左翼 / Left-wing politics -(全文)中英文维基百科词条融合

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0. 概述

此图片属于公共领域
图片题注:凡尔赛宫召开的1789年法国三级会议
图片来源:Isidore-Stanislaus Helman (1743-1806) and Charles Monnet (1732-1808)

Left-wing politics describes the range of political ideologies that support and seek to achieve social equality and egalitarianism, often in opposition to social hierarchy as a whole[1][2][3][4] or certain social hierarchies.[5] Left-wing politics typically involve a concern for those in society whom its adherents perceive as disadvantaged relative to others as well as a belief that there are unjustified inequalities that need to be reduced or abolished[1] through radical means that change the nature of the society they are implemented in.[5] According to emeritus professor of economics Barry Clark, supporters of left-wing politics “claim that human development flourishes when individuals engage in cooperative, mutually respectful relations that can thrive only when excessive differences in status, power, and wealth are eliminated.”[6]
【参考译文】左翼政治描述的是一系列支持并寻求实现社会平等和平均主义的政治意识形态,这些意识形态通常反对整个社会的等级制度[1][2][3][4]或某些社会等级制度。[5]左翼政治通常关注社会中那些被其信奉者视为相对于其他人处于不利地位的人,并认为存在需要减少或废除的不合理不平等现象[1],为此需要通过改变社会性质的激进手段来实现。[5]据经济学荣誉退休教授巴里·克拉克(Barry Clark)所述,左翼政治的支持者“声称,当个体在消除了地位、权力和财富方面过大差异的情况下,参与合作和相互尊重的关系时,人类发展才能蓬勃发展”。[6]

Within the left–right political spectrum, Left and Right were coined during the French Revolution, referring to the seating arrangement in the French National Assembly. Those who sat on the left generally opposed the Ancien Régime and the Bourbon monarchy and supported the Revolution, the creation of a democratic republic and the secularisation of society[7] while those on the right were supportive of the traditional institutions of the Ancien Régime. Usage of the term Left became more prominent after the restoration of the French monarchy in 1815, when it was applied to the Independents.[8] The word wing was first appended to Left and Right in the late 19th century, usually with disparaging intent, and left-wing was applied to those who were unorthodox in their religious or political views.
【参考译文】在左右政治光谱中,“左”和“右”这两个词是在法国大革命期间形成的,指的是法国国民议会中的座位安排。坐在左侧的人通常反对旧制度(Ancien Régime)和波旁王朝君主制,支持革命、建立民主共和国以及社会的世俗化[7],而坐在右侧的人则支持旧制度的传统机构。在1815年法国君主制复辟后,“左”这个词的使用变得更加突出,当时它被用于指称独立派。[8]“wing”(翼)这个词首次与“左”和“右”结合使用是在19世纪末,通常带有贬义,而“左翼”则被用于那些宗教或政治观点非正统的人。

Ideologies considered to be left-wing vary greatly depending on the placement along the political spectrum in a given time and place. At the end of the 18th century, upon the founding of the first liberal democracies, the term Left was used to describe liberalism in the United States and republicanism in France, supporting a lesser degree of hierarchical decision-making than the right-wing politics of the traditional conservatives and monarchists. In modern politics, the term Left typically applies to ideologies and movements to the left of classical liberalism, supporting some degree of democracy in the economic sphere. Today, ideologies such as social liberalism and social democracy are considered to be centre-left, while the Left is typically reserved for movements more critical of capitalism,[9] including the labour movement, socialism, anarchism, communism, Marxism and syndicalism, each of which rose to prominence in the 19th and 20th centuries.[10] In addition, the term left-wing has also been applied to a broad range of culturally liberal social movements,[11] including the civil rights movement, feminist movement, LGBT rights movement, abortion-rights movements, multiculturalism, anti-war movement and environmental movement[12][13] as well as a wide range of political parties.[14][15][16]
【参考译文】被视为左翼的意识形态在给定时间和地点的政治光谱中的位置差异很大。在18世纪末,当第一个自由民主制国家成立时,“左”这个词在美国被用来描述自由主义,在法国被用来描述共和主义,它们支持比传统保守派和君主派的右翼政治更少层次化的决策。在现代政治中,“左”一词通常适用于古典自由主义左侧的意识形态和运动,支持经济领域中的某种程度的民主。如今,诸如社会自由主义和社会民主主义等意识形态被视为中左派,而“左”一词则通常保留给对资本主义更为批判的运动,[9]包括劳工运动、社会主义、无政府主义、共产主义、马克思主义和工团主义,这些运动和主义在19世纪和20世纪崛起并获得了显著地位。[10]此外,“左翼”一词也被广泛应用于一系列文化自由的社会运动,[11]包括民权运动、女权主义运动、LGBT权利运动、堕胎权利运动、多元文化主义、反战运动和环保运动[12][13],以及广泛的政党。[14][15][16]

此图片属于公共领域
图片题注:1912年劳伦斯纺织厂罢工中的工会示威者
图片来源:http://womhist.binghamton.edu/teacher/DBQlaw2.htm

1. 立场 | Positions

The following positions are typically associated with left-wing politics.
【参考译文】以下立场通常与左翼政治相关。

在传统印象中,“左翼”通常是指社会自由主义或社会主义。[9]左翼理念的实践在各国均不同。[10][11][12][5][13][14][15]

西方历史印象中,“左翼”是指社会主义共产主义社会自由主义马克思主义思想家莱斯泽克·柯拉柯夫斯基定义左翼思想为一个乌托邦式意识形态的抽象名词。[16]中间偏左”是指在某个国家中,接近当地政治主流的政治立场。在欧洲国家中,则是指包含左翼与中间派或右翼组成的政治联盟,中左翼政党跟中右翼政党可以组建联合政府。一般印象中,左翼经济取向是支持加强干预市场运作和平均分配财富;右翼则支持自由经济,让市场自行调节。左翼多指积极社会改革及重视人权;右翼多指保守及维护资产阶级的建制、法治稳定。民族主义立场上,左翼指倾向国际主义民族自决、独立运动、世界大同,但亦有以国族基础的民族主义等,右翼则主张以国家主义、民族为中心。

1.1 经济 | Economics

See also: Anarchist economics, Marxism and Keynesianism, and Socialist economics
【另请参阅:无政府主义经济学、马克思主义和凯恩斯主义、社会主义经济学】

不是所有左翼对于经济都有一致意见,虽然大部分都支持对经济采取某些形式的政府或社会干预。

Left-leaning economic beliefs range from Keynesian economics and the welfare state through industrial democracy and the social market to the nationalization of the economy and central planning,[17] to the anarcho-syndicalist advocacy of a council-based and self-managed anarchist communism. During the Industrial Revolution, leftists supported trade unions. At the beginning of the 20th century, many leftists advocated strong government intervention in the economy.[18] Leftists continue to criticize the perceived exploitative nature of globalization, the “race to the bottom” and unjust lay-offs and exploitation of workers. In the last quarter of the 20th century, the belief that the government (ruling in accordance with the interests of the people) ought to be directly involved in the day-to-day workings of an economy declined in popularity amongst the centre-left, especially social democrats who adopted the Third Way. Left-wing politics are typically associated with popular or state control of major political and economic institutions.[19]
【参考译文】左倾经济信仰的范围从凯恩斯主义经济学和福利国家,经由工业民主和社会市场,直至经济国有化和中央计划经济,[17]以及无政府工团主义所倡导的基于委员会的自我管理的无政府共产主义。在工业革命期间,左派支持工会。20世纪初,许多左派人士主张政府对经济进行强有力的干预。[18]左派继续批评全球化中所谓的剥削性质、“向底线赛跑”以及不公正的裁员和剥削工人的现象。在20世纪最后四分之一的时间里,政府(按照人民的利益进行统治)应当直接参与经济日常运作的观点,在中左派中尤其是采取第三条道路的社会民主党人中,逐渐失去人心。左翼政治通常与民众或国家对主要政治和经济机构的控制相关联。[19]

Other leftists believe in Marxian economics, named after the economic theories of Karl Marx. Some distinguish Marx’s economic theories from his political philosophy, arguing that Marx’s approach to understanding the economy is independent of his advocacy of revolutionary socialism or his belief in the inevitability of a proletarian revolution.[20][21] Marxian economics do not exclusively rely on Marx and draw from a range of Marxist and non-Marxist sources. The dictatorship of the proletariat and workers’ state are terms used by some Marxists, particularly Leninists and Marxist–Leninists, to describe what they see as a temporary state between the capitalist state of affairs and a communist society. Marx defined the proletariat as salaried workers, in contrast to the lumpenproletariat, who he defined as the outcasts of society such as beggars, tricksters, entertainers, buskers, criminals and prostitutes.[22] The political relevance of farmers has divided the left. In Das Kapital, Marx scarcely mentioned the subject.[23] Mikhail Bakunin thought the lumpenproletariat was a revolutionary class, while Mao Zedong believed that it would be rural peasants, not urban workers, who would bring about the proletarian revolution.
【参考译文】另一些左派人士信奉以卡尔·马克思的经济理论命名的马克思主义经济学。有人将马克思的经济理论与他的政治哲学区分开来,认为马克思理解经济的方式独立于他倡导的革命社会主义或他对无产阶级革命必然性的信仰。[20][21]马克思主义经济学并不完全依赖马克思,而是从马克思主义和非马克思主义的各种来源中汲取养分。无产阶级专政和工人国家是一些马克思主义者,特别是列宁主义者和马克思列宁主义者使用的术语,用来描述他们认为存在于资本主义现状与共产主义社会之间的一个暂时状态。马克思将无产阶级定义为领取薪水的工人,与之相对的是流氓无产阶级,马克思将其定义为社会的弃儿,如乞丐、骗子、艺人、街头艺人、罪犯和妓女。[22]农民的政治重要性使左派产生了分歧。在《资本论》中,马克思很少提及农民问题。[23]米哈伊尔·巴枯宁认为流氓无产阶级是一个革命阶级,而毛泽东则认为,带来无产阶级革命的将是农村农民,而不是城市工人。

