一带一路 / Belt and Road Initiative -(全文)中英文维基百科词条融合

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目录

0. 概述

0.1 地图

此图片遵循CC0协议
图片题注:红色 – 一带一路倡议的发起国(中国)。蓝色 – 已签署一带一路合作协议的参与国。黄色 – 仅参加一带一路论坛的参与国
图片来源:Flyinet
此图片遵循CC BY-SA 4.0协议
图片题注:China in Red, the members of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank in orange. The proposed corridors (main bodies) in black (Land Silk Road), and blue (Maritime Silk Road).
参考译文:红色代表中国,橙色代表亚洲基础设施投资银行成员。提议的走廊(主体)以黑色(陆上丝绸之路)和蓝色(海上丝绸之路)表示。
图片来源:Lommes
此图片遵循CC BY 4.0协议
图片题注:一带一路构想(2018年)
图片来源:Lena Appenzeller, Sabine Hecher, Janine Sack

0.2 文字说明

丝绸之路经济带和21世纪海上丝绸之路(英语:The Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st-century Maritime Silk Road[3]),简称一带一路(英语:The Belt and Road Initiative,标准英文缩写:B&R[3][国家发展改革委等部门之规定之标准译法简称为“B&R”。实践中,也有媒体使用“BRI”作为简称。]),是中华人民共和国政府于2013年倡议[4]并主导的跨国经济带[5],投资近70个国家和国际组织。[6]其范围涵盖中国历史丝绸之路海上丝绸之路行经的中国大陆中亚北亚西亚印度洋沿岸、地中海沿岸、南美洲非洲大西洋地区的重大开发计划[7]

The BRI is composed of six urban development land corridors linked by road, rail, energy, and digital infrastructure and the Maritime Silk Road linked by the development of ports.
【参考译文】“一带一路”由六条通过公路、铁路、能源和数字基础设施连接的城市发展陆上走廊,以及通过港口发展相连的“海上丝绸之路”共同组成。

Chinese Communist Party (CCP) general secretary Xi Jinping originally announced the strategy as the “Silk Road Economic Belt” during an official visit to Kazakhstan in September 2013. “Belt” refers to the proposed overland routes for road and rail transportation through landlocked Central Asia along the famed historical trade routes of the Western Regions; “road” is short for the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road, which refers to the Indo-Pacific sea routes through Southeast Asia to South Asia, the Middle East and Africa.[4]
【参考译文】2013 年 9 月,中国共产党总书记习近平在对哈萨克斯坦进行正式访问时,首次提出了“丝绸之路经济带”战略。“带”是指沿着历史上著名的西域贸易路线,穿越中亚内陆国家,建设公路和铁路运输的陆上路线;“路”是 21 世纪海上丝绸之路的简称,指的是通过东南亚到南亚、中东和非洲的印度洋-太平洋海上航线。[4]

“一带一路”被视为中共中央总书记习近平大国外交”战略的核心组成部分[2],寻求根据其不断上升的实力和地位,在全球事务中发挥更大的领导作用。[8]中华人民共和国政府称该倡议是“旨在加强区域互联互通,拥抱更美好的未来”。[9]该项目的目标完成日期为2049年,正是中华人民共和国建国百年[10]

The initiative was incorporated into the constitution of the Chinese Communist Party in 2017.[5]
【参考译文】2017 年,该倡议被写入中国共产党章程。[5]

Numerous studies conducted by the World Bank have estimated that BRI can boost trade flows in 155 participating countries by 4.1 percent, as well as cutting the cost of global trade by 1.1 percent to 2.2 percent, and grow the GDP of East Asian and Pacific developing countries by an average of 2.6 to 3.9 percent.[11][12] According to London-based consultants Centre for Economics and Business Research, BRI is likely to increase the world GDP by $7.1 trillion per annum by 2040, and that benefits will be “widespread” as improved infrastructure reduces “frictions that hold back world trade”. CEBR also concludes that the project will be likely to attract further countries to join, if the global infrastructure initiative progresses and gains momentum.[13][14][15]
【参考译文】世界银行开展的多项研究估计,“一带一路”倡议可使 155 个参与国的贸易流量增加 4.1%,同时将全球贸易成本降低 1.1% 至 2.2%,并使东亚和太平洋发展中国家的 GDP 平均增长 2.6% 至 3.9%。[11][12] 据伦敦咨询公司经济与商业研究中心称,“一带一路”倡议到 2040 年每年可能使世界 GDP 增加 7.1 万亿美元,而且随着基础设施改善减少“阻碍世界贸易的摩擦”,其益处将“广泛”。经济与商业研究中心还得出结论,如果全球基础设施倡议取得进展并获得动力,该项目可能会吸引更多国家加入。[13][14][15]

Supporters praise the BRI for its potential to boost the global GDP, particularly in developing countries. However, there has also been criticism over human rights violations and environmental impact, as well as concerns of debt-trap diplomacy resulting in neocolonialism and economic imperialism. These differing perspectives are the subject of active debate.[16]
【参考译文】支持者称赞“一带一路”倡议有潜力促进全球 GDP 增长,特别是发展中国家。然而,也有人批评“一带一路”倡议侵犯人权和影响环境,以及担心债务陷阱外交会导致新殖民主义和经济帝国主义。这些不同的观点引发了激烈的辩论。[16]

根据美国维吉尼亚州威廉与玛丽学院的对外援助数据库AidDate在2023年11月发布的报告,中国在“一带一路倡议”框架下向沿线国家出借的款项高达一万一千亿美元。其中80%的款项都在财政困难国家。自2018年起,中国政府调整政策,“一带一路倡议”框架下的投资规模明显缩小。[11]中国的角色已从全球最大的双边贷款国转变为最大的债务催收国。[12]

0.3 概况表格

1. 背景 | Background

主条目:丝绸之路海上丝绸之路

Main articles: China’s peaceful rise, Chinese Century, Beijing Consensus, and Chinese Dream
【主条目:中国和平崛起、中国世纪、北京共识和中国梦】

1.1 提出

China’s policy of channeling its construction companies abroad began with Jiang Zemin’s Go Out policy.[17]: 67  Xi Jinping‘s BRI built on and expanded this policy[17]: 67  as well as built on Jiang’s China Western Development policy.[18]: 149 
【参考译文】中国引导建筑公司走出去的政策始于江泽民的“走出去”政策。[17]: 67  习近平的“一带一路”倡议建立并扩大了这一政策[17]: 67  同时也建立在江泽民的西部大开发政策之上。[18]: 149

Xi announced the BRI concept as the “Silk Road Economic Belt” on 7 September 2013 at Nazarbayev University in Astana, Kazakhstan [17]: 75  In October 2013 during a speech delivered in Indonesia, Xi stated that China planned to build a “twenty-first century Maritime Silk Road” to enhance cooperation in Southeast Asia and beyond.[17]: 75 
【参考译文】2013 年 9 月 7 日,习近平在哈萨克斯坦阿斯塔纳纳扎尔巴耶夫大学宣布了“一带一路”倡议,即“丝绸之路经济带”[17]: 75  2013 年 10 月,习近平在印度尼西亚发表演讲时表示,中国计划建设“21 世纪海上丝绸之路”,以加强与东南亚及其他地区的合作。[17]: 75

同年11月召开的中共十八届三中全会把“一带一路”升级为国家战略[15][4]

2015年2月1日,由中共中央政治局常委、国务院副总理张高丽领导的推进“一带一路”建设工作领导小组正式成立。首任组长为张高丽,副组长为王沪宁汪洋杨晶杨洁篪

同年3月,中华人民共和国国务院总理李克强亚洲欧洲访问时进一步推广[16]“一带一路”,并将其写进政府工作报告[17]。28日,国务院授权国家发改委外交部商务部等三部委联合发布《推动共建丝绸之路经济带和21世纪海上丝绸之路的愿景与行动》白皮书[18]

The BRI is considered a central element within China’s foreign policy, and was incorporated into the CCP’s constitution in 2017 during its 19th Congress.[66][56]: 58  The BRI represents a set of policies for Chinese engagement with the global South, including diversifying resource and energy supplies, building loan-funded infrastructure using Chinese companies, creating new markets for Chinese companies, and engaging global South countries simultaneously at bilateral and regional levels.[17]: 6 
【参考译文】“一带一路”倡议被视为中国外交政策的核心要素,并于 2017 年在中国共产党第十九次全国代表大会期间被纳入党章。[66][56]: 58  “一带一路”倡议代表了中国与全球南方国家交往的一系列政策,包括实现资源和能源供应多样化、利用中国公司贷款建设基础设施、为中国公司创造新市场,以及在双边和区域层面同时与全球南方国家交往。[17]: 6

The official name for the initiative is the Silk Road Economic Belt and 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road Development Strategy (丝绸之路经济带和21世纪海上丝绸之路发展战略),[38] which was initially abbreviated as the One Belt One Road (Chinese: 一带一路) or the OBOR strategy. The English translation has been changed to the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) since 2016, when the Chinese government considered the emphasis on the words “one” and “strategy” were prone to misinterpretation and suspicion, so they opted for the more inclusive term “initiative” in its translation.[39][40] However, “One Belt One Road” is still the reference term in Chinese-language media.[41]
【参考译文】该倡议的正式名称是“丝绸之路经济带和21世纪海上丝绸之路发展战略”,[38]最初简称为“一带一路”或“OBOR战略”。2016年起,英文翻译改为“Belt and Road Initiative”(BRI),当时中国政府认为强调“一”和“战略”容易引起误解和怀疑,因此在翻译时选择了更具包容性的“倡议”一词。[39][40]不过,“一带一路”仍然是中文媒体的参考术语。[41]

With regard to China and the African countries, the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) is a significant multi-lateral cooperation mechanism for facilitating BRI projects.[67] The China-Arab States Cooperation Forum (CASCF) serves a similar coordinating role with regard to BRI projects in the Arab states.[67]
【参考译文】对中国和非洲国家而言,中非合作论坛是推进“一带一路”项目的重要多边合作机制。[67]中阿合作论坛在阿拉伯国家的“一带一路”项目中发挥着类似的协调作用。[67]

官方声言,新疆福建会成为“一带一路”的最大赢家,并获得前所未有的发展机遇。福建获批21世纪海上丝绸之路核心区。新疆被定位为“丝绸之路经济带核心区”。同时亦包括江苏浙江福建广东海南山东6个沿海省份。

