自治的英国殖民地而建立，公司统治结束。1965年，白人少数族裔政府单方面宣布罗得西亚独立。该国经历了国际孤立和与黑人多数派部队长达15年的游击战争；最终以1980年4月达成和平协议，确立法律上的津巴布韦主权而告终。
自1960年起，罗得西亚由伊安·史密斯领导，接受南非政权的援助，并抵抗共产游击队。在1980年4月之后白人少数统治被推翻，津巴布韦宣布从英国统治下独立，但此后却遭遇严重通货膨胀，农产品产量已经下跌不足以供养国民的温饱，今日津巴布韦的食品以从外国进口为主，并向南非提供外劳换取货物，对于该国二十世纪末以来陷入的经济困难，津巴布韦停止发行津巴布韦元，改用美元、欧元、人民币、南非兰特、博茨瓦纳普拉等外币。
Robert Mugabe became Prime Minister of Zimbabwe in 1980, when his ZANU–PF party won the general election following the end of white minority rule and has remained the country’s dominant party since. He was the President of Zimbabwe from 1987, after converting the country’s initial parliamentary system into a presidential one, until his resignation in 2017. Under Mugabe’s authoritarian regime, the state security apparatus dominated the country and was responsible for widespread human rights violations.[17] From 1997 to 2008 the economy experienced consistent decline (and in the latter years, hyperinflation), though it has since seen rapid growth after the use of currencies other than the Zimbabwean dollar was permitted. In 2017, in the wake of over a year of protests against his government as well as Zimbabwe’s rapidly declining economy, a coup d’état resulted in Mugabe’s resignation. Emmerson Mnangagwa has since served as Zimbabwe’s president.
【参考译文】1980年，罗伯特·穆加贝的津巴布韦非洲民族联盟-爱国阵线党在白人少数族裔统治结束后赢得大选，穆加贝出任津巴布韦总理，自此该党一直是该国的执政党。1987年，他将该国最初的议会制改为总统制后，出任津巴布韦总统，直至2017年辞职。在穆加贝的独裁统治下，国家安全机构主宰着整个国家，并应对广泛侵犯人权的行为负责。[17] 从1997年至2008年，经济持续衰退（后几年还出现了恶性通货膨胀），不过自允许使用除津巴布韦元以外的货币以来，经济出现了快速增长。2017年，在针对穆加贝政府以及津巴布韦经济迅速衰退的抗议持续了一年多之后，一场政变导致穆加贝辞职。此后，埃默森·姆南加古瓦一直担任津巴布韦总统。
津巴布韦有16种官方语言，其中英语是使用最广泛的语言，其他主要语言还有绍纳语和北恩德贝莱语。[5]
0.2 概况表格
辽观注：此标题是我们在搬运、整合过程中添加的。
表1：基本信息
辽观注：此标题是我们在搬运、整合过程中添加的。
| 国家格言 | Unity, Freedom, Work（英语）“团结，自由，工作” |
| 国歌 | “Blessed be the land of Zimbabwe“[2]《神圣的津巴布韦土地》 |
| 首都暨最大城市 | 哈拉雷 Harare 17°49′45″S 31°03′08″E |
| 官方语言 | 16种： Chewa Chibarwe English Kalanga Koisan Nambya Ndau Ndebele Shangani Shona Sotho Tonga Tswana Venda Xhosa Zimbabwean sign language |
| 族群(2017[4]) | 99.38% African (mainly Shona and Ndebele)【非洲裔（主要为修纳族和恩德贝莱族）】 0.22% White【白种人】 0.18% Coloured【其他有色人种】 0.08% Asian【亚裔】 0.02% others【其他】 0.01% not stated【未明确】 |
| 宗教 (2017)[5] | 84.1% Christianity【基督宗教】 ——69.2% Protestantism 【新教】 ——14.9% other Christian【其他派别】 10.2% no religion【无宗教信仰】 4.5% traditional faiths【传统信仰】 1.2% others【其他】 |
| Demonym(s)【英语中对当地人的称呼】 | Zimbabwean Zimbo[6] (colloquial) |
表2：政治
辽观注：此标题是我们在搬运、整合过程中添加的。
| Government【政体】 | Unitary presidential republic【单一制总统制共和国】 |
|---|---|
| • President【总统】 | Emmerson Mnangagwa【埃默森·姆南加古瓦】 |
| • First Vice-President【第一副总统】 | Constantino Chiwenga【康斯坦丁诺·奇温加】 |
| • Second Vice-President【第二副总统】 | Kembo Mohadi【肯博·莫哈迪】 |
| Legislature【立法机构】 | Parliamen / 津巴布韦议会 |
| • Upper house【上议院】 | Senate【参议院】 |
| • Lower house【下议院】 | National Assembly【国民议会】 |
| Independence from the United Kingdom【从英国独立】 | |
| • Declared【宣布独立】 | 11 November 1965【1965年11月11日】 |
| • Republic【建国】 | 2 March 1970【1970年3月2日】 |
| • Zimbabwe Rhodesia【罗德西亚津巴布韦更名】 | 1 June 1979【1979年6月1日】 |
| • Independence recognised【独立被承认】 | 18 April 1980【1980年4月18日】 |
| • Current constitution【现行宪法施行】 | 15 May 2013【2013年5月15日】 |
| Area | |
| • Total | 390,757 km2 (150,872 sq mi) (60th) |
| • Water (%) | 1 |
| Population | |
| • 2024 January estimate | 16,868,409[7] (73rd) |
| • 2022 census | 15,178,957[8] |
| • Density | 39/km2 (101.0/sq mi) |
| GDP (PPP) | 2023 estimate |
| • Total |  $44.448 billion[9] (131st) |
| • Per capita | $2,749[9] (175th) |
| GDP (nominal) | 2023 estimate |
| • Total | $32.424 billion[9] (106th) |
| • Per capita | $2,005[9] (149th) |
| Gini (2019) |  50.3[10]high inequality |
| HDI (2022) |  0.550[11]medium (159th) |
| Currency | Zimbabwe Gold[12] U.S. dollar ($) (USD)[13] South African rand;[13] Other currencies[note 1] |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (CAT[14]) |
| Date format | dd/mm/yyyy |
| Drives on | left |
| Calling code | +263 |
| ISO 3166 code | ZW |
| Internet TLD | .zw |
表3：地理人口经济
辽观注：此标题是我们在搬运、整合过程中添加的。
| Area【面积】 | |
|---|---|
| • Total【总面积】 | 390,757 km2 (150,872 sq mi) (60th【全球第60位】) |
| • Water (%)【水域占比】 | 1 |
| Population【人口】 | |
| • 2024 January estimate【2024年1月估计】 | 16,868,409[7] (73rd【全球第73位】) |
| • 2022 census【2022年普查数据】 | 15,178,957[8] |
| • Density【人口密度】 | 39/km2 (101.0/sq mi) |
| GDP (PPP)【国内生产总值（购买力平价）】 | 2023 estimate【2023年估计值】 |
| • Total【总计】 | $44.448 billion[9] (131st)【“444.48亿美元（世界排名第131位）】 |
| • Per capita【人均】 | $2,749[9] (175th)【2749美元（排名第175位）】 |
| GDP (nominal)【国内生产总值（名义）】 | 2023 estimate【2023年估计值】 |
| • Total【总计】 | $32.424 billion[9] (106th) |
| • Per capita【人均】 | $2,005[9] (149th) |
| Gini (2019)【基尼系数（2019年）】 | 50.3[10] high inequality【高度不平等】 |
| HDI (2022)【人类发展指数】 | 0.550[11] medium (159th)【中等（世界排名第159位）】 |
| Currency【货币】 | Zimbabwe Gold[12]【津巴布韦币】 U.S. dollar ($) (USD)[13]【美元】 South African rand;[13] 【南非兰特】 Other currencies[note 1]【其他货币】 |
| Time zone【时区】 | UTC+2 (CAT[14])【东二区】 |
| Date format【日期格式】 | dd/mm/yyyy【日/月/年】 |
| Drives on【行驶方位】 | left【左】 |
| Calling code【国际电话区号】 | +263 |
| ISO 3166 code | ZW |
| Internet TLD【互联网顶级域名】 | .zw |
【参考译文】自2009年4月12日起无限期暂停使用津巴布韦元后，欧元、美元、英镑、南非兰特、博茨瓦纳普拉、澳元、人民币、印度卢比和日元成为法定货币。
1. 历史 | History
Main article: History of Zimbabwe / 主条目：津巴布韦历史
1.1 前殖民时期 | Pre-colonial era
Further information: Bantu expansion【进一步信息：班图人扩张】
Archaeological records date archaic human settlement of present-day Zimbabwe to at least 500,000 years ago.[27] Zimbabwe’s earliest known inhabitants were most likely the San people, who left behind a legacy of arrowheads and cave paintings. Approximately 2,000 years ago, the first Bantu-speaking farmers arrived during the Bantu expansion.[28][29]
【参考译文】考古记录显示，现今津巴布韦地区的古老人类定居历史可追溯至至少50万年前。[27] 津巴布韦最早的已知居民很可能是桑人（San people），他们留下了箭头和洞穴壁画等文化遗产。大约2000年前，在班图人扩张期间，第一批班图语系的农民抵达了这里。[28][29]
Societies speaking proto-Shona languages first emerged in the middle Limpopo River valley in the 9th century before moving on to the Zimbabwean highlands. The Zimbabwean plateau became the centre of subsequent Shona states, beginning around the 10th century. Around the early 10th century, trade developed with Arab merchants on the Indian Ocean coast, helping to develop the Kingdom of Mapungubwe in the 11th century. This was the precursor to the Shona civilisations that dominated the region during the 13th to 15th centuries, evidenced by ruins at Great Zimbabwe, near Masvingo, and by other smaller sites. The main archaeological site used a unique dry stone architecture. The Kingdom of Mapungubwe was the first in a series of trading states which had developed in Zimbabwe by the time the first European explorers arrived from Portugal. These states traded gold, ivory, and copper for cloth and glass.[30]
【参考译文】讲原始修纳语（proto-Shona）的族群最初于9世纪在林波波河（Limpopo River）中游河谷地区出现，随后迁徙至津巴布韦高地。自10世纪左右起，津巴布韦高原成为后续修纳国家的中心。10世纪初，与阿拉伯商人间的贸易在印度洋沿岸地区发展起来，这促进了11世纪马蓬古布韦王国（Kingdom of Mapungubwe）的兴起。马蓬古布韦王国是13至15世纪统治该地区的修纳文明的先驱，这一历史可从马辛戈（Masvingo）附近的大津巴布韦遗址（Great Zimbabwe）以及其他较小遗址中得到证实。主要考古遗址采用了独特的干石建筑工艺。马蓬古布韦王国是葡萄牙首批欧洲探险者抵达时已在津巴布韦发展起来的系列贸易国家中的第一个。这些国家用黄金、象牙和铜器交换布料和玻璃制品。[30]
By 1220, the Kingdom of Zimbabwe eclipsed Mapungubwe. This Shona state further refined and expanded upon Mapungubwe’s stone architecture. From c. 1450 to 1760, the Kingdom of Mutapa ruled much of the area of present-day Zimbabwe, plus parts of central Mozambique. It is known by many names including the Mutapa Empire, also known as Mwene Mutapa or Monomotapa as well as “Munhumutapa”, and was renowned for its strategic trade routes with the Arabs and Portugal. The Portuguese sought to monopolise this influence and began a series of wars which left the empire in near collapse in the early 17th century.[30]
【参考译文】到1220年，津巴布韦王国取代了马蓬古布韦王国。这个修纳国家在马蓬古布韦王国的石制建筑基础上进行了进一步的完善与扩建。大约从1450年至1760年，穆塔帕王国统治了今天津巴布韦的大部分地区以及莫桑比克中部的部分地区。穆塔帕王国以多个名称为人所知，包括穆塔帕帝国，亦称姆韦内·穆塔帕或莫诺莫塔帕，以及“蒙胡穆塔帕”，并且因其与阿拉伯人和葡萄牙人之间的战略贸易路线而声名远扬。葡萄牙人试图垄断这种影响力，并发动了一系列战争，使该帝国在17世纪初几近崩溃。[30]
As a direct response to increased European presence in the interior a new Shona state emerged, known as the Rozwi Empire. Relying on centuries of military, political and religious development, the Rozwi (meaning “destroyers”) expelled the Portuguese from the Zimbabwean plateau in 1683. Around 1821 the Zulu general Mzilikazi of the Khumalo clan successfully rebelled against King Shaka and established his own clan, the Ndebele. The Ndebele fought their way northwards into the Transvaal, leaving a trail of destruction in their wake and beginning an era of widespread devastation known as the Mfecane. When Dutch trekboers converged on the Transvaal in 1836, they drove the tribe even further northward, with the assistance of Tswana Barolong warriors and Griqua commandos. By 1838 the Ndebele had conquered the Rozwi Empire, along with the other smaller Shona states, and reduced them to vassaldom.[31]
【参考译文】为了直接应对欧洲人在内陆地区势力的增长，一个新的修纳国家应运而生，这就是罗兹维帝国。凭借数百年来的军事、政治和宗教发展，罗兹维人（意为“毁灭者”）于1683年将葡萄牙人驱逐出了津巴布韦高原。1821年前后，库马洛部落的祖鲁将军姆齐利卡齐成功反抗沙卡国王，建立了自己的部落——恩德贝莱族。恩德贝莱人一路北上进入德兰士瓦（Transvaal），沿途制造了毁灭性的破坏，开启了一个被称为“姆费卡内”的广泛破坏时代。1836年，荷兰移民向德兰士瓦聚集，在特瓦纳·巴罗隆战士和格里夸突击队的协助下，他们更是将恩德贝莱人向北驱赶。到1838年，恩德贝莱人征服了罗兹维帝国以及其他较小的修纳国家，使它们沦为附庸国。[31]
1.2 殖民时代和罗德西亚（1888-1964）| Colonial era and Rhodesia (1888–1964)
Main articles: Company rule in Rhodesia, Southern Rhodesia, and Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland
【主要条目：罗得西亚的公司统治、南罗得西亚、罗得西亚与尼亚萨兰联邦】
In the 1880s, European colonists arrived with Cecil Rhodes‘s British South Africa Company (chartered in 1889). In 1888, Rhodes obtained a concession for mining rights from King Lobengula of the Ndebele peoples.[32] He presented this concession to persuade the government of the United Kingdom to grant a royal charter to the company over Matabeleland, and its subject states such as Mashonaland as well.[33] Rhodes used this document in 1890 to justify sending the Pioneer Column, a group of Europeans protected by well-armed British South Africa Police (BSAP) through Matabeleland and into Shona territory to establish Fort Salisbury (present-day Harare), and thereby establish company rule over the area. In 1893 and 1894, with the help of their new Maxim guns, the BSAP would go on to defeat the Ndebele in the First Matabele War. Rhodes additionally sought permission to negotiate similar concessions covering all territory between the Limpopo River and Lake Tanganyika, then known as “Zambesia”.[33] In accordance with the terms of aforementioned concessions and treaties,[33] mass settlement was encouraged, with the British maintaining control over labour as well as over precious metals and other mineral resources.[34]
【参考译文】19世纪80年代，欧洲殖民者随塞西尔·罗兹的英国南非公司（1889年获得特许）而来。1888年，罗兹从恩德贝莱人的国王洛本古拉那里获得了采矿特许权。[32]他凭借这一特许权说服英国政府向公司授予皇家特许状，以统治马塔贝莱兰及其附属国家，如马绍纳兰。[33]1890年，罗兹利用该文件为理由，派遣了一支由装备精良的英国南非警察（BSAP）保护的欧洲人先锋队，穿过马塔贝莱兰，进入修纳人的领地，建立索尔兹伯里堡（今哈拉雷），从而确立公司对该地区的统治。1893年和1894年，在新型马克沁机枪的帮助下，英国南非警察继续在第一次马塔贝莱战争中击败了恩德贝莱人。罗兹还寻求谈判获得类似的特许权，以覆盖林波波河与坦噶尼喀湖之间的所有领土，当时这片地区被称为“赞比西地区”。[33]根据上述特许权和条约的条款，[33]英国鼓励大规模移民，同时控制劳动力以及贵金属和其他矿产资源。[34]
In 1895, the BSAC adopted the name “Rhodesia” for the territory, in honour of Rhodes. In 1898 “Southern Rhodesia” became the official name for the region south of the Zambezi,[35][36] which later adopted the name “Zimbabwe”. The region to the north, administered separately, was later termed Northern Rhodesia (present-day Zambia). Shortly after the disastrous Rhodes-sponsored Jameson Raid on the South African Republic, the Ndebele rebelled against white rule, led by their charismatic religious leader, Mlimo. The Second Matabele War of 1896–1897 lasted in Matabeleland until 1896, when Mlimo was assassinated by American scout Frederick Russell Burnham. Shona agitators staged unsuccessful revolts (known as Chimurenga) against company rule during 1896 and 1897.[citation needed] Following these failed insurrections, the Rhodes administration subdued the Ndebele and Shona groups and organised the land with a disproportionate bias favouring Europeans, thus displacing many indigenous peoples.[37]
【参考译文】1895年，英国南非公司（BSAC）将该领土命名为“罗得西亚”，以纪念罗兹。1898年，“南罗得西亚”成为赞比西河以南地区的正式名称，[35][36]该地区后来采用了“津巴布韦”这个名字。赞比西河以北的地区由不同机构管理，后来被称为北罗得西亚（今赞比亚）。在罗兹赞助的詹姆斯·拉斐德对南非共和国的灾难性袭击后不久，在魅力超凡的宗教领袖姆利莫的带领下，恩德贝莱人反抗白人统治。1896年至1897年的第二次马塔贝莱战争在马塔贝莱兰持续了到1896年，当时姆利莫被美国侦察兵弗雷德里克·罗素·伯纳姆暗杀。1896年和1897年期间，修纳煽动者对公司统治发动了不成功的起义（称为奇穆伦加起义）。[需要引文]在这些起义失败后，罗兹政府镇压了恩德贝莱人和修纳人群体，并在土地上采取了不成比例的偏向欧洲人的做法，从而迫使许多土著居民流离失所。[37]
The United Kingdom annexed Southern Rhodesia on 12 September 1923.[38][39][40][41] Shortly after annexation, on 1 October 1923, the first constitution for the new Colony of Southern Rhodesia came into force.[40][42] Under the new constitution, Southern Rhodesia became a self-governing British colony, subsequent to a 1922 referendum. Rhodesians of all races served on behalf of the United Kingdom during the two World Wars in the early-20th century. Proportional to the white population, Southern Rhodesia contributed more per capita to both the First and Second World Wars than any other part of the empire, including Britain.[43]
【参考译文】1923年9月12日，英国吞并了南罗得西亚。[38][39][40][41]吞并不久后的1923年10月1日，南罗得西亚这一新殖民地的第一部宪法开始生效。[40][42]根据新宪法，南罗得西亚在1922年公民投票后成为英国的一个自治殖民地。20世纪初的两次世界大战期间，南罗得西亚各族人民代表英国参战。与白人人口比例相比，南罗得西亚为第一次世界大战和第二次世界大战的人均贡献超过了帝国的任何其他部分，包括英国。[43]
The 1930 Land Apportionment Act restricted black land ownership to certain segments of the country, setting aside large areas solely for the purchase of the white minority. This act, which led to rapidly rising inequality, became the subject of frequent calls for subsequent land reform.[44] In 1953, in the face of African opposition,[45] Britain consolidated the two Rhodesias with Nyasaland (Malawi) in the ill-fated Central African Federation, which Southern Rhodesia essentially dominated. Growing African nationalism and general dissent, particularly in Nyasaland, persuaded Britain to dissolve the union in 1963, forming three separate divisions. While multiracial democracy was finally introduced to Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Southern Rhodesians of European ancestry continued to enjoy minority rule.[37]
【参考译文】1930年的《土地分配法》将黑人土地所有权限制在该国的某些地区，留出大片土地仅供白人少数群体购买。该法案导致不平等迅速加剧，后来人们频繁呼吁进行土地改革。[44]1953年，面对非洲人的反对，[45]英国将两个罗得西亚与尼亚萨兰（马拉维）合并为命运多舛的中非联邦，而南罗得西亚基本上在该联邦中占主导地位。日益高涨的非洲民族主义和普遍的不满情绪，特别是在尼亚萨兰，促使英国于1963年解散该联邦，成立了三个独立的部门。虽然北罗得西亚和尼亚萨兰最终引入了多种族民主制，但欧洲血统的南罗得西亚人仍然继续实行少数统治。[37]
Following Zambian independence (effective from October 1964), Ian Smith‘s Rhodesian Front government in Salisbury dropped the designation “Southern” in 1964 (once Northern Rhodesia had changed its name to Zambia, having the word Southern before the name Rhodesia became unnecessary and the country simply became known as Rhodesia afterwards). Intent on effectively repudiating the recently adopted British policy of “no independence before majority rule“, Smith issued a Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) from the United Kingdom on 11 November 1965. This marked the first such course taken by a rebel British colony since the American declaration of 1776, which Smith and others indeed claimed provided a suitable precedent to their own actions.[43]
【参考译文】赞比亚独立（自1964年10月起生效）之后，位于索尔兹伯里的伊恩·史密斯领导的罗得西亚阵线政府于1964年去掉了“南”这一称呼（因为北罗得西亚已更名为赞比亚，所以在罗得西亚前冠以“南”已没有必要，该国此后便简称为罗得西亚）。史密斯决心公然反对英国最近采取的“非多数统治不独立”政策，于1965年11月11日发表了脱离英国的《单方面独立宣言》（UDI）。这是自1776年美国发表独立宣言以来，第一个采取此类行动的英国反叛殖民地，史密斯和其他人确实认为，这为他们自己的行动提供了一个恰当的先例。[43]
1.3 宣布独立和内战（1965-1980年）| Declaration of independence and civil war (1965–1980)
Main articles: Rhodesia, Rhodesian Bush War, Zimbabwe Rhodesia, and Lancaster House Agreement
【主要条目：罗得西亚、罗得西亚丛林战、津巴布韦罗得西亚和兰开斯特宫协议】
The United Kingdom deemed the Rhodesian declaration an act of rebellion but did not re-establish control by force. The British government petitioned the United Nations for sanctions against Rhodesia pending unsuccessful talks with Smith’s administration in 1966 and 1968. In December 1966, the organisation complied, imposing the first mandatory trade embargo on an autonomous state.[46] These sanctions were expanded again in 1968.[46]
【参考译文】英国将罗得西亚的宣言视为叛乱行为，但没有采取武力手段重新控制。1966年和1968年，在与史密斯政府谈判未果后，英国政府向联合国请愿，要求对罗得西亚实施制裁。1966年12月，联合国组织予以配合，对罗得西亚这一自治国家首次实施了强制性贸易禁运。[46]1968年，这些制裁措施再次得到扩大。[46]
A civil war ensued when Joshua Nkomo‘s Zimbabwe African People’s Union (ZAPU) and Robert Mugabe’s Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU), supported actively by communist powers and neighbouring African nations, initiated guerrilla operations against Rhodesia’s predominantly white government. ZAPU was supported by the Soviet Union, the Warsaw Pact and associated nations such as Cuba, and adopted a Marxist–Leninist ideology; ZANU meanwhile aligned itself with Maoism and the bloc headed by the People’s Republic of China. Smith declared Rhodesia a republic in 1970, following the results of a referendum the previous year, but this went unrecognised internationally. Meanwhile, Rhodesia’s internal conflict intensified, eventually forcing him to open negotiations with the militant communists.