Left-libertarians, anarchists and libertarian socialists believe in a decentralized economy run by trade unions, workers’ councils, cooperatives, municipalities and communes, opposing both state and private control of the economy, preferring social ownership and local control in which a nation of decentralized regions is united in a confederation. The global justice movement, also known as the anti-globalisation movement and the alter-globalisation movement, protests against corporate economic globalisation due to its negative consequences for the poor, workers, the environment, and small businesses.[24][25][26]
【参考译文】左派自由主义者、无政府主义者和自由社会主义者信奉由工会、工人委员会、合作社、市政当局和公社管理的分散型经济,反对国家和私人对经济的控制,更倾向于社会所有制和地方控制,在这种制度下,分散的地区联合起来形成联邦制国家。全球正义运动,亦称反全球化运动和另类全球化运动,因企业经济全球化对穷人、工人、环境和小企业造成负面影响而对其进行抗议。[24][25][26]

Leftists generally believe in innovation in various technological and philosophical fields and disciplines to help causes they support.[5]
【参考译文】左派人士普遍相信各个技术和哲学领域和学科的创新能够帮助他们支持的事业。[5]

1.2 环境 | Environment

See also: Eco-socialism, Green anarchism, and Green politics / 参见:生态社会主义绿色无政府主义绿色政治

One of the foremost left-wing advocates was Thomas Paine, one of the first individuals since left and right became political terms to describe the collective human ownership of the world which he speaks of in Agrarian Justice.[27] As such, most of left-wing thought and literature regarding environmentalism stems from this duty of ownership and the aforementioned form of cooperative ownership means that humanity must take care of the Earth. This principle is reflected in much of the historical left-wing thought and literature that came afterwards, although there were disagreements about what this entailed. Both Karl Marx and the early socialist philosopher and scholar William Morris arguably had a concern for environmental matters.[28][29][30][31] According to Marx, “[e]ven an entire society, a nation, or all simultaneously existing societies taken together, are not the owners of the earth. They are simply its possessors, its beneficiaries, and have to bequeath it in an improved state to succeeding generations”.[28][32] Following the Russian Revolution, environmental scientists such as revolutionary Alexander Bogdanov and the Proletkult organisation made efforts to incorporate environmentalism into Bolshevism and “integrate production with natural laws and limits” in the first decade of Soviet rule, before Joseph Stalin attacked ecologists and the science of ecology, purged environmentalists and promoted the pseudoscience of Trofim Lysenko during his rule up until his death in 1953.[33][34][35] Similarly, Mao Zedong rejected environmentalism and believed that based on the laws of historical materialism, all of nature must be put into the service of revolution.[36]
【参考译文】托马斯·潘恩是最早的重要左翼倡导者之一,在左右成为政治术语后,他是首批在《农业正义》中论述世界属于人类集体所有的人之一。[27]因此,关于环境主义的左翼思想和文学大多源于这种所有制的责任,而上述的合作所有制形式意味着人类必须照顾地球。这一原则体现在后来出现的许多左翼思想和文学作品中,尽管人们在其中所包含的内容上存在分歧。可以说,卡尔·马克思和早期的社会主义哲学家、学者威廉·莫里斯都关心环境问题。[28][29][30][31]马克思认为,“甚至整个社会、一个民族,或者把所有同时存在的社会加在一起,都不是土地的所有者。他们只是土地的占有者,土地的受益者,并且必须把它改良后传给后代”。[28][32]在俄国革命之后,环境科学家如革命家亚历山大·博格达诺夫和普罗列塔里亚文化派组织,在苏联统治的第一个十年里,努力将环境主义融入布尔什维克主义,“将生产与自然规律和界限相结合”,而后约瑟夫·斯大林攻击生态学家和生态学科学,清除环境主义者,并在他1953年去世前的统治期间,推广李森科伪科学。[33][34][35]同样,毛泽东也拒绝环境主义,并认为根据历史唯物主义法则,整个自然界都必须为革命服务。[36]

From the 1970s onwards, environmentalism became an increasing concern of the left, with social movements and several unions campaigning on environmental issues and causes. In Australia, the left-wing Builders Labourers Federation, led by the communist Jack Mundy, united with environmentalists to place green bans on environmentally destructive development projects.[37] Several segments of the socialist and Marxist left consciously merged environmentalism and anti-capitalism into an eco-socialist ideology.[38] Barry Commoner articulated a left-wing response to The Limits to Growth model that predicted catastrophic resource depletion and spurred environmentalism, postulating that capitalist technologies were the key cause responsible for environmental degradation, as opposed to human population pressures.[39] Environmental degradation can be seen as a class or equity issue, as environmental destruction disproportionately affects poorer communities and countries.[40]
【参考译文】从20世纪70年代开始,环境主义日益成为左翼关注的重点,社会运动和多个工会都在环境问题和相关议题上开展运动。在澳大利亚,由共产党员杰克·蒙迪领导的左翼建筑工人联合会与环境主义者联合起来,对破坏环境的开发项目实施绿色禁令。[37]社会主义和马克思主义左翼的多个派别自觉地将环境主义与反资本主义相结合,形成了一种生态社会主义意识形态。[38]巴里·康芒纳对《增长的极限》模型做出了左翼回应,该模型预测资源将枯竭并引发灾难,从而推动了环境主义的发展。康芒纳认为,资本主义技术是造成环境退化的主要原因,而非人口压力。[39]环境退化可以被视为一个阶级或公平问题,因为环境破坏对较贫穷的社区和国家的影响尤为严重。[40]

此图片遵循CC BY-SA 4.0协议
图片题注:Global warming was the cover story of this 2007 issue of the Ms. magazine.
参考译文:《女士》杂志2007年的这一期,封面故事是全球变暖。
图片来源:Ms. magazine

Several left-wing or socialist groupings have an overt environmental concern and several green parties contain a strong socialist presence. The Green Party of England and Wales features an eco-socialist group, the Green Left, which was founded in June 2005. Its members held several influential positions within the party, including both the former Principal Speakers Siân Berry and Derek Wall, himself an eco-socialist and Marxist academic.[41] In Europe, several green left political parties such as the European United Left–Nordic Green Left combine traditional social-democratic values such as a desire for greater economic equality and workers rights with demands for environmental protection. Democratic socialist Bolivian president Evo Morales has traced environmental degradation to capitalist consumerism,[42] stating that “[t]he Earth does not have enough for the North to live better and better, but it does have enough for all of us to live well”. James Hansen, Noam Chomsky, Raj Patel, Naomi Klein, The Yes Men and Dennis Kucinich hold similar views.[43][44][45][46][47][48]
【参考译文】一些左翼或社会主义团体公开表示对环境问题的关注,一些绿党中也有强大的社会主义力量存在。英格兰和威尔士绿党中有一个生态社会主义团体——绿党左翼,该团体成立于2005年6月。其成员在党内担任过多个有影响力的职位,包括前党魁西恩·贝里和德里克·沃尔,后者本身就是一位生态社会主义者和马克思主义学者。[41]在欧洲,一些绿色左翼政党,如欧洲左翼联盟–北欧绿色左翼,将传统社会民主价值观(如渴望更大的经济平等和工人权利)与环境保护要求结合起来。玻利维亚民主社会主义总统埃沃·莫拉莱斯将环境退化归咎于资本主义消费主义,[42]并指出,“地球没有足够的资源让北方国家的人生活得越来越好,但足够让我们所有人都过上良好的生活”。詹姆斯·汉森、诺姆·乔姆斯基、拉吉·帕特尔、娜奥米·克莱恩、是男人就站出来剧团和丹尼斯·库奇尼奇持有类似观点。[43][44][45][46][47][48]

In climate change mitigation, the Left is also divided over how to effectively and equitably reduce carbon emissions as the center-left often advocates a reliance on market measures such as emissions trading and a carbon tax while those further to the left support direct government regulation and intervention in the form of a Green New Deal, either alongside or instead of market mechanisms.[49][50][51]
【参考译文】在减缓气候变化方面,左翼在如何有效且公平地减少碳排放问题上也存在分歧。中左派通常主张依赖市场手段,如排放交易和碳税,而更偏左的派别则支持通过绿色新政的形式直接进行政府监管和干预,这种干预可以与市场机制并行,也可以取代市场机制。[49][50][51]

1.3 民族主义、反帝国主义和反民族主义 | Nationalism, anti-imperialism and anti-nationalism

See also: Anarchism and nationalism, Anti-imperialism, Internationalism (politics), Left-wing nationalism, Proletarian internationalism, and Anti-Stalinist Left
【另请参阅:无政府主义和民族主义、反帝国主义、国际主义(政治)、左翼民族主义、无产阶级国际主义和反斯大林主义左翼】