1.2 目标和潜在影响

China intentionally frames the BRI flexibly in order to adapt it to changing needs or policies, such as the addition of a “Health Silk Road” during the COVID-19.[17]: 147  The Health Silk Road (HSR) is an initiative under China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) aimed at enhancing public health infrastructure and fostering international cooperation in healthcare. Initiated as part of China’s broader strategy to engage in global health governance, the HSR seeks to improve healthcare facilities, enhance disease prevention, and strengthen healthcare cooperation across participating countries. The initiative includes the construction of healthcare facilities, such as hospitals in Pakistan and Laos, and collaborative programs with global organizations like the World Health Organization. Academic Shaoyu Yuan finds that while the HSR contributes to health sector improvements in participating nations, it also prompts discussions regarding the long-term debt sustainability and the transparency of project execution. As the HSR expands, it exemplifies China’s role in global health diplomacy, reflecting a complex interplay between development goals and geopolitical strategy.[37]
【参考译文】中国有意将“一带一路”倡议(BRI)设计得灵活多变,以适应不断变化的需求或政策,例如在新冠肺炎疫情期间增加了“健康丝绸之路”。[17]:147“健康丝绸之路”(HSR)是中国“一带一路”倡议下的一个子倡议,旨在加强公共卫生基础设施建设,促进国际医疗卫生合作。作为中国参与全球卫生治理的更广泛战略的一部分,健康丝绸之路旨在改善医疗设施,加强疾病预防,并加强参与国之间的医疗卫生合作。该倡议包括建设医疗设施,如在巴基斯坦和老挝的医院,以及与世界卫生组织等全球组织的合作项目。学者袁少玉发现,虽然健康丝绸之路有助于参与国卫生部门的改善,但也引发了关于项目长期债务可持续性和执行透明度的讨论。随着健康丝绸之路的扩展,它体现了中国在全球卫生外交中的作用,反映了发展目标与地缘政治战略之间复杂的相互作用。[37]

The BRI’s stated objectives are “to construct a unified large market and make full use of both international and domestic markets, through cultural exchange and integration, to enhance mutual understanding and trust of member nations, resulting in an innovative pattern of capital inflows, talent pools, and technology databases.”[19] The Belt and Road Initiative addresses an “infrastructure gap” and thus has the potential to accelerate economic growth across the Asia Pacific, Africa and Central and Eastern Europe. A report from the World Pensions Council estimates that Asia, excluding China, requires up to US$900 billion of infrastructure investments per year over the next decade, mostly in debt instruments, 50% above current infrastructure spending rates.[20] The gaping need for long-term capital explains why many Asian and Eastern European heads of state “gladly expressed their interest in joining this new international financial institution focusing solely on ‘real assets’ and infrastructure-driven economic growth”.[21]
【参考译文】“一带一路”倡议的既定目标是“构建统一的大市场,充分利用国际国内两个市场,通过文化交流与融合,增进成员国之间的相互理解与信任,形成资本流入、人才库和技术数据库的创新模式”。[19]“一带一路”倡议解决了“基础设施缺口”,因此有可能加速亚太、非洲和中欧及东欧地区的经济增长。世界养老金理事会的一份报告估计,亚洲(不包括中国)未来十年每年需要高达 9000 亿美元的基础设施投资,其中大部分是债务工具,比目前的基础设施支出率高出 50%。[20] 对长期资本的巨大需求解释了为什么许多亚洲和东欧国家元首“欣然表示有兴趣加入这个只关注‘实物资产’和基础设施驱动经济增长的新国际金融机构”。[21]

The initial focus has been infrastructure investment, education, construction materials, railway and highway, automobile, real estate, power grid, and iron and steel.[22] Already, some estimates list the Belt and Road Initiative as one of the largest infrastructure and investment projects in history, covering more than 68 countries, including 65% of the world’s population and 40% of the global gross domestic product as of 2017.[23][24] The project builds on the old trade routes that once connected China to the west, Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta‘s routes in the north and the maritime expedition routes of Ming dynasty admiral Zheng He in the south. The Belt and Road Initiative now refers to the entire geographical area of the historic “Silk Roadtrade route, which has been continuously used in antiquity.[25]
【参考译文】最初的重点是基础设施投资、教育、建筑材料、铁路和公路、汽车、房地产、电网和钢铁。[22] 一些估计已经将“一带一路”倡议列为历史上最大的基础设施和投资项目之一,覆盖 68 多个国家,包括世界 65% 的人口和 2017 年全球 40% 的国内生产总值。[23][24] 该项目建立在曾经连接中国和西方的旧贸易路线之上,北方是马可波罗和伊本白图泰的路线,南方是明朝海军上将郑和的海上远征路线。“一带一路”倡议现在指的是历史悠久的“丝绸之路”贸易路线的整个地理区域,这条路线在古代一直被使用。[25]

The goals of the BRI were officially presented for the first time in a 2015 document, the Vision and Actions on Jointly Building Belt and Road.[17]: 76  It outlined six economic corridors for trade and investment connectivity would be implemented.[17]: 76 
【参考译文】“一带一路”倡议的目标首次在 2015 年的一份文件《推动共建“一带一路”的愿景与行动》中正式提出。[17]: 76 它概述了将实施的六条贸易和投资互联互通经济走廊。[17]: 76

The BRI develops new markets for Chinese firms, channels excess industrial capacity overseas, increases China’s access to resources, and strengthens its ties with partner countries.[17]: 34  The initiative generates its own export demand because Chinese loans enable participating countries to develop infrastructure projects involving Chinese firms and expertise.[7]: 43  The infrastructure developed also helps China to address the imbalance between its more developed eastern regions and its less developed western regions.[7]: 43 
【参考译文】“一带一路”倡议为中国企业开拓了新市场,将过剩工业产能引向海外,增加了中国获取资源的渠道,并加强了与伙伴国家的联系。[17]: 34  该倡议产生了自身的出口需求,因为中国的贷款使参与国能够开发涉及中国企业和专业知识的基础设施项目。[7]: 43  开发的基础设施还有助于中国解决东部发达地区与西部欠发达地区之间的不平衡问题。[7]: 43

For developing countries, the BRI is appealing because of the opportunities it offers to alleviate their economic disadvantages relative to Western countries.[17]: 49  The BRI offers them infrastructure development, financial assistance, and technical assistance from China.[26]: 223  The increase in foreign direct investment and increased trade linkages also increases employment and poverty alleviation for these countries.[26]: 224 
【参考译文】对于发展中国家而言,“一带一路”倡议之所以具有吸引力,是因为它提供了机会,可以减轻这些国家相对于西方国家的经济劣势。[17]: 49  “一带一路”倡议为这些国家提供来自中国的基础设施建设、财政援助和技术援助。[26]: 223  外国直接投资的增加和贸易联系的加强也为这些国家增加了就业和减贫。[26]: 224

While some countries, especially the United States, view the project critically because of possible Chinese government influence, others point to the creation of a new global growth engine by connecting and moving Asia, Europe and Africa closer together.[27]
【参考译文】虽然一些国家,尤其是美国,对该项目持批评态度,因为该项目可能受到中国政府的影响,但其他国家则指出,通过连接和拉近亚洲、欧洲和非洲之间的距离,该项目将创造新的全球增长引擎。[27]

Simon Shen and Wilson Chan have compared the initiative to the post-World War II Marshall Plan.[36] It is the largest infrastructure investment by a great power since the Marshall Plan.[7]: 1 
【参考译文】沈联涛(Simon Shen)和陈志武(Wilson Chan)将该倡议与二战后的马歇尔计划相提并论。[36]自马歇尔计划以来,这是大国进行的最大规模的基础设施投资。[7]:1

2. 国际关系 | International relations

The Belt and Road Initiative is believed by some analysts to be a way to extend Chinese economic and political influence.[24][42] Some geopolitical analysts have couched the Belt and Road Initiative in the context of Halford Mackinder‘s heartland theory.[43][44][45] Scholars have noted that official PRC media attempts to mask any strategic dimensions of the Belt and Road Initiative as a motivation,[46] while others note that the BRI also serves as signposts for Chinese provinces and ministries, guiding their policies and actions.[47] Academic Keyu Jin writes that while the BRI does advance strategic interests for China, it also reflects the CCP’s vision of a world order based on “building a global community of shared future“.[48]: 281–282 
【参考译文】一些分析人士认为,“一带一路”倡议是扩大中国经济和政治影响力的一种方式。[24][42] 一些地缘政治分析人士将“一带一路”倡议置于哈尔福德·麦金德的心脏地带理论的背景下。[43][44][45] 学者们指出,中国官方媒体试图掩盖“一带一路”倡议的任何战略层面的动机,[46] 而另一些人则指出,“一带一路”倡议也是中国各省和部委的路标,指导着他们的政策和行动。[47] 学者金刻羽写道,虽然“一带一路”倡议确实促进了中国的战略利益,但它也反映了中共基于“建设人类命运共同体”的世界秩序愿景。[48]: 281–282

China has already invested billions of dollars in several South Asian countries like Pakistan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and Afghanistan to improve their basic infrastructure, with implications for China’s trade regime as well as its military influence. This project can also become a new economic corridor for different regions. For example, in the Caucasus region, China considered cooperation with Armenia from May 2019. Chinese and Armenian sides had multiple meetings, signed contracts, initiated a north–south road program to solve even infrastructure-related aspects.[49]
【参考译文】中国已在巴基斯坦、尼泊尔、斯里兰卡、孟加拉国和阿富汗等多个南亚国家投资了数十亿美元,以改善其基础设施,这对中国的贸易体制和军事影响力都有影响。该项目还可以成为不同地区的新经济走廊。例如,在高加索地区,中国从 2019 年 5 月起考虑与亚美尼亚合作。中国和亚美尼亚双方举行了多次会谈,签署了合同,并启动了南北公路计划,以解决甚至与基础设施相关的问题。[49]

2.1 军事影响 | Military implications

The BRI has been viewed as part of a strategy to lessen the effect of choke points such as the Strait of Malacca in the event of a military conflict and to blunt the U.S. island chain strategy.[50][51][52][53] A 2023 study by AidData of the College of William & Mary determined that overseas port locations subject to significant BRI investment raise questions of dual military and civilian use and may be favorable for future naval bases.[54][55]
【参考译文】“一带一路”倡议被视为一项战略的一部分,旨在减轻军事冲突中马六甲海峡等咽喉要道的影响,并削弱美国的“岛链”战略。[50][51][52][53] 威廉玛丽学院 AidData 在 2023 年进行的一项研究表明,受到“一带一路”倡议重大投资的海外港口地点引发了军民两用问题,可能有利于未来的海军基地建设。[54][55]

Writing in 2023, David H. Shinn and academic Joshua Eisenman state that through the BRI, China seeks to strengthen its position and diminish American military influence, but that China’s BRI activity is likely not a prelude to American-style military bases or American-style global military presence.[56]: 161 
【参考译文】2023 年,戴维·H·辛恩 (David H. Shinn) 和学者约书亚·艾森曼 (Joshua Eisenman) 撰文指出,中国试图通过“一带一路”倡议加强其地位并削弱美国的军事影响力,但中国的“一带一路”活动可能并不是美国式军事基地或美国式全球军事存在的前奏。[56]: 161

Other analysts characterize China’s construction of ports which could have dual-uses as an attempt to avoid the necessity of establishing strictly military bases.[56]: 273  According to academic Xue Guifang, China is not motivated to repeat the model of the People’s Liberation Army Support Base in Djibouti.[56]: 273 
【参考译文】其他分析人士认为,中国建设军民两用港口是为了避免建立严格的军事基地。[56]: 273  据学者薛桂芳称,中国无意重复吉布提解放军支援基地的模式。[56]: 273

2.2 西方地区 | Western regions

Further information: Xinjiang conflict and Persecution of Uyghurs in China
【更多信息:“中国新疆冲突”和“对维吾尔人的迫害”词条】