【参考译文】随后，约书亚·恩科莫领导的津巴布韦非洲人民联盟（ZAPU）和罗伯特·穆加贝领导的津巴布韦非洲民族联盟（ZANU）在共产主义国家和邻近非洲国家的积极支持下，对罗得西亚主要由白人组成的政府发起了游击战。苏联、华沙条约组织以及古巴等结盟国家支持ZAPU，并采纳了马克思列宁主义意识形态；与此同时，ZANU则与毛泽东思想和中国人民共和国领导的阵营结盟。1970年，史密斯根据前一年公民投票的结果，宣布罗得西亚成为共和国，但此举未得到国际社会的认可。与此同时，罗得西亚的内部冲突不断加剧，最终迫使史密斯与激进的共产主义者展开谈判。
In March 1978, Smith reached an accord with three African leaders, led by Bishop Abel Muzorewa, who offered to leave the white population comfortably entrenched in exchange for the establishment of a biracial democracy. As a result of the Internal Settlement, elections were held in April 1979, concluding with the United African National Council (UANC) carrying a majority of parliamentary seats. On 1 June 1979, Muzorewa, the UANC head, became prime minister and the country’s name was changed to Zimbabwe Rhodesia. The Internal Settlement left control of the Rhodesian Security Forces, civil service, judiciary, and a third of parliament seats to whites.[47] On 12 June, the United States Senate voted to lift economic pressure on the former Rhodesia.
【参考译文】1978年3月，史密斯与以主教阿贝尔·穆佐雷瓦为首的三位非洲领导人达成协议，他们提出让白人舒适地留在国内，以换取建立种族融合的民主政权。根据《内部解决方案》，1979年4月举行了选举，最终联合非洲民族理事会（UANC）赢得了议会多数席位。1979年6月1日，UANC领导人穆佐雷瓦出任总理，并将国名改为津巴布韦罗得西亚。《内部解决方案》规定，罗得西亚安全部队、公务员队伍、司法系统和议会三分之一席位的控制权仍由白人掌握。[47]6月12日，美国参议院投票决定取消对前罗得西亚的经济压力。
Following the fifth Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting, held in Lusaka, Zambia, from 1 to 7 August in 1979, the British government invited Muzorewa, Mugabe, and Nkomo to participate in a constitutional conference at Lancaster House. The purpose of the conference was to discuss and reach an agreement on the terms of an independence constitution, and provide for elections supervised under British authority allowing Zimbabwe Rhodesia to proceed to legal independence.[48] With Lord Carrington, Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs of the United Kingdom, in the chair, these discussions were mounted from 10 September to 15 December in 1979, producing a total of 47 plenary sessions.[48] On 21 December 1979, delegations from every major interest represented reached the Lancaster House Agreement, effectively ending the guerrilla war.[49][50]
【参考译文】继1979年8月1日至7日在赞比亚卢萨卡举行的第五届英联邦政府首脑会议之后，英国政府邀请穆佐雷瓦、穆加贝和恩科莫参加在兰开斯特宫举行的制宪会议。会议的目的是讨论并就独立宪法的条款达成协议，并在英国当局的监督下进行选举，使津巴布韦罗得西亚获得合法独立。[48]在英国外交和英联邦事务大臣卡林顿勋爵的主持下，这些讨论于1979年9月10日至12月15日举行，共举行了47次全体会议。[48]1979年12月21日，来自各主要利益方的代表团达成了《兰开斯特宫协议》，从而有效地结束了游击战争。[49][50]
On 11 December 1979, the Rhodesian House of Assembly voted 90 to nil to revert to British colonial status. With the arrival of Christopher Soames, the new governor on 12 December 1979, Britain formally took control of Zimbabwe Rhodesia as the Colony of Southern Rhodesia. Britain lifted sanctions on 12 December and the United Nations on 16 December.[51][52] During the elections of February 1980, Mugabe and the ZANU party secured a landslide victory.[53] Prince Charles, as the representative of Britain, formally granted independence to the new nation of Zimbabwe at a ceremony in Harare in April 1980.[54]
【参考译文】1979年12月11日，罗得西亚议会以90票赞成、0票反对的结果，决定恢复英国的殖民统治。随着新任总督克里斯托弗·索姆斯于1979年12月12日抵达，英国正式将津巴布韦罗得西亚作为南罗得西亚殖民地加以管辖。12月12日，英国取消了制裁，联合国于12月16日也取消了制裁。[51][52]在1980年2月的选举中，穆加贝和津巴布韦非洲民族联盟（ZANU）取得了压倒性的胜利。[53]1980年4月，查尔斯王子作为英国代表，在哈拉雷举行的仪式上正式授予新国家津巴布韦独立。[54]
1.4 独立时代（1980年至今）| Independence era (1980–present)
Zimbabwe’s first president after its independence was Canaan Banana in what was originally a mainly ceremonial role as head of state. Mugabe was the country’s first prime minister and head of government.[55] In 1980, Samora Machel told Mugabe that Zimbabwe was the “Jewel of Africa” but added: “Don’t tarnish it!”.[56][57][58]
【参考译文】津巴布韦独立后的第一任总统是卡南·班纳纳，他的职位主要是国家元首，具有象征性。穆加贝是该国的第一任总理和政府首脑。[55]1980年，萨莫拉·马谢尔告诉穆加贝，津巴布韦是“非洲之珠”，但又补充道：“别让它蒙尘！”[56][57][58]
New names for 32 places were gazetted on 18 April 1982[59] and by February 1984, there had been 42 changes, which included three rivers (Umniati/Munyati; Lundi/Runde; Nuanetsi/Mwenezi), and several changes from colonial names (such as Salisbury/Harare; Enkeldoorn/Chivhu; Essexvale/Esigodini; Fort Victoria/Masvingo)[60]
【参考译文】1982年4月18日，32个地名的更名公告正式发布[59]，到1984年2月，已有42个地名发生变更，其中包括三条河流（乌姆尼亚蒂/穆尼亚蒂；伦迪/伦德；努阿内齐/姆韦内济），以及一些从殖民时期名称改为新名称的地名（如索尔兹伯里/哈拉雷；恩克尔杜恩/奇夫胡；埃塞克斯韦尔/埃西戈迪尼；维多利亚堡/马斯温戈）[60]。
Opposition to what was perceived as a Shona takeover immediately erupted around Matabeleland. The Matabele unrest led to what has become known as Gukurahundi (Shona: ‘the early rain which washes away the chaff before the spring rains’).[61] The Fifth Brigade, a North Korean-trained elite unit that reported directly to Mugabe,[62] entered Matabeleland and massacred thousands of civilians accused of supporting “dissidents”.[62][63] Estimates for the number of deaths during the five-year Gukurahundi campaign ranged from 3,750[64] to 80,000.[63][65] Thousands of others were tortured in military internment camps.[66][67] The campaign officially ended in 1987 after Nkomo and Mugabe reached a unity agreement that merged their respective parties, creating the Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front (ZANU–PF).[62][68][69] Elections in March 1990 resulted in another victory for Mugabe and the ZANU–PF party, which claimed 117 of the 120 contested seats.[70][71]
【参考译文】在马塔贝莱兰地区，人们立即反对被视为肖纳人接管政权的行为。马塔贝莱人的不安引发了所谓的“古库拉洪迪”（肖纳语：“早春之雨，春雨前冲走糠秕”）事件。[61]直接隶属于穆加贝、由朝鲜训练的精英部队——第五旅[62]开进马塔贝莱兰，屠杀了数千名被指控支持“持不同政见者”的平民。[62][63]据估计，在为期五年的“古库拉洪迪”行动中，死亡人数在3750人[64]至80000人[63][65]之间。另有数千人在军事拘留营中遭受折磨。[66][67]1987年，在恩科莫和穆加贝达成统一协议、合并各自政党并创建津巴布韦非洲民族联盟——爱国阵线（ZANU–PF）后，这场运动才正式结束。[62][68][69]1990年3月的选举中，穆加贝和ZANU–PF党再次获胜，赢得了120个有争议的席位中的117个。[70][71]
During the 1990s, students, trade unionists, and other workers often demonstrated to express their growing discontent with Mugabe and ZANU–PF party policies. In 1996, civil servants, nurses, and junior doctors went on strike over salary issues.[72][73] The general health of the population also began to significantly decline; by 1997 an estimated 25% of the population had been infected by HIV in a pandemic that was affecting most of southern Africa.[74][75] Land redistribution re-emerged as the main issue for the ZANU–PF government around 1997. Despite the existence of a “willing-buyer-willing-seller” land reform programme since the 1980s, the minority white Zimbabwean population of around 0.6% continued to hold 70% of the country’s most fertile agricultural land.[76]
【参考译文】20世纪90年代，学生、工会成员和其他工人经常举行示威活动，表达他们对穆加贝和津巴布韦非洲民族联盟——爱国阵线（ZANU–PF）政党政策日益增长的不满。1996年，公务员、护士和初级医生因薪资问题而罢工。[72][73]当时民众的整体健康状况也开始显著下降；到1997年，估计有25%的人口感染了艾滋病病毒，这场大流行病影响了非洲南部的大部分地区。[74][75]1997年前后，土地重新分配再次成为津巴布韦非洲民族联盟——爱国阵线（ZANU–PF）政府的主要议题。尽管自20世纪80年代以来就存在“买卖双方自愿”的土地改革计划，但占人口约0.6%的少数白人仍然拥有该国70%最肥沃的农业用地。[76]
In 2000, the government pressed ahead with its Fast Track Land Reform programme, a policy involving compulsory land acquisition aimed at redistributing land from the minority white population to the majority black population.[77] Confiscations of white farmland, continuous droughts, and a serious drop in external finance and other support led to a sharp decline in agricultural exports, which were traditionally the country’s leading export-producing sector.[77] Some 58,000 independent black farmers have since experienced limited success in reviving the gutted cash crop sectors through efforts on a smaller scale.[78]
【参考译文】2000年，政府继续推进其“快速土地改革”计划，这是一项涉及强制征收土地的政策，目的是将土地从占少数的白人手中重新分配给占多数的黑人。[77]没收白人农场土地、持续的干旱以及外部资金和其他支持的大幅减少，导致传统上作为该国主要出口生产部门的农业出口急剧下降。[77]此后，约有58000名独立的黑人农民通过较小规模的努力，在复兴遭受重创的经济作物部门方面取得了有限的成功。[78]
President Mugabe and the ZANU–PF party leadership found themselves beset by a wide range of international sanctions.[79] In 2002, the nation was suspended from the Commonwealth of Nations due to the reckless farm seizures and blatant election tampering.[80] The following year, Zimbabwean officials voluntarily terminated its Commonwealth membership.[81] In 2001, the United States enacted the Zimbabwe Democracy and Economic Recovery Act (ZDERA). It came into effect in 2002 and froze credit to the Zimbabwean government.[82]
【参考译文】穆加贝总统和津巴布韦非洲民族联盟——爱国阵线（ZANU–PF）的领导层发现自己陷入了广泛的国际制裁之中。[79]2002年，由于肆意没收农场和公然操纵选举，津巴布韦被暂停英联邦成员国资格。[80]次年，津巴布韦官员自愿终止了其英联邦成员身份。[81]2001年，美国颁布了《津巴布韦民主与经济恢复法案》（ZDERA）。该法案于2002年生效，并冻结了对津巴布韦政府的信贷。[82]
By 2003, the country’s economy had collapsed. It is estimated that up to a quarter of Zimbabwe’s 11 million people had fled the country. Three-quarters of the remaining Zimbabweans were living on less than one U.S. dollar a day.[83] Following elections in 2005, the government initiated “Operation Murambatsvina“, an effort to crack down on illegal markets and slums emerging in towns and cities, leaving a substantial section of urban poor homeless.[84][85] The Zimbabwean government has described the operation as an attempt to provide decent housing to the population, although according to critics such as Amnesty International, authorities have yet to properly substantiate their claims.[86]
【参考译文】到2003年，该国的经济已经崩溃。据估计，津巴布韦1100万人口中有多达四分之一的人逃离了该国。剩下四分之三的津巴布韦人每天的生活费不足1美元。[83]2005年选举后，政府启动了“穆兰博茨维纳行动”，旨在打击城镇中出现的非法市场和贫民窟，导致大量城市贫困人口无家可归。[84][85]津巴布韦政府称此行动旨在为民众提供体面的住房，但据包括国际特赦组织在内的批评者称，当局尚未对其说法提供充分合理的证据。[86]
On 29 March 2008, Zimbabwe held a presidential election along with a parliamentary election. The results of this election were withheld for two weeks, after which it was generally acknowledged that the Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai (MDC-T) had achieved a majority of one seat in the lower house of parliament.[87] In September 2008, a power-sharing agreement was reached between Tsvangirai and President Mugabe, permitting the former to hold the office of prime minister. Due to ministerial differences between their respective political parties, the agreement was not fully implemented until 13 February 2009. By December 2010, Mugabe was threatening to completely expropriate remaining privately owned companies in Zimbabwe unless “western sanctions” were lifted.[88]
【参考译文】2008年3月29日，津巴布韦同时举行了总统选举和议会选举。选举结果两周后才公布，之后人们普遍认为，民主变革运动——茨万吉拉伊派（MDC-T）在议会下院获得了一个席位的多数。[87]2008年9月，茨万吉拉伊和穆加贝总统达成了权力分享协议，允许前者出任总理一职。由于双方政党在部长人选上存在分歧，该协议直到2009年2月13日才得到全面实施。到2010年12月，穆加贝威胁要完全没收津巴布韦境内剩余的私营企业，除非“西方制裁”被取消。[88]
In late 2008, problems in Zimbabwe reached crisis proportions in the areas of living standards, public health (with a major cholera outbreak in December) and various basic affairs.[89] During this period, NGOs took over from government as a primary provider of food during this period of food insecurity in Zimbabwe.[90] A 2011 survey by Freedom House suggested that living conditions had improved since the power-sharing agreement.[91] The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs stated in its 2012–2013 planning document that the “humanitarian situation has improved in Zimbabwe since 2009, but conditions remain precarious for many people”.[92]
【参考译文】2008年末，津巴布韦在生活水平、公共卫生（12月爆发大规模霍乱疫情）和各种基本事务等领域的问题已恶化到危机程度。[89]在这一时期，由于津巴布韦食品安全得不到保障，非政府组织接替政府成为粮食的主要提供者。[90]Freedom House在2011年进行的一项调查显示，自权力分享协议达成以来，生活条件有所改善。[91]联合国人道主义事务协调厅在其2012-2013年规划文件中指出，“自2009年以来，津巴布韦的人道主义状况已有所改善，但许多人的生活条件仍然岌岌可危”。[92]
A new constitution approved in the Zimbabwean constitutional referendum, 2013 curtails presidential powers.[93] Mugabe was re-elected president in the July 2013 Zimbabwean general election which The Economist described as “rigged”[94] and the Daily Telegraph as “stolen”.[95] The Movement for Democratic Change alleged massive fraud and tried to seek relief through the courts.[96] In a surprising moment of candour at the ZANU–PF congress in December 2014, President Robert Mugabe accidentally let slip that the opposition had in fact won the contentious 2008 polls by an astounding 73%.[97] After winning the election, the Mugabe ZANU–PF government re-instituted one party rule,[95] doubled the civil service and, according to The Economist, embarked on “misrule and dazzling corruption”.[94] A 2017 study conducted by the Institute for Security Studies (ISS) concluded that due to the deterioration of government and the economy “the government encourages corruption to make up for its inability to fund its own institutions” with widespread and informal police roadblocks to issue fines to travellers being one manifestation of this.[98]
【参考译文】2013年，津巴布韦全民公投通过了一部新宪法，该宪法削弱了总统的权力。[93]穆加贝在2013年7月的津巴布韦大选中再次当选总统，但《经济学家》杂志称此次选举“舞弊严重”，[94]而《每日电讯报》则称之为“窃取选举”。[95]民主变革运动指控存在大规模舞弊，并试图通过法院寻求救济。[96]2014年12月，在津巴布韦非洲民族联盟-爱国阵线（ZANU-PF）大会上，穆加贝总统出人意料地坦诚表示，反对派事实上在备受争议的2008年大选中以惊人的73%的选票获胜。[97]穆加贝领导的津巴布韦非洲民族联盟-爱国阵线政府在大选获胜后，重新恢复了一党专政，[95]公务员人数翻了一番，并且据《经济学家》杂志报道，开始了“暴政和令人瞠目的腐败”。[94]安全研究所（ISS）2017年进行的一项研究表明，由于政府和经济的恶化，“政府鼓励腐败，以弥补自身无法为本国机构提供资金的困境”，而警察在道路上随意设置路障向过往旅客收取罚款就是这种现象的一种表现。[98]
In July 2016 nationwide protests took place regarding the economic collapse in the country.[99][100] In November 2017, the army led a coup d’état following the dismissal of Vice-president Emmerson Mnangagwa, placing Mugabe under house arrest. The army denied that their actions constituted a coup.[101][102] On 19 November 2017, ZANU–PF sacked Robert Mugabe as party leader and appointed former Vice-president Emmerson Mnangagwa in his place.[103] On 21 November 2017, Mugabe tendered his resignation prior to impeachment proceedings being completed.[104] Although under the Constitution of Zimbabwe Mugabe should be succeeded by Vice-president Phelekezela Mphoko, a supporter of Grace Mugabe, ZANU–PF chief whip Lovemore Matuke stated to the Reuters news agency that Mnangagwa would be appointed as president.[104]
【参考译文】2016年7月，因国内经济崩溃，全国范围内爆发了抗议活动。[99][100]2017年11月，在解职副总统埃默森·姆南加古瓦后，军队发动政变，将穆加贝软禁。但军方否认其行为属于政变。[101][102]2017年11月19日，津巴布韦非洲民族联盟-爱国阵线（ZANU-PF）罢免了罗伯特·穆加贝的党魁职务，并任命前副总统埃默森·姆南加古瓦接替其职位。[103]2017年11月21日，在弹劾程序完成之前，穆加贝提交了辞职信。[104]尽管根据《津巴布韦宪法》，穆加贝的继任者应为副总统费莱凯泽拉·姆波科（格雷丝·穆加贝的支持者），但津巴布韦非洲民族联盟-爱国阵线党鞭洛夫莫尔·马图克向路透社表示，姆南加古瓦将被任命为总统。[104]