The question of nationality, imperialism and nationalism has been a central feature of political debates on the Left. During the French Revolution, nationalism was a key policy of the Republican Left.[52] The Republican Left advocated for civic nationalism[7] and argued that the nation is a “daily plebiscite” formed by the subjective “will to live together”. Related to revanchism, the belligerent will to take revenge against Germany and retake control of Alsace-Lorraine, nationalism was sometimes opposed to imperialism. In the 1880s, there was a debate between leftists such as the Radical Georges Clemenceau, the Socialist Jean Jaurès and the nationalist Maurice Barrès, who argued that colonialism diverted France from liberating the “blue line of the Vosges“, in reference to Alsace-Lorraine; and the “colonial lobby” such as Jules Ferry of the Moderate Republicans, Léon Gambetta of the Republicans and Eugène Etienne, the president of the Parliamentary Colonial Group. After the antisemitic Dreyfus Affair in which officer Alfred Dreyfus was falsely convicted of sedition and exiled to a penal colony in 1894 before being exonerated in 1906, nationalism in the form of Boulangism increasingly became associated with the far-right.[53]
【参考译文】民族、帝国主义和民族主义问题一直是左翼政治辩论的核心议题。在法国大革命期间,民族主义是共和制左翼的一项关键政策。[52]共和制左翼倡导公民民族主义[7],认为民族是由人们主观上“愿意共同生活在一起”而形成的“日常公民投票”。与复仇主义相关,民族主义带有对德国采取敌对行动并重新控制阿尔萨斯-洛林地区的意愿,有时与帝国主义相对立。19世纪80年代,激进派乔治·克列孟梭、社会主义者让·饶勒斯和民族主义者莫里斯·巴雷斯等左翼人士与温和共和党人朱尔·费里、共和党人莱昂·甘必大以及议会殖民集团主席欧仁·艾蒂安等“殖民势力”之间展开了辩论。左翼人士认为殖民主义使法国偏离了解放“孚日山脉蓝线”(指阿尔萨斯-洛林地区)的目标。在1894年反犹太主义的德雷福斯事件中,军官阿尔弗雷德·德雷福斯被错误地定罪为煽动叛乱并被流放至殖民地服刑,直到1906年才获赦免,此后,以布朗热主义为形式的民族主义日益与极右翼联系在一起。[53]

The Marxist social class theory of proletarian internationalism asserts that members of the working class should act in solidarity with working people in other countries in pursuit of a common class interest, rather than only focusing on their own countries. Proletarian internationalism is summed up in the slogan: “Workers of the world, unite!“, the last line of The Communist Manifesto. Union members had learned that more members meant more bargaining power. Taken to an international level, leftists argued that workers should act in solidarity with the international proletariat in order to further increase the power of the working class. Proletarian internationalism saw itself as a deterrent against war and international conflicts, because people with a common interest are less likely to take up arms against one another, instead focusing on fighting the bourgeoisie as the ruling class. According to Marxist theory, the antonym of proletarian internationalism is bourgeois nationalism. Some Marxists, together with others on the left, view nationalism,[54] racism[55] (including antisemitism)[56] and religion as divide and conquer tactics used by the ruling classes to prevent the working class from uniting against them in solidarity with one another.
【参考译文】马克思主义的工人阶级国际主义社会阶级理论认为,工人阶级的成员应当团结其他国家劳动人民,共同追求阶级利益,而不仅仅局限于本国。工人阶级国际主义可以用《共产党宣言》的最后一句话来概括:“全世界无产者,联合起来!”工会成员认识到,成员越多,谈判力量就越大。从国际层面来看,左翼认为,工人应当与国际无产阶级团结起来,以进一步增强工人阶级的力量。工人阶级国际主义认为,它自身是对战争和国际冲突的威慑,因为有着共同利益的人们不太可能相互拿起武器,而是将精力集中在与作为统治阶级的资产阶级的斗争上。根据马克思主义理论,工人阶级国际主义的对立面是资产阶级民族主义。一些马克思主义者以及其他左翼人士认为,民族主义[54]、种族主义[55](包括反犹太主义)[56]和宗教是统治阶级用来阻止工人阶级团结起来、相互支援、共同反抗他们的分裂与征服战术。

Left-wing movements have often taken up anti-imperialist positions. Anarchism has developed a critique of nationalism that focuses on nationalism’s role in justifying and consolidating state power and domination. Through its unifying goal, nationalism strives for centralisation (both in specific territories and in a ruling elite of individuals) while it prepares a population for capitalist exploitation. Within anarchism, this subject has been extensively discussed by Rudolf Rocker in his book titled Nationalism and Culture and by the works of Fredy Perlman such as Against His-Story, Against Leviathan and The Continuing Appeal of Nationalism.[57]
【参考译文】左翼运动常常采取反帝国主义的立场。无政府主义对民族主义进行了批判,主要关注民族主义在证明和巩固国家权力和统治方面的作用。民族主义通过其统一的目标,力求实现集权(既在特定领土上,也在统治精英阶层中),同时使民众为资本主义剥削做好准备。在无政府主义内部,鲁道夫·洛克尔在其著作《民族主义与文化》中,以及弗雷迪·帕尔曼的作品如《反对他的历史》、《反对利维坦》和《民族主义的持续吸引力》中,都广泛讨论了这一主题。[57]

The failure of revolutions in Germany and Hungary in the 1918–1920 years ended Bolshevik hopes for an imminent world revolution and led to the promotion of the doctrine of socialism in one country by Joseph Stalin. In the first edition of his book titled Osnovy Leninizma (Foundations of Leninism, 1924), Stalin argued that revolution in one country is insufficient. By the end of that year in the second edition of the book, he argued that the “proletariat can and must build the socialist society in one country”. In April 1925, Nikolai Bukharin elaborated on the issue in his brochure titled Can We Build Socialism in One Country in the Absence of the Victory of the West-European Proletariat?, whose position was adopted as state policy after Stalin’s January 1926 article titled On the Issues of Leninism (К вопросам ленинизма) was published. This idea was opposed by Leon Trotsky and his supporters, who declared the need for an international “permanent revolution” and condemned Stalin for betraying the goals and ideals of the socialist revolution. Various Fourth Internationalist groups around the world who describe themselves as Trotskyist see themselves as standing in this tradition while Maoist China formally supported the theory of socialism in one country.
【参考译文】1918至1920年间,德国和匈牙利的革命失败,终结了布尔什维克对于即将到来的世界革命的期望,并促使约瑟夫·斯大林提出了“一国建设社会主义”的理论。在《列宁主义基础》(1924年)一书的第一版中,斯大林认为一个国家的革命是不够的。到了那年年底,在第二版中,他提出“无产阶级能够并且必须在一个国家内建设社会主义”。1925年4月,尼古拉·布哈林在其小册子《在西欧无产阶级胜利缺如的情况下我们能否建成社会主义?》中详细阐述了这一问题,斯大林于1926年1月发表的《关于列宁主义几个问题》(К вопросам ленинизма)一文后,这一立场被采纳为国家政策。列昂·托洛茨基及其支持者反对这一观点,他们宣称需要一场国际性的“不断革命”,并谴责斯大林背叛了社会主义革命的目标和理想。世界各地的各种自称托洛茨基主义者的第四国际主义者团体认为自己是继承了这一传统,而毛主义中国则正式支持一国建设社会主义的理论。

European social democrats strongly support Europeanism and supranational integration within the European Union, although there is a minority of nationalists and Eurosceptics on the left. Several scholars have linked this form of left-wing nationalism to the pressure generated by economic integration with other countries, often encouraged by neoliberal free trade agreements. This view is sometimes used to justify hostility towards supranational organizations. Left-wing nationalism can also refer to any form of nationalism which emphasizes a leftist working-class populist agenda that seeks to overcome exploitation or oppression by other nations. Many Third World anti-colonialist movements have adopted leftist and socialist ideas. Third-Worldism is a tendency within leftist thought that regards the division between First World and Second World developed countries and Third World developing countries as being of high political importance. This tendency supports decolonization and national liberation movements against imperialism by capitalists. Third-Worldism is closely connected with African socialism, Latin American socialism, Maoism,[58][third-party source needed] pan-Africanism and pan-Arabism. Several left-wing groups in the developing world such as the Zapatista Army of National Liberation in Mexico, the Abahlali baseMjondolo in South Africa and the Naxalites in India have argued that the First World and the Second World Left takes a racist and paternalistic attitude towards liberation movements in the Third World.[citation needed]
【参考译文】欧洲社会民主党人强烈支持欧洲主义和欧盟内部的超国家一体化,尽管左翼内部也存在少数民族主义者和疑欧派。一些学者将这种左翼民族主义与其他国家经济一体化(通常由新自由主义自由贸易协定推动)所产生的压力联系起来。这种观点有时被用来为对超国家组织的敌意辩护。左翼民族主义也可以指任何形式的民族主义,它强调左翼工人阶级民粹主义议程,旨在克服其他国家的剥削或压迫。许多第三世界反殖民主义运动采纳了左翼和社会主义思想。第三世界主义是左翼思想中的一种倾向,认为第一世界和第二世界发达国家与第三世界发展中国家之间的划分具有高度的政治重要性。这一倾向支持反资本主义帝国主义的非殖民化和民族解放运动。第三世界主义与非洲社会主义、拉丁美洲社会主义、毛主义[58][需要第三方来源]、泛非主义和泛阿拉伯主义紧密相连。发展中国家的几个左翼团体,如墨西哥的萨帕塔民族解放军、南非的阿巴哈利基地运动以及印度的纳萨尔派,都认为第一世界和第二世界的左翼对第三世界的解放运动持种族主义和家长式作风的态度。[需要引文]

1.4 宗教 | Religion

See also: Anarchism and religion, Buddhist socialism, Christian anarchism, Christian communism, Christian left, Christian socialism, Jewish left, and Islamic socialism
【另请参阅:无政府主义与宗教、佛教社会主义、基督教无政府主义、基督教共产主义、基督教左派、基督教社会主义、犹太左派和伊斯兰社会主义】

The original French Left was firmly anti-clerical, strongly opposing the influence of the Roman Catholic Church and supporting atheism and the separation of church and state, ushering in a policy known as laïcité.[7] Karl Marx asserted that “religion is the sigh of the oppressed creature, the heart of a heartless world, and the soul of soulless conditions. It is the opium of the people“.[59] In Soviet Russia, the Bolsheviks under Vladimir Lenin originally embraced an ideological principle which professed that all religion would eventually atrophy and resolved to eradicate organized Christianity and other religious institutions. In 1918, 10 Russian Orthodox hierarchs were summarily executed by a firing squad, and children were deprived of any religious education outside of the home.[60]
【参考译文】最初的法国左派坚决反对教权主义,强烈反对罗马天主教会的影响,并支持无神论和政教分离,从而引入了被称为“世俗主义”(laïcité)的政策。[7]卡尔·马克思断言,“宗教是被压迫生灵的叹息,是无情世界的感情,正像它是没有精神的状态的精神一样。宗教是人民的鸦片”。[59]在苏维埃俄国,弗拉基米尔·列宁领导下的布尔什维克党最初秉持一种意识形态原则,宣称所有宗教最终都将萎缩,并决心根除有组织的基督教和其他宗教机构。1918年,10名俄罗斯东正教主教被行刑队草草处决,孩子们也被剥夺了在家以外接受任何宗教教育的权利。[60]