Economic development of China’s less developed western regions, particularly Xinjiang, is one of the government’s stated goals in pursuing the BRI.[57][58]: 199  The strategic location of Xinjiang has also been recognized as central. In 2014, state media outlet Xinhua News Agency stated Xinjiang “connects Pakistan, Mongolia, Russia, India, and four other central Asian countries with a borderline extending 5,600 km, giving it easy access to the Eurasian heartland.”[59] Some analysts have suggested that the CCP considers Xinjiang’s local population, the Uyghurs, and their attachment to their traditional lands potential threats to the BRI’s success, or it fears that developing Xinjiang may also open it up to radicalizing Islamic influences from other states which are participating in the BRI.[60][61][62][63]
【参考译文】中国政府推行“一带一路”倡议的目标之一是发展中国欠发达西部地区,特别是新疆。[57][58]: 199  新疆的战略位置也被认为是中心。2014 年,官方媒体新华社称新疆“连接巴基斯坦、蒙古、俄罗斯、印度和其他四个中亚国家,边境线长达 5,600 公里,可轻松进入欧亚大陆腹地。”[59] 一些分析人士认为,中共认为新疆当地人口维吾尔族及其对传统土地的依恋对“一带一路”倡议的成功构成潜在威胁,或者担心发展新疆也可能使其受到参与“一带一路”的其他国家激进伊斯兰主义的影响。[60][61][62][63]

2.3 一带一路国际合作高峰论坛

维基文库中的相关原始文献:“一带一路”国际合作高峰论坛圆桌峰会联合公报

2017年5月14日与15日,“一带一路国际合作高峰论坛”(Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation)于北京举行。14日论坛场地在国家会议中心,中共中央总书记、国家主席习近平出席了开幕式,且发表了题为“携手推进‘一带一路’建设”内容的演讲[86]。130多个国家和70多个国际组织代表出席[87][88]。15日论坛场地在北京市郊雁栖湖,由29个国家的国家元首政府首脑及各国际组织代表参加了领导人圆桌峰会[89][90]。这次圆桌峰会由中共中央总书记习近平主持,中共中央政治局常委、国务院副总理张高丽也作了发言[91]

出席会议的还包括阿根廷总统马克里、白俄罗斯总统卢卡申科智利总统巴切莱特捷克总统泽曼、印度尼西亚总统佐科、哈萨克斯坦总统纳扎尔巴耶夫、肯尼亚总统肯雅塔、吉尔吉斯斯坦总统阿坦巴耶夫、老挝人革党总书记暨国家主席本扬菲律宾总统杜特尔特、俄罗斯总统普京瑞士联邦主席洛伊特哈德、土耳其总统埃尔多安、乌兹别克斯坦总统米尔济约耶夫、越南国家主席陈大光、柬埔寨首相洪森、埃塞俄比亚总理海尔马里亚姆、斐济总理姆拜尼马拉马、希腊总理齐普拉斯、匈牙利总理欧尔班、意大利总理真蒂洛尼、马来西亚总理纳吉布、蒙古国总理额尔登巴特、缅甸国务资政昂山素季、巴基斯坦总理谢里夫波兰总理希德沃、塞尔维亚总理暨当选总统武契奇、西班牙首相拉霍伊、斯里兰卡总理维克勒马辛哈等国家的领导人,以及联合国秘书长古特雷斯世界银行行长金墉国际货币基金组织总裁拉加德等国际组织的领导人[91][92]。会议最终通过了一份联合公报[92]

此外,韩国执政党共同民主党议员朴炳锡国会副议长级别)[93]朝鲜对外经济相金英宰[94]日本自民党干事长、前经济产业大臣二阶俊博英国财政大臣菲利普·哈蒙德美国特朗普政府的高级顾问兼国家安全委员会负责东亚事务的马修·波廷杰及其所在代表团分别代表本国受邀出席该峰会[95]

3. 参与方 | Membership

截至2024年3月,中华人民共和国已经与152个国家和32个国际组织签署了200多份共建“一带一路”合作文件[1][97][98][99][100]。 以下列表根据国家/地区的英文字母开头顺序排列。

发起国

3.1 当前成员 | Current members

非洲(共52国)[101]

亚洲(共39国)

欧洲(共26国)

大洋洲(共12国)

美洲(共22国)

国际组织(共32个)

3.2 已退出国家/组织 | Past members

4. 融资 | Financing

China’s investment in the BRI began at a moderate level in 2013 and increased significantly over 2014 and 2015.[84]: 214  Investment volume peaked in 2016 and 2017.[84]: 214  Afterwards, investments decreased gradually, and then significantly during the COVID-19 pandemic.[84]: 214  The BRI’s lowest investment volume was in 2023.[84]: 214 
【参考译文】中国对“一带一路”倡议的投资始于2013年,当时规模适中,并在2014年和2015年显著增长。[84]:214 投资额在2016年和2017年达到峰值。[84]:214 之后,投资额逐渐下降,在新冠肺炎疫情期间更是大幅下降。[84]:214 “一带一路”倡议的投资额在2023年降至最低。[84]:214

China’s investment in the Maritime Silk Road portion of the BRI has grown at a steady pace.[84]: 214  As of 2023, Maritime Silk Road investments were 60% of the BRI’s total investment volume.[84]: 214 
【参考译文】中国对“一带一路”倡议中海上丝绸之路部分的投资稳步增长。[84]:214 截至2023年,海上丝绸之路的投资额占“一带一路”倡议总投资额的60%。[84]:214

4.1 亚洲基础设施投资银行 | Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB)

主条目:亚洲基础设施投资银行 / Main article: Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank

此图片遵循CC BY-SA 4.0协议
图片题注:亚洲基础设施投资银行签约方和正式批准的成员  浅绿:域内签约方  深绿:域内正式成员  浅蓝:域外签约方  深蓝:域外正式成员
图片来源:L.tak

2013年10月2日,中共中央总书记中华人民共和国主席习近平雅加达与时任印度尼西亚总统苏西洛·班邦·尤多约诺举行会谈,习近平倡议筹建亚洲基础设施投资银行,促进本地区互联互通建设和经济一体化进程,向包括东南亚国家联盟在内的本地区发展中国家的基础设施建设提供资金[20]。同月,中华人民共和国国务院总理李克强出访东南亚时,紧接着再提出筹建亚投行的倡议[21]

2014年10月24日,中华人民共和国、印度、新加坡等21国在北京正式签署《筹建亚投行备忘录[22]

2015年3月12日,英国率先报名加入亚投行的意向创始成员[23][24]。次日瑞士也提出申请意愿,随后,法国、意大利、德国等发达国家也表态跟进。韩国、俄罗斯等域内国家和巴西也在申请截止日期3月31日前相继申请加入意向创始成员。

As of 2015, China announced that over one trillion yuan (US$160 billion) of infrastructure-related projects were in planning or construction.[85]
【参考译文】截至 2015 年,中国宣布有超过一万亿元人民币(1600 亿美元)的基础设施相关项目正在规划或建设中。[85]

2016年1月16日至18日,亚洲基础设施投资银行的开业仪式在北京举行,16日上午在北京钓鱼台国宾馆,中共中央总书记、中华人民共和国主席习近平出席亚投行的开业仪式并致辞,分别致辞的还有亚投行行长金立群,金立群表示,亚投行的核心价值观是“精干、廉洁和绿色”[25]。同日下午,中共中央政治局常委、中华人民共和国国务院总理李克强出席亚投行理事会成立大会并致辞[26]。在亚投行理事会成立大会第一部分议程中,中华人民共和国财政部部长楼继伟被选举为首届理事会主席。

The primary goals of AIIB are to address the expanding infrastructure needs across Asia, enhance regional integration, promote economic development and improve public access to social services.[86] At inception, the AIIB was explicitly linked to the BRI.[7]: 166  The AIIB was subsequently broadened to include investments with states that are not involved with the BRI.[7]: 166 
【参考译文】亚投行的主要目标是满足亚洲日益增长的基础设施需求,加强区域一体化,促进经济发展,改善公众获得社会服务的机会。[86] 亚投行在成立之初就明确与“一带一路”倡议挂钩。[7]: 166  亚投行随后扩大范围,包括对未参与“一带一路”倡议的国家进行投资。[7]: 166

Loans through AIIB are accessible on AIIB’s website, unlike many other forms of Chinese investment through the BRI.[17]: 85 
【参考译文】通过亚投行申请的贷款可以在亚投行的网站上获取,这与中国通过“一带一路”倡议进行的许多其他形式的投资不同。[17]: 85

4.2 丝路基金的设立 | Silk Road Fund

主条目:丝路基金 / For the main article, see Silk Road Fund.

中华人民共和国政府出资400亿美元,于2014年成立丝路基金以推动亚洲地区经济发展。基金将向“一带一路”沿线国家的基建、开发、产业合作等项目提供融资[19]。2017年,习近平再宣布向该基金增资1,000亿人民币。

The Silk Road Fund invests in BRI infrastructure, resource development, energy development, industrial cooperation, and financial cooperation.[26]: 221  The Karot Hydropower Project in Pakistan was its first project.[26]: 221–222 
【参考译文】丝路基金投资于“一带一路”基础设施、资源开发、能源开发、产能合作和金融合作。[26]: 221  巴基斯坦卡洛特水电项目是其首个项目。[26]: 221–222

4.3 中国投资有限责任公司 | China Investment Corporation

China Investment Corporation supports the BRI by investing in its infrastructure projects, participating in other BRI-related development funds, and assisting Chinese corporations with foreign mergers and acquisitions.[87]: 124  China Investment Corporation also invested in the Silk Road Fund.[26]: 221 
【参考译文】中国投资公司通过投资其基础设施项目、参与其他“一带一路”相关发展基金以及协助中国企业进行海外并购来支持“一带一路”倡议。[87]: 124  中国投资公司还投资了丝路基金。[26]: 221

CIC’s domestic subsidiary Central Huijin indirectly supports the BRI through its support of domestic financial institutions, such as policy banks or state-owned commercial banks, which in turn fund BRI projects.[87]: 124 
【参考译文】中投公司的国内子公司中央汇金通过支持国内金融机构(如政策性银行或国有商业银行)间接支持“一带一路”倡议,而这些金融机构又为“一带一路”项目提供资金。[87]: 124

4.4 政策性银行 | Policy banks

Policy banks, including the Chinese Development Bank and the Export-Import Bank of China, have important roles in funding BRI projects.[7]: 167 
【参考译文】包括中国国家开发银行和中国进出口银行在内的政策性银行在“一带一路”项目融资中发挥着重要作用。[7]: 167

4.5 其他融资 | Other financing

Between 2015 and 2020, the Bank of China lent over US$185.1 for BRI projects.[88]: 143 
【参考译文】2015 年至 2020 年,中国银行为“一带一路”项目贷款超过 1,851 亿美元。[88]: 143

As of April 2019, the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China had lent over US$100 billion for BRI projects.[88]: 143 
【参考译文】截至 2019 年 4 月,中国工商银行已为“一带一路”项目贷款超过 1,000 亿美元。[88]: 143