On 30 July 2018 Zimbabwe held its general elections,[105] which were won by the ZANU-PF party led by Mnangagwa.[106] Nelson Chamisa who was leading the main opposition party MDC Alliance contested the election results claiming voter fraud,[107] and subsequently filed a petition to the Constitution Court of Zimbabwe.[108] The court confirmed Mnangagwa’s victory, making him the newly elected president after Mugabe.[109][110]
【参考译文】2018年7月30日，津巴布韦举行大选，[105]由姆南加古瓦领导的津巴布韦非洲民族联盟-爱国阵线（ZANU-PF）赢得大选。[106]反对党联盟——民主变革运动（MDC Alliance）领袖纳尔逊·查米萨对选举结果提出质疑，声称存在选民欺诈行为，[107]并随后向津巴布韦宪法法院提出诉讼。[108]法院确认姆南加古瓦获胜，使其成为穆加贝之后的当选总统。[109][110]
In December 2017 the website Zimbabwe News, calculating the cost of the Mugabe era using various statistics, said that at the time of independence in 1980, the country was growing economically at about five per cent a year, and had done so for quite a long time. If this rate of growth had been maintained for the next 37 years, Zimbabwe would have in 2016 a GDP of US$52 billion. Instead it had a formal sector GDP of only US$14 billion, a cost of US$38 billion in lost growth. The population growth in 1980 was among the highest in Africa at about 3.5 per cent per annum, doubling every 21 years. Had this growth been maintained, the population would have been 31 million. Instead, as of 2018, it is about 13 million. The discrepancies were believed to be partly caused by death from starvation and disease, and partly due to decreased fertility. The life expectancy has halved, and deaths from politically motivated violence sponsored by the government exceed 200,000 since 1980. The Mugabe government has directly or indirectly caused the deaths of at least three million Zimbabweans in 37 years.[111] According to World Food Programme, over two million people are facing starvation because of the recent droughts the country is going through.[112]
【参考译文】2017年12月，津巴布韦新闻网（Zimbabwe News）利用各项统计数据计算了穆加贝时代的成本，指出1980年该国独立时，经济年增长率约为5%，并持续了很长时间。如果这种增长率在接下来的37年里得以保持，那么到2016年，津巴布韦的国内生产总值（GDP）将达到520亿美元。然而，事实上，其正规经济部门的GDP仅为140亿美元，损失了380亿美元的增长。1980年，该国的人口增长率是非洲最高的国家之一，约为每年3.5%，即每21年人口翻倍。如果这一增长率得以保持，那么人口将达到3100万。然而，截至2018年，人口约为1300万。造成这种差异的部分原因是饥饿和疾病导致的死亡，部分原因是生育率下降。人们的预期寿命减半，而自1980年以来，因政府发动的政治暴力造成的死亡人数已超过20万。穆加贝政府在37年里直接或间接地导致了至少300万津巴布韦人死亡。[111]据世界粮食计划署称，由于该国近期遭遇干旱，已有超过200万人面临饥饿威胁。[112]
In 2018, President Mnangagwa announced that his government would seek to rejoin the Commonwealth, which is as of 2023 conducting a fact-finding mission prior to asking the Secretary-General to issue a recommendation.[113]
【参考译文】2018年，总统姆南加古瓦宣布，津巴布韦政府将寻求重新加入英联邦。截至2023年，英联邦正在进行一项事实调查任务，之后再请秘书长提出建议。[113]
In August 2023, President Emmerson Mnangagwa won a second term in an outcome of the election rejected by the opposition and questioned by observers.[114] In September 2023, Zimbabwe signed control over almost 20% of the country’s land to the carbon offset company Blue Carbon.[115]
【参考译文】2023年8月，总统埃默森·姆南加古瓦在选举中赢得连任，但反对派拒绝接受选举结果，观察员也对选举结果提出质疑。[114]2023年9月，津巴布韦将近20%的国土管理权签给了碳补偿公司Blue Carbon。[115]
2. 地理 | Geography
Main article: Geography of Zimbabwe / 主条目：津巴布韦地理
Zimbabwe is a landlocked country in southern Africa, lying between latitudes 15° and 23°S, and longitudes 25° and 34°E. It is bordered by South Africa to the south, Botswana to the west and southwest, Zambia to the northwest, and Mozambique to the east and northeast. Its northwest corner is roughly 150 meters from Namibia, nearly forming a four-nation quadripoint. Most of the country is elevated, consisting of a central plateau (high veld) stretching from the southwest northwards with altitudes between 1,000 and 1,600 m. The country’s extreme east is mountainous, this area being known as the Eastern Highlands, with Mount Nyangani as the highest point at 2,592 m.[116]
【参考译文】津巴布韦是位于非洲南部的一个内陆国家，位于南纬15°至23°和东经25°至34°之间。它南接南非，西及西南接博茨瓦纳，西北接赞比亚，东及东北接莫桑比克。其西北角距离纳米比亚大约150米，几乎形成一个四国交界点。该国大部分地区地势较高，由西南向北延伸的中央高原（高地）海拔在1,000至1,600米之间。国家的最东端是山区，这一地区被称为东部高地，最高峰是尼扬加山，海拔2,592米。[116]
The highlands are known for their natural environment, with tourist destinations such as Nyanga, Troutbeck, Chimanimani, Vumba and Chirinda Forest at Mount Selinda. About 20% of the country consists of low-lying areas, (the low veld) under 900m. Victoria Falls, one of the world’s largest and most spectacular waterfalls, is located in the country’s extreme northwest and is part of the Zambezi river.[117][118]
【参考译文】高地以其自然环境而闻名，拥有诸如尼扬加、特劳特贝克、奇马尼马尼、武姆巴和塞林达山的奇林达森林等旅游目的地。大约20%的国土由海拔低于900米的低地（低洼地带）组成。世界最大、最壮观的瀑布之一——维多利亚瀑布位于该国的最西北部，是赞比西河的一部分。[117][118]
2.1 地质 | Geology
Main article: Geology of Zimbabwe【主条目：津巴布韦的地质】
Over geological time Zimbabwe has experienced two major post-Gondwana erosion cycles (known as African and post-African), and a very subordinate Plio-Pleistocene cycle.[119]
【参考译文】在地质时间尺度上，津巴布韦经历了两个主要的后冈瓦纳侵蚀周期（称为非洲周期和后非洲周期），以及一个较为次要的更新世-全新世周期。[119]
2.2 气候 | Climate
Zimbabwe has a subtropical climate with many local variations. The southern areas are known for their heat and aridity, while parts of the central plateau receive frost in winter. The Zambezi valley is known for its extreme heat, and the Eastern Highlands usually experience cool temperatures and the highest rainfall in the country. The country’s rainy season generally runs from late October to March, and the hot climate is moderated by increasing altitude. Zimbabwe is faced with recurring droughts. In 2019, at least 55 elephants died because of drought.[120] Severe storms are rare.[121]
【参考译文】津巴布韦拥有亚热带气候，有许多地方性变化。南部地区以其炎热和干旱著称，而中央高原的部分地区在冬季会有霜冻。赞比西河谷以其极端高温而闻名，而东部高地通常气温凉爽，降水量为全国最高。该国的雨季一般从10月底持续到3月，炎热的气候因海拔升高而有所缓和。津巴布韦面临着反复出现的干旱问题。2019年，至少有55头大象因干旱死亡。[120] 严重风暴较为罕见。[121]
2.3 生物多样性 | Biodiversity
Main article: Wildlife of Zimbabwe【主条目：津巴布韦的野生动植物】
Zimbabwe contains seven terrestrial ecoregions: Kalahari acacia–baikiaea woodlands, Southern Africa bushveld, Southern miombo woodlands, Zambezian Baikiaea woodlands, Zambezian and mopane woodlands, Zambezian halophytics, and Eastern Zimbabwe montane forest-grassland mosaic in the Eastern Highlands.[122]
【参考译文】津巴布韦包含七个陆地生态区：卡拉哈里金合欢-白坚木林地、南非灌木丛、南部米奥木林地、赞比西白坚木林地、赞比西和莫潘木林地、赞比西盐生植被以及东部高地的津巴布韦山地森林-草地镶嵌带。[122]
The country is mostly savanna, although the moist and mountainous Eastern Highlands support areas of tropical evergreen and hardwood forests. Trees found in the Eastern Highlands include teak, mahogany, enormous specimens of strangler fig, forest Newtonia, big leaf, white stinkwood, chirinda stinkwood, knobthorn and many others.
【参考译文】该国大部分地区为稀树草原，尽管湿润且多山的东部高地支持着热带常绿林和硬木林的生长。东部高地发现的树木包括紫檀、 mahogany（红木）、巨大的绞杀榕、森林牛顿尼亚树、大叶树、白臭木、奇林达臭木、结节刺槐等许多其他树种。
In the low-lying parts of the country fever trees, mopane, combretum and baobabs abound. Much of the country is covered by miombo woodland, dominated by brachystegia species and others. Among the numerous flowers and shrubs are hibiscus, flame lily, snake lily, spider lily, leonotis, cassia, tree wisteria and dombeya. There are around 350 species of mammals that can be found in Zimbabwe. There are also many snakes and lizards, over 500 bird species, and 131 fish species.
【参考译文】在该国的低洼地区，发热树、莫潘树、金合欢树和猴面包树十分常见。该国大部分地区被米奥木林覆盖，主要由布拉斯蒂格亚属植物及其他植物主导。在众多的花卉和灌木中，包括木槿、火焰百合、蛇百合、蜘蛛百合、狮子尾、金链花、树状紫藤和多比娅等。在津巴布韦可以找到大约350种哺乳动物。此外，还有许多蛇和蜥蜴，超过500种鸟类，以及131种鱼类。
Large parts of Zimbabwe were once covered by forests with abundant wildlife. Deforestation and poaching has reduced the amount of wildlife. Woodland degradation and deforestation caused by population growth, urban expansion and use for fuel are major concerns[123] and have led to erosion which diminishes the amount of fertile soil. Local farmers have been criticised by environmentalists for burning off vegetation to heat their tobacco barns.[124] The country had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 6.31/10, ranking it 81st globally out of 172 countries.[125]
【参考译文】津巴布韦的大部分地区曾经被森林覆盖，野生动物丰富。但由于森林砍伐和偷猎，野生动物的数量已经减少。由于人口增长、城市扩张和用作燃料导致的森林退化和砍伐是主要问题，[123] 并引发了土壤侵蚀，减少了肥沃土壤的数量。当地农民因燃烧植被加热烟草烘干房而受到环保主义者的批评。[124] 2019年，该国的森林景观完整性指数平均得分为6.31/10，在172个国家中排名第81位。[125]
3. 政府 | Government
Main articles: Politics of Zimbabwe, Elections in Zimbabwe, and Foreign relations of Zimbabwe
【主条目：津巴布韦的政治、津巴布韦的选举和津巴布韦的对外关系】
Zimbabwe is a republic with a presidential system of government. The semi-presidential system was abolished with the adoption of a new constitution after a referendum in 2013. Under the constitutional changes in 2005, an upper chamber, the Senate, was reinstated.[126] The House of Assembly is the lower chamber of Parliament.
【参考译文】津巴布韦是一个实行总统制的共和国。2013年全民公投通过新宪法后，半总统制被废除。根据2005年的宪法修改，上议院——参议院——得以恢复。[126] 众议院是议会的下议院。
In 1987 Mugabe revised the constitution, abolishing the ceremonial presidency and the prime ministerial posts to form an executive president—a presidential system. His ZANU-PF party has won every election since independence—in the 1990 election the second-placed party, Edgar Tekere‘s Zimbabwe Unity Movement (ZUM), obtained 20% of the vote.[127][128]
【参考译文】1987年，穆加贝修订了宪法，废除了礼仪性的总统职位和总理职位，形成了一个执行总统——即总统制。自独立以来，他的津民盟党在每次选举中都获胜——在1990年的选举中，排名第二的政党，埃德加·特克雷领导的津巴布韦团结运动（ZUM），获得了20%的选票。[127][128]
3.1 政治 | Politics
During the 1995 parliamentary elections, most opposition parties, including the ZUM, boycotted the voting, resulting in a near sweep by the ruling party.[129] When the opposition returned to the polls in 2000, they won 57 seats, only five fewer than ZANU-PF.[129] Presidential elections were again held in 2002 amid allegations of vote-rigging, intimidation and fraud.[130] The 2005 Zimbabwe parliamentary elections were held on 31 March, and multiple claims of vote rigging, election fraud and intimidation were made by the Movement for Democratic Change party and Jonathan Moyo, calling for investigations into 32 of the 120 constituencies.[131] Moyo participated in the elections despite the allegations and won a seat as an independent member of Parliament.[132]
【参考译文】在1995年的议会选举中，大多数反对党，包括津巴布韦团结运动（ZUM），抵制了投票，结果导致执政党几乎全胜。[129] 当反对派在2000年重返选举时，他们赢得了57个席位，仅比津民盟党少5席。[129] 2002年再次举行总统选举，期间有指控称存在舞弊、恐吓和欺诈。[130] 2005年3月31日举行了津巴布韦议会选举，民主变革运动党和乔纳森·莫约提出了多项关于选票舞弊、选举欺诈和恐吓的指控，要求对120个选区中的32个进行调查。[131] 尽管存在这些指控，莫约还是参加了选举，并以独立议员的身份赢得了一个席位。[132]
In 2005, the MDC split into two factions: the Movement for Democratic Change – Mutambara (MDC-M), led by Arthur Mutambara which contested the elections to the Senate, and the Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai (MDC-T) led by Morgan Tsvangirai which was opposed to contesting the elections, stating that participation in a rigged election is tantamount to endorsing Mugabe’s claim that past elections were free and fair. The two MDC camps had their congresses in 2006 with Tsvangirai being elected to lead MDC-T, which became more popular than the other group.[133]
【参考译文】2005年，民主变革运动分裂为两个派系：一个是亚瑟·穆塔姆巴拉领导的民主变革运动-穆塔姆巴拉（MDC-M），该派参加了参议院的选举；另一个是由摩根·茨万吉拉伊领导的民主变革运动-茨万吉拉伊（MDC-T），该派反对参加选举，认为参与一场被操纵的选举等同于认可穆加贝关于过去选举自由公正的说法。这两个民主变革运动派系在2006年各自举行了大会，茨万吉拉伊当选为MDC-T的领导人，该派别随后变得比另一个派别更受欢迎。[133]
In the 2008 general election, the official results required a run-off between Mugabe and Tsvangirai. The MDC-T challenged these results, claiming widespread election fraud by the Mugabe government.[134][135] The run-off was scheduled for 27 June 2008. On 22 June, citing the continuing unfairness of the process and refusing to participate in a “violent, illegitimate sham of an election process”, Tsvangirai pulled out of the presidential run-off, the election commission held the run-off, and President Mugabe received a landslide majority.[136] The MDC-T did not participate in the Senate elections, while the MDC-M won five seats in the Senate. The MDC-M was weakened by defections from members of parliament and individuals who were disillusioned by their manifesto.[133] On 28 April 2008, Tsvangirai and Mutambara announced at a joint news conference in Johannesburg that the two MDC formations were co-operating, enabling the MDC to have a clear parliamentary majority.[137][138] Tsvangirai said that Mugabe could not remain president without a parliamentary majority.[138]
【参考译文】在2008年的大选中，官方结果要求穆加贝和茨万吉拉伊进行决胜选举。民主变革运动-茨万吉拉伊派（MDC-T）对这些结果提出质疑，声称穆加贝政府在大选中存在大规模舞弊行为。[134][135]决胜选举定于2008年6月27日举行。6月22日，茨万吉拉伊以选举过程持续不公且拒绝参与“暴力且不合法的选举闹剧”为由，退出了总统决胜选举。尽管如此，选举委员会仍举行了决胜选举，穆加贝总统最终以压倒性多数获胜。[136]民主变革运动-茨万吉拉伊派没有参加参议院选举，而民主变革运动-穆塔姆巴拉派（MDC-M）则在参议院赢得了五个席位。由于部分议员和对其纲领感到幻灭的个人退党，民主变革运动-穆塔姆巴拉派实力被削弱。[133]2008年4月28日，茨万吉拉伊和穆塔姆巴拉在约翰内斯堡联合举行的新闻发布会上宣布，两个民主变革运动派别将进行合作，从而使民主变革运动在议会获得绝对多数席位。[137][138]茨万吉拉伊表示，穆加贝若没有在议会的多数席位支持，则无法继续担任总统。[138]
In mid-September 2008, after protracted negotiations overseen by the leaders of South Africa and Mozambique, Mugabe and Tsvangirai signed a power-sharing deal in which Mugabe retained control over the army. Donor nations adopted a ‘wait-and-see’ attitude, wanting to see real change being brought about by this merger before committing themselves to funding rebuilding efforts, which were estimated to take at least five years. On 11 February 2009 Tsvangirai was sworn in as prime minister by Mugabe.[139][140]
【参考译文】2008年9月中旬，在南非和莫桑比克领导人的监督下，经过长时间的谈判，穆加贝和茨万吉拉伊签署了一项权力分享协议，根据该协议，穆加贝仍保留对军队的控制权。捐助国采取了“观望”态度，希望在承诺资助重建工作之前，看到这次合并能带来真正的变革。据估计，重建工作需要至少五年时间。2009年2月11日，茨万吉拉伊在穆加贝的主持下宣誓就任总理。[139][140]
In November 2008, the government of Zimbabwe spent US$7.3 million donated by The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. A representative of the organisation declined to speculate on how the money was spent, except that it was not for the intended purpose, and the government has failed to honour requests to return the money.[141]
【参考译文】2008年11月，津巴布韦政府花掉了全球抗击艾滋病、结核病和疟疾基金捐赠的730万美元。该组织的一名代表拒绝推测这些资金的用途，只是表示并非用于原定目的，并且政府没有遵守归还资金的请求。[141]
The status of Zimbabwe politics has been thrown into question by a coup taking place in November 2017, ending Mugabe’s 30-year presidential incumbency. Emmerson Mnangagwa was appointed president following this coup and was officially elected with 50.8% of the vote in the 2018 Zimbabwean general election, avoiding a run-off and making him the third president of Zimbabwe.