Today in the Western world, those on the Left generally support secularization and the separation of church and state. However, religious beliefs have also been associated with many left-wing movements such as the progressive movement, the Social Gospel movement, the civil rights movement, the anti-war movement, the anti-capital punishment movement and Liberation Theology. Early utopian socialist thinkers such as Robert Owen, Charles Fourier and the Comte de Saint-Simon based their theories of socialism upon Christian principles. Other common leftist concerns such as pacifism, social justice, racial equality, human rights and the rejection of capitalism and excessive wealth can be found in the Bible.[61]
【参考译文】在当今西方世界,左翼人士普遍支持世俗化和政教分离。然而,宗教信仰也与许多左翼运动相关联,如进步运动、社会福音运动、民权运动、反战运动、反对死刑运动和解放神学。早期的乌托邦社会主义思想家,如罗伯特·欧文、夏尔·傅立叶和圣西门伯爵,都是基于基督教原则来构建他们的社会主义理论的。在《圣经》中也可以找到其他常见的左翼关注点,如和平主义、社会公正、种族平等、人权以及对资本主义和过度财富的拒绝。[61]

In the late 19th century, the Protestant Social Gospel movement arose in the United States which integrated progressive and socialist thought with Christianity through faith-based social activism. Other left-wing religious movements include Buddhist socialism, Jewish socialism and Islamic socialism. There have been alliances between the left and anti-war Muslims, such as the Respect Party and the Stop the War Coalition in Britain. In France, the left has been divided over moves to ban the hijab from schools, with some leftists supporting a ban based on the separation of church and state in accordance with the principle of laïcité and other leftists opposing the prohibition based on personal and religious freedom.
【参考译文】19 世纪末,美国兴起了新教社会福音运动,通过基于信仰的社会活动将进步主义和社会主义思想与基督教相结合。其他左翼宗教运动包括佛教社会主义、犹太社会主义和伊斯兰社会主义。左翼与反战穆斯林结成了联盟,例如英国的尊重党和停止战争联盟。在法国,左翼在禁止在学校佩戴头巾的举措上存在分歧,一些左翼人士支持基于政教分离、符合世俗主义原则的禁令,而其他左翼人士则反对基于个人和宗教自由的禁令。

1.5 社会进步主义和反主流文化 | Social progressivism and counterculture

See also: Counterculture, New Left, Socialism and LGBT rights, and Socialist feminism
【另请参阅:反主流文化、新左派、社会主义与 LGBT 权利、社会主义女权主义】

Social progressivism is another common feature of modern leftism, particularly in the United States, where social progressives played an important role in the abolition of slavery,[62] the enshrinement of women’s suffrage in the United States Constitution,[63] and the protection of civil rights, LGBTQ rights, women’s rights and multiculturalism. Progressives have both advocated for alcohol prohibition legislation and worked towards its repeal in the mid to late 1920s and early 1930s. Current positions associated with social progressivism in the Western world include strong opposition to the death penalty, torture, mass surveillance, and the war on drugs, and support for abortion rights, cognitive liberty, LGBTQ rights including legal recognition of same-sex marriage, same-sex adoption of children, the right to change one’s legal gender, distribution of contraceptives, and public funding of embryonic stem-cell research. The desire for an expansion of social and civil liberties often overlaps that of the libertarian movement. Public education was a subject of great interest to groundbreaking social progressives such as Lester Frank Ward and John Dewey, who believed that a democratic society and system of government was practically impossible without a universal and comprehensive nationwide system of education.
【参考译文】社会进步主义是现代左翼的另一个共同特征,特别是在美国,社会进步主义者在废除奴隶制[62]、将妇女选举权载入美国宪法[63]以及保护公民权利、LGBTQ权利、妇女权利和文化多元性方面发挥了重要作用。进步主义者既倡导过禁酒立法,也在20世纪20年代中期至晚期以及30年代初致力于废除该立法。在当今西方世界,与社会进步主义相关的立场包括强烈反对死刑、酷刑、大规模监视和禁毒战争,并支持堕胎权、认知自由、LGBTQ权利(包括同性婚姻的法律认可、同性领养儿童、改变法律性别的权利、避孕用品的分发)以及胚胎干细胞研究的公共资金支持。扩大社会和公民自由的愿望往往与自由主义运动的愿望相重合。公共教育是莱斯特·弗兰克·沃德和约翰·杜威等开创性社会进步主义者非常感兴趣的话题,他们认为,没有全国性的普遍且全面的教育体系,民主社会和政府体制实际上是不可能实现的。

Various counterculture and anti-war movements in the 1960s and 1970s were associated with the New Left. Unlike the earlier leftist focus on labour union activism and a proletarian revolution, the New Left instead adopted a broader definition of political activism commonly called social activism. The New Left in the United States is associated with the hippie movement, mass protest movements on school campuses and a broadening of focus from protesting class-based oppression to include issues such as gender, race and sexual orientation. The British New Left was an intellectually driven movement which attempted to correct the perceived errors of the Old Left. The New Left opposed prevailing authoritarian structures in society which it designated as “The Establishment” and became known as the “Anti-Establishment”. The New Left did not seek to recruit industrial workers en masse, but instead concentrated on a social activist approach to organization, convinced that they could be the source for a better kind of social revolution. This view has been criticized by several Marxists, especially Trotskyists, who characterized this approach as “substitutionism” which they described as a misguided and non-Marxist belief that other groups in society could “substitute” for and “replace” the revolutionary agency of the working class.[64][65]
【参考译文】20世纪60年代和70年代的各种反文化运动和反战运动与新左派有关。与早期左翼侧重于工会活动和无产阶级革命不同,新左派采用了更广泛的政治激进主义定义,通常被称为社会激进主义。美国的新左派与嬉皮士运动、校园大规模抗议运动以及从抗议阶级压迫转向更广泛议题(如性别、种族和性取向)的焦点拓宽有关。英国的新左派是一场由知识分子推动的运动,试图纠正他们认为旧左派存在的错误。新左派反对社会上盛行的权威结构,称之为“当权派”,并因此被称为“反当权派”。新左派并不寻求大规模招募产业工人,而是集中采取社会激进主义的组织方式,坚信他们可以成为更好形式的社会革命的源泉。这一观点受到了几位马克思主义者,尤其是托洛茨基主义者的批评,他们认为这种方法是“替代主义”,是一种误入歧途且非马克思主义的信仰,即认为社会上的其他群体可以“替代”和“取代”工人阶级的革命机构。[64][65]

Many early feminists and advocates of women’s rights were considered a part of the Left by their contemporaries. Feminist pioneer Mary Wollstonecraft was influenced by Thomas Paine. Many notable leftists have been strong supporters of gender equality such as Marxist philosophers and activists Rosa Luxemburg, Clara Zetkin and Alexandra Kollontai, anarchist philosophers and activists such as Virginia Bolten, Emma Goldman and Lucía Sánchez Saornil and democratic socialist philosophers and activists such as Helen Keller and Annie Besant.[66] However, Marxists such as Rosa Luxemburg,[67] Clara Zetkin,[68][69] and Alexandra Kollontai,[70][71] who are supporters of radical social equality for women and have rejected and opposed liberal feminism because they considered it to be a capitalist bourgeois ideology. Marxists were responsible for organizing the first International Working Women’s Day events.[72]
【参考译文】许多当代人认为,早期的女权主义者和妇女权利倡导者属于左翼的一部分。女权主义先驱玛丽·沃斯通克拉夫特受到了托马斯·潘恩的影响。许多著名的左翼人士都是性别平等的坚定支持者,如马克思主义哲学家和活动家罗莎·卢森堡、克拉拉·蔡特金和亚历山德拉·科尔伦泰,无政府主义哲学家和活动家弗吉尼亚·波尔顿、艾玛·戈德曼和露西亚·桑切斯·索尔尼尔,以及民主社会主义哲学家和活动家海伦·凯勒和安妮·贝赞特。[66]然而,罗莎·卢森堡[67]、克拉拉·蔡特金[68][69]和亚历山德拉·科尔伦泰[70][71]等马克思主义者支持激进的社会性别平等,拒绝并反对自由女权主义,因为他们认为自由女权主义是资本主义资产阶级意识形态。正是马克思主义者组织了第一届国际劳动妇女节活动。[72]

The women’s liberation movement is closely connected to the New Left and other new social movements which openly challenged the orthodoxies of the Old Left. Socialist feminism as exemplified by the Freedom Socialist Party and Radical Women and Marxist feminism, spearheaded by Selma James, saw themselves as a part of the Left that challenges male-dominated and sexist structures within the Left. The connection between left-wing ideologies and the struggle for LGBTQ rights also has an important history. Prominent socialists who were involved in early struggles for LGBTQ rights include Edward Carpenter, Oscar Wilde, Harry Hay, Bayard Rustin and Daniel Guérin, among others. The New Left is also strongly supportive of LGBTQ rights and liberation, having been instrumental in the founding of the LGBTQ rights movement in the aftermath of the Stonewall Riots of 1969. Contemporary leftist activists and socialist countries such as Cuba are actively supportive of LGBTQ+ people and are involved in the struggle for LGBTQ+ rights and equality.
【参考译文】妇女解放运动与新左派和其他新的社会运动紧密相连,这些运动公开挑战旧左派的正统观念。以自由社会主义党和激进女权主义者为代表的社会主义女权主义,以及由塞尔玛·詹姆斯引领的马克思主义女权主义,将自己视为左翼中挑战男性主导和性别歧视结构的一部分。左翼意识形态与争取LGBTQ权利的斗争之间也有着重要的历史联系。参与早期争取LGBTQ权利斗争的著名社会主义者包括爱德华·卡彭特、奥斯卡·王尔德、哈里·海、贝亚德·鲁斯廷和丹尼尔·格林等。新左派也强烈支持LGBTQ的权利和解放,在1969年石墙暴乱之后成立的LGBTQ权利运动中发挥了重要作用。当代左翼活动家和社会主义国家,如古巴,都积极支持LGBTQ+群体,并参与争取LGBTQ+权利和平等的斗争。