4.6 债务可持续性 | Debt sustainability

In 2017, China joined the G20 Operational Guidelines for Sustainable Financing and in 2019 to the G20 Principles for Quality Infrastructure Investment. The Center for Global Development described China’s New Debt Sustainability Framework as “virtually identical” to the World Bank’s and IMF’s own debt sustainability framework.[89][90] According to academic Jeremy Garlick, for many impoverished countries, China is the best available option for development finance and practical assistance.[17]: 6  Western investors and the World Bank have been reluctant to invest in troubled countries like Pakistan, Cambodia, Tajikistan, and Montenegro, which China is willing to invest in through the BRI.[17]: 146–147  Generally, the United States and EU have not offered global South countries with investment comparable to what China offers through the BRI.[17]: 147 
【参考译文】2017年,中国加入了二十国集团(G20)的《可持续融资操作指南》,并于2019年加入了G20的《高质量基础设施投资原则》。全球发展中心(Center for Global Development)将中国的新债务可持续性框架描述为与世界银行和国际货币基金组织(IMF)自身的债务可持续性框架“几乎一致”。[89][90]据学者杰里米·加里克(Jeremy Garlick)表示,对于许多贫困国家而言,中国是发展融资和实际援助的最佳选择。[17]:6 西方投资者和世界银行一直不愿投资于巴基斯坦、柬埔寨、塔吉克斯坦和黑山等陷入困境的国家,而中国则愿意通过“一带一路”倡议(BRI)向这些国家投资。[17]:146–147 通常,美国和欧盟并未向全球南方国家提供可与中国通过“一带一路”倡议提供的投资相媲美的投资。[17]:147

China is the largest bilateral lender in the world.[91] Loans are backed by collateral such as rights to a mine, a port or money.[5]
【参考译文】中国是世界上最大的双边贷款国。[91] 贷款通常以诸如矿产开采权、港口经营权或资金等作为抵押。[5]

This policy has been alleged by the U.S. Government to be a form of debt-trap diplomacy; however, the term itself has come under scrutiny as analysts and researchers have pointed out that there is no evidence to prove that China is deliberately aiming to do debt-trap diplomacy.[92] Research from Deborah Brautigam, an international political economy professor at Johns Hopkins University, and Meg Rithmire, an associate professor at Harvard Business School, have disputed the allegations of debt-trap diplomacy by China and pointed out that “Chinese banks are willing to restructure the terms of existing loans and have never actually seized an asset from any country, much less the port of Hambantota”.
【参考译文】美国政府指责这一政策是一种债务陷阱外交;然而,分析人士和研究人员指出,没有证据表明中国故意实施债务陷阱外交,因此该术语本身已受到审查。[92]约翰斯·霍普金斯大学国际政治经济学教授黛博拉·布劳提加姆(Deborah Brautigam)和哈佛商学院副教授梅格·里思米尔(Meg Rithmire)的研究反驳了中国实施债务陷阱外交的指控,并指出“中国银行愿意调整现有贷款的条款,而且从未真正夺取过任何国家的资产,更不用说汉班托塔港了”。

In an editorial letter, they argued that it was ‘long overdue’ for people to know the truth and not to have it be “willfully misunderstood”.[93] Writing in 2023, academic and former UK diplomat Kerry Brown states that China’s relationship to the Hambantota port has become the opposite of the theorized debt-trap modus operandi.[94]: 56  Brown observes that China has had to commit more money to the project, expose itself to further risk, and has had to become entangled in complex local politics.[94]: 56 As of 2024, the port has not been a significant economic success, although shipping through the port is on the increase.[7]: 69
【参考译文】在一份社论中,他们认为人们了解真相并避免“故意误解”是“当务之急且早已过时”。【93】2023年,学者兼前英国外交官克里·布朗(Kerry Brown)指出,中国对汉班托塔港口的关系与理论上的债务陷阱操作模式完全相反。【94】:56 布朗观察到,中国不得不为这个项目投入更多的资金,进一步暴露自身于风险之中,并且不得不卷入复杂的当地政治之中。【94】:56 截至2024年,该港口尚未取得显著的经济效益,尽管通过该港口的货运量有所增加。【7】:69

In his comparison of BRI loans to IMF loans and Paris Club loans, which have not been very successful in reducing the debt of developing countries, academic Jeremy Garlick concludes that there is no reason to believe the BRI framework is worse for developing countries’ debt than Western lending frameworks.[17]: 69
【参考译文】学者杰里米·加里克(Jeremy Garlick)在比较“一带一路”倡议(BRI)贷款与国际货币基金组织(IMF)贷款和巴黎俱乐部贷款时指出,后两者在减少发展中国家债务方面并未取得很大成功,他因此得出结论认为,没有理由认为“一带一路”框架对发展中国家债务的影响会比西方贷款框架更糟糕。[17]: 69

For China itself, a report from Fitch Ratings doubts Chinese banks’ ability to control risks, as they do not have a good record of allocating resources efficiently at home. This may lead to new asset quality problems for Chinese banks where most funding is likely to originate.[95]
【参考译文】就中国本身而言,惠誉评级(Fitch Ratings)的一份报告质疑中国银行控制风险的能力,因为中国银行在国内有效分配资源的记录并不佳。这可能会导致中国银行(即大部分资金可能来源的地方)出现新的资产质量问题。[95]

It has been suggested by some scholars that critical discussions about an evolving BRI and its financing needs to transcend the debt-trap diplomacy debate. This concerns the networked nature of financial centers and the vital role of advanced business services (e.g. law and accounting) that bring agents and sites into view (such as law firms, financial regulators, and offshore centers) that are generally less visible in geopolitical analysis, but vital in the financing of BRI.[96]
【参考译文】一些学者建议,对于不断发展的“一带一路”倡议(BRI)及其融资需求的批判性讨论需要超越债务陷阱外交的辩论。这涉及到金融中心的网络化特性以及高级商业服务(如法律和会计)所发挥的关键作用,这些服务将代理人和场所(如律师事务所、金融监管机构和离岸中心)纳入视野,而这些在地缘政治分析中通常不太显眼,但对于“一带一路”倡议的融资至关重要。[96]

In August 2022, China announced that it would forgive 23 of its interest-free loans to 17 African nations.[97] The loans had matured at the end of 2021.[97]
【参考译文】2022年8月,中国宣布将免除17个非洲国家的23笔无息贷款。[97]这些贷款已于2021年底到期。[97]

5. 基础设施网络 | Infrastructure networks

The BRI is composed of six urban development land corridors linked by road, rail, energy, and digital infrastructure and the Maritime Silk Road linked by the development of ports.[7]: 1 
【参考译文】“一带一路”倡议由六条通过公路、铁路、能源和数字基础设施连接的城市发展陆上走廊,以及通过港口发展连接的海上丝绸之路组成。[7]:1

The Silk Road has proven to be a productive but at the same time elusive concept, increasingly used as an evocative metaphor.[98] With China’s ‘Belt and Road Initiative’, it has found fresh invocations and audiences.[99] These are the belts in the name, and there is also a maritime silk road.[100] Infrastructure corridors spanning some 60 countries, primarily in Asia and Europe but also including Oceania and East Africa, will cost an estimated US$4–8 trillion.[101][102]
【参考译文】丝绸之路已被证明是一个富有成效但又难以捉摸的概念,现在它越来越多地被用作一种富有启发性的隐喻。[98]随着中国的“一带一路”倡议的提出,丝绸之路这一概念又找到了新的应用和受众。[99]这是名称中的“带”,此外还有一个海上丝绸之路。[100]基础设施走廊横跨约60个国家,主要位于亚洲和欧洲,也包括大洋洲和东非,预计耗资4万亿至8万亿美元。[101][102]

5.1 路上丝绸之路 | Silk Road Economic Belt

“丝绸之路经济带”简称“一带”,是中共中央总书记习近平中华人民共和国国务院总理李克强外访时向各国推广的区域经济合作战略[2][13]。从中国大陆出发,沿着陆上丝绸之路以欧洲为终点:一是经中亚、俄罗斯到达欧洲;二是新疆经巴基斯坦到印度洋、中亚与西亚到达波斯湾和地中海沿岸。中国大陆试图与这些国家及地区发展新的经济合作伙伴关系,计划加强沿路的基础建设[13],也计划消化中国大陆过剩的产能与劳动力、保障中国大陆的能源(如哈萨克斯坦石油)与粮食供给,并带动西部地区的开发[14]。“一带”连接亚太地区与欧洲,中间经过的中亚地区[13],像上海合作组织中的中国大陆俄罗斯哈萨克斯坦吉尔吉斯斯坦塔吉克斯坦乌兹别克斯坦都在丝绸之路上,其他5个观察员及3个对话伙伴也在丝绸之路沿线[14],丝绸之路经济带的核心区域包括西北的新疆青海甘肃陕西宁夏,西南的重庆四川广西云南

Besides a zone largely analogous to the historical Silk Road, an expansion includes South Asia and Southeast Asia. The BRI is important from the Southeast Asian perspective because, with the exception of Singapore, Southeast Asian countries require significant infrastructure investment to advance their development.[113]: 210 
【参考译文】除了与历史上的丝绸之路非常相似的区域外,该倡议还扩展了南亚和东南亚。从东南亚的角度来看,“一带一路”倡议很重要,因为除新加坡外,东南亚国家都需要大量基础设施投资来促进其发展。[113]: 210

Three belts are proposed. The North belt would go through Central Asia and Russia to Europe. The Central belt passes through Central Asia and West Asia to the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean. The South belt runs from China through Southeast Asia and South Asia and on to the Indian Ocean through Pakistan. The strategy will integrate China with Central Asia through Kazakhstan’s Nurly Zhol infrastructure program.[114]
【参考译文】提出了三条“一带一路”战略。北带将穿过中亚和俄罗斯到达欧洲。中带将穿过中亚和西亚到达波斯湾和地中海。南带从中国出发,穿过东南亚和南亚,再经巴基斯坦到达印度洋。该战略将通过哈萨克斯坦的“光明之路”基础设施计划将中国与中亚连接起来。[114]

The land corridors include:[100]
【参考译文】陆上走廊包括:[100]

5.1.1 中巴经济走廊

主条目:中巴经济走廊

The China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) (Chinese:中国-巴基斯坦经济走廊; Urdu: پاكستان-چین اقتصادی راہداری) is the most developed land corridor of the BRI, as of at least 2024.[7]: 42  It is a US$62 billion collection of infrastructure projects throughout Pakistan[103][104][105] which aims to rapidly modernize Pakistan’s transportation networks, energy infrastructure, and economy.[104][105][106][107] On 13 November 2016, CPEC became partly operational when Chinese cargo was transported overland to Gwadar Port for onward maritime shipment to Africa and West Asia.[108] CPEC and Gwadar port infrastructure is particularly significant because it opens routes independent of the Malacca strait.[109]: 99 
【参考译文】截至至少2024年,中巴经济走廊(CPEC)(中文;乌尔都语:پاکستان-چین اقتصادی راہداری)是“一带一路”倡议中最发达的陆上走廊。[7]:42 它是一个耗资620亿美元的基础设施项目集合,遍布巴基斯坦全境[103][104][105],旨在迅速实现巴基斯坦交通网络、能源基础设施和经济的现代化。[104][105][106][107]2016年11月13日,当中国货物通过陆路运往瓜达尔港进行后续海运至非洲和西亚时,中巴经济走廊部分投入运营。[108]中巴经济走廊和瓜达尔港基础设施尤为重要,因为它们开辟了独立于马六甲海峡的路线。[109]:99