【参考译文】2017年11月发生的一次政变使津巴布韦的政治地位受到质疑，结束了穆加贝长达30年的总统任期。此次政变后，埃默森·姆南加古瓦被任命为总统，并在2018年津巴布韦大选中以50.8%的选票正式当选，避免了决胜选举，成为津巴布韦第三任总统。
The government has received negative comments among its citizens for always shutting down the internet in the past amid protests such as the one planned on 31 July 2020.[142]
【参考译文】政府在过去的抗议活动（例如计划于 2020 年 7 月 31 日举行的抗议活动）中总是关闭互联网，因此受到了公民的负面评价。[142]
In July 2023, Zimbabwean President Emmerson Mnangagwa voiced support for the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[143]
【参考译文】2023 年 7 月，津巴布韦总统埃默森·姆南加古瓦表示支持俄罗斯入侵乌克兰。[143]
3.2 武装力量 | Armed forces
Main article: Zimbabwe Defence Forces【主条目：津巴布韦国防军】
The Zimbabwe Defence Forces were set up by unifying three insurrectionist forces – the Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army (ZANLA), the Zimbabwe People’s Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA), and the Rhodesian Security Forces (RSF) – after the Second Chimurenga and Zimbabwean independence in 1980. The integration period saw the formation of the Zimbabwe National Army (ZNA) and Air Force of Zimbabwe (AFZ) as separate entities under the command of General Solomon Mujuru and Air Marshal Norman Walsh, who retired in 1982 and was replaced by Air Marshal Azim Daudpota who handed over command to Air Chief Marshal Josiah Tungamirai in 1985. In 2003, General Constantine Chiwenga, was promoted and appointed Commander of the Zimbabwe Defence Forces. Lieutenant General P. V. Sibanda replaced him as Commander of the Army.[144]
【参考译文】1980年第二次奇穆伦加战争和津巴布韦独立后，津巴布韦国防军由三支反抗势力——津巴布韦非洲民族解放军（ZANLA）、津巴布韦人民革命军（ZIPRA）和罗得西亚安全部队（RSF）——整合而成。在整合期间，成立了津巴布韦国民军（ZNA）和津巴布韦空军（AFZ），它们作为独立的实体，分别由所罗门·穆朱鲁将军和诺曼·沃尔什空军元帅指挥。沃尔什空军元帅于1982年退役，由阿齐姆·道德波塔空军元帅接任，后者于1985年将指挥权移交给空军司令约西亚·通加米拉伊。2003年，康斯坦丁·奇温加将军被晋升并任命为津巴布韦国防军司令。陆军司令一职由他手下的中将P.V.西班达接任。[144]
The ZNA has an active duty strength of 30,000. The Air Force has about 5,139 standing personnel.[145] The Zimbabwe Republic Police (includes Police Support Unit, Paramilitary Police) is part of the Zimbabwe Defence Forces and numbers 25,000.[146]
【参考译文】津巴布韦国民军（ZNA）现役兵力为30,000人。空军约有5,139名常备人员。[145]津巴布韦共和国警察（包括警察支援部队、准军事警察）是津巴布韦国防军的一部分，人数达25,000人。[146]
Following majority rule in early 1980, British Army trainers oversaw the integration of guerrilla fighters into a battalion structure overlaid on the existing Rhodesian armed forces. For the first year, a system was followed where the top-performing candidate became battalion commander. If he or she was from ZANLA, then his or her second-in-command was the top-performing ZIPRA candidate, and vice versa.[147] This ensured a balance between the two movements in the command structure.
【参考译文】1980年初多数统治确立后，英国陆军教官监督游击队员融入营级架构，该架构叠加于现有的罗得西亚武装部队之上。第一年遵循一种制度，即表现最出色的候选人担任营长。如果该候选人来自津巴布韦非洲民族解放军（ZANLA），则其副手则是表现最出色的津巴布韦人民革命军（ZIPRA）候选人，反之亦然。[147]这确保了指挥结构中两个运动之间的平衡。
The ZNA was originally formed into four brigades, composed of a total of 28 battalions. The brigade support units were composed almost entirely of specialists of the former Rhodesian Army, while unintegrated battalions of the Rhodesian African Rifles were assigned to the 1st, 3rd and 4th Brigades. The Fifth Brigade was formed in 1981 and disbanded in 1988 after the demonstration of mass brutality and murder during the brigade’s occupation of Matabeleland in what became known as Gukurahundi.[61][148] The brigade had been re-formed by 2006, with its commander, Brigadier General John Mupande praising its “rich history”.[149]
【参考译文】津巴布韦国民军（ZNA）最初由四个旅组成，共辖28个营。旅支援部队几乎全部由前罗得西亚陆军的专家组成，而未整合的罗得西亚非洲步枪队则被分配到第一、第三和第四旅。1981年组建了第五旅，但在该旅占领马塔贝莱兰期间发生大规模暴行和谋杀事件（即所谓的古库拉洪迪事件）后，于1988年解散。[61][148]截至2006年，该旅已重新组建，其指挥官约翰·穆潘德准将称赞其拥有“悠久的历史”。[149]
3.3 人权 | Human rights
Main article: Human rights in Zimbabwe【主条目：津巴布韦的人权】
See also: Child marriage in Zimbabwe【参见：津巴布韦的童婚】
There are widespread reports of systematic and escalating violations of human rights in Zimbabwe under the Mugabe administration and the dominant ZANU–PF party.[151] According to human rights organisations such as Amnesty International[152] and Human Rights Watch[153] the government of Zimbabwe violates the rights to shelter, food, freedom of movement and residence, freedom of assembly and the protection of the law. In 2009, Gregory Stanton, president of the International Association of Genocide Scholars, stated there was “clear evidence that Mugabe government was guilty of crimes against humanity and that there was sufficient evidence of crimes against humanity to bring Mugabe to trial in front of the International Criminal Court.”[154]
【参考译文】有广泛报道指出，在穆加贝政府和执政党津巴布韦非洲民族联盟-爱国阵线（ZANU-PF）的统治下，津巴布韦发生了有系统和日益严重的人权侵犯事件。[151]据大赦国际[152]和人权观察组织[153]等人权组织称，津巴布韦政府侵犯了人们的住房权、食物权、迁徙和居住自由权、集会自由权以及法律保护权。2009年，灭绝种族问题国际学者协会主席格雷戈里·斯坦顿表示，“有确凿证据表明穆加贝政府犯下了危害人类罪，并且有足够证据表明其犯下了危害人类罪，足以将穆加贝送交国际刑事法院审判”。[154]
Male homosexuality is illegal in Zimbabwe. Since 1995, the government has carried out campaigns against both homosexual men and women.[155] President Mugabe has blamed gays for many of Zimbabwe’s problems and viewed homosexuality as an “un-African” and immoral culture brought by European colonists and practised by only “a few whites” in his country.[156]
【参考译文】在津巴布韦，男性同性恋是非法的。自1995年以来，政府针对同性恋男性和女性开展了宣传活动。[155]穆加贝总统将津巴布韦的许多问题归咎于同性恋者，并将同性恋视为欧洲殖民者带来的一种“非非洲”的、不道德的文化，认为只有其国家内的“少数白人”才奉行这种文化。[156]
Opposition gatherings are frequently the subject of reprisals by the police force, such as the crackdown on an 11 March 2007 MDC rally and several others during the 2008 election campaign.[157] Police actions have been strongly condemned by the UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, the European Union, and the United States.[158] There are also concerns over Fox Southwest media rights and access. The Zimbabwean government is accused of suppressing freedom of the press and freedom of speech.[152] It has been repeatedly accused of using the public broadcaster, the Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation, as a propaganda tool.[159] Newspapers critical of the government, such as the Daily News, closed after bombs exploded at their offices and the government refused to renew their licence.[160][161] BBC News, Sky News, and CNN were banned from filming or reporting from Zimbabwe. In 2009 reporting restrictions on the BBC and CNN were lifted.[162] Sky News continues to report on happenings within Zimbabwe from neighbouring countries like South Africa.[163][164]
【参考译文】反对派集会经常遭到警方的报复，例如2007年3月11日对民主变革运动集会的镇压，以及2008年大选期间对其他多次集会的镇压。[157]联合国秘书长潘基文、欧洲联盟和美国对警方的行动表示强烈谴责。[158]人们还对福克斯西南媒体（Fox Southwest）的媒体权利和准入问题表示担忧。津巴布韦政府被指责压制新闻自由和言论自由。[152]政府一再被指利用公共广播机构——津巴布韦广播公司（Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation）——作为宣传工具。[159]一些对政府持批评态度的报纸，如《每日新闻》（Daily News），在办公室发生炸弹爆炸事件且政府拒绝续发许可证后停刊。[160][161]英国广播公司新闻（BBC News）、天空新闻（Sky News）和美国有线电视新闻网（CNN）被禁止在津巴布韦拍摄或报道。2009年，对英国广播公司和美国有线电视新闻网的报道限制被取消。[162]天空新闻继续从南非等邻国报道津巴布韦境内发生的事情。[163][164]
On 24 July 2020, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) expressed concerns over allegations suggesting that Zimbabwean authorities may have used the COVID-19 crisis as a pretext to suppress freedom of expression and peaceful assembly on the streets. OHCHR spokesperson Liz Throssell stated that people have a right to protest corruption or anything else. The authorities in Zimbabwe used force to disperse and arrest nurses and health workers, who were peacefully protesting for better salaries and work conditions. The reports suggest that a few members of opposition party and investigative journalists were also arbitrarily arrested and detained for taking part in a protest.[165]
【参考译文】2020年7月24日，联合国人权事务高级专员办事处（人权高专办）对有关指控表示关切，这些指控称，津巴布韦当局可能利用新冠肺炎疫情作为借口，压制人们在街头表达意见和和平集会的自由。人权高专办发言人莉兹·特罗斯尔表示，人们有权抗议腐败或任何其他事物。津巴布韦当局使用武力驱散并逮捕了和平抗议要求提高薪资和改善工作条件的护士和卫生工作者。有关报告显示，还有一些反对党成员和调查记者因参与抗议而被任意逮捕和拘留。[165]
On 5 August 2020, the #ZimbabweanLivesMatter campaign on Twitter drew attention of international celebrities and politicians towards human rights abuses in the country, mounting pressure on Emmerson Mnangagwa’s government. The campaign was in response to arrests, abductions and torture of political activists and the incarceration of journalist Hopewell Chin’ono and the Booker Prize shortlisted author Tsitsi Dangarembga.[166]
【参考译文】2020年8月5日，推特上的“#津巴布韦人的命也是命”（#ZimbabweanLivesMatter）运动引起了国际名人和政治家对该国人权侵犯问题的关注，并向埃默森·姆南加古瓦政府施加了压力。该运动是为了回应政治活动人士遭到逮捕、绑架和酷刑折磨，以及记者霍普韦尔·奇农诺和入围布克奖提名的作家齐齐·丹加雷姆巴入狱的事件。[166]
3.4 行政区划 | Administrative divisions
Main articles: Provinces of Zimbabwe, Districts of Zimbabwe, and Wards of Zimbabwe
【主条目：津巴布韦省、津巴布韦地区和津巴布韦区】
主条目：津巴布韦行政区划
Zimbabwe has a centralised government and is divided into eight provinces and two cities with provincial status, for administrative purposes. Each province has a provincial capital from where government administration is usually carried out.[2]
【参考译文】津巴布韦实行中央政府集权制，为行政目的被划分为8个省和2个具有省级地位的城市。每个省都有一个省会，政府行政工作通常在那里开展。[2]
The names of most of the provinces were generated from the Mashonaland and Matabeleland divide at the time of colonisation: Mashonaland was the territory occupied first by the British South Africa Company Pioneer Column and Matabeleland the territory conquered during the First Matabele War. This corresponds roughly to the precolonial territory of the Shona people and the Matabele people, although there are significant ethnic minorities in most provinces. Each province is headed by a provincial governor, appointed by the president.[167] The provincial government is run by a provincial administrator, appointed by the Public Service Commission. Other government functions at provincial level are carried out by provincial offices of national government departments.[168]
【参考译文】大多数省份的名称源于殖民时期的马绍纳兰和马塔贝莱兰的分界：马绍纳兰是英国南非公司先锋队首先占领的地区，而马塔贝莱兰是在第一次马塔贝莱战争中征服的地区。这大致对应于肖纳人和马塔贝莱人前殖民时期的领土范围，尽管大多数省份都有相当数量的少数民族。每个省都由总统任命的一名省长领导。[167]省政府由公共服务委员会任命的一名省级行政官员管理。省级层面的其他政府职能由国家政府部门在各省的办公室执行。[168]
The provinces are subdivided into 59 districts and 1,200 wards (sometimes referred to as municipalities). Each district is headed by a district administrator, appointed by the Public Service Commission. There is also a Rural District Council, which appoints a chief executive officer. The Rural District Council is composed of elected ward councillors, the district administrator, and one representative of the chiefs (traditional leaders appointed under customary law) in the district. Other government functions at district level are carried out by district offices of national government departments.[169]
【参考译文】这些省被划分为59个地区和1200个选区（有时被称为市政区）。每个地区由公共服务委员会任命的一名地区行政官员领导。此外还有一个农村区议会，负责任命一名首席执行官。农村区议会由选出的选区议员、地区行政官员和该区一名酋长（根据习惯法任命的传统领袖）的代表组成。地区层面的其他政府职能由国家政府部门在地区的办公室执行。[169]
At the ward level there is a Ward Development Committee, comprising the elected ward councillor, the kraalheads (traditional leaders subordinate to chiefs) and representatives of Village Development Committees. Wards are subdivided into villages, each of which has an elected Village Development Committee and a headman (traditional leader subordinate to the kraalhead).[170]
【参考译文】在选区层面，有一个选区发展委员会，由选出的选区议员、酋长头人（隶属于酋长的传统领袖）和村庄发展委员会的代表组成。选区被划分为村庄，每个村庄都有一个选举产生的村庄发展委员会和一个村长（隶属于酋长头人的传统领袖）。[170]
3.5 制裁 | Sanctions
Since the early 2000s, Zimbabwe has been under sanctions imposed by the United States and the European Union that have shaped Zimbabwe’s domestic politics as well as the country’s relations with the Western nations.[171] In 2002, Zimbabwe held general elections and ahead of that election the EU sent observers, but the election observer team was forced to leave the country. In February 2002 the EU placed targeted or restrictive measures on Zimbabwe. At least 20 government officials were banned from entering Europe, and EU funding was halted. Prior to the elections there was $128 million that was budgeted for the Zimbabwean government from 2002 to 2007, this was cancelled. Nevertheless, the EU only stopped funding the government directly but it continued sending money only through aid agencies and NGOs.[172]
【参考译文】自21世纪初以来，津巴布韦一直受到美国和欧盟实施的制裁，这些制裁影响了津巴布韦的内政以及该国与西方国家的关系。[171]2002年，津巴布韦举行大选，欧盟在那次大选前派出了观察员，但选举观察团被迫离开该国。2002年2月，欧盟对津巴布韦采取了有针对性的限制性措施。至少20名政府官员被禁止进入欧洲，欧盟的资助也被停止。大选前，原计划从2002年至2007年向津巴布韦政府提供1.28亿美元的预算，也被取消。然而，欧盟只是停止了直接向政府提供资金，但继续通过援助机构和非政府组织提供资金。[172]
After some years, the EU and Zimbabwe resolved some of their disputes and a lot of the EU sanctions were removed. Only Mugabe and his wife remained on the list while other government officials were removed. However, the EU still did not give Zimbabwe money. So, the government channels money through NGOs as it was seen on 4 March 2019 – 21 March 2019 Cyclone Idai.[173]
【参考译文】几年后，欧盟和津巴布韦解决了一些争端，欧盟取消了许多制裁。只有穆加贝和他的妻子仍在制裁名单上，而其他政府官员已被除名。然而，欧盟仍然没有向津巴布韦提供资金。因此，政府在2019年3月4日至2019年3月21日伊代气旋期间通过非政府组织获取资金。[173]
The United States also imposed sanctions on Zimbabwe. There are two types of U.S. sanctions on Zimbabwe. The first one is Zimbabwe Democracy and Economic Recovery Act (ZIDERA) and the second one is the Targeted Sanctions Program. ZIDERA made several demands, the first one was that Zimbabwe must respect human rights, second Zimbabwe must stop its interference in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, third Zimbabwe must stop the expropriation of white farms. If none of these demands were met, the U.S. would block the IMF and the World Bank from lending money to Zimbabwe.[174] A new ZIDERA came into effect in 2018 with the motto that, Restore Democracy or there won’t be any friendship, there must be free elections, free media and human rights, Zimbabwe must enforce the ruling of the SADC Tribunal. The Targeted Sanctions Program was implemented in 2003, which lists Zimbabwean companies and people who are not allowed to deal with U.S. companies. The sanctions on Zimbabwe have been in place for more than two decades. In March 2021, the U.S. renewed its sanctions on Zimbabwe.[174]