1.6 社会进步主义与反文化 | Social progressivism and counterculture

See also: Counterculture, New Left, Socialism and LGBT rights, and Socialist feminism
【另见:反文化、新左派、社会主义与LGBT权利、社会主义女权主义】

Social progressivism is another common feature of modern leftism, particularly in the United States, where social progressives played an important role in the abolition of slavery,[62] the enshrinement of women’s suffrage in the United States Constitution,[63] and the protection of civil rights, LGBTQ rights, women’s rights and multiculturalism. Progressives have both advocated for alcohol prohibition legislation and worked towards its repeal in the mid to late 1920s and early 1930s. Current positions associated with social progressivism in the Western world include strong opposition to the death penalty, torture, mass surveillance, and the war on drugs, and support for abortion rights, cognitive liberty, LGBTQ rights including legal recognition of same-sex marriage, same-sex adoption of children, the right to change one’s legal gender, distribution of contraceptives, and public funding of embryonic stem-cell research. The desire for an expansion of social and civil liberties often overlaps that of the libertarian movement. Public education was a subject of great interest to groundbreaking social progressives such as Lester Frank Ward and John Dewey, who believed that a democratic society and system of government was practically impossible without a universal and comprehensive nationwide system of education.
【参考译文】社会进步主义是现代左翼的另一个共同特征,特别是在美国,社会进步主义者在废除奴隶制[62]、将妇女选举权写入美国宪法[63]以及保护公民权利、LGBTQ权利、妇女权利和文化多元性方面发挥了重要作用。进步主义者既主张通过禁止饮酒的立法,又在20世纪20年代中期至晚期和30年代初致力于废除该立法。在西方世界,与社会进步主义相关的当前立场包括强烈反对死刑、酷刑、大规模监视和禁毒战争,并支持堕胎权、认知自由、LGBTQ权利(包括同性婚姻的法律承认、同性收养子女、改变法定性别的权利、避孕用品的分发以及胚胎干细胞研究的公共资助)。对社会和公民自由的渴望往往与自由主义运动的目标相重叠。公共教育是莱斯特·弗兰克·沃德和约翰·杜威等开创性社会进步主义者极为关注的问题,他们认为,没有全国性的普及和综合教育体系,民主社会和政府体制在实际上是不可能的。

Various counterculture and anti-war movements in the 1960s and 1970s were associated with the New Left. Unlike the earlier leftist focus on labour union activism and a proletarian revolution, the New Left instead adopted a broader definition of political activism commonly called social activism. The New Left in the United States is associated with the hippie movement, mass protest movements on school campuses and a broadening of focus from protesting class-based oppression to include issues such as gender, race and sexual orientation. The British New Left was an intellectually driven movement which attempted to correct the perceived errors of the Old Left. The New Left opposed prevailing authoritarian structures in society which it designated as “The Establishment” and became known as the “Anti-Establishment”. The New Left did not seek to recruit industrial workers en masse, but instead concentrated on a social activist approach to organization, convinced that they could be the source for a better kind of social revolution. This view has been criticized by several Marxists, especially Trotskyists, who characterized this approach as “substitutionism” which they described as a misguided and non-Marxist belief that other groups in society could “substitute” for and “replace” the revolutionary agency of the working class.[64][65]
【参考译文】20世纪60年代和70年代的各种反文化运动和反战运动与新左派有关。与早期左翼关注工会激进主义和无产阶级革命不同,新左派采用了更广泛的政治激进主义定义,通常被称为社会激进主义。美国的新左派与嬉皮士运动、校园大规模抗议运动有关,并且其关注点从抗议阶级压迫扩展到包括性别、种族和性取向等问题。英国的新左派是一场由知识分子推动的运动,试图纠正他们认为的旧左派的错误。新左派反对社会上盛行的权威结构,并将其称为“当权派”,后来被称为“反当权派”。新左派并不寻求大规模招募产业工人,而是专注于社会激进主义的组织方式,坚信他们可以成为更好类型的社会革命的源泉。这一观点受到了几位马克思主义者,尤其是托洛茨基主义者的批评,他们将这种做法称为“替代主义”,并认为这是一种误导性的、非马克思主义的信仰,即认为社会上的其他群体可以“替代”并“取代”工人阶级的革命机构。[64][65]

1.7 组织机构

马克思主义之下的列宁主义,认为无产阶级革命必须由无产阶级先锋队领导。职业革命家致力于共产事业,并组成共产革命运动的核心。无产阶级专政工人国家是马克思主义者用来描述在资本主义共产主义社会间的一种临时国家型态。但自20世纪60年代以来,先锋队理论受到愈来愈多新左翼的质疑,主要是由于这一时期苏联社会帝国主义行为证明了先锋队可能无法保证其先进性而腐化。此后,部分左翼重拾工团主义委员会共产主义甚至无政府主义中设想的组织制度,部分左翼提倡去中心化架构和运动,包括野猫罢工黑群等。

左翼国际组织包含许多过去与现存组织,如第一国际第二国际第三国际第四国际社会党国际共产党和工人党国际会议国际共产主义研讨会世界社会主义运动革命国际主义运动马列主义政党和组织国际会议 (团结和斗争)等。

1.8 女性主义

Many early feminists and advocates of women’s rights were considered a part of the Left by their contemporaries. Feminist pioneer Mary Wollstonecraft was influenced by Thomas Paine. Many notable leftists have been strong supporters of gender equality such as Marxist philosophers and activists Rosa Luxemburg, Clara Zetkin and Alexandra Kollontai, anarchist philosophers and activists such as Virginia Bolten, Emma Goldman and Lucía Sánchez Saornil and democratic socialist philosophers and activists such as Helen Keller and Annie Besant.[66] However, Marxists such as Rosa Luxemburg,[67] Clara Zetkin,[68][69] and Alexandra Kollontai,[70][71] who are supporters of radical social equality for women and have rejected and opposed liberal feminism because they considered it to be a capitalist bourgeois ideology. Marxists were responsible for organizing the first International Working Women’s Day events.[72]
【参考译文】许多早期的女权主义者和妇女权利倡导者被他们的同时代人视为左派的一部分。女权主义先驱玛丽·沃斯通克拉夫特受到了托马斯·潘恩的影响。许多著名的左派人士都是性别平等的坚定支持者,如马克思主义哲学家和活动家罗莎·卢森堡、克拉拉·蔡特金和亚历山德拉·柯伦泰,无政府主义哲学家和活动家如弗吉尼亚·波尔顿、艾玛·戈德曼和露西亚·桑切斯·索尔尼尔,以及民主社会主义哲学家和活动家如海伦·凯勒和安妮·贝赞特。[66]然而,像罗莎·卢森堡[67]、克拉拉·蔡特金[68][69]和亚历山德拉·柯伦泰[70][71]这样的马克思主义者,她们是女性激进社会平等的支持者,并拒绝和反对自由女权主义,因为她们认为自由女权主义是资本主义资产阶级的意识形态。马克思主义者负责组织了第一次国际劳动妇女节活动。[72]

The women’s liberation movement is closely connected to the New Left and other new social movements which openly challenged the orthodoxies of the Old Left. Socialist feminism as exemplified by the Freedom Socialist Party and Radical Women and Marxist feminism, spearheaded by Selma James, saw themselves as a part of the Left that challenges male-dominated and sexist structures within the Left. The connection between left-wing ideologies and the struggle for LGBTQ rights also has an important history. Prominent socialists who were involved in early struggles for LGBTQ rights include Edward Carpenter, Oscar Wilde, Harry Hay, Bayard Rustin and Daniel Guérin, among others. The New Left is also strongly supportive of LGBTQ rights and liberation, having been instrumental in the founding of the LGBTQ rights movement in the aftermath of the Stonewall Riots of 1969. Contemporary leftist activists and socialist countries such as Cuba are actively supportive of LGBTQ+ people and are involved in the struggle for LGBTQ+ rights and equality.
【参考译文】妇女解放运动与新左派和其他新的社会运动紧密相连,这些运动公开挑战旧左派的正统观念。以自由社会主义党和激进妇女组织为代表的社会主义女权主义,以及由塞尔玛·詹姆斯领导的马克思主义女权主义,都视自己为左派的一部分,致力于挑战左派内部男性主导和性别歧视的结构。左翼意识形态与争取LGBTQ(性少数群体)权利的斗争之间也有着重要的历史联系。在早期为LGBTQ权利而斗争的著名社会主义者中,有爱德华·卡彭特、奥斯卡·王尔德、哈里·海、拜亚德·鲁斯廷和丹尼尔·格林等人。新左派也强烈支持LGBTQ的权利和解放,并在1969年石墙事件(Stonewall Riots)后成立的LGBTQ权利运动中发挥了重要作用。当代左翼活动家和社会主义国家,如古巴,都积极支持LGBTQ+群体,并参与到争取LGBTQ+权利和平等的斗争中。

1960年代民权运动以来,妇女解放运动与新左翼和其他新社会运动关系密切,挑战旧左翼的正统。部分激进女权团体、自由派女性主义者与社会自由主义者紧密连结,属于美国主流政治中的左翼(如全国妇女组织及民主党内的进步派),主张性别平等安全套避孕药避孕权,以及妇女拥有选择堕胎的身体自我主权利。激进女性主义(如玛丽·戴莉)不易放入左右光谱中,与深层生态学较有关联。