中国大陆巴基斯坦合作开展了一系列的大型工程计划,长达3,000公里,投资460亿美元[27]。也将成为一带一路的枢纽和旗舰项目[28][29]

2013年8月27日,中巴经济走廊秘书处在巴基斯坦首都伊斯兰堡设立[30]。2014年2月,巴基斯坦总统马姆努恩·侯赛因在对中国大陆的国事访问中讨论了相关议题[31]。两个月后,巴基斯坦总理纳瓦兹·谢里夫同中华人民共和国国务院总理李克强会面讨论了项目的计划[32]。2014年11月8日,在中华人民共和国国务院总理李克强与巴基斯坦总理谢里夫的共同见证下,中华人民共和国国家发展改革委副主任、国家能源局局长吴新雄与巴基斯坦水电部常秘穆罕默德·尤尼斯·达加签署《中巴经济走廊能源项目合作的协议》[33]

2015年4月20日,在习近平访问巴基斯坦期间,双方签署了总共51个项目的合作协议和备忘录[34][35][36]

2016年11月13日,瓜达尔港正式运营。时任巴基斯坦总理谢里夫主持开幕礼时,形容“这一天是新时代的黎明”。这一仪式也标志着声名远播的中巴经济走廊(CPEC)的启动——这是指一系列中国与巴基斯坦合作的大型工程计划,覆盖地区绵延2000公里,也是中国“一带一路”战略计划的枢纽和旗舰项目。[37]

2017年4月,为对接“一带一路”建设,巴基斯坦当局计划在中巴经济走廊项下建设九个工业园。以利用巴基斯坦的资源和劳动力优势,吸引中国大陆劳动密集型产业的转移,培育巴基斯坦的产业集群[38]。5月,中国大陆投资500亿美元,在巴基斯坦印度河流域建设5个水库。建成的水电站可释放的电能占巴基斯坦全国水电总量的2/3[39]。此外,双方还积极推动瓜达尔-新疆公路走廊建设,在配套的港口和高速公路建成后,巴基斯坦可以直接向中国西北地区输送海鲜等内陆地区少见的商品,巴基斯坦政府预计相关贸易可带来约80亿美元的产值[40]

2017年5月,中巴双方在伊斯兰堡签署水利合作备忘录。根据备忘录,中方将投资建设印度河流域的5个水库项目,其中包括印巴争议的克什米尔地区最大水坝迪阿莫-巴沙大坝。该水坝项目的融资请求此前接连遭到世界银行亚洲开发银行拒绝,巴方其后与中国大陆进行合作[41]。但同年11月,巴基斯坦政府又宣布拒绝中国大陆开出的融资条件,指中方要求对该水坝及附近另一水坝的完全控制权和安保权之条件,“是无法接受、也是违背巴方利益的”,巴方其后宣布将自行筹建水坝[42][43]。但随后,中国大陆国家发改委官员表示,“中国和巴基斯坦正就巴沙大坝项目合作事宜保持接触。但该项目尚未纳入中巴经济走廊能源项目清单,中巴两国行业主管部门也未就巴沙大坝的开发方案开展交流”,并指媒体报称的中方条件“不存在”[44]

2018年1月4日,巴基斯坦央行宣布自当日起中国大陆和巴基斯坦之间的双边贸易可以通过人民币进行结算,放弃美元结算[45]。同期,巴基斯坦军方宣布确认采购中国054A型护卫舰,并组建一支配备JF-17“枭龙”多用途战机的空军中队驻防俾路支省,以维护中巴经济走廊、震慑恐怖分子[46]

5.1.2 新亚欧大陆桥

主条目:中欧班列

The New Eurasian Land Bridge, which runs from Western China to Western Russia through Kazakhstan, and includes the Silk Road Railway through China’s Xinjiang Autonomous Region, Kazakhstan, Russia, Belarus, Poland and Germany. Astana, Kazakhstan is a major hub for the BRI, including related financial services and legal services.[7]: 45  Khorgos which straddles the Kazakhstan-China border, is the major dry port for this corridor and is the place where rail cargo switches from the standard gauge used in China to the wider gauge used in the former Soviet Union.[7]: 57 
【参考译文】新亚欧大陆桥从中国西部经哈萨克斯坦延伸至俄罗斯西部,包括丝绸之路铁路,途经中国新疆自治区、哈萨克斯坦、俄罗斯、白俄罗斯、波兰和德国。哈萨克斯坦阿斯塔纳是一带一路的主要枢纽,包括相关金融服务和法律服务。[7]: 45  横跨哈萨克斯坦和中国边境的霍尔果斯是这条走廊的主要陆港,也是铁路货物从中国使用的标准轨距转换为前苏联使用的更宽轨距的地方。[7]: 57

为加强与欧洲国家的商业贸易联络,中华人民共和国政府和中国铁路总公司与中亚和欧洲各国铁路系统协作,开行从西安重庆郑州成都等地到达米兰莫斯科明斯克汉堡等地的国际联运列车——中欧班列。截至2017年5月19日,中欧班列累计开行突破4,000列,中国境内开行城市28个,到达欧洲11个国家29座城市。中欧班列的运行时间比海运节省四分之三,价格约为航空的五分之一,能够便利对交货时限有要求的大宗电商产品、轻工及高科技电子产品以及需要冷藏的葡萄酒等食品的运输[47]

中方与哈萨克斯坦、俄罗斯共同推动欧亚高铁建设,其中欧亚高铁霍尔果斯至莫斯科段已确定走线并将率先开工[48]。2015年6月18日,中铁二院俄罗斯企业合作,准备新建莫斯科-喀山高速铁路并与俄罗斯铁路公司正式签约,总金额约24亿人民币、设计时速最高将达到400公里[49]

此外,中方还与哈萨克斯坦、俄罗斯联合修建“西欧—中国西部国际公路”(双西公路)。该条国际高速公路东起中国江苏省连云港市,西至俄罗斯圣彼得堡,与欧洲公路网相连,总长8,445公里,其中俄罗斯境内段长2,233公里,中国境内段长3,425公里,哈萨克斯坦境内段长2,787公里[50]。双西公路最早于2006年11月由中国、哈萨克斯坦两国共同提出,俄罗斯其后加入该项目[50]。2008年,中哈双方同时启动项目建设。2015年,中俄蒙宣布推动制定并商签《中俄蒙国际道路运输发展政府间协定》[51]。该公路中国境内段已于2017年11月完成了建设,哈萨克斯坦段业已基本完成,俄罗斯段预计于2020年之前完成[50]

同时,中方还牵头在东南欧地区开展了港口、公路、铁路、发电站等基础设施建设,亦通过中资商业银行向有关项目发放贷款。同时,中方将希腊比雷埃夫斯港作为中心,承接从“一带一路”沿线发出的海陆联运货物,以此构建“巴尔干丝绸之路”[52]。中方还计划在捷克匈牙利波兰保加利亚罗马尼亚等东欧国家大力投资能源项目,以提高其在东欧地区能源领域的影响力[53]

2019年4月,德国联邦经济事务和能源部部长彼得·阿尔特迈尔表示,德国、法国、西班牙和英国各自都派代表参加了本次的“一带一路”论坛。欧盟对“一带一路”已经展示了“很高的团结度(great majority united)”,欧盟相信以此可以展示其共同的立场[54]。欧盟内几个大国想通过集体形式,签署“一带一路”合作备忘录,而不是以双边形式(欧盟各国和中国分别签署)与中方展开合作[54]

5.1.3 中蒙俄经济走廊

The China–Mongolia–Russia Economic Corridor,[7]: 39  running from Northern China through Mongolia to the Russian Far East. The Russian government-established Russian Direct Investment Fund and China’s China Investment Corporation, a Chinese sovereign wealth fund, partnered in 2012 to create the Russia-China Investment Fund, which concentrates on opportunities in bilateral integration.[110][111]
【参考译文】中蒙俄经济走廊[7]:39从中国北部出发,途经蒙古国,最终到达俄罗斯远东地区。2012年,由俄罗斯政府设立的俄罗斯直接投资基金与中国的中国投资有限责任公司(一家中国主权财富基金)合作,共同创立了中俄投资基金,该基金专注于双边一体化中的机遇。[110][111]

5.1.4 中国-中亚-西亚经济走廊

主条目:中国-中亚-西亚经济走廊

The China–Central Asia–West Asia Corridor, which will run from Western China to Turkey.
【参考译文】中国—中亚—西亚走廊,该走廊将从中国西部延伸至土耳其。

中华人民共和国国务院总理李克强在西亚等地区积极开展“高铁外交”[76],并将之作为“一带一路”倡议的承接点。2014年7月25日,中国海外修建的第一条高速铁路——安卡拉-伊斯坦布尔高速铁路,由土耳其首都安卡拉至最大城市伊斯坦布尔高速铁路的二期工程宣告通车[77]。其后,中方与土方签订了金额约350亿欧元的高铁合作框架协议。但由于中土双方在援助贷款方面无法达成一致,土耳其政府转而寻求德国西门子公司的合作,由德方为土耳其提供贷款和经济援助[78][79][80]

2019年10月一带一路专案中的该年最大项目-科威特巨型炼油厂完工,中国石化承建比工期提前40天交付工期共三年,有六套重型炼油设备,[81]成为中东地区最大炼油厂,能让科威特每年增产3150万吨石油。科威特艾哈迈迪省项目代理穆斯塔法表示难以置信在极短时间内如此大型炼油厂能建造完成[82]

2020年6月19日,土耳其中央银行宣布,自当月18日起,土耳其开始以人民币结算从中国进口的商品[83]

2024年6月6日,中吉乌铁路项目中国吉尔吉斯斯坦乌兹别克斯坦三国政府间协定签字仪式在北京举行[84]。 吉尔吉斯斯坦总统扎帕罗夫表示,这是三国共建“一带一路”的旗舰工程,建成后将成为亚洲到欧洲和波斯湾国家的新运输线,对促进沿线各国乃至整个地区互联互通、加强经贸往来意义重大。乌兹别克斯坦总统米尔济约耶夫称,中吉乌铁路可打通南亚、中东国家大市场,有利于进一步扩大地区国家对华合作。[85]

图5.1.5 中国-中南半岛经济走廊

主条目:中国-中南半岛经济走廊区域全面经济伙伴关系协定

The China-Indochina Peninsula economic corridor, which will run from Southern China to Singapore.
【参考译文】中国-印度支那半岛(中南半岛)经济走廊将从中国华南地区延伸至新加坡。

为进一步加强与东南亚国家的经贸联系,中华人民共和国政府积极推动区域全面经济伙伴关系协定(RCEP)的谈判进程[64]。这一协定由东南亚国家联盟十国发起,由日本中华人民共和国韩国印度澳大利亚新西兰这些和东盟有自由贸易协定(FTA)的六方共同参加,共计16个国家所构成的高级自由贸易协定。有媒体认为中华人民共和国政府主导了该协定的谈判进程[64],RCEP协议基于开放的进入模式,使得此协议也向其他外部经济体开放,比如中亚国家、南亚及大洋洲其他国家[65]