【参考译文】美国也对津巴布韦实施了制裁。美国对津巴布韦实施了两类制裁。第一类是《津巴布韦民主与经济恢复法案》（ZIDERA），第二类是定向制裁计划。ZIDERA提出了几项要求：第一，津巴布韦必须尊重人权；第二，津巴布韦必须停止干涉刚果民主共和国内政；第三，津巴布韦必须停止征用白人农场。如果上述要求中的任何一项未得到满足，美国将阻止国际货币基金组织（IMF）和世界银行向津巴布韦提供贷款。[174]2018年，一项新的ZIDERA生效，其口号是“恢复民主，否则没有友谊，必须举行自由选举，拥有自由媒体和人权，津巴布韦必须执行南部非洲发展共同体（SADC）法庭的裁决”。定向制裁计划于2003年实施，列出了禁止与美国公司交易的津巴布韦公司和人员名单。对津巴布韦的制裁已经实施了二十多年。2021年3月，美国再次对津巴布韦实施制裁。[174]
4. 经济 | Economy
Main article: Economy of Zimbabwe【主条目：津巴布韦的经济】
The main foreign exports of Zimbabwe are minerals, gold,[121] and agriculture. Zimbabwe is crossed by two trans-African automobile routes: the Cairo-Cape Town Highway and the Beira-Lobito Highway. Zimbabwe is the largest trading partner of South Africa on the continent.[175] Taxes and tariffs are high for private enterprises, while state enterprises are strongly subsidised. State regulation is costly to companies; starting or closing a business is slow and expensive.[176] Tourism also plays a key role in the economy[177] but has been failing in recent years. The Zimbabwe Conservation Task Force released a report in June 2007, estimating that 60% of Zimbabwe’s wildlife had died since 2000 as a result of poaching and deforestation. The report warns that the loss of life combined with widespread deforestation is potentially disastrous for the tourism industry.[178] The information and communications technology sector has been growing at a fast pace. A report by the mobile internet browser company Opera in 2011 ranked Zimbabwe as Africa’s fastest growing market.[179][180]
【参考译文】津巴布韦的主要出口产品是矿产、黄金[121]和农产品。有两条跨非公路穿越津巴布韦：开罗-开普敦公路和贝拉-洛比托公路。津巴布韦是非洲大陆上南非最大的贸易伙伴。[175]私营企业的税费很高，而国有企业则获得大量补贴。国家监管对公司来说成本高昂；开办或关闭企业既耗时又昂贵。[176]旅游业也在经济中发挥着关键作用[177]，但近年来却表现不佳。2007年6月，津巴布韦野生动物保护特别行动小组发布了一份报告，估计自2000年以来，由于偷猎和砍伐森林，津巴布韦60%的野生动物已经死亡。该报告警告称，生命丧失和大规模砍伐森林结合起来，可能对旅游业造成灾难性影响。[178]信息和通信技术行业一直在快速发展。移动浏览器公司Opera在2011年发布的一份报告中，将津巴布韦列为非洲增长最快的市场。[179][180]
Since January 2002, the government has had its lines of credit at international financial institutions frozen, through U.S. legislation called the Zimbabwe Democracy and Economic Recovery Act of 2001 (ZDERA). Section 4C instructs the secretary of the treasury to direct international financial institutions to veto the extension of loans and credit to the Zimbabwean government.[181] According to the United States, these sanctions target only seven specific businesses owned or controlled by government officials and not ordinary citizens.[182]
【参考译文】自2002年1月起，由于美国颁布的《2001年津巴布韦民主与经济恢复法案》（ZDERA），该国政府在国际金融机构的信贷额度被冻结。该法案的第4C条指示财政部部长指示国际金融机构否决向津巴布韦政府提供贷款和信贷的延期。[181]据美国称，这些制裁仅针对由政府官员拥有或控制的七家特定企业，而不针对普通公民。[182]
Zimbabwe maintained positive economic growth throughout the 1980s (5% GDP growth per year) and 1990s (4.3% GDP growth per year). The economy declined from 2000: 5% decline in 2000, 8% in 2001, 12% in 2002 and 18% in 2003.[183] Zimbabwe’s involvement from 1998 to 2002 in the war in the Democratic Republic of the Congo drained hundreds of millions of dollars from the economy.[184] From 1999 to 2009, Zimbabwe saw the lowest ever economic growth with an annual GDP decrease of 6.1%.[185] The downward spiral of the economy has been attributed mainly to mismanagement and corruption by the government and the eviction of more than 4,000 white farmers in the controversial land confiscations of 2000.[186][187][188] The Zimbabwean government and its supporters attest that it was Western policies to avenge the expulsion of their kin that sabotaged the economy.[189]
【参考译文】20世纪80年代（年均GDP增长5%）和90年代（年均GDP增长4.3%），津巴布韦经济持续增长。但从2000年起，经济开始下滑：2000年下滑5%，2001年下滑8%，2002年下滑12%，2003年下滑18%。[183]1998年至2002年间，津巴布韦卷入刚果民主共和国的战争，导致数亿美元经济损失。[184]1999年至2009年间，津巴布韦经历了有史以来最低的经济增长，GDP年均下降6.1%。[185]经济持续下滑的主要原因是政府管理不善和腐败，以及2000年备受争议的没收土地行动中驱逐了4,000多名白人农场主。[186][187][188]津巴布韦政府及其支持者认为，是西方国家的政策为了报复驱逐其同胞而破坏了津巴布韦的经济。[189]
By 2005, the purchasing power of the average Zimbabwean had dropped to the same levels in real terms as 1953.[190] In 2005, the government, led by central bank governor Gideon Gono, started making overtures that white farmers could come back. There were 400 to 500 still left in the country, but much of the land that had been confiscated was no longer productive.[191] By 2016, there remained about 300 of the original 4,500 farms owned by white farmers. The farms that left were either too remote or their owners had paid for protection or collaborated with the regime.[95] In January 2007, the government issued long-term leases to some white farmers.[192] At the same time, however, the government also continued to demand that all remaining white farmers, who were given eviction notices earlier, vacate the land or risk being arrested.[193][194] Mugabe pointed to foreign governments and alleged “sabotage” as the cause of the fall of the Zimbabwean economy, as well as the country’s 80% formal unemployment rate.[195]
【参考译文】到2005年，津巴布韦人的平均购买力按实际价值计算已降至1953年的水平。[190]2005年，在央行行长吉迪恩·戈诺的领导下，政府开始暗示白人农场主可以回国。当时国内还剩400到500名白人农场主，但大部分被没收的土地已不再具有生产力。[191]到2016年，在最初由白人拥有的4,500个农场中，只剩下约300个。离开的农场要么位置太偏远，要么其所有者曾花钱寻求保护或与政权合作。[95]2007年1月，政府向一些白人农场主颁发了长期租约。[192]但与此同时，政府也继续要求所有早些时候收到驱逐通知且仍未离开的白人农场主搬离土地，否则将面临被捕的风险。[193][194]穆加贝指责外国政府和所谓的“破坏行为”是导致津巴布韦经济衰退和80%正式失业率的原因。[195]
Inflation rose from an annual rate of 32% in 1998, to an estimated high of 11,200,000% in August 2008 according to the Central Statistical Office.[196] This represented a state of hyperinflation, and the central bank introduced a new 100 trillion dollar note.[197] In January 2009, in an effort to counteract runaway inflation, acting Finance Minister Patrick Chinamasa announced that Zimbabweans would be permitted to use other, more stable currencies to do business, alongside the Zimbabwean dollar.[198] In an effort to combat inflation and foster economic growth, the Zimbabwean dollar was suspended indefinitely in April 2009.[199] In 2016, Zimbabwe allowed trade in the United States dollar and various other currencies such as the rand (South Africa), the pula (Botswana), the euro, and the pound sterling (UK).[200] In February 2019, Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe Governor John Mangudya introduced a new local currency, the Real Time Gross Settlement dollar, in a move to address some of the Zimbabwean economic and financial challenges.[201]
【参考译文】根据中央统计局的数据，通货膨胀率从1998年的32%年增长率上升到2008年8月估计高达11,200,000%。[196]这代表了恶性通货膨胀的状态，为此央行发行了一张新的100万亿津元纸币。[197]2009年1月，为了遏制飞涨的通货膨胀，代理财政部长帕特里克·奇纳马萨宣布，津巴布韦人除了可以使用津巴布韦元进行交易外，还可以使用其他更稳定的货币。[198]为了抑制通货膨胀和促进经济增长，2009年4月，津巴布韦元被无限期暂停使用。[199]2016年，津巴布韦允许使用美元和南非兰特、博茨瓦纳普拉、欧元及英镑（英国）等其他多种货币进行交易。[200]2019年2月，为了应对一些经济和金融挑战，津巴布韦储备银行行长约翰·曼古迪亚推出了一种新的本国货币——实时全额结算美元。[201]
After the formation of the Unity Government and the adoption of several currencies instead of the Zimbabwe dollar in 2009, the Zimbabwean economy rebounded. GDP grew by 8–9% per year between 2009 and 2012.[202] In November 2010, the International Monetary Fund described the Zimbabwean economy as “completing its second year of buoyant economic growth”.[203][204] The pan-African investment bank IMARA released a favourable report in February 2011 on investment prospects in Zimbabwe, citing an improved revenue base and higher tax receipts.[205] In January 2013, the finance ministry reported that they had only $217 in their treasury and would apply for donations to finance the coming elections.[206] By 2014, Zimbabwe had recovered to levels seen in the 1990s[202] but growth faltered between 2012 and 2016.[207] Inflation was 42% in 2018; in June 2019, the inflation rate reached 175%, leading to mass unrest across the country.[208]
【参考译文】2009年联合政府成立后，津巴布韦放弃了本国货币，转而采用多种货币，经济随之复苏。2009年至2012年间，国内生产总值（GDP）年均增长8%至9%。[202]2010年11月，国际货币基金组织（IMF）称，津巴布韦经济“圆满完成了经济强劲增长的第二年”。[203][204]泛非投资银行IMARA于2011年2月发布了一份关于津巴布韦投资前景的乐观报告，其中提到收入基础有所改善，税收收入也有所增加。[205]2013年1月，财政部报告称，国库中仅剩217美元，将申请捐款以资助即将到来的选举。[206]到2014年，津巴布韦的经济已恢复到20世纪90年代的水平[202]，但2012年至2016年间经济增长放缓。[207]2018年，通货膨胀率为42%；2019年6月，通货膨胀率飙升至175%，导致全国范围内大规模动荡。[208]
4.1 矿产 | Minerals
Main article: Mining industry of Zimbabwe【主条目：津巴布韦采矿业】
The mining sector is lucrative, with some of the world’s largest platinum reserves being mined by Anglo American plc, Zimplats, and Impala Platinum.[209] Zimplats, the nation’s largest platinum company, has proceeded with US$500 million in expansions, and is also continuing a separate US$2 billion project, despite threats by Mugabe to nationalise the company.[210]
【参考译文】采矿行业利润丰厚，英美资源集团、津巴布韦铂金公司和英帕拉铂金公司等正在开采世界上一些最大的铂金储量。[209]作为该国最大的铂金公司，津巴布韦铂金公司已斥资5亿美元进行扩建，并继续推进另一个耗资20亿美元的项目，尽管穆加贝曾威胁要将其国有化。[210]
The Marange diamond fields, discovered in 2006, are considered the biggest diamond find in over a century.[211] They have the potential to improve the fiscal situation of the country considerably, but almost all revenues from the field have disappeared into the pockets of army officers and ZANU–PF politicians.[212] In terms of carats produced, the Marange field is one of the largest diamond-producing projects in the world,[213] estimated to have produced 12 million carats in 2014 worth over $350 million.[214]
【参考译文】2006年发现的马兰吉钻石矿被认为是一个多世纪以来发现的最大钻石矿。[211]该矿有可能极大地改善该国的财政状况，但矿场几乎所有的收入都落入了军官和津巴布韦非洲民族联盟-爱国阵线（ZANU-PF）政客们的腰包。[212]就产量而言，马兰吉钻石矿是世界上最大的钻石开采项目之一，[213]据估计，2014年该矿生产了1200万克拉钻石，价值超过3.5亿美元。[214]
As of October 2014, Metallon Corporation was Zimbabwe’s largest gold miner.[215]
【参考译文】截至2014年10月，梅特隆公司是津巴布韦最大的黄金开采商。[215]
Further information on tin from the: Kamativi mine
【参考译文】有关锡矿的更多信息，请参见：卡马提维矿
4.2 农业 | Agriculture
Main article: Agriculture in Zimbabwe【主条目：津巴布韦农业】
Zimbabwe’s commercial farming sector was traditionally a source of exports and foreign exchange and provided 400,000 jobs. However, the government’s land reform program badly damaged the sector, turning Zimbabwe into a net importer of food products.[2] For example, between 2000 and 2016, annual wheat production fell from 250,000 tons to 60,000 tons, maize was reduced from two million tons to 500,000 tons and cattle slaughtered for beef fell from 605,000 head to 244,000 head.[95] Coffee production, once a prized export commodity, came to a virtual halt after seizure or expropriation of white-owned coffee farms in 2000 and has never recovered.[216]
【参考译文】津巴布韦的商业农业部门历来是出口和外汇的来源，并提供了40万个工作岗位。然而，政府的土地改革计划严重损害了该部门，使津巴布韦变成了粮食产品的净进口国。[2]例如，在2000年至2016年期间，小麦年产量从25万吨下降到6万吨，玉米从200万吨减少到50万吨，宰杀用作牛肉的牲畜从605,000头减少到244,000头。[95]咖啡生产曾经是备受珍视的出口商品，但在2000年白人拥有的咖啡农场被没收或充公后几乎停滞，且从未恢复。[216]
For the past ten years, the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics has been assisting Zimbabwe’s farmers to adopt conservation agriculture techniques, a sustainable method of farming that can help increase yields. By applying the three principles of minimum soil disturbance, legume-based cropping and the use of organic mulch, farmers can improve infiltration, reduce evaporation and soil erosion, and build up organic soil content.[217] Between 2005 and 2011, the number of smallholders practicing conservation agriculture in Zimbabwe increased from 5,000 to more than 150,000. Cereal yields rose between 15 and 100 per cent across different regions.[218] The government declared potato a national strategic food security crop in 2012.[219]
【参考译文】在过去十年里，国际半干旱地区作物研究所一直在帮助津巴布韦农民采用保护性农业技术，这是一种可持续的耕作方法，有助于提高产量。通过应用最小土壤扰动、豆科作物种植和使用有机覆盖物这三大原则，农民可以改善土壤渗透性，减少蒸发和土壤侵蚀，并增加土壤有机质含量。[217]在2005年至2011年期间，津巴布韦采用保护性农业技术的小农户数量从5000户增加到15万多户。不同地区的谷物产量提高了15%至100%。[218]2012年，政府宣布马铃薯为国家粮食安全战略作物。[219]
4.3 旅游业 | Tourism
Main article: Tourism in Zimbabwe【主条目：津巴布韦的旅游业】
Since the land reform programme in 2000, tourism in Zimbabwe has steadily declined. In 2018, tourism peaked with 2.6 million tourists.[220] In 2016, the total contribution of tourism to Zimbabwe was $1.1 billion (USD), or about 8.1% of Zimbabwe’s GDP. Employment in travel and tourism, as well as the industries indirectly supported by travel and tourism, was 5.2% of national employment.[221]
【参考译文】自2000年实施土地改革计划以来，津巴布韦的旅游业一直在稳步下滑。2018年，旅游业达到巅峰，共有260万游客。[220]2016年，旅游业对津巴布韦的总贡献为11亿美元（美元），约占津巴布韦国内生产总值（GDP）的8.1%。旅游和旅游业间接支持的行业的就业人数占全国就业人数的5.2%。[221]
Several airlines pulled out of Zimbabwe between 2000 and 2007. Australia’s Qantas, Germany’s Lufthansa, and Austrian Airlines were among the first to pull out and in 2007 British Airways suspended all direct flights to Harare.[222][223] The country’s flagship airline, Air Zimbabwe, which operated flights throughout Africa and a few destinations in Europe and Asia, ceased operations in February 2012.[224][needs update] As of 2017, several major commercial airlines had resumed flights to Zimbabwe.
【参考译文】2000年至2007年间，有多家航空公司撤出了津巴布韦。澳大利亚的澳洲航空、德国的汉莎航空和奥地利航空是最早撤出的航空公司之一，而2007年英国航空则暂停了所有飞往哈拉雷的直飞航班。[222][223]该国的旗舰航空公司——津巴布韦航空曾经营飞往非洲各地的航班以及少数欧洲和亚洲目的地的航班，但于2012年2月停止运营。[224][需要更新]截至2017年，已有几家大型商业航空公司恢复了飞往津巴布韦的航班。
Zimbabwe has several major tourist attractions. Victoria Falls on the Zambezi, which are shared with Zambia, are located in the north-west of Zimbabwe. Victoria Falls is considered to be the largest waterfall in the world.[225] Before the economic changes, much of the tourism for these locations came to the Zimbabwe side, but now Zambia is the main beneficiary. The Victoria Falls National Park is also in this area and is one of the eight main national parks in Zimbabwe,[226] the largest of which is Hwange National Park. Lake Kariba, another site for tourism, is the largest reservoir in the world.[225]
【参考译文】津巴布韦拥有多处主要旅游景点。位于津巴布韦西北部的维多利亚瀑布横跨赞比西河，与赞比亚共有，被认为是世界上最大的瀑布。[225]在经济发生变化之前，这些景点的游客大多来到津巴布韦一侧，但现在赞比亚是主要受益者。维多利亚瀑布国家公园也位于该地区，是津巴布韦八大主要国家公园之一，[226]其中最大的是万盖国家公园。卡里巴湖是另一个旅游景点，也是世界上最大的水库。[225]
The Eastern Highlands are a series of mountainous areas near the border with Mozambique. The highest peak in Zimbabwe, Mount Nyangani at 2,593 m (8,507 ft) is located there as well as the Bvumba Mountains and the Nyanga National Park. World’s View is in these mountains, and it is from here that places as far away as 60–70 km (37–43 mi) are visible and, on clear days, the town of Rusape can be seen.