虽然新左翼和女性主义有密切的关系,但由于左翼的派别众多,不同派别对女性主义有不同的态度。如“男尊左翼”(brocialist)是一类在性别议题上存在大男子主义或持消极立场的左翼,他们一般否认父权制是一个需要解决的问题[35],或认为通过建设社会主义或无政府主义消除等级制度将一劳永逸地解决性别议题,因此无需对现状做出特别的努力[36]。这类观点受到其他左翼的广泛批评,认为男尊左翼持有的“性别问题本质上是次要的,有更大的斗争来定义我们今天的政治”此类想法是在缺乏有效路径从而为搁置矛盾而开出的空头支票[37]

1.9 第三世界主义

第三世界主义是左翼政治中的一种思想,将已发展、典型自由主义国家,与发展中、或称第三世界国家的分离视为首要的政治目的。第三世界主义支持第三世界国家,或对抗西方国家及其代理人的民族解放运动(特别是在第三世界)。其政治思想经常将当代的资本主义视为带有帝国主义的特征。因此,第三世界主义者认为,要抵制资本主义,主要必须对抗先进资本主义国家的掠夺。

第三世界主义运动的重要人物有弗朗茨·法农艾哈迈德·本·贝拉安德烈·冈德·法兰克萨米尔·阿敏西蒙·马利新左翼极力支持第三世界主义,特别是在五月风暴等第一世界的革命运动失败以后。有关第三世界主义的新左翼团体和运动有《每月评论》和新共产主义运动。

第三世界主义也与泛非洲主义泛阿拉伯主义毛泽东思想、非洲社会主义和拉丁美洲社会主义的趋势紧密结合。过去巴勒斯坦解放组织桑地诺民族解放阵线南非非洲人国民大会等都是较为知名民族解放运动组织,受共产主义影响较大。

一些在发展中国家的左翼组织,如墨西哥萨帕塔民族解放运动南非棚户区居民运动以及印度纳萨尔派,认为西方左翼对于其支配国家的群众运动,常采取种族主义和家长式的态度。另外还特别批评非政府组织所扮演的角色,以及欧洲和北美地区的反政府运动,夺取了落后国家群众运动的主导权。

1.10 后现代主义

左翼后现代主义否定了如马克思主义等的普遍解释性理论,嘲笑那是大叙事。他们否定传统的组织模式,如政党和工会,而专注在批评或解构。左翼后现代主义评论家认为这是一种对国家社会主义经济失败(包括欧洲、拉丁美洲和美国),以及对斯大林主义政权幻想破灭的反应。他们认为,文化研究借由否定独立真实的存在,扩大了文化的重要性。[45][46]

左翼内对后现代主义最有名的批评,是自认为是左翼的物理学家艾伦·索卡尔在1996年的一个恶作剧。他注意到左翼内盛行“一种胡闹且草率的思维…否定了客观真实(Objective reality)的存在,或……淡化他们实际的关连……”,用定义与使用错误的物理、后现代主义、文学批评政治理论的名词,去主张物理事实(特别是万有引力)不是客观存在的,而是由心理与政治所架构的,[47] 他将索卡事件整理之后出书,名为《知识的骗局》。[48] 《社会文本》在1996年刊登这个论文,而之后索卡随即公开表示这是一场恶作剧。虽然有些人认为这是索卡攻击左翼主义,但他非常清楚,这是内部批评:

政治上,我非常生气,因为这愚蠢的事几乎(虽然并不是全部)源自于一些自称左翼的人。我们在这里见证到了一个深远的历史“转变”(volte-face)。 在最近两个世纪,左翼是认同科学且反对蒙昧主义(Obscurantism)…知识相对主义背叛出这个有价值的遗产,并破坏已经脆弱的进步社会评论的前景。理论上,“实体的社会建构”不会帮助我们找到有效的艾滋治疗法,或是策划出防止全球暖化的策略。但如果我们拒绝真实与虚假的想法,那我们也不能反对历史、社会学、经济和政治上的错误思想。…至少,我这个小实验的结果证明了,某些美国左翼学者在思维上变的懒散。[49]

盖瑞·杰森表示:“社会主义的失败,无论在经验上或理论上…让社会主义者的信仰开始动摇,而后现代主义是他们的回应。”[50]

2. 历史 | History

See also: American Left, French Left, Left–right political spectrum, and History of political thought
【另请参阅:美国左派、法国左派、左右翼政治光谱和政治思想史】

参见:左翼和右翼

In politics, the term Left derives from the French Revolution as the political groups opposed to the royal veto privilege (Montagnard and Jacobin deputies from the Third Estate) generally sat to the left of the presiding member’s chair in parliament while the ones in favour of the royal veto privilege sat on its right.[73] That habit began in the original French National Assembly. Throughout the 19th century, the main line dividing Left and Right was between supporters of the French republic and those of the monarchy‘s privileges.[7]: 2  The June Days uprising during the Second Republic was an attempt by the Left to re-assert itself after the 1848 Revolution, but only a small portion of the population supported this.
【参考译文】在政治上,“左派”一词源自法国大革命,当时反对王室否决权特权(来自第三等级的蒙塔涅派和雅各宾派议员)的政治团体在议会中通常坐在主持人椅子的左侧,而支持王室否决权特权的团体则坐在右侧。[73]这一习惯始于最初的法国国民议会。整个19世纪,左右派之间的主要分界线在于支持法国共和国的人和支持君主制特权的人之间。[7]:2 第二共和国期间的六月起义是左派在1848年革命后试图重新确立自身地位的一次尝试,但只得到了少数人的支持。

In the mid-19th century, nationalism, socialism, democracy and anti-clericalism became key features of the French Left. After Napoleon III‘s 1851 coup and the subsequent establishment of the Second Empire, Marxism began to rival radical republicanism and utopian socialism as a force within left-wing politics. The influential Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, published amidst the wave of revolutions of 1848 across Europe, asserted that all of human history is defined by class struggle. They predicted that a proletarian revolution would eventually overthrow bourgeois capitalism and create a stateless, moneyless and classless communist society. It was in this period that the word wing was appended to both Left and Right.[74]
【参考译文】19世纪中叶,民族主义、社会主义、民主和反教权主义成为法国左派的关键特征。在拿破仑三世1851年发动政变并随后建立第二帝国之后,马克思主义开始与激进共和主义和乌托邦社会主义竞争,成为左翼政治中的一股力量。卡尔·马克思和弗里德里希·恩格斯在1848年欧洲革命浪潮中发表的具有影响力的《共产党宣言》断言,整个人类历史都是由阶级斗争定义的。他们预测,无产阶级革命最终将推翻资产阶级资本主义,建立一个无国家、无货币、无阶级的共产主义社会。正是在这一时期,“翼”这个词被加到了左和右之后。[74]

The International Workingmen’s Association (1864–1876), sometimes called the First International, brought together delegates from many different countries, with many different views about how to reach a classless and stateless society. Following a split between supporters of Marx and Mikhail Bakunin, anarchists formed the Saint-Imier International and later the International Workers’ Association (IWA–AIT).[75] The Second International (1888–1916) became divided over the issue of World War I. Those who opposed the war, among them Vladimir Lenin and Rosa Luxemburg, saw themselves as further to the left.
【参考译文】国际工人协会(1864–1876),有时被称为第一国际,汇集了来自许多不同国家的代表,他们对于如何实现一个无阶级和无国家的社会有着许多不同的观点。在马克思和米哈伊尔·巴枯宁的支持者之间发生分裂后,无政府主义者成立了圣伊米尔国际,后来成立了国际工人协会(IWA–AIT)。[75] 第二国际(1888–1916)在一战问题上产生了分歧。那些反对战争的人,包括弗拉基米尔·列宁和罗莎·卢森堡,认为自己更加偏左。

In the United States, leftists such as social liberals, progressives and trade unionists were influenced by the works of Thomas Paine, who introduced the concept of asset-based egalitarianism which theorises that social equality is possible by a redistribution of resources. After the Reconstruction era in the aftermath of the American Civil War, the phrase “the Left” was used to describe those who supported trade unions, the civil rights movement and the anti-war movement.[76][77] More recently, left-wing and right-wing have often been used as synonyms for the Democratic and Republican parties, or as synonyms for liberalism and conservatism, respectively.[78][79][80][full citation needed][81]
【参考译文】在美国,社会自由主义者、进步主义者和工会主义者等左派人士受到了托马斯·潘恩作品的影响,他提出了基于资产的平等主义概念,即认为通过资源的再分配可以实现社会平等。在美国内战后的重建时代之后,“左派”一词被用来描述那些支持工会、民权运动和反战运动的人。[76][77] 最近以来,左派和右派经常被用作民主党和共和党的同义词,或者分别用作自由主义和保守主义的同义词。[78][79][80][需要完整引文][81]

Since the Right was populist, both in the Western and the Eastern Bloc, anything viewed as avant-garde art was called leftist across Europe, thus the identification of Picasso’s Guernica as “leftist” in Europe[82][page needed] and the condemnation of the Russian composer Shostakovich‘s opera (The Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk District) in Pravda as follows: “Here we have ‘leftist’ confusion instead of natural, human music”.[83][page needed]
【参考译文】由于右派是民粹主义的,无论是在西方还是在东欧集团,任何被视为前卫艺术的东西都被称为左派的,因此在欧洲将毕加索的《格尔尼卡》称为“左派”之作[82][需要页码],并在《真理报》上谴责俄罗斯作曲家肖斯塔科维奇的歌剧《姆岑斯克县的麦克白夫人》如下:“在这里,我们有的是‘左派’的混乱,而不是自然、人性的音乐”。[83][需要页码]