中方积极寻求建设泛亚铁路用以沟通中国与东南亚各国。2015年9月上旬,中泰签署中泰铁路合作的政府间框架协议,泰国交通部长阿空表示,中泰高铁的具体施工日期已经敲定为2017年12月21日,预计于2021年至2022年建设完成。将建设从昆明曼谷长约840公里的高速铁路[66]。2015年10月16日,由中国铁路总公司牵头的中国企业联合体与印尼维卡公司牵头的印尼国企联合体签署协议,双方组建合资公司负责建设和运营雅万高铁项目。2015年11月13日,中国和老挝举行铁路项目签约仪式,将建设云南省会昆明老挝首都万象的高铁,全长418公里,项目总投资400亿元人民币。[67],之后确定在老挝段的磨万铁路计划于2021年12月通车[68]。2021年12月3日,中老铁路已全面通车。

马来西亚总理马哈蒂尔以抨击前首相诸多工程而上台倾向做出调整以展现自身差异,中方参与建设马来西亚东海岸铁路与西海岸新隆高铁以推动区域交通线建设。2017年8月9日,由中国进出口银行提供贷款、中国交建承建的马来西亚东海岸铁路项目在关丹开工[69]。该铁路全线规划总长688公里,工程合同工期7年,维护期2年,客运设计时速为160公里[69]。时任马来西亚交通部长廖中莱曾表示,“东海岸铁路投入使用后将紧密连接马来半岛东西海岸,造福沿线440万民众”[69]。但2018年马哈蒂尔当选马来西亚总理后,宣布将对该铁路项目进行重新谈判[70]。另一方面,马哈蒂尔还于当年5月宣布将取消新隆高铁项目[69]。但其后他又改口称该铁路项目只是被“推迟”而非“取消”[71]。2018年9月12日,马来西亚财政部长林冠英证实首相马哈蒂尔决定,取消3个中资石油与天然气输送管道工程,总价约28亿美元的项目已经同年7月被暂停[72]

2018年9月中方运作下以新加坡出面重谈新隆高铁项目后新约签成重新启动,新加坡副总理兼国家安全部长张志贤以及马国首相马哈蒂尔和副首相万·阿齐扎,一起见证了这一签署仪式,原计划以延期五年重谈为延期两年且马来西亚愿支付1,500万新元赔偿金[73]。2019年4月马来西亚东海岸铁路项目新计划签署重新开工,总长度将较原来的688公里削减40公里至648公里,计划中的一些站点被取消以削减预算215亿林吉特,广西民族大学东盟研究中心研究员葛红亮认为在东南亚很多国家的带路项目推进都有类似现象,当地领导人会进行一种重谈再重启,以展现自身为民众看紧荷包的样貌达成国内的因素和本身的选举意图,包括中泰铁路缅甸莱比塘铜矿斯里兰卡汉班托塔港等,中方只要预作准备满足这些政治表演就能顺利推进,因为这些领导人内心多半还是急需一带一路项目的政绩。[74]

2019年11月印尼明古鲁燃煤电站完工,由中国电力建设集团兴建,是明古鲁省首个火电厂也是最大外资计划[75],年发电量大约14亿度。

5.1.6 跨喜马拉雅立体互联互通网络

The Trans-Himalayan Multi-dimensional Connectivity Network, which will turn Nepal from a landlocked to a land-linked country.
【参考译文】跨喜马拉雅立体互联互通网络,将使尼泊尔从一个内陆国家变成一个陆联国家。

5.1.7 进展和现状

This kind of connectivity is the focus of BRI efforts because China’s significant economic growth has been supported by exports and the overland import of major quantities of raw materials and intermediate components.[109]: 98 
【参考译文】这种连通性是“一带一路”倡议工作的重点,因为中国显著的经济增长一直得益于出口以及从陆路大量进口原材料和中间组件。[109]:98

By 2022, China had built cross-border highways and expressway networks to almost every nearby region.[109]: 99 
【参考译文】截至2022年,中国已几乎与所有邻近地区建成了跨境高速公路和快速公路网。[109]:99

Railway connectivity is a major focus of the BRI.[7]: 62  Use of BRI-related rail surged after the COVID-19 pandemic, which had congested air freight and sea shipping, and hampered port access.[109]: 99  As of 2024, multiple BRI railway projects were branded as the China Railways Express, which linked approximately 60 Chinese cities to approximately 50 European cities.[7]: 62 
【参考译文】铁路连通性是“一带一路”倡议的重点之一。[7]:62 新冠肺炎疫情暴发后,由于空运和海运拥堵,港口进出受限,与“一带一路”倡议相关的铁路使用量大增。[109]:99 截至2024年,多个“一带一路”铁路项目被冠以“中欧班列”品牌,将大约60个中国城市与大约50个欧洲城市连接起来。[7]:62

5.2 21世纪海上丝绸之路 | 21st Century Maritime Silk Road

Main article: 21st Century Maritime Silk Road / 主条目:海上丝绸之路

“21世纪海上丝绸之路”简称“一路”,则是沿着海上丝绸之路。自中国大陆由沿海港口过南海到印度洋,延伸至欧洲,或是从中国大陆沿海港口过南海到南太平洋。21世纪海上丝绸之路的主要航点包括:泉州、福州、广州、海口、北海、河内、吉隆坡、雅加达、科伦坡、加尔各答、内罗毕、雅典、威尼斯。以发展中国大陆和东南亚南亚中东北非欧洲各国的经济合作。21世纪海上丝绸之路,是2013年10月习近平访问东盟时提出的战略构想,着眼于与东盟建立战略伙伴十周年这一新的历史起点,为进一步深化双方合作,提出“21世纪海上丝绸之路”的战略构想。

As a result, Poland, the Baltic States, Northern Europe, and Central Europe are also connected to the maritime silk road and logistically linked to East Africa, India and China via the Adriatic ports and Piraeus. All in all, the ship connections for container transports between Asia and Europe will be reorganized. In contrast to the longer East Asian traffic via north-west Europe, the southern sea route through the Suez Canal towards the junction Trieste shortens the goods transport by at least four days.[32][33][34]
【参考译文】因此,波兰、波罗的海国家、北欧和中欧也通过亚德里亚海港口和比雷埃夫斯港与海上丝绸之路相连,并与东非、印度和中国在物流上实现了连接。总之,亚洲与欧洲之间的集装箱运输航线将得到重新整合。与经过西北欧的东亚航线相比,通过苏伊士运河的南部航线到达的里雅斯特交汇点,至少可以将货物运输时间缩短四天。[32][33][34]

According to estimates in 2019, the land route of the Silk Road remains a niche project and the bulk of the Silk Road trade continues to be carried out by sea. The reasons are primarily due to the cost of container transport. The maritime Silk Road is also considered to be particularly attractive for trade because, in contrast to the land-based Silk Road leading through the sparsely populated Central Asia, there are on the one hand, far more states on the way to Europe and, on the other hand, their markets, development opportunities, and population numbers are far larger. In particular, there are many land-based links, such as the Bangladesh-China-India-Myanmar Corridor (BCIM). Due to the attractiveness of this now subsidized sea route and the related investments, there have been major shifts in the logistics chains of the shipping sector in recent years.[119] Due to its unique geographical location, Myanmar is viewed to be playing a pivotal role in China’s BRI projects.[120]
【参考译文】据2019年的估算,丝绸之路的陆路运输仍然是一个小众项目,丝绸之路贸易的大部分仍然通过海运进行。这主要是由于集装箱运输的成本原因。与途经人口稀少的中亚地区的陆上丝绸之路相比,海上丝绸之路在贸易方面被认为更具吸引力,因为一方面通往欧洲的路上有更多的国家,另一方面,这些国家的市场、发展机会和人口数量要大得多。特别是,还有许多陆路连接线路,如孟加拉国—中国—印度—缅甸经济走廊(BCIM)。由于这条目前受到补贴的海上路线及其相关投资的吸引力,近年来航运部门的物流链发生了重大变化。[119]由于缅甸独特的地理位置,它在中国的“一带一路”项目中发挥着至关重要的作用。[120]

From the Chinese point of view, Africa is important as a market, raw material supplier and platform for the expansion of the new Silk Road – the coasts of Africa should be included. In Kenya’s port of Mombasa, China has built a rail and road connection to the inland and to the capital Nairobi. To the northeast of Mombasa, a large port with 32 berths including an adjacent industrial area including infrastructure with new traffic corridors to South Sudan and Ethiopia is being built. A modern deep-water port, a satellite city, an airfield and an industrial area are being built in Bagamoyo, Tanzania. Further towards the Mediterranean, the Teda Egypt special economic zone is being built near the Egyptian coastal town of Ain Sochna as a joint Chinese-Egyptian project.[121][122]
【参考译文】从中国的角度来看,非洲作为市场、原材料供应地以及新丝绸之路扩展的平台具有重要意义,非洲的海岸线也应被纳入其中。在肯尼亚的蒙巴萨港,中国已经修建了通往内陆和首都内罗毕的铁路和公路连接。在蒙巴萨东北部,正在建设一个拥有32个泊位的大型港口,包括一个相邻的工业区,以及通往南苏丹和埃塞俄比亚的新交通走廊等基础设施。在坦桑尼亚的巴加莫约,正在建设一个现代化的深水港、一座卫星城、一座机场和一个工业区。再往地中海方向,中埃合资的泰达埃及特别经济区正在埃及海滨小镇艾因苏赫纳附近建设。[121][122]

As part of its Silk Road strategy, China is participating in large areas of Africa in the construction and operation of train routes, roads, airports and industry. In several countries, such as Zambia, Ethiopia and Ghana, dams have been built with Chinese help. In Nairobi, China is funding the construction of the tallest building in Africa, the Pinnacle Towers. With the Chinese investments of 60 billion dollars for Africa announced in September 2018, on the one hand, sales markets are created, and the local economy is promoted, and, on the other hand, African raw materials are made available for China.[123]
【参考译文】作为丝绸之路战略的一部分,中国正参与非洲大片地区的铁路、公路、机场和工业设施的建设与运营。在赞比亚、埃塞俄比亚和加纳等多个国家,中国帮助修建了大坝。在内罗毕,中国正在资助建造非洲最高的建筑——Pinnacle Towers。2018年9月,中国宣布对非洲投资600亿美元,一方面创造了销售市场,促进了当地经济发展,另一方面也为中国提供了非洲的原材料。[123]

One of the Chinese bridgeheads in Europe is the port of Piraeus. Overall, Chinese companies are to invest a total of 350 million euros directly in the port facilities there by 2026 and a further 200 million euros in associated projects such as hotels.[124] In Europe, China wants to continue investing in Portugal with its deep-water port in Sines, but especially in Italy and there at the Adriatic logistics hub around Trieste. Venice, the historically important European endpoint of the maritime Silk Road, has less and less commercial importance today due to the shallow depth or silting of its port.[125]
【参考译文】中国在欧洲的一个桥头堡是比雷埃夫斯港。总体而言,中国公司计划到2026年直接向该港口的设施投资3.5亿欧元,并额外向酒店等相关项目投资2亿欧元。[124]在欧洲,中国希望通过锡尼什深水港继续在葡萄牙投资,但特别是在意大利,以及的里雅斯特周围的亚德里亚海物流中心进行投资。威尼斯是海上丝绸之路历史上重要的欧洲终点,但由于港口较浅或淤积,其今天的商业重要性已越来越小。[125]