【参考译文】东部高地是位于与莫桑比克接壤附近的一系列山区。津巴布韦的最高峰——尼亚甘尼山（海拔2593米），以及布武巴山脉和尼亚加国家公园都位于此地。在这些山脉中，有一个名为“世界之景”的地方，从这里可以看到最远达60–70公里（37–43英里）的景象，在天气晴朗的日子里，甚至可以看到鲁萨佩镇。
Zimbabwe is unusual in Africa in that there are a number of ancient and medieval ruined cities built in a unique dry stone style. Among the most famous of these are the Great Zimbabwe ruins in Masvingo. Other ruins include Khami, Dhlo-Dhlo and Naletale. The Matobo Hills are an area of granite kopjes and wooded valleys commencing some 35 km (22 mi) south of Bulawayo in southern Zimbabwe. The hills were formed over two billion years ago with granite being forced to the surface, then being eroded to produce smooth “whaleback dwalas” and broken kopjes, strewn with boulders and interspersed with thickets of vegetation. Mzilikazi, founder of the Ndebele nation, gave the area its name, meaning ‘Bald Heads’. They have become a tourist attraction because of their ancient shapes and local wildlife. Cecil Rhodes and other early white colonists like Leander Starr Jameson are buried in these hills at World’s View.[227]
【参考译文】在非洲，津巴布韦颇为独特，这里有许多以独特的干石风格建造的古代和中世纪废墟城市。其中最著名的是位于马斯温戈的大津巴布韦废墟。其他废墟还包括卡米、德洛德洛和纳莱塔莱。马托博山是一片花岗岩巨石嶙峋、林木葱郁的山谷地带，位于津巴布韦南部布拉瓦约以南约35公里（22英里）处。这些山丘形成于20多亿年前，花岗岩被挤压到地表，随后受到侵蚀，形成了平滑的“鲸背状岩脊”和破碎的巨石嶙峋之地，巨石散落，杂草丛生。恩德贝莱民族的创始人姆齐利卡齐给这片地区取名为“马托博”，意为“秃头”。这些山丘因其古老的形状和当地的野生动物而成为旅游景点。塞西尔·罗兹和其他早期白人殖民者，如利安德·斯塔尔·詹姆斯，都葬在这些山丘上的“世界之景”。[227]
4.4 供水和卫生 | Water supply and sanitation
Main article: Water supply and sanitation in Zimbabwe【主条目：津巴布韦的供水和卫生】
There are many successful small-scale water supply and sanitation programs, but there is an overall lack of improved water and sanitation systems for the majority of Zimbabwe. According to the World Health Organization in 2012, 80% of Zimbabweans had access to improved (i.e. clean) drinking water sources, and only 40% of Zimbabweans had access to improved sanitation facilities.[228] Access to improved water supply and sanitation is noticeably limited in rural areas.[229] There are many factors that continue to determine the nature of water supply and sanitation in Zimbabwe for the foreseeable future; three major factors are the severely depressed state of the Zimbabwean economy, the reluctance of foreign aid organisations to build and finance infrastructure projects, and the political instability of the state.[229][230]
【参考译文】津巴布韦有许多成功的小型供水和卫生项目，但总体而言，大多数津巴布韦人缺乏改良的供水和卫生系统。根据世界卫生组织2012年的数据，80%的津巴布韦人可以获得改良的（即清洁的）饮用水源，但只有40%的津巴布韦人可以获得改良的卫生设施。[228]在农村地区，获得改良的供水和卫生设施的机会明显有限。[229]在未来可预见的时期内，有许多因素将继续决定津巴布韦供水和卫生的状况；其中三个主要因素是：津巴布韦经济严重萧条、外国援助组织不愿建设和资助基础设施项目、以及国家政治不稳定。[229][230]
4.5 科技 | Science and technology
Main article: Science and technology in Zimbabwe【主条目：津巴布韦的科学和技术】
Zimbabwe has relatively well-developed national infrastructure and a long-standing tradition of promoting research and development, as evidenced by the levy imposed on tobacco-growers since the 1930s to promote market research.[231][232] The country has a well-developed education system, with one in 11 adults holding a tertiary degree. Given the country’s solid knowledge base and abundant natural resources, Zimbabwe has great growth potential.[231][232] Zimbabwe was ranked 117th in the Global Innovation Index in 2023, down from rank 107 in 2022.[233][234]
【参考译文】津巴布韦拥有相对发达的国家基础设施，并且长期以来一直有着促进研究和开发的传统，这从20世纪30年代以来对烟草种植者征收的以促进市场研究的税中可见一斑。[231][232]该国拥有完善的教育体系，每11名成年人中就有1人拥有高等教育学历。鉴于该国坚实的知识基础和丰富的自然资源，津巴布韦具有巨大的增长潜力。[231][232]2023年，津巴布韦在全球创新指数中排名第117位，低于2022年的第107位。[233][234]
To achieve its growth potential, Zimbabwe will need to correct several structural weaknesses. For instance, it lacks the critical mass of researchers needed to trigger innovation. Although the infrastructure is in place to harness research and development to Zimbabwe’s socio-economic development, universities and research institutions lack the financial and human resources to conduct research and the regulatory environment hampers the transfer of new technologies to the business sector. The economic crisis has precipitated an exodus of university students and professionals in key areas of expertise (medicine, engineering, etc.) that is of growing concern. More than 22% of Zimbabwean tertiary students were completing their degrees abroad in 2012, compared to a 4% average for sub-Saharan Africa as a whole. In 2012, there were 200 researchers (head count) employed in the public sector, one-quarter of whom were women. This is double the continental average (91 in 2013) but only one-quarter the researcher density of South Africa (818 per million inhabitants). The government has created the Zimbabwe Human Capital Website to provide information for the diaspora on job and investment opportunities in Zimbabwe.[231][232]
【参考译文】为了实现增长潜力，津巴布韦需要纠正几个结构性弱点。例如，该国缺乏推动创新所需的大量研究人员。尽管津巴布韦具备利用研究和开发推动社会经济发展的基础设施，但大学和研究机构缺乏开展研究所需的资金和人力资源，而且监管环境也阻碍了新技术向商业部门的转移。经济危机引发了关键专业领域（医学、工程学等）的大学生和专业人士的流失，这一问题日益令人担忧。2012年，超过22%的津巴布韦高等教育学生在国外完成学业，而撒哈拉以南非洲地区的这一比例平均为4%。2012年，公共部门有200名研究人员（按人数计算），其中四分之一为女性。这一数字是非洲大陆平均水平（2013年为91人）的两倍，但仅为南非研究人员密度（每百万人818人）的四分之一。该国政府建立了“津巴布韦人力资本网站”，为散居海外的侨民提供有关津巴布韦工作和投资机会的信息。[231][232]
The country’s Second Science and Technology Policy was launched in June 2012, after being elaborated with UNESCO assistance. It replaces the earlier policy dating from 2002. The 2012 policy prioritizes biotechnology, information and communication technologies (ICTs), space sciences, nanotechnology, indigenous knowledge systems, technologies yet to emerge and scientific solutions to emergent environmental challenges. The Second Science and Technology Policy also asserts the government’s commitment to allocating at least 1% of GDP to research and development, focusing at least 60% of university education on developing skills in science and technology and ensuring that school pupils devote at least 30% of their time to studying science subjects.[231][232]
【参考译文】在联合国教科文组织（UNESCO）的协助下详细制定后，该国的《第二科学技术政策》于2012年6月推出。该政策取代了2002年制定的早期政策。2012年的政策将生物技术、信息和通信技术（ICT）、空间科学、纳米技术、本土知识体系、尚待出现的技术以及应对新出现环境挑战的科学解决方案作为优先事项。《第二科学技术政策》还重申了政府的承诺，即至少将国内生产总值（GDP）的1%用于研究和开发，将至少60%的大学教育重点放在培养科学技术技能上，并确保中小学生将至少30%的时间用于学习科学科目。[231][232]
In 2014, Zimbabwe counted 21 publications per million inhabitants in internationally cataloged journals, according to Thomson Reuters’ Web of Science (Science Citation Index Expanded). This placed Zimbabwe sixth out of the 15 SADC countries, behind Namibia (59), Mauritius (71), Botswana (103) and, above all, South Africa (175) and the Seychelles (364). The average for sub-Saharan Africa was 20 scientific publications per million inhabitants, compared to a global average of 176 per million.[232]
【参考译文】2005-2014年南共体（南部非洲发展共同体）最高产国家科学出版物趋势。资料来源：联合国教科文组织《科学报告：迈向2030》（2015年），数据来自汤森路透的Web of Science和Science Citation Index Expanded（科学引文索引扩展版）。
4.6 交通 | Transportation
Main article: Transport in Zimbabwe【主条目：津巴布韦的交通】
- 罗伯特·穆加贝国际机场
- 津巴布韦航空
- 津巴布韦飞捷航空
- 津巴布韦国家铁路：可连通邻国博茨瓦纳
5. 人口统计 | Demographics
Main article: Demographics of Zimbabwe【主条目：津巴布韦的人口统计】
5.1 人口数量 | Population
Expanding from a population of 2,746,396 in 1950, Zimbabwe’s population has rapidly increased. Based on the 2022 revision of the World Population Prospects[235][236], the population of Zimbabwe was estimated by the United Nations at 15,993,524 in 2021.
【参考译文】从1950年的2,746,396人开始，津巴布韦的人口迅速增长。根据《世界人口展望》2022年修订版[235][236]的数据，联合国估计津巴布韦2021年的人口为15,993,524人。
5.2 族群 | Ethnic groups
According to the 2012 census report, 99.7% of the population is of African origin.[4] The majority people, the Shona, comprise 82%, while Ndebele make up 14% of the population.[237] The Ndebele descended from Zulu migrations in the 19th century and the other tribes with which they intermarried. Up to one million Ndebele may have left the country over the last five years,[when?] mainly for South Africa.[citation needed] Other ethnic groups include Venda, Tonga, Tsonga, Kalanga, Sotho, Ndau, Nambya, Tswana, Xhosa and Lozi.
【参考译文】根据2012年的人口普查报告，99.7%的人口为非洲裔。[4]其中，占人口大多数的修纳族人占82%，而恩德贝莱族人占14%。[237]恩德贝莱族是19世纪祖鲁人迁徙的后代，他们与其他部落通婚形成了现在的族群。在过去五年中[何时？]，可能有多达100万名恩德贝莱人离开了这个国家，主要前往南非。[需要引证]其他族群包括文达人、汤加人、聪加人、卡拉兰加人、索托人、恩达乌人、南比亚人、茨瓦纳人、科萨人和洛齐人。
Minority ethnic groups include white Zimbabweans, who make up less than 1% of the total population. White Zimbabweans are mostly of British origin, but there are also Afrikaner, Greek, Portuguese, French and Dutch communities. The white population dropped from a peak of around 278,000, or 4.3% of the population, in 1975.[238] The 2012 census lists the total white population at 28,782 (roughly 0.22% of the population), one-twentieth of its peak.[239] Most emigration has been to the United Kingdom (between 200,000 and 500,000 Britons are of Rhodesian or Zimbabwean origin), South Africa, Botswana, Zambia,[240] Mozambique,[241] Canada, Australia and New Zealand. Coloureds form 0.5% of the population, and various Asian ethnic groups, mostly of Indian and Chinese origin, are also 0.5%.[242]
【参考译文】少数民族群体包括白人津巴布韦人，他们占总人口的比例不到1%。白人津巴布韦人大多具有英国血统，但也有阿非利卡人、希腊人、葡萄牙人、法国人和荷兰人的社群。白人人口从1975年的最高峰约278,000人（占总人口的4.3%）开始下降。[238]2012年的人口普查显示，白人总人口为28,782人（约占人口的0.22%），是其最高峰时期的二十分之一。[239]大多数白人移民去了英国（20万至50万英国人具有罗得西亚或津巴布韦血统）、南非、博茨瓦纳、赞比亚[240]、莫桑比克[241]、加拿大、澳大利亚和新西兰。有色人种占人口的0.5%，而各种亚洲族群（主要是印度裔和中国裔）也占0.5%。[242]
5.3 最大城市 | Largest cities
Source【信息来源】:[243]
5.4 语言 | Languages
Main article: Languages of Zimbabwe【主条目：津巴布韦的语言】
Zimbabwe has 16 official languages and under the constitution, an Act of Parliament may prescribe other languages as officially recognised languages.[3] English is the main language used in the education and judicial systems. The Bantu languages Shona and Ndebele are the principal indigenous languages of Zimbabwe. Shona is spoken by 78% of the population, Ndebele by 20%. Other minority Bantu languages include Venda, Tsonga, Shangaan, Kalanga, Sotho, Ndau and Nambya. Less than 2.5%, mainly the white and “coloured” (mixed race) minorities, consider English their native language.[244] Shona has a rich oral tradition, which was incorporated into the first Shona novel, Feso by Solomon Mutswairo, published in 1956.[245] English is primarily spoken in the cities but less so in rural areas. Radio and television news are broadcast in Shona, Sindebele and English.[citation needed]
【参考译文】津巴布韦有16种官方语言，根据宪法，议会法案可以规定其他语言为官方承认的语言。[3]英语是教育和司法系统中使用的主要语言。班图语系的修纳语和恩德贝莱语是津巴布韦的主要本土语言。78%的人口说修纳语，20%的人口说恩德贝莱语。其他少数班图语包括文达语、聪加语、尚加恩语、卡拉兰加语、索托语、恩达乌语和南比亚语。不到2.5%的人口，主要是白人和“有色人种”（混血）少数民族，认为英语是他们的母语。[244]修纳语拥有丰富的口头传统，这种传统被融入了所罗门·穆茨瓦伊罗（Solomon Mutswairo）于1956年出版的第一部修纳语小说《费索》（Feso）中。[245]英语主要在城市中使用，而在农村地区使用较少。广播和电视新闻使用修纳语、辛德贝莱语和英语进行播报。[需要引证]
There is a large community of Portuguese speakers in Zimbabwe, mainly in the border areas with Mozambique and in major cities.[246] Beginning in 2017, teaching Portuguese was included in secondary education of Zimbabwe.[247][248]
【参考译文】在津巴布韦有一个庞大的说葡萄牙语的人群，他们主要生活在与莫桑比克接壤的边境地区以及各大城市中。[246]从2017年开始，葡萄牙语教学被纳入津巴布韦的中学教育体系中。[247][248]
5.5 宗教 | Religion
Main article: Religion in Zimbabwe【主条目：津巴布韦的宗教】
According to the 2017 Inter Censal Demography Survey by the Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency, 84% of Zimbabweans are Christian, 10% do not belong to any religion, and 0.7% are Muslim.[5][249][250] An estimated 62% of the population attend religious services regularly.[251] Approximately 69% of Zimbabweans belong to Protestant Christianity, while 8% are Roman Catholic.[5] Pentecostal-charismatic forms of Christianity, in particular, have grown rapidly in recent years and are playing a prominent role in public, social and political life.[252] The largest Christian churches are Anglican, Roman Catholic, Seventh-day Adventist[253] and Methodist.
【参考译文】根据津巴布韦国家统计局2017年的人口普查间期调查，84%的津巴布韦人是基督教徒，10%的人没有宗教信仰，0.7%的人是穆斯林。[5][249][250]据估计，62%的人口定期参加宗教活动。[251]大约69%的津巴布韦人信奉新教基督教，而8%的人信奉罗马天主教。[5]特别是五旬节派-灵恩派形式的基督教近年来发展迅速，在公共、社会和政治生活中发挥着重要作用。[252]最大的基督教会是圣公会、罗马天主教、基督复临安息日会[253]和卫理公会。
As in other African countries, Christianity may be mixed with enduring traditional beliefs. Indigenous religion, which predates colonialism, has become relatively marginal but continues to be an important part of the Zimbabwean religious field.[254][255] Ancestral worship is the most practised non-Christian religion, involving spiritual intercession; central to many ceremonial proceedings is the mbira dzavadzimu, meaning “voice of the ancestors”, which is an instrument related to many lamellophones ubiquitous throughout Africa.