十九世纪中叶开始,“左翼”被用来指社会主义共产主义等改革派。1848年,马克思恩格斯发表《共产党宣言》,断言无产阶级革命将会推翻资产阶级社会,并废除私有财产制创造一个无阶级和无国家共产主义社会。国际工人联合会(1864-1876),有时也称作第一国际,结合各国左翼团体和工会组织。在第一次世界大战期间,第二国际因内部对战争的立场相左而分裂。像是俄国布尔什维克列宁德国罗莎·卢森堡等人,认为他们本身与其他劳工团体相比更为左倾(齐美尔瓦尔德左翼)。在这场冲突之后,左翼运动分裂为妥协的温和派(以德国社民党右翼和泛进步主义团体为代表)和革命的激进派(如卢森堡主义列宁主义),前者被视为中间偏左,提倡通过和平议会斗争来达到社会改良的目的,后者被视为极左翼,尽管理念有所不同,但基本同意以暴力革命的方式推翻现行秩序。之后二者逐步演化为社会民主主义共产主义民主社会主义介于两种意识形态之间,但随着时间的推移逐步倾向前者。1960年代,在中苏交恶和1968年法国五月风暴美国越战民权运动等的大规模社会抗议活动等政治动荡下,“新左翼”思想家更加批判列宁主义斯大林主义的论述(被称为“旧左翼”)。

3. 类型 | Types

The spectrum of left-wing politics ranges from centre-left to far-left or ultra-left. The term centre-left describes a position within the political mainstream that accepts capitalism and a market economy. The terms far-left and ultra-left are used for positions that are more radical, more strongly rejecting capitalism and mainstream representative democracy, instead advocating for a socialist society based on economic democracy and direct democracy, representing economic, political and social democracy. The centre-left includes social democrats, social liberals, progressives and greens. Centre-left supporters accept market allocation of resources in a mixed economy with an empowered public sector and a thriving private sector. Centre-left policies tend to favour limited state intervention in matters pertaining to the public interest.
【参考译文】左翼政治的范围从中左到极左或超左不等。中左一词描述的是在政治主流中接受资本主义和市场经济的一种立场。极左和超左这两个术语用于描述更为激进、更强烈地反对资本主义和主流代议制民主,而主张建立基于经济民主和直接民主的社会主义社会的立场,这代表着经济、政治和社会民主。中左包括社会民主党人、社会自由主义者、进步人士和绿党成员。中左的支持者接受在混合经济中通过赋权的公共部门和蓬勃发展的私营部门进行市场资源配置。中左的政策往往倾向于在涉及公共利益的问题上支持有限的国家干预。

In several countries, the terms far-left and radical left have been associated with many varieties of anarchism, autonomism and communism. They have been used to describe groups that advocate anti-capitalism and eco-terrorism. In France, a distinction is made between the centre-left and the left represented by the Socialist Party and the French Communist Party and the far-left as represented by anarcho-communists, Maoists and Trotskyists.[84] The United States Department of Homeland Security defines “left-wing extremism” as groups that “seek to bring about change through violent revolution, rather than through established political processes”.[85] Similar to far-right politics, extremist far-left politics have motivated political violence, radicalization, genocide, terrorism, sabotage and damage to property, the formation of militant organizations, political repression, conspiracism, xenophobia, and nationalism.[86][87][88][89][90]
【参考译文】在一些国家,极左和激进左派等术语与多种无政府主义、自治主义和共产主义有关。这些术语被用来描述主张反资本主义和生态恐怖主义的组织。在法国,中左与由社会党和法国共产党代表的左派以及由无政府共产主义者、毛主义者和托洛茨基主义者代表的极左之间有所区别。[84]美国国土安全部将“左翼极端主义”定义为那些“试图通过暴力革命而非既定政治进程来实现变革”的团体。[85]与极右翼政治类似,极左翼极端主义政治引发了政治暴力、激进化、种族灭绝、恐怖主义、破坏和财产损失、武装组织的形成、政治镇压、阴谋论、仇外心理和国家主义。[86][87][88][89][90]

In China, the term Chinese New Left denotes those who oppose the economic reforms enacted by Deng Xiaoping in the 1980s and 1990s, favour instead the restoration of Maoist policies and the immediate transition to a socialist economy.[91] In the Western world, the term New Left is used for social and cultural politics.
【参考译文】在中国,中国新左派一词指的是那些反对邓小平在20世纪80年代和90年代实施的经济改革,而主张恢复毛泽东思想政策并立即过渡到社会主义经济的人。[91]在西方世界,新左派一词用于社会和文化政治。

In the United Kingdom during the 1980s, the term hard left was applied to supporters of Tony Benn such as the Campaign Group and those involved in the London Labour Briefing newspaper as well as Trotskyist groups such as Militant and the Alliance for Workers’ Liberty.[92] In the same period, the term soft left was applied to supporters of the British Labour Party who were perceived to be more moderate and closer to the centre, accepting Keynesianism. Under the leadership of Tony Blair and Gordon Brown, the Labour Party adopted the Third Way and rebranded itself as New Labour in order to promote the notion that it was less left-wing than it had been in the past to accommodate the neoliberal trend arising since the 1970s with the displacement of Keynesianism and post-war social democracy. One of the first actions of Ed Miliband, the Labour Party leader who succeeded Blair and Brown, was the rejection of the New Labour label and a promise to abandon the Third Way and turn back to the left. However, Labour’s voting record in the House of Commons from 2010 to 2015 indicated that the Labour Party under Miliband had maintained the same distance from the left as it did under Blair.[93][94] In contrast, the election of Jeremy Corbyn as the Labour Party leader was viewed by scholars and political commentators as Labour turning back toward its more classical socialist roots, rejecting neoliberalism and the Third Way whilst supporting a democratic socialist society and an end to austerity measures.
【参考译文】20世纪80年代的英国,硬左一词被用于托尼·本恩的支持者,如活动小组和《伦敦劳工简报》的参与者,以及托洛茨基主义团体,如《斗士》和工人自由联盟。[92]在同一时期,软左一词被用于那些被视为更温和、更接近中心的英国工党的支持者,他们接受凯恩斯主义。在托尼·布莱尔和戈登·布朗的领导下,工党采纳了第三条道路,并重新将自己定位为“新工党”,以推广其比以往更不左翼的观念,以适应自20世纪70年代以来随着凯恩斯主义和战后社会民主主义的衰落而兴起的新自由主义趋势。继布莱尔和布朗之后的工党领袖埃德·米利班德的首要行动之一就是拒绝新工党的标签,并承诺放弃第三条道路,转向左翼。然而,从2010年到2015年工党在下议院的投票记录表明,在米利班德领导下的工党与在布莱尔领导下的工党一样,与左翼保持距离。[93][94]相比之下,杰里米·科尔宾当选工党领袖被学者和政治评论员视为工党回归其更传统的社会主义根源,拒绝新自由主义和第三条道路,同时支持民主社会主义社会和结束紧缩措施。

4. 各国及地区

4.1 澳大利亚

澳大利亚工党澳大利亚最大左翼政党,成立时主要有工会背景,现主要获知识分子和城市中产阶级的支持。1904年在全世界建立首个左翼的民选政府,虽然只维持几个月。此后工党在1908-1909年、1910-1913年、1914-1915年、1929-1932年、1941-1949年、1972-1975年、1983-1996年、2007-2013年及2022年 – 2025年间执政。

澳大利亚绿党是第三大政党, 该党成立于1992年。

4.2 加拿大

加拿大新民主党加拿大的最大左翼政党,但长期是第三大党地位,惟在多个省份曾有长期的执政地位。

加拿大自由党中间偏左的政党,较新民主党为右,但较保守党为左。

4.3 香港

主条目:建制派 (香港)民主派 (香港)

在香港,历史上的“左翼”往往是指参与六七暴动、反对英国殖民专制当局、亲(当时的)中共的传统左翼力量。香港回归后,香港的左翼泛民主派包括社民连左翼21等;同时香港也有极左翼,如从中国大陆转移而来的托派但有时被认为是“左胶”的社会主义行动等政治力量。

4.4 中华人民共和国

参见:中国共产党的意识形态中国新左翼

在中华人民共和国,由于中国共产党在邓小平时代后受“不争论”影响并未在官方宣传定义中其现行意识形态为左翼或右翼,民间对中国共产党的性质认知各有不同,导致对“左翼”这一概念的理解和认知各有差异。

中国共产党从建党到1978年改革开放开始以前被认为是左翼政党(见左翼和右翼),但与其他国家的共产党以城市工人阶级为基础不同,中国共产党靠农民起家,以农村为根据地,奉行“农村包围城市”的方针。在毛泽东领导中国共产党期间,右翼被其定义为反革命组织(即党内反对毛泽东的派系)。

改革开放后,中国实行中国特色社会主义,转走市场经济政策并推行中国民族主义,其国家政府主导的私有化政策被学者认为本质上已经变成了威权资本主义[51][52]国家资本主义[53]党国资本主义[54][55]。时至今日,目前的中国共产党被民间左翼学者和一些海外党派认为是实质性的威权主义、民族主义、资本主义、修正主义右翼政党[56][57][58]。此外,从中国国民党分离的国民党左翼留在中华人民共和国所建立的中国国民党革命委员会中国农工民主党一般也被认为是左翼政党,但不具备执政权,实质上类似于中共的卫星党。

中国人民大学国际关系学院政治学系教授马德勇在2014年《二十一世纪》的一篇论文中表示“需要指出的是,中国的左、右翼和其他国家的左、右翼存在很大差异……在对社会现状的批评上,中国的右翼其实更像西方的左翼;而在维护现有政治体制和既定社会秩序的态度上,中国的左翼却更像西方的右翼。”[59]

由于中华人民共和国对任何民间政治实践进行极为严格的限制,因此并无成规模和成体系的民间左翼团体或组织,但存在读书会性质的学生左翼群体(如佳士事件发生前的北大马会)和传统毛派工运网络[60]