The international free zone of Trieste provides in particular special areas for storage, handling and processing as well as transit zones for goods.[126][127] At the same time, logistics and shipping companies invest in their technology and locations in order to benefit from ongoing developments.[128][129] This also applies to the logistics connections between Turkey and the free port of Trieste, which are important for the Silk Road, and from there by train to Rotterdam and Zeebrugge. There is also direct cooperation, for example between Trieste, Bettembourg, and the Chinese province of Sichuan. While direct train connections from China to Europe, such as from Chengdu to Vienna overland, are partially stagnating or discontinued, there are (as of 2019) new weekly rail connections between Wolfurt or Nuremberg and Trieste or between Trieste, Vienna and Linz on the maritime Silk Road.[130][131]
【参考译文】的里雅斯特国际自由区特别提供了用于储存、装卸和加工货物的特殊区域,以及货物过境区。[126][127]同时,物流和航运公司也在投资技术和场地,以便从当前的发展中获益。[128][129]这也适用于土耳其与的里雅斯特自由港之间对丝绸之路至关重要的物流联系,以及从那里通过铁路运往鹿特丹和泽布吕赫的路线。还有直接的合作,例如的里雅斯特、贝特堡与中国四川省之间的合作。虽然从中国到欧洲的直接铁路连接,如从成都经陆路到维也纳的线路,部分处于停滞或已中断状态,但(截至2019年)已开辟了新的每周铁路连接线路,包括沃尔夫尔特或纽伦堡与的里雅斯特之间,以及的里雅斯特、维也纳和林茨之间的海上丝绸之路线路。[130][131]

There are also extensive intra-European infrastructure projects to adapt trade flows to current needs. Concrete projects (as well as their financing), which are to ensure the connection of the Mediterranean ports with the European hinterland, are decided among others at the annual China-Central-East-Europe summit, which was launched in 2012. This applies, for example, to the expansion of the Belgrade-Budapest railway line, the construction of the high-speed train between Milan, Venice and Trieste[132] and connections on the Adriatic-Baltic and Adriatic-North Sea axis. Poland, the Baltic States, Northern Europe and Central Europe are also connected to the maritime Silk Road through many links and are thus logistically networked via the Adriatic ports and Piraeus to East Africa, India and China. Overall, the ship connections for container transport between Asia and Europe will be reorganized. In contrast to the longer East Asia traffic via northwest Europe, the south-facing sea route through the Suez Canal towards the Trieste bridgehead shortens the transport of goods by at least four days.[133]
【参考译文】此外,还有广泛的欧洲内部基础设施项目,旨在使贸易流通适应当前需求。确保地中海港口与欧洲内陆连接的具体项目(及其融资)等,是在2012年启动的每年举办的中国—中东欧国家领导人峰会上决定的。例如,这适用于贝尔格莱德-布达佩斯铁路线的扩建、米兰-威尼斯-的里雅斯特之间的高速铁路建设[132]以及亚德里亚海-波罗的海和亚德里亚海-北海轴线的连接。波兰、波罗的海国家、北欧和中欧也通过许多连接线与海上丝绸之路相连,因此可以通过亚德里亚海港口和比雷埃夫斯港在物流上与东非、印度和中国联网。总体而言,亚洲和欧洲之间的集装箱运输航线将重新组织。与经由西北欧的较长东亚航线相比,通过苏伊士运河面向南方的、前往的里雅斯特桥头堡的海上航线将货物运输时间缩短了至少四天。[133]

According to a study by the University of Antwerp, the maritime route via Trieste dramatically reduces transport costs. The example of Munich shows that the transport there from Shanghai via Trieste takes 33 days, while the northern route takes 43 days. From Hong Kong, the southern route reduces transport to Munich from 37 to 28 days. The shorter transport means, on the one hand, better use of the liner ships for the shipping companies and, on the other hand, considerable ecological advantages, also with regard to the lower CO2 emissions, because shipping is a heavy burden on the climate. Therefore, in the Mediterranean area, where the economic zone of the Liverpool–Milan Axis meets functioning railroad connections and deep-water ports, there are significant growth zones. Henning Vöpel, Director of the Hamburg World Economic Institute, recognizes that the North Range (i.e. transport via the North Sea ports to Europe) is not necessarily the one that will remain dominant in the medium term.[134]
【参考译文】根据安特卫普大学的一项研究,经过的里雅斯特的海上航线显著降低了运输成本。以慕尼黑为例,从上海经过的里雅斯特运往慕尼黑需要33天,而北部航线需要43天。从香港出发,南部航线将运往慕尼黑的运输时间从37天缩短至28天。较短的运输时间一方面意味着航运公司能更好地利用班轮,另一方面也意味着在减少二氧化碳排放方面也带来了巨大的生态优势,因为航运对气候有很大影响。因此,在地中海地区,利物浦-米兰轴线的经济区与发达的铁路连接和深水港口交汇,形成了显著的增长区。汉堡世界经济研究所所长海宁·沃佩尔认为,北线(即通过北海港口运往欧洲的航线)并不一定会成为中期占据主导地位的航线。[134]

From 2025, the Brenner Base Tunnel will also link the upper Adriatic with southern Germany. The port of Trieste, next to Gioia Tauro the only deep water port in the central Mediterranean for container ships of the seventh generation, is therefore a special target for Chinese investments. In March 2019, the China Communications Construction Company (CCCC) signed agreements to promote the ports of Trieste and Genoa. Accordingly, the port’s annual handling capacity will be increased from 10,000 to 25,000 trains in Trieste (Trihub project) and a reciprocal platform to promote and handle trade between Europe and China will be created. It is also about logistics promotion between the North Adriatic port and Shanghai or Guangdong. This also includes a state Hungarian investment of 100 million euros for a 32 hectare logistics center and funding from the European Union of 45 million euros in 2020 for the development of the railway system in the port city.[135]
【参考译文】从2025年起,布伦纳基线隧道也将把上亚德里亚地区与德国南部连接起来。因此,的里雅斯特港(与焦亚陶罗港同为地中海中部第七代集装箱船的唯一深水港)成为中国投资的重点目标。2019年3月,中国交通建设集团有限公司(中交集团)签署了促进的里雅斯特港和热那亚港发展的协议。据此,的里雅斯特港的年货物处理能力将从10,000列火车提升至25,000列(Trihub项目),并将建立一个互惠平台,以促进和处理的里雅斯特港和欧洲与中国之间的贸易。这也涉及北亚德里亚港与上海或广东之间的物流促进。此外,匈牙利政府投资1亿欧元建设一个32公顷的物流中心,欧盟也于2020年拨款4,500万欧元用于发展该港口城市的铁路系统。[135]

Furthermore, the Hamburg port logistics group HHLA invested in the logistics platform of the port of Trieste (PLT) in September 2020.[136] In 2020, Duisburger Hafen AG (Duisport), the world’s largest intermodal terminal operator, took a 15% stake in the Trieste freight terminal.[137] There are also further contacts between Hamburg, Bremen and Trieste with regard to cooperation.[138] There are also numerous collaborations in the Upper Adriatic, for example with the logistics platform in Cervignano.[139] In particular, the area of the upper Adriatic is developing into an extended intersection of the economic areas known as the Blue Banana and the Golden Banana. The importance of the free port of Trieste will continue to increase in the coming years due to the planned port expansion and the expansion of the Baltic-Adriatic railway axis (Semmering Base Tunnel, Koralm Tunnel and in the wider area Brenner Base Tunnel).[140][141][142]
【参考译文】此外,汉堡港口物流集团(HHLA)于2020年9月投资了的里雅斯特港的物流平台(PLT)。[136]2020年,世界最大的多式联运码头运营商杜伊斯堡港口股份公司(杜伊斯堡港)取得了的里雅斯特货运码头15%的股份。[137]汉堡、不莱梅和的里雅斯特之间也在开展进一步的合作接触。[138]上亚德里亚地区也在开展诸多合作,例如与切尔维尼亚诺的物流平台之间的合作。[139]特别是上亚德里亚地区正在发展成为经济区域“蓝香蕉”和“金香蕉”的延伸交汇区。由于计划中的港口扩建和波罗的海-亚德里亚铁路轴线的扩建(包括塞默林基线隧道、科拉尔姆隧道以及更大范围的布伦纳基线隧道),的里雅斯特自由港的重要性将在未来几年继续提升。[140][141][142]

5.3 冰上丝绸之路 | Ice Silk Road

In addition to the Maritime Silk Road, Russia and China are reported to have agreed to jointly build an ‘Ice Silk Road’ along the Northern Sea Route in the Arctic, along a maritime route within Russian territorial waters.[143][144]
【参考译文】据报道,除海上丝绸之路外,俄罗斯和中国还同意沿北极的北冰洋航线,即俄罗斯领海内的海上航线,共同建设一条“冰上丝绸之路”。[143][144]

China COSCO Shipping Corp. has completed several trial trips on Arctic shipping routes, and Chinese and Russian companies are cooperating on oil and gas exploration in the area and to advance comprehensive collaboration on infrastructure construction, tourism and scientific expeditions.[144]
【参考译文】中国远洋海运集团已完成多次北极航线的试航,中俄企业正在该区域开展油气勘探合作,并推动基础设施建设、旅游和科学考察等领域的全面合作。[144]

5.4 数字丝绸之路 | Digital Silk Road

In 2015, Xi announced the Digital Silk Road.[7]: 71  The Digital Silk Road is a component of the BRI which includes digital technological development, the development of digital standards, and the expansion of digital infrastructure.[145]: 177–188 Its stated aim is to improve digital connectivity among participating countries, with China as the main driver of the improved digital infrastructure, with the benefit to China of reducing its reliance on American digital technology.[146]: 205  It has also been called a way to export China’s system of mass surveillance and censorship, according to rights group Article 19.[147][148]
【参考译文】2015 年,习近平宣布了“数字丝绸之路”倡议。[7]: 71 “数字丝绸之路”是“一带一路”倡议的组成部分,包括数字技术开发、数字标准制定和数字基础设施扩建。[145]: 177–188 其既定目标是改善参与国之间的数字连通性,中国是改善数字基础设施的主要推动力,中国将从中受益,从而减少对美国数字技术的依赖。[146]: 205 人权组织第十九条称,这也被称为中国输出大规模监视和审查制度的一种方式。[147][148]

Like the BRI more broadly, the Digital Silk Road is not monolithic and involves many actors across both China’s public and private sectors.[146]: 205  Alibaba supplies a significant amount of technology for the Digital Silk Road.[149]: 272 
【参考译文】与更广泛的“一带一路”倡议一样,“数字丝绸之路”也不是铁板一块,涉及中国公共和私营部门的许多参与者。[146]: 205  阿里巴巴为“数字丝绸之路”提供了大量技术。[149]: 272