【参考译文】与其他非洲国家一样，基督教可能与长期存在的传统信仰相融合。在殖民主义之前的本土宗教虽然已变得相对边缘化，但仍然是津巴布韦宗教领域的重要组成部分。[254][255]祖先崇拜是最盛行的非基督教宗教，涉及精神层面的介入；在许多仪式程序中，姆比拉琴（mbira dzavadzimu，意为“祖先的声音”）是核心乐器，它与非洲各地普遍存在的许多膜片琴类乐器有关。
5.6 健康 | Health
See also: Health in Zimbabwe, HIV/AIDS in Zimbabwe, and Zimbabwean cholera outbreak
【另见：津巴布韦卫生状况、津巴布韦艾滋病毒/艾滋病和津巴布韦霍乱疫情】
At independence, the policies of racial inequality were reflected in the disease patterns of the black majority. The first five years after independence saw rapid gains in areas such as immunisation coverage, access to health care, and contraceptive prevalence rate.[256] Zimbabwe was thus considered internationally to have achieved a good record of health development.[257]
【参考译文】在独立时，种族不平等政策体现在占大多数的黑人群体的疾病模式上。独立后的头五年，免疫接种覆盖率、获得医疗保健的机会和避孕药具普及率等方面取得了迅速进展。[256]因此，津巴布韦在国际上被认为在卫生发展方面取得了良好成绩。[257]
Zimbabwe suffered occasional outbreaks of acute diseases. The gains on the national health were eroded by structural adjustment in the 1990s,[258] the impact of the HIV/AIDS pandemic[209] and the economic crisis since 2000. In 2006, Zimbabwe had one of the lowest life expectancies in the world according to UN figure—44 for men and 43 for women, down from 60 in 1990, but recovered to 60 in 2015.[259][260] The rapid drop was ascribed mainly to the HIV/AIDS pandemic. Infant mortality rose from 6% in the late 1990s to 12.3% by 2004.[209] Official fertility rates over the last decade were 3.6 (2002),[261] 3.8 (2006)[262] and 3.8 (2012).[4] The 2014 maternal mortality rate per 100,000 births for Zimbabwe was 614[202] compared to 960 in 2010–11[202] and 232 in 1990. The under five mortality rate, per 1,000 births was 75 in 2014 (94 in 2009).[202] The number of midwives per 1,000 live births was unavailable in 2016 and the lifetime risk of death for pregnant women 1 in 42.[263]
【参考译文】津巴布韦不时爆发急性疾病。20世纪90年代的结构调整[258]、艾滋病流行的影响[209]以及2000年以来的经济危机，侵蚀了国家卫生事业取得的成果。根据联合国的数据，2006年，津巴布韦人的预期寿命是世界上最低的之一，男性为44岁，女性为43岁，而1990年时这一数字为60岁，不过到2015年又回升至60岁。[259][260]预期寿命迅速下降的主要原因是艾滋病流行。婴儿死亡率从20世纪90年代末的6%上升到2004年的12.3%。[209]过去十年的官方生育率分别是3.6（2002年）[261]、3.8（2006年）[262]和3.8（2012年）。[4]与2010-2011年的960[202]和1990年的232相比，2014年津巴布韦每10万例分娩中的孕产妇死亡人数为614人[202]。2014年，每1000例出生婴儿中，5岁以下儿童死亡率是75（2009年为94）。[202]2016年，每1000例活产中的助产士人数不详，孕妇的终生死亡风险为1/42。[263]
In 2006 an association of doctors in Zimbabwe made calls for Mugabe to make moves to assist the ailing health service.[264] The HIV infection rate in Zimbabwe was estimated to be 14% for people aged 15–49 in 2009.[265] UNESCO reported a decline in HIV prevalence among pregnant women from 26% in 2002 to 21% in 2004.[266] By 2016 HIV/AIDS prevalence had been reduced to 13.5%[259] compared to 40% in 1998.[202]
【参考译文】2006年，津巴布韦的一个医生协会呼吁穆加贝采取行动援助每况愈下的医疗体系。[264]2009年，津巴布韦15至49岁人群的艾滋病毒感染率估计为14%。[265]联合国教科文组织报告称，孕妇的艾滋病毒感染率从2002年的26%下降到2004年的21%。[266]与1998年的40%相比，到2016年，艾滋病毒/艾滋病的感染率已降至13.5%。[259]
At the end of November 2008, some operations at three of Zimbabwe’s four major referral hospitals had shut down, along with the Zimbabwe Medical School, and the fourth major hospital had two wards and no operating theatres working.[267] Those hospitals still open were not able to obtain basic drugs and medicines.[268] The situation changed drastically after the Unity Government and the introduction of the multi-currency system in February 2009 although the political and economic crisis also contributed to the emigration of the doctors and people with medical knowledge.[269]
【参考译文】2008年11月底，津巴布韦四大转诊医院中的三家已经停止了一些手术，津巴布韦医学院也停止了运作，而第四家大医院只有两个病房，手术室也停止工作。[267]仍在开放的医院也无法获得基本药物和药品。[268]2009年2月联合政府成立并引入多货币体系后，局势发生了剧变，尽管政治和经济危机也导致医生和具有医学知识的人才外流。[269]
In August 2008 large areas of Zimbabwe were struck by the ongoing cholera epidemic. By December 2008 more than 10,000 people had been infected in all but one of Zimbabwe’s provinces, and the outbreak had spread to Botswana, Mozambique, South Africa and Zambia.[270][271] On 4 December 2008 the Zimbabwe government declared the outbreak to be a national emergency and asked for international aid.[272][273] By 9 March 2009 The World Health Organization estimated that 4,011 people had succumbed to the waterborne disease since the outbreak began, and the total number of cases recorded had reached 89,018.[274] In Harare, the city council offered free graves to cholera victims.[275]
【参考译文】2008年8月，津巴布韦大片地区爆发了持续的霍乱疫情。截至2008年12月，除一个省份外，津巴布韦所有省份均有超过1万人感染，疫情还蔓延到博茨瓦纳、莫桑比克、南非和赞比亚。[270][271]2008年12月4日，津巴布韦政府宣布疫情为国家紧急状态，并请求国际援助。[272][273]截至2009年3月9日，世界卫生组织估计，自疫情爆发以来，已有4011人死于这种水源性疾病，记录的总病例数已达到89018例。[274]在哈拉雷，市政当局为霍乱死者提供免费墓地。[275]
5.7 教育 | Education
Main article: Education in Zimbabwe【主条目：津巴布韦的教育】
Large investments in education since independence has resulted in the highest adult literacy rate in Africa which in 2013 was 90.70%.[276] This is lower than the 92% recorded in 2010 by the United Nations Development Programme[277][278] and the 97.0% recorded in the 2002 census, while still substantially higher than 80.4% recorded in the 1992 census.[279]
【参考译文】自独立以来，津巴布韦对教育进行了大量投资，使其成为非洲成人识字率最高的国家，2013年的成人识字率为90.70%。[276]这一数字低于联合国开发计划署2010年记录的92%[277][278]和2002年人口普查记录的97.0%，但仍远高于1992年人口普查记录的80.4%。[279]
The wealthier portion of the population usually send their children to independent schools as opposed to the government-run schools which are attended by the majority as these are subsidised by the government. School education was made free in 1980, but since 1988, the government has steadily increased the charges attached to school enrolment until they now greatly exceed the real value of fees in 1980. The Ministry of Education of Zimbabwe maintains and operates the government schools, but the fees charged by independent schools are regulated by the cabinet of Zimbabwe. The education department has stated that 20,000 teachers have left Zimbabwe since 2007 and that half of Zimbabwe’s children have not progressed beyond primary school.[280] Education came under threat since the economic changes in 2000, with teachers going on strike because of low pay, students unable to concentrate because of hunger, and the price of uniforms soaring making this standard a luxury. Teachers were also one of the main targets of Mugabe’s attacks because he thought they were not strong supporters.[281]
【参考译文】较富裕的人口阶层通常会将子女送往私立学校就读，而不是大多数人选择的就读于政府资助的公立学校。1980 年，学校教育实现免费，但自 1988 年以来，政府不断增加与入学挂钩的费用，直至现在这些费用已大大超过 1980 年学费的实际价值。津巴布韦教育部负责维护并运营公立学校，而私立学校的收费则由津巴布韦内阁监管。教育部门表示，自 2007 年以来，已有 20,000 名教师离开津巴布韦，且津巴布韦有一半的儿童未能完成小学教育。[280]自 2000 年经济发生变化以来，教育就受到了威胁，教师因薪酬过低而罢工，学生因饥饿而无法专心学习，校服价格飙升使其成为奢侈品。教师也是穆加贝（Mugabe）攻击的主要目标之一，因为他认为他们不是坚定的支持者。[281]
图片题注：2014年津巴布韦的成人识字率是非洲最高的
图片来源：Cohen m1986
Zimbabwe’s education system consists of two years of pre-school, seven years of primary and six years of secondary schooling before students can enter university in the country or abroad. The academic year in Zimbabwe runs from January to December, with three terms, separated by one-month breaks, with a total of 40 weeks of school per year. National examinations are written during the third term in November, with “O” level and “A” level subjects also offered in June.[282]
【参考译文】津巴布韦的教育体系包括两年学前教育、七年小学教育和六年中学教育，之后学生可以在国内或国外进入大学。津巴布韦的学年从 1 月到 12 月，分为三个学期，每个学期之间有一个月的假期，每年总共上学 40 周。11 月的第三个学期会进行全国考试，6 月还提供“O”级和“A”级科目的考试。[282]
There are seven public (government) universities as well as four church-related universities in Zimbabwe that are internationally accredited.[282] The University of Zimbabwe, the first and largest, was built in 1952 and is located in the Harare suburb of Mount Pleasant. Notable alumni from Zimbabwean universities include Welshman Ncube, Peter Moyo, Tendai Biti, Chenjerai Hove and Arthur Mutambara. Many of the politicians in the government of Zimbabwe have obtained degrees from universities in the United States or other universities abroad.
【参考译文】津巴布韦有七所公立（政府）大学和四所获得国际认证的教会大学。[282]其中，津巴布韦大学是第一所也是最大的一所，它建于 1952 年，位于哈拉雷的 Mount Pleasant 郊区。来自津巴布韦大学的著名校友包括韦尔什曼·恩库贝 (Welshman Ncube)、彼得·莫约 (Peter Moyo)、坦达伊·比蒂 (Tendai Biti)、陈杰莱·霍夫 (Chenjerai Hove) 和亚瑟·穆塔姆巴拉 (Arthur Mutambara)。津巴布韦政府中的许多政客都获得了美国或其他国外大学的学位。
National University of Science and Technology is the second largest public research university in Zimbabwe located in Bulawayo. It was established in 1991. The National University of Science and Technology strives to become a flourishing and reputable institution not only in Zimbabwe and in Southern Africa but also among the international fraternity of universities. Africa University is a United Methodist university in Manicaland which attracts students from at least 36 African countries.
【参考译文】津巴布韦国家科学与技术大学位于布拉瓦约，是该国第二大的公立研究型大学。它成立于 1991 年。津巴布韦国家科学与技术大学致力于不仅成为在津巴布韦和南非地区，而且在国际大学团体中享有盛誉的繁荣学府。非洲大学是位于马尼卡兰德的一所卫理公会大学，吸引了来自至少 36 个非洲国家的学生。
5.8 性别平等 | Gender equality
Further information: Child marriage in Zimbabwe, Polygamy in Zimbabwe, Human trafficking in Zimbabwe, and Abortion in Zimbabwe
【更多信息：津巴布韦的童婚、津巴布韦的一夫多妻制、津巴布韦的人口贩卖和津巴布韦的堕胎】
Women in Zimbabwe are disadvantaged in many facets including economic, political, and social spheres, and experience sex and gender based violence.[283] A 2014 UN report found that deep rooted cultural issues, patriarchal attitudes, and religious practices negatively impacted women’s rights and freedoms in the country.[283] These negative views toward women as well as societal norms impact the incentive for women to participate in the economy and hinder their economic production.[283] Zimbabwe’s constitution has provisions in it that provide incentive to achieve greater gender equality, but the data shows that enforcement has been lax and adoption slow.[283]
【参考译文】津巴布韦的女性在经济、政治和社会等多个领域都处于不利地位，并且遭受性别暴力。[283]联合国 2014 年的一份报告指出，根深蒂固的文化问题、父权态度和宗教习俗对津巴布韦女性的权利和自由产生了负面影响。[283]这些对女性的负面看法以及社会规范影响了女性参与经济的积极性，阻碍了她们的经济生产。[283]津巴布韦宪法中有旨在促进更大性别平等的条款，但数据显示，这些条款的执行力度不够，且被采纳的速度缓慢。[283]
In December 2016 the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies conducted a case study to determine how to best implement effective policy to address issues such as gender violence and implementation of equality laws.[284] It was found that sex and gender based violence against women and girls was increasing in areas that had experienced disasters (floods, drought, disease) but could not quantify the extent of the increase.[284] Some of the obstacles in combating these issues are that there are economic barriers to declaring sex and gender based violence to be unacceptable as well as social barriers.[284] Additionally, governmental services which were installed to help educate the populace about these issues as well as provide services to victims are underfunded and unable to carry out their duties.[284] The UN also provided economic incentive to adopt policies which would discourage these practices which negatively impacted women in Zimbabwe.[285]
【参考译文】2016 年 12 月，国际红十字会和红新月会联合会开展了一项案例研究，以确定如何最好地实施有效政策，以解决性别暴力和平等法律实施等问题。[284]研究发现，在经历过灾害（洪水、干旱、疾病）的地区，针对妇女和女童的性暴力和性别暴力事件正在增加，但无法量化增长的程度。[284]在解决这些问题时，存在一些障碍，其中包括经济上的障碍（人们认为难以接受性暴力和性别暴力是不可接受的）和社会上的障碍。[284]此外，旨在帮助教育民众了解这些问题并为受害者提供服务的政府服务资金不足，无法履行职责。[284]联合国还提供了经济激励措施，以鼓励各国政府采纳能够消除对津巴布韦女性产生负面影响的做法的政策。[285]
Women are often seen as inferior, treated as objects, and viewed in subordinate roles in history and philosophy.[286] Ubuntu, an African philosophy’s spiritual aspect, instills the belief that boys should be more valued than girls as boys pass on lineage, and the belief system places high value in respecting one’s ancestors.[286] A common expression used in court, “vakadzi ngavanyarare“, translates to “women should keep quiet,” and as a result women are not consulted in decision-making; they must implement the men’s wishes.[286] The subordination of women in Zimbabwe, and the cultural forces which dictate what they must be, have led to deaths and the sacrifice of professional advancement in order for them to fulfill their roles as wives, mothers, and subordinates.[287][286] Women are taught that they must never refuse their husband’s sexual advances, even if they know they are infected with HIV from being unfaithful.[286] As a result of this practice, Zimbabwean women aged 15–49 have an HIV prevalence rate of 16.1% and make up 62% of the total population infected with HIV in that age group.[288]
【参考译文】在历史上和哲学中，女性常被视为低人一等，被当作物品对待，并扮演着从属角色。[286]乌班图（Ubuntu）是非洲哲学中的一个精神层面，它灌输了一种观念，即男孩应该比女孩更受重视，因为男孩能够传承血统，而这种信仰体系高度重视对祖先的尊重。[286]法庭上常用的一句表达“vakadzi ngavanyarare”意为“女性应保持沉默”，因此女性在决策中没有被征询意见；她们必须执行男性的意愿。[286]在津巴布韦，女性所处的从属地位，以及文化力量对女性角色的规定，导致女性死亡，并且为了履行她们作为妻子、母亲和从属者的角色而牺牲了职业发展。[287][286]女性被教导不得拒绝丈夫的性要求，即使她们知道自己因丈夫不忠而感染了艾滋病毒。[286]由于这种习俗，津巴布韦15至49岁女性的艾滋病毒感染率为16.1%，占该年龄段感染艾滋病毒总人口的62%。[288]
6. 文化 | Culture
Main article: Culture of Zimbabwe【主条目：津巴布韦的文化】
Zimbabwe has many different cultures, with Shona beliefs and ceremonies being prominent. The Shona people have many types of sculptures and carvings.[289]
【参考译文】津巴布韦拥有众多不同的文化，其中绍纳族的信仰和仪式尤为突出。绍纳族人创作了许多种类的雕塑和雕刻。[289]
Zimbabwe first celebrated its independence on 18 April 1980.[290] Celebrations are held at either the National Sports Stadium or Rufaro Stadium in Harare. The first independence celebrations were held in 1980 at the Zimbabwe Grounds. At these celebrations, doves are released to symbolise peace, fighter jets fly over, and the national anthem is sung. The flame of independence is lit by the president after parades by the presidential family and members of the armed forces of Zimbabwe. The president also gives a speech to the people of Zimbabwe which is televised for those unable to attend the stadium.[291] Zimbabwe also has a national beauty pageant, the Miss Heritage Zimbabwe contest, which has been held annually since 2012.
【参考译文】1980年4月18日，津巴布韦首次庆祝独立。[290]庆祝活动通常在哈拉雷的国家体育场或鲁法罗体育场举行。1980年的首次独立庆祝活动在津巴布韦体育场举行。在这些庆祝活动中，会放飞鸽子象征和平，战斗机编队飞过上空，人们还会高唱国歌。总统在总统家族和津巴布韦武装部队成员游行后，点燃独立之火。总统还会向津巴布韦人民发表讲话，讲话内容会通过电视转播给无法亲临现场的人们。[291]津巴布韦还有一项全国性的选美比赛——“津巴布韦遗产小姐”大赛，该比赛自2012年起每年举办一次。
6.1 艺术 | Arts
Main article: Zimbabwean art【主条目：津巴布韦美术】
See also: Music of Zimbabwe【参见：津巴布韦音乐】
Traditional arts in Zimbabwe include pottery, basketry, textiles, jewellery and carving. Among the distinctive qualities are symmetrically patterned woven baskets and stools carved out of a single piece of wood. Shona sculpture, which has a long cultural history, began evolving into its modern form in the mid 20th century and gained increasing international popularity.[292] Most subjects of carved figures of stylised birds and human figures among others are made with sedimentary rock such as soapstone, as well as harder igneous rocks such as serpentine and the rare stone verdite. Zimbabwean artefacts can be found in countries like Singapore, China and Canada. e.g. Dominic Benhura‘s statue in the Singapore Botanic Gardens.
【参考译文】津巴布韦的传统艺术包括陶器、篮筐编织、纺织品、珠宝和雕刻。其独特之处包括对称图案编织的篮子以及用一整块木头雕刻而成的凳子。绍纳雕塑拥有悠久的文化历史，于20世纪中叶开始演变成现代形式，并日益受到国际社会的欢迎。[292]大多数雕刻主题，如风格化的鸟类和人类形象等，都是用沉积岩（如皂石）以及更坚硬的火成岩（如蛇纹石和罕见的翡翠绿石）雕刻而成的。在新加坡、中国和加拿大等国家都能找到津巴布韦的艺术品，例如新加坡植物园中的多米尼克·本胡拉雕像。
Shona sculpture has survived through the ages, and the modern style is a fusion of African folklore with European influences. World-renowned Zimbabwean sculptors include Nicholas Nesbert and Anderson Mukomberanwa, Tapfuma Gutsa, Henry Munyaradzi and Locardia Ndandarika.
【参考译文】绍纳雕塑历经数代传承至今，现代风格是非洲民间传说与欧洲影响的融合。世界闻名的津巴布韦雕塑家包括尼古拉斯·内斯伯特和安德森·穆科姆贝拉恩瓦、塔普富马·古察、亨利·穆尼亚拉兹和洛卡迪亚·恩丹达里卡。
Several authors are well known within Zimbabwe and abroad. Charles Mungoshi is renowned in Zimbabwe for writing traditional stories in English and in Shona, and his poems and books have sold well with both the black and white communities.[293] Catherine Buckle has achieved international recognition with her two books African Tears and Beyond Tears which tell of the ordeal she went through under the 2000 Land Reform.[294] The first Prime Minister of Rhodesia, Ian Smith, wrote two books – The Great Betrayal and Bitter Harvest. The book The House of Hunger by Dambudzo Marechera won the Guardian Fiction Prize in the UK in 1979.[295]
【参考译文】几位作家在津巴布韦国内外都享有盛誉。查尔斯·蒙戈西以用英语和绍纳语创作传统故事而闻名于津巴布韦，他的诗歌和书籍在黑人和白人社区都卖得很好。[293]凯瑟琳·巴克利的两部著作《非洲之泪》和《泪过之后》在国际上获得了认可，这两本书讲述了她在2000年土地改革中所经历的磨难。[294]罗得西亚第一任首相伊恩·史密斯写了两本书——《伟大的背叛》和《苦涩的收获》。丹布佐·马雷切拉的作品《饥饿之屋》于1979年在英国获得了《卫报》小说奖。[295]
The Nobel Prize-winning author Doris Lessing‘s first novel The Grass Is Singing is set in Rhodesia, as are the first four volumes of her Children of Violence sequence and her collection of short stories entitled African Stories. In 2013 NoViolet Bulawayo‘s novel We Need New Names was shortlisted for the Booker Prize. The novel was inspired by a photograph of a child who lost their home in Operation Murambatsvina, Mugabe’s slum clearance programme which began in 2005.[296] Bulawayo’s second novel, Glory, a satire based on the 2017 coup against Robert Mugabe,[297] was also shortlisted for the Booker Prize. Zimbabwean author Tsitsi Dangarembga‘s novels have received widespread critical acclaim and her third, This Mournable Body, was shortlisted for the Booker Prize in 2020.
【参考译文】诺贝尔文学奖得主多丽丝·莱辛的首部小说《野草在歌唱》的背景设在罗得西亚，她的“暴力之子”系列的前四卷和短篇小说集《非洲故事》也是以罗得西亚为背景。2013年，诺维奥莱特·布拉瓦约的小说《我们需要新名字》入围了布克奖。这部小说灵感来源于一张照片，照片中的孩子在“穆兰博茨维纳行动”（穆加贝于2005年发起的贫民窟清理计划）中失去了家园。[296]布拉瓦约的第二部小说《荣耀》是一部基于2017年推翻罗伯特·穆加贝政权的政变而创作的讽刺小说，[297]也入围了布克奖。津巴布韦作家齐齐·丹加雷姆加的几部小说广受评论家好评，她的第三部小说《可悲的身体》于2020年入围布克奖。
Notable Zimbabwean artists include Henry Mudzengerere and Nicolas Mukomberanwa. A recurring theme in Zimbabwean art is the metamorphosis of man into beast.[298] Zimbabwean musicians like Thomas Mapfumo, Oliver Mtukudzi, the Bhundu Boys; Stella Chiweshe, Alick Macheso and Audius Mtawarira have achieved international recognition. Among members of the white minority community, Theatre has a large following, with numerous theatrical companies performing in Zimbabwe’s urban areas.[299]
【参考译文】著名的津巴布韦艺术家包括亨利·穆登盖雷雷和尼古拉斯·穆科姆贝拉恩瓦。津巴布韦艺术中反复出现的主题是人类向野兽的蜕变。[298]津巴布韦的音乐家托马斯·马普夫莫、奥利弗·姆图库齐、“布洪杜男孩”乐队、斯特拉·奇韦舍、阿里克·马切索和奥迪斯·姆塔瓦里拉都在国际上获得了认可。在白人少数族裔群体中，剧院拥有大量观众，许多剧团在津巴布韦的城市地区进行表演。[299]
6.2 饮食 | Cuisine
Like in many African countries, the majority of Zimbabweans depend on a few staple foods. “Mealie meal”, also known as cornmeal, is used to prepare sadza or isitshwala, as well as porridge known as bota or ilambazi. Sadza is made by mixing the cornmeal with water to produce a thick paste/porridge. After the paste has been cooking for several minutes, more cornmeal is added to thicken the paste. This is usually eaten as lunch or dinner, usually with sides such as gravy, vegetables (spinach, chomolia, or spring greens/collard greens), beans, and meat (stewed, grilled, roasted, or sundried). Sadza is also commonly eaten with curdled milk (sour milk), commonly known as “lacto” (mukaka wakakora), or dried Tanganyika sardine, known locally as kapenta or matemba. Bota is a thinner porridge, cooked without the additional cornmeal and usually flavoured with peanut butter, milk, butter, or jam.[300] Bota is usually eaten for breakfast.