4.5 法国

法国的主流左翼政党是不屈法国法国社会党法国共产党[61]法国的左翼早在法国大革命时已出现,当时为雅各宾俱乐部里的山岳派哥德利埃俱乐部。1871年成立全世界第一个继革命成立的左翼政权巴黎公社,但随即被保王党、资产阶级和军方势力推翻,之后成立法兰西第三共和国,此后左翼的共和党派一直主导第三共和的政治,包括通过1905年的政教分离法,把宗教组织移出公共领域。

社会党曾经是法国最大的中间偏左政党,1969年结合多个共产党以外的左翼政党成立。共产党则在1970年代后因第五共和成立和两轮投票制的选举制式微,由社会党长期主导左翼政治至2017年。1981-1995年、1997-2002年及2012-2017年在法国执政。但社会党在2017年没落,2022年总统选举第一轮只收获1.7%的选票。

现法国最大的左翼政党为不屈法国,由前社会党成员让-吕克·梅朗雄于2016年创立。 2017年总统选举第一轮得票率为19.6%,排名第四。 2022年总统选举第一轮得票率为21.9%,排名第三。两次都以微小差距未进入第二轮。2022年5月则建立了生态和社会人民新联盟以整合左翼力量,并与多数左翼政党达成一致。 2022年立法选举后一举成为国民议会最大的左翼政党。

4.6 德国

德国的主流左翼政党是德国社会民主党,另外两个左翼政党是主张绿色政治德国绿党和主张民主社会主义德国左翼党

4.7 韩国

参见:韩国自由主义

在韩国,左翼又被称为自由派(称谓参照美国的保守派和自由派,但韩美的意识形态及社会环境不太相同,左翼在韩国普遍有强烈民族主义及同情朝鲜的情怀),通常持反美反日反帝国主义、支持和平统一思想的朝鲜民族主义,对朝鲜实行人道经济援助。部分左翼人士有亲北或同情朝鲜的倾向,经常受到右翼指责,但部分的指责有失实及诬陷之嫌。

1997年大韩民国总统选举金大中代表“新政治国民会议”首次胜出总统选举,成为首位左翼总统,以及第一位在野党候选人当选总统。2000年,金大中成为首位访问朝鲜的韩国总统,朝韩并签署南北共同宣言2002年大韩民国总统选举卢武铉代表新千年民主党当选成为第二位左翼总统。在金大中和卢武铉的十年自由派执政时期(1998-2008),对北韩实施经济援助及对话(阳光政策),一改保守派数十年对朝鲜的敌对政策。但保守派批评对北韩实施经济援助只会助长朝鲜发展核武,而朝鲜在2006年亦成功核试,但通过六方会谈成功缓解冲突;对外自由派则主张与中国大陆美国维持和平友好关系,但与美国保持距离。惟总体上,韩美关系在自由派执政期间仍维持平稳发展,韩美军事同盟得以维持。

韩国政治有相当重地区主义的媒体把此概念混淆成地域感情而说,“左翼多存在于全罗南道”。更准确地说,庆尚道绝大多数支持保守派政党(保守派一般得票超过七成),全罗道大多支持自由派政党(自由派一般得票超过八成),而其他地区则存在竞争状态。这个地域分野的情况因朴槿惠弹劾案及中间派政党崛起而改变。在2017年韩国总统选举文在寅代表左翼的共同民主党当选韩国总统,是为第三位左翼总统。文在寅主张阳光政策和改善与朝鲜的关系,并推动朝鲜无核化,其主张在之后获美国总统唐纳德·特朗普的支持。2018年4月27日,金正恩到访韩国一侧的板门店,是为两韩元首第三度会面,以及金正恩和文在寅首次会面。6月13日,共同民主党在地方选举中大胜,首度取得绝大部分市道的控制权,更首次取得釜山庆尚北道

4.8 英国

工党英国最大的左翼民主社会主义政党。当中的强硬左翼则是指托尼·本恩、社会主义者运动团队和劳工左翼简报[62]以及一些托洛斯基主义团体,受到马克思主义极大的影响,而工党则主张渐进式的民主社会主义,与欧洲的其他社会主义左翼政党不同,工党作为社会主义政党,但成立初期较少受欧洲左翼的社会主义意识形态影响。

1924年,工党首次在英国执政,在获当时自由党的支持下,建立首个左翼少数党政府,但维持仅11个月,之后在1929-1931年组建第二个少数党政府,其后因大萧条而下台。战时加入保守党领导的联合政府。

1945年,工党在二战后的首次选举中取得大胜,击败保守党,建立首个多数党政府,在1945-1951年间执政。工党在执政期间,把英国变成福利国家,并建立国民保健署,自此把健保、邮政等重点产业国有化。福利国家的模式之后被保守党接受及吸纳,福利国家成为英国的模范。工党其后在1964-1976年、1974-1979年再度执政,期间把堕胎同性恋除罪化。在1980年代,保守党在撒切尔夫人领导下向右转,推行经济自由化和新自由主义的经济政策,把不少国家重要产业私有化,受到工党的强烈反对,工党继续坚持社会主义的政治纲领,导致在四次大选中大败给保守党。

自1994年托尼·布莱尔执掌工党以来,工党曾转走温和的中间路线,并以第三条道路作为指导方向,不再以加税和社会主义纲领作为主要政纲,以吸纳中产及商界支持,成功在1997年击败保守党,相隔18年再度取得执政权。布莱尔推行第三条道路的经济政策,在不少政策上与之前的保守党政府无异,除了把最低工资立法。不过,工党作为主流的左翼政党,布莱尔同意把部分国家产业市场化和减税,以及其一面倒亲美的外交政策,更在反恐战争中全面追随美国总统乔治·W·布什攻打阿富汗伊拉克,受到国内包括工党党内左翼的批评,使他的政策和功过至今备受争议。不少左翼更把布莱尔视为左翼的叛徒。

2015年9月,杰里米·科尔宾执掌工党后,工党重新走传统左翼的社会主义路线。工党在欧盟问题上取态并非一致,现时亲欧派主导工党,但疑欧派在党内有一定势力,惟不像保守党般受疑欧派主导,疑欧派和亲欧派在保守党处于均衡地位,但疑欧派占上风。

2020年4月,科尔宾下台后,在凯尔·斯塔默执掌下工党重回第三条道路的中间路线。

4.9 美国

参见:美国现代自由主义

在美国国内,自由派通常代表美国的左翼,以保守派则代表美国的右翼。民主党是美国最大的自由派政党,与保守派的共和党相对。

自1930年代罗斯福新政以来,民主党主张政府干预市场经济及国际主义,并把自由主义重新定义,形成今日的自由派。1960年代非裔美国人民权运动时期,民主党推行伟大社会及向贫穷宣战,通过1964年民权法案平权法案后,积极推动种族及性别平权,政策进一步向左倾。1973年,罗诉韦德案的州决使美国全国堕胎合法化,民主党支持维持最高法院的判决,捍卫女性的堕胎权和身体自主权。1976年美国总统选举中,共和党候选人杰拉尔德·福特特赦尼克松之举使原本知名度较低的反建制政治人物吉米·卡特在民主党初选中获胜,并在大选中击败福特。吉米·卡特上台后,推行新自由主义政策,疏远了白人蓝领工人阶级农民和郊区选民;相比亲LGBT的前总统福特采取了漠视LGBT权益的立场,疏远了LGBT选民。在1980年美国总统选举民主党初选中,泰德·肯尼迪代表这些被疏远的选民与吉米·卡特竞争,但因准备不充分而落败。而共和党内也出现了类似的派系主义问题——洛克菲勒共和党约翰·B·安德森在共和党初选落败于罗纳德·里根后,宣布以独立人士身份参选。最终大选以卡特、里根和安德森三方为主要候选人举行。在这次大选中,卡特疏远的群体除了LGBT因里根的反LGBT立场而未发生转向之外,均转向了共和党,是为里根民主党人。而安德森受到的支持主要来自于原本主要支持共和党的学界和专业界人士,这一部分人在日后又转向了民主党。这一系列选民结构调整为之后共和党多获白人蓝领工人阶级农民和郊区支持,而民主党则主要获较多非裔、拉美裔、女性、白领、学界、专业界、大城市中产和富裕阶级支持的选民结构倾向奠定了基础。

1990年代比尔·克林顿主政后,民主党以第三条道路作为指导方向,调整经济政策,成功吸纳中产及大企业的支持,不少大企业也由原本支持共和党转为支持民主党,成为民主党的主要金主。与此同时,民主党的左翼进步主义势力正不断扩展,挑战党内的主流自由派建制势力。2007年的一个统计显示,美国学术界中只有9.2%自称保守派(右翼),44%自称为自由派(左翼),46%自称为温和派(中间派)[63]。在政治学、历史学、社会科学、经济学的领域里,民主党共和党的支持比率更达至19:1。此数字之所以没有更往左的政治光谱移动,是因为绝大多数的商学与宗教哲学教授都倾向保守,才把此比率平衡掉。巴拉克·奥巴马在2009年主政后,其推行的进步主义政策成功把民主党的支持票源扩张,但同时失去白人农民和郊区的支持。2016年唐纳德·特朗普贸易保护主义为中心的选举使许多在之前选举中支持奥巴马的白人蓝领工人阶级选民转而支持特朗普

不过,虽然民主党在美国被保守派称为“左翼政党”,但事实上根据政治光谱,其社会自由主义基调更倾向于一般意义上的中间派。美国在真正意义上的泛左翼政党及组织包括有民主党左翼加入的美国民主社会主义者[64]、提倡绿色进步主义的美国绿党[65]、持传统马列主义态度的美国共产党[66]等。

5. 标志

各国左翼的社会主义政党、社会民主主义政党等绝大多数以红色粉红色为主要颜色,如英国工党法国社会党不屈法国德国社会民主党意大利民主党加拿大自由党澳大利亚工党日本共产党等。社会自由主义倾向的中左翼政党则使用其他颜色,如美国民主党、韩国共同民主党日本立宪民主党日本社会民主党等主要使用蓝色。


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