【参考译文】和许多非洲国家一样，大多数津巴布韦人依赖少数几种主食。“玉米面”也被称作玉米粉，用来制作玉米粥（sadza）或玉米面糊（isitshwala），以及被称为bota或ilambazi的粥。制作玉米粥需要将玉米粉与水混合制成浓稠的糊状物/粥。将糊状物煮几分钟后，再加入更多的玉米粉使其更加浓稠。这通常作为午餐或晚餐食用，通常会搭配肉汁、蔬菜（菠菜、秋葵或春季绿叶蔬菜/羽衣甘蓝）、豆类以及肉类（炖、烤或晒干）等配菜。玉米粥通常还会搭配凝乳（酸奶）一起食用，当地人称之为“乳酸奶”（mukaka wakakora），或是搭配坦噶尼喀沙丁鱼干，当地人称之为卡普恩塔（kapenta）或马腾巴（matemba）。Bota是一种较稀的粥，不用再加玉米粉烹煮，通常用花生酱、牛奶、黄油或果酱调味。[300]Bota通常作为早餐食用。
Graduations, weddings, and any other family gatherings will usually be celebrated with the killing of a goat or cow, which will be barbecued or roasted by the family.
【参考译文】毕业典礼、婚礼以及任何其他的家庭聚会通常会通过宰杀山羊或牛来庆祝，由家人进行烧烤或烤制。
Even though the Afrikaners are a small group (10%) within the white minority group, Afrikaner recipes are popular. Biltong, a type of jerky, is a popular snack, prepared by hanging bits of spiced raw meat to dry in the shade.[301] Boerewors is served with sadza. It is a long sausage, often well-spiced, composed of beef and any other meat like pork, and barbecued.[302]
【参考译文】尽管阿非利加人在白人少数族裔中只占一小部分（10%），但阿非利加人的食谱却广受欢迎。比通（Biltong）是一种流行的零食，它是一种肉干，通过将加香料的生肉块挂在阴凉处风干制成。[301]布尔香肠（Boerewors）通常与玉米粥一起食用。它是一种长香肠，通常加入各种香料，由牛肉和其他肉类（如猪肉）制成，经过烧烤而成。[302]
As Zimbabwe was a British colony, some people there have adopted some colonial-era English eating habits. For example, most people will have porridge in the morning, as well as 10 o’clock tea (midday tea). They will have lunch, often leftovers from the night before, freshly cooked sadza, or sandwiches (which is more common in the cities). After lunch, there is usually 4 o’clock tea (afternoon tea), which is served before dinner. It is not uncommon for tea to be had after dinner.[303]
【参考译文】由于津巴布韦曾是英国的殖民地，那里的一些人采纳了一些殖民时期的英国饮食习惯。例如，大多数人早上会吃粥，还会在上午10点喝茶（即午间茶）。他们的午餐通常是前一晚的剩饭、新煮的玉米粥或三明治（在城市中更为常见）。午餐后，通常会在晚餐前喝下午4点的茶（即下午茶）。晚餐后再喝茶也并不少见。[303]
Rice, pasta, and potato-based foods (French fries and mashed potato) also make up part of Zimbabwean cuisine. A local favourite is rice cooked with peanut butter, which is taken with thick gravy, mixed vegetables and meat.[304] A potpourri of peanuts known as nzungu, boiled and sundried maize, black-eyed peas known as nyemba, and Bambara groundnuts known as nyimo makes a traditional dish called mutakura.
【参考译文】米饭、面食和以土豆为主的食物（炸薯条和土豆泥）也是津巴布韦饮食的一部分。当地人特别喜欢吃用花生酱煮的米饭，再配上浓肉汁、什锦蔬菜和肉。[304]一种传统的菜肴叫木塔库拉（mutakura），由各种食材混合而成，包括被称为“恩宗古”（nzungu）的花生、煮熟并晒干的玉米、被称为“尼耶姆巴”（nyemba）的鹰嘴豆和被称为“尼莫”（nyimo）的巴姆巴拉花生。
6.3 体育 | Sports
Main article: Sport in Zimbabwe【主条目：津巴布韦的体育】
Football (also known as soccer) is the most popular sport in Zimbabwe.[305] The Warriors have qualified for the Africa Cup of Nations five times (2004, 2006, 2017, 2019, 2021), and won the Southern Africa championship on six occasions (2000, 2003, 2005, 2009, 2017, 2018) and the Eastern Africa cup once (1985). The team is ranked 68th in 2022.[306]
【参考译文】足球（也被称为英式足球）是津巴布韦最受欢迎的运动。[305]津巴布韦国家队（The Warriors）曾五次（2004年、2006年、2017年、2019年、2021年）晋级非洲国家杯，六次（2000年、2003年、2005年、2009年、2017年、2018年）夺得南部非洲冠军，一次（1985年）夺得东非杯。该队在2022年的国际足联排名中位列第68位。[306]
Rugby union is a significant sport in Zimbabwe. The national side have represented the country at 2 Rugby World Cup tournaments in 1987 and 1991.[307]
【参考译文】橄榄球是津巴布韦的一项重要运动。津巴布韦国家队曾在1987年和1991年的两届橄榄球世界杯上代表国家参赛。[307]
Cricket is also a very popular sport in Zimbabwe. It used to have a following mostly among the white minority, but it has recently grown to become a widely popular sport among most Zimbabweans.[308] It is one of twelve Test cricket playing nations and an ICC full member as well. Notable cricket players from Zimbabwe include Andy Flower, Heath Streak and Brendan Taylor.
【参考译文】板球也是津巴布韦非常受欢迎的一项运动。它过去主要受到白人少数族裔的追捧，但最近已发展成为大多数津巴布韦人广泛喜爱的运动。[308]津巴布韦是十二个参加板球测试赛的国家之一，也是国际板球理事会（ICC）的正式成员。来自津巴布韦的著名板球运动员包括安迪·弗劳尔（Andy Flower）、希思·斯特雷克（Heath Streak）和布兰登·泰勒（Brendan Taylor）。
Zimbabwe has won eight Olympic medals, one in field hockey with the women’s team at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, and seven by swimmer Kirsty Coventry, three at the 2004 Summer Olympics and four at the 2008 Summer Olympics. Zimbabwe has done well in the Commonwealth Games and All-Africa Games in swimming with Coventry obtaining 11 gold medals in the different competitions.[309][310][311] Zimbabwe has competed at Wimbledon and the Davis Cup in tennis, most notably with the Black family, which comprises Wayne Black, Byron Black and Cara Black. The Zimbabwean Nick Price held the official World Number 1 golf status longer than any player from Africa has done.[312]
【参考译文】津巴布韦共获得过八枚奥运会奖牌，其中一枚是在1980年莫斯科夏季奥运会上女子曲棍球队获得的，另外七枚则是由游泳运动员柯丝蒂·考文垂（Kirsty Coventry）获得，她在2004年夏季奥运会上夺得三枚，在2008年夏季奥运会上夺得四枚。在游泳项目中，津巴布韦在英联邦运动会和非洲运动会上的表现都相当不错，考文垂在不同赛事中共获得了11枚金牌。[309][310][311]津巴布韦在网球领域的温布尔登网球锦标赛和戴维斯杯比赛中也有参赛，其中最引人注目的是布莱克家族，包括韦恩·布莱克（Wayne Black）、拜伦·布莱克（Byron Black）和卡拉·布莱克（Cara Black）。来自津巴布韦的尼克·普莱斯（Nick Price）曾长时间保持官方世界高尔夫排名第一的地位，这一成就超过了任何一位非洲球员。[312]
Other sports played in Zimbabwe are basketball, volleyball, netball, and water polo, as well as squash, motorsport, martial arts, chess, cycling, polocrosse, kayaking and horse racing. However, most of these sports do not have international representatives but instead stay at a junior or national level.
【参考译文】津巴布韦开展的其他体育项目还包括篮球、排球、无挡板篮球、水球，以及壁球、汽车运动、武术、国际象棋、自行车、马球、皮划艇和赛马。然而，其中大多数体育项目并没有国际级别的代表队，而是停留在青少年或国家级别。
Zimbabwean professional rugby league players playing overseas are Masimbaashe Motongo and Judah Mazive.[313][314] Former players include now SANZAAR CEO Andy Marinos who made an appearance for South Africa at the Super League World Nines and featured for the Sydney Bulldogs as well as Zimbabwe-born former Scotland rugby union international Scott Gray, who spent time at the Brisbane Broncos.[315]
【参考译文】在海外效力的津巴布韦职业橄榄球联盟运动员有马辛巴谢·莫通戈（Masimbaashe Motongo）和犹大·马齐夫（Judah Mazive）。[313][314]曾经的运动员包括现任SANZAAR（南非、澳大利亚、新西兰、阿根廷橄榄球联盟）首席执行官安迪·马里诺斯（Andy Marinos），他曾代表南非参加过超级联赛世界九强赛，并为悉尼斗牛犬队效力过；还有出生于津巴布韦的前苏格兰橄榄球联合会国际运动员斯科特·格雷（Scott Gray），他曾在布里斯班野马队效力过。[315]
Zimbabwe has had success in karate as Zimbabwe’s Samson Muripo became Kyokushin world champion in Osaka, Japan in 2009. Muripo is a two-time World Kyokushi Karate Champion and was the first black African to become the World Kyokushin Karate Champion.[316]
【参考译文】津巴布韦在空手道方面取得了成功，津巴布韦的萨姆森·穆里波（Samson Muripo）于2009年在日本大阪成为极真空手道世界冠军。穆里波曾两次获得世界极真空手道冠军，并且是第一位成为世界极真空手道冠军的黑人非洲运动员。[316]
6.3+1 媒体 | Media
The media of Zimbabwe is now once again diverse, having come under tight restriction between 2002 and 2008 by the government during the economic and political crisis. The Zimbabwean constitution promises freedom of the media and expression. Since the appointment of a new media and information minister in 2013 the media is facing less political interference, and the supreme court has ruled some sections of the strict media laws as unconstitutional.[317] In July 2009 the BBC and CNN were able to resume operations and report legally and openly from Zimbabwe. The Zimbabwe Ministry of Media, Information and Publicity stated that, “the Zimbabwe government never banned the BBC from carrying out lawful activities inside Zimbabwe”.[162][318]
【参考译文】津巴布韦的媒体现在再次呈现出多元化的特点，因为在2002年至2008年的经济和政治危机期间，政府曾对媒体实施了严格的限制。津巴布韦宪法保障媒体和言论自由。自2013年任命了新的媒体和信息部长以来，媒体面临的政治干预有所减少，最高法院也裁定严格媒体法中的某些条款违反宪法。[317]2009年7月，英国广播公司（BBC）和美国有线电视新闻网（CNN）得以恢复在津巴布韦的合法和公开报道。津巴布韦媒体、信息和宣传部表示，“津巴布韦政府从未禁止英国广播公司在津巴布韦境内开展合法活动”。[162][318]
In 2010 the Zimbabwe Media Commission was established by the inclusive, power-sharing government. In May 2010 the commission licensed three privately owned newspapers, including the previously banned Daily News, for publication.[319] Reporters Without Borders described the decisions as a “major advance”.[320] In June 2010 NewsDay became the first independent daily newspaper to be published in Zimbabwe in seven years.[321] The Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation‘s monopoly in the broadcasting sector was ended with the licensing of two private radio stations in 2012.[322] The main published newspapers are The Herald and The Chronicle which are printed in Harare and Bulawayo respectively.
【参考译文】2010年，包容性权力共享政府成立了津巴布韦媒体委员会。2010年5月，该委员会向包括之前被禁的《每日新闻》在内的三家私营报纸颁发了出版许可证。[319]无国界记者组织称这些决定是“重大进展”。[320]2010年6月，《新闻日报》成为七年来津巴布韦出版的第一家独立日报。[321]2012年，随着两家私营广播电台获得许可，津巴布韦广播公司在广播领域的垄断地位结束。[322]主要的报纸有《先驱报》和《编年史报》，分别在哈拉雷和布拉瓦约印刷。
Since the 2002 Access to Information and Protection of Privacy Act was passed, a number of privately owned news outlets were shut down by the government, including Daily News whose managing director Wilf Mbanga went on to form the influential The Zimbabwean.[323][324] As a result, many press organisations have been set up in both neighbouring and Western countries by exiled Zimbabweans. Because the internet is unrestricted, many Zimbabweans are allowed to access online news sites set up by exiled journalists.[325] Reporters Without Borders claims the media environment in Zimbabwe involves “surveillance, threats, imprisonment, censorship, blackmail, abuse of power and denial of justice are all brought to bear to keep firm control over the news.”[323] In its 2021 report, Reporters Without Borders ranked the Zimbabwean media as 130th out of 180, noting that “access to information has improved and self-censorship has declined, but journalists are still often attacked or arrested”.[323] The government also bans many foreign broadcasting stations from Zimbabwe, including the CBC, Sky News, Channel 4, American Broadcasting Company, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, and Fox News. News agencies and newspapers from other Western countries and South Africa have also been banned from the country.[citation needed]
【参考译文】自2002年《信息获取和隐私保护法》颁布以来，政府关闭了许多私营新闻机构，其中包括《每日新闻》，其总经理威尔夫·姆邦加（Wilf Mbanga）后来创办了有影响力的《津巴布韦人报》。[323][324]因此，许多流亡海外的津巴布韦人在邻国和西方国家成立了新闻组织。由于互联网不受限制，许多津巴布韦人可以访问流亡记者创建的在线新闻网站。[325]无国界记者组织声称，津巴布韦的媒体环境涉及“监视、威胁、监禁、审查、敲诈、滥用权力和剥夺司法公正，所有这些手段都被用来牢牢控制新闻”。[323]在其2021年的报告中，无国界记者组织将津巴布韦媒体排在180个国家中的第130位，指出“信息获取状况有所改善，自我审查现象有所减少，但记者仍然经常遭到袭击或逮捕”。[323]政府还禁止许多外国广播电台在津巴布韦播出，包括加拿大广播公司（CBC）、天空新闻（Sky News）、第四频道（Channel 4）、美国广播公司（American Broadcasting Company）、澳大利亚广播公司（Australian Broadcasting Corporation）和福克斯新闻（Fox News）。来自其他西方国家和南非的新闻机构和报纸也被禁止在该国发行。[需要引证]
6.5 国家象征 | National symbols
The stone-carved Zimbabwe Bird appears on the national flags and the coats of arms of both Zimbabwe and Rhodesia, as well as on banknotes and coins (first on Rhodesian pound and then Rhodesian dollar). It probably represents the bateleur eagle or the African fish eagle.[326][327] The famous soapstone bird carvings stood on walls and monoliths of the ancient city of Great Zimbabwe.[328]
【参考译文】石雕的“津巴布韦鸟”出现在津巴布韦和罗得西亚的国旗和国徽上，也出现在钞票和硬币上（先是出现在罗得西亚镑上，然后是罗得西亚元上）。它可能代表着蛇雕或非洲鱼雕。[326][327]著名的皂石鸟雕塑矗立在大津巴布韦古城墙和巨石碑上。[328]
Balancing rocks are geological formations all over Zimbabwe. The rocks are perfectly balanced without other supports. They are created when ancient granite intrusions are exposed to weathering, as softer rocks surrounding them erode away. They have been depicted on both the banknotes of Zimbabwe and the Rhodesian dollar banknotes. The ones found on the current notes of Zimbabwe, named the Banknote Rocks, are located in Epworth, approximately 14 km (9 mi) southeast of Harare.[329] There are many different formations of the rocks, incorporating single and paired columns of three or more rocks. These formations are a feature of south and east tropical Africa from northern South Africa northwards to Sudan. The most notable formations in Zimbabwe are located in the Matobo National Park in Matabeleland.[330]
【参考译文】平衡石是遍布津巴布韦的地质构造。这些岩石在没有其他支撑的情况下保持完美平衡。它们是在古老的花岗岩侵入体暴露于风化作用时形成的，因为周围的较软岩石被侵蚀掉了。这些岩石图案被描绘在津巴布韦和罗得西亚元的钞票上。出现在当前津巴布韦钞票上的平衡石，被称为“钞票岩”，位于埃普沃斯（Epworth），距哈拉雷（Harare）东南约14公里（9英里）。[329]这些岩石有许多不同的构造，包括由三块或更多岩石组成的单柱和双柱。这些构造是南非北部以北至苏丹的南非东部和南部地区的特色。津巴布韦最著名的平衡石构造位于马托博国家公园（Matobo National Park）的马塔贝莱兰（Matabeleland）。[330]
The national anthem of Zimbabwe is “Raise the Flag of Zimbabwe” (Shona: Simudzai Mureza wedu WeZimbabwe; Northern Ndebele: Kalibusiswe Ilizwe leZimbabwe). It was introduced in March 1994 after a nationwide competition to replace Ishe Komborera Africa as a distinctly Zimbabwean song. The winning entry was a song written by Professor Solomon Mutswairo and composed by Fred Changundega. It has been translated into all three of the main languages of Zimbabwe.[330]
【参考译文】津巴布韦的国歌是《升起津巴布韦的旗帜》（Shona语：Simudzai Mureza wedu WeZimbabwe；北部恩德贝莱语：Kalibusiswe Ilizwe leZimbabwe）。它是在1994年3月通过一场全国性比赛选出的，用以取代《伊舍·科姆博雷拉·阿非利加》，成为一首具有鲜明津巴布韦特色的歌曲。获胜作品是由索罗门·穆特斯瓦伊罗（Solomon Mutswairo）教授作词，弗雷德·昌甘德加（Fred Changundega）作曲的一首歌曲。国歌已被翻译成津巴布韦的三种主要语言。[330]
6.6 节日
辽观注：此标题是我们在搬运、整合过程中添加的。
津巴布韦主要节日以及法定假日包括：新年（1月1日）、青年节（2月21日）、复活节、独立日（4月18日）、劳动节（5月1日）、非洲日（5月25日）、国家英雄日（8月11日）、建军节（8月12日）、国家团结日（12月22日）、圣诞节（12月25-26日）等。津巴布韦的公共假期由《公共假期和商业禁令法》（第 10:21 章）[29]及其各种修正案具体规定。
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