China frames the Digital Silk Road as part of an effort to create a community of common destiny in cyberspace.[7]: 72  A key component of the strategy is to build digital infrastructure in areas of the global south where private providers have not been willing to develop infrastructure and where local governments do not have the capacity to do so.[7]: 76  China’s willingness to develop digital infrastructure in such locations is in part due to the expectation that future population growth will be especially high in global south regions.[7]: 76–77 
【参考译文】中国将数字丝绸之路视为构建网络命运共同体努力的一部分。[7]:72这一战略的关键组成部分是在全球南方地区建设数字基础设施,而这些地区恰恰是私营提供者不愿开发基础设施、地方政府也无力这样做的地区。[7]:76 中国愿意在这些地方发展数字基础设施,部分原因是预期未来全球南方地区的人口增长将会尤其迅速。[7]:76-77

As part of the Digital Silk Road, China built 34 terrestrial cables and dozens of underwater cables within 12 BRI countries in Asia, Africa, and Europe over the period 2017–2022.[145]: 180  Digital Silk Road-related investments in projects outside China reached an estimated US$79 billion as of 2018.[146]: 205 
【参考译文】作为数字丝绸之路的一部分,中国在2017年至2022年期间,在亚洲、非洲和欧洲的12个“一带一路”倡议国家内建设了34条陆地光缆和数十条海底光缆。[145]:180 截至2018年,中国在境外与数字丝绸之路相关的项目投资额估计已达790亿美元。[146]:205

At the opening ceremony of the first Belt and Road Forum, Xi Jinping emphasized the importance of developing a Digital Silk Road through innovation in intelligent cities concepts, the digital economy, artificial intelligence, nanotechnology, and quantum computing.[145]: 77 
【参考译文】在首届“一带一路”国际合作高峰论坛开幕式上,习近平强调了通过智慧城市理念、数字经济、人工智能、纳米技术和量子计算等领域的创新来发展数字丝绸之路的重要性。[145]:77

The Eurasian Economic Union members cooperate with the Digital Silk Road and have incorporated Chinese technologies into their digital infrastructure.[150]: 187 
【参考译文】欧亚经济联盟成员国与数字丝绸之路开展合作,并将中国技术融入其数字基础设施中。[150]:187

5.5 超级电网 | Super grid

The super grid project aims to develop six ultra high voltage electrical grids across China, Northeast Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, Central Asia and West Asia. The wind power resources of Central Asia would form one component of this grid.[151][152]
【参考译文】特高压电网项目旨在开发中国、东北亚、东南亚、南亚、中亚和西亚的六个特高压电网。中亚的风力资源将成为该电网的组成部分之一。[151][152]

5.6 另外提出的 | Additionally proposed

The Bangladesh–China–India–Myanmar Economic Corridor (BCIM) was proposed to run from southern China to Myanmar and was initially officially classified as “closely related to the Belt and Road Initiative”.[153] Since the second Belt and Road Forum in 2019, BCIM has been dropped from the list of projects due to India’s refusal to participate in the Belt and Road Initiative.[154]
【参考译文】中缅孟印经济走廊(BCIM)被提议从中国南部延伸至缅甸,并最初被正式归类为“与一带一路计划密切相关”。[153] 自2019年第二届“一带一路”国际合作论坛以来,由于印度拒绝参与一带一路计划,BCIM已从项目清单中删除。[154]

6. 项目 | Projects

For a more comprehensive list, see List of projects of the Belt and Road Initiative.
【如需更详细的列表,请参见“‘一带一路’倡议的项目清单”词条。】

China has engaged 149[156] countries and 30 international organizations in the BRI.[157] Infrastructure projects include ports, railways, highways, power stations, aviation and telecommunications.[158] The flagship projects include the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor, the Boten–Vientiane railway in Laos and Khorgos land port.[159][160][161] The launch of the China-Europe Freight Train (CEFT) preceded the BRI but was later incorporated into the BRI.[7]: 120 
【参考译文】中国已与149个国家[156]和30个国际组织[157]开展了“一带一路”合作。基础设施项目包括港口、铁路、公路、电站、航空和电信。[158]旗舰项目包括中巴经济走廊、老挝万象-磨丁铁路以及霍尔果斯陆港。[159][160][161]中欧班列(CEFT)的启动早于“一带一路”倡议,但后来被纳入其中。[7]:120

Interpretations of which projects are part of the BRI can differ because the Chinese government does not publish a comprehensive list of projects.[7]: 60–61  The Chinese Academy of Sciences takes a narrow definition, including only projects derived from, or included in, cooperation dialogues between China and other BRI countries.[162]: 223 
【参考译文】哪些项目属于“一带一路”倡议可能会因解读不同而有所差异,因为中国政府并未公布一个全面的项目清单。[7]:60-61 中国科学院的定义较为狭隘,仅包括源于或包含在中国与其他“一带一路”国家之间合作对话中的项目。[162]:223

6.1 腐败丑闻 | Corruption scandals

There is limited data on corruption involving the BRI in Chinese government sources.[163] In response to public corruption scandals such as the bribery and money laundering conviction of BRI advocate Patrick Ho, in 2019, the CCP’s Central Commission for Discipline Inspection announced that it would embed officers in countries participating in the BRI.[164] A 2021 analysis by AidData at the College of William & Mary found that Pakistan, Indonesia, Malaysia, Vietnam, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan, Papua New Guinea, Cambodia, Mozambique, and Belarus, were the top countries for reported corruption scandals involving BRI projects.[165]
【参考译文】中国政府消息来源中有关“一带一路”腐败的数据有限。[163] 为应对“一带一路”倡导者何志平受贿和洗钱等公共腐败丑闻,2019 年,中共中央纪律检查委员会宣布将在参与“一带一路”的国家派驻官员。[164] 威廉玛丽学院 AidData 在 2021 年进行的一项分析发现,巴基斯坦、印度尼西亚、马来西亚、越南、肯尼亚、吉尔吉斯斯坦、巴布亚新几内亚、柬埔寨、莫桑比克和白俄罗斯是涉及“一带一路”项目腐败丑闻最多的国家。[165]

6.2 生态问题 | Ecological issues

Approximately 54% of the BRI’s energy projects are in clean energy or alternative energy sectors.[84]: 216 
【参考译文】“一带一路”倡议的能源项目中约有 54% 属于清洁能源或替代能源领域。[84]: 216

The Belt and Road initiative has attracted attention and concern from environmental organizations. A joint report by the World Wide Fund for Nature and HSBC argued that the BRI presents significant risks as well as opportunities for sustainable development. These risks include the overuse of natural resources, the disruption of ecosystems, and the emission of pollutants.[166] Coal-fired power stations, such as Emba Hunutlu power station in Turkey, are being built as part of BRI, thus increasing greenhouse gas emissions and global warming.[167] Glacier melting as a result of excess greenhouse gas emissions, endangered species preservation, desertification and soil erosion as a result of overgrazing and over farming, mining practices, water resource management, and air and water pollution as a result of poorly planned infrastructure projects are some of the ongoing concerns as they relate to Central Asian nations.[168]
【参考译文】“一带一路”倡议引起了环保组织的关注和担忧。世界自然基金会与汇丰银行联合发布的一份报告指出,“一带一路”倡议既为可持续发展带来了重大机遇,也带来了显著风险。这些风险包括自然资源过度使用、生态系统破坏和污染物排放。[166]作为“一带一路”倡议的一部分,正在建设燃煤电站,如土耳其的埃姆巴·胡努特卢电站,这将增加温室气体排放,加剧全球变暖。[167]中亚国家目前面临的一些持续关注的问题包括:温室气体排放过多导致冰川融化、濒危物种保护、过度放牧和过度耕作、采矿活动导致荒漠化和水土流失、水资源管理、以及基础设施项目规划不善导致的空气和水污染。[168]

A point of criticism of the BRI overall relates to the motivation of pollution and environmental degradation outsourcing to poorer nations, whose governments will disregard the consequences. In Serbia, for instance, where pollution-related deaths already top Europe, the presence of Chinese-owned coal-powered plants have resulted in an augmentation in the country’s dependency on coal, as well as air and soil pollution in some towns.[169] BRI coal projects accounted for as much as 42% of China’s overseas investment in 2018,[170] and 93% of energy investments of the BRI-linked Silk Road Fund go to fossil fuels.[171]
【参考译文】对“一带一路”倡议的一项总体批评是,其动机是将污染和环境退化外包给较贫穷的国家,而这些国家的政府会不顾后果。例如,在塞尔维亚,与污染相关的死亡人数已经位居欧洲之首,中国拥有的燃煤电厂的存在导致该国对煤炭的依赖加剧,一些城镇的空气和土壤也受到污染。[169]2018年,“一带一路”煤炭项目占中国海外投资的42%,[170]而与“一带一路”相关的丝绸之路基金93%的能源投资都流向了化石燃料。[171]

The development of port infrastructure and increasing shipping associated with the maritime Belt and Road Initiative could impact sensitive species and marine habitats like coral reefs, mangroves, seagrass meadows and saltmarsh.[172]
【参考译文】与海上丝绸之路倡议相关的港口基础设施的发展和日益增加的航运可能会对珊瑚礁、红树林、海草甸和盐沼等敏感物种和海洋栖息地造成影响。[172]

A report by the United Nations Development Programme and the China Center for International Economic Exchanges frame the BRI as an opportunity for environmental protection so long as it is used to provide green trade, finance, and investment in alignment with each country’s implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals.[173] Other proposals include providing financial support for BRI member countries aiming to fulfill their contribution to the Paris Agreement, or providing resources and policy expertise to aid the expansion of renewable energy sources such as solar power in member countries.[174][175]
【参考译文】联合国开发计划署和中国国际经济交流中心的一份报告将“一带一路”倡议视为环境保护的机遇,只要它被用于提供绿色贸易、金融和投资,并与各国实施可持续发展目标保持一致。[173]其他建议包括为“一带一路”倡议成员国提供财政支持,以助力其履行《巴黎协定》承诺,或提供资源和政策专业知识,帮助成员国扩大太阳能等可再生能源。[174][175]

China views the concept of ecological civilization as part of the BRI.[7]: 85 
【参考译文】中国视生态文明理念为“一带一路”倡议的一部分。

The Belt and Road Initiative International Green Development Coalition (BRIGC) was launched during the 2nd Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation in April 2019.[56]: 60  It aims to “integrate sustainable development, in particular environmental sustainability, international standards and best practices, across the… priorities of the Belt and Road Initiative”.[176][177][178] However, many scholars are unsure whether these best practices will be implemented. All BRI-specific environmental protection goals are outlined in informal guidelines rather than legally binding policies or regulations.[174][179] Moreover, member nations may choose to prioritize economic development over environmental protections, leading them to neglect to enforce environmental policy or lower environmental policy standards.[180] This could cause member nations to become “pollution havens” as Chinese domestic environmental protections are strengthened, though evidence of this currently happening is limited.[181][182]
【参考译文】“一带一路”国际绿色发展联盟(BRIGC)于2019年4月举办的第二届“一带一路”国际合作高峰论坛期间成立。[56]:60 它旨在“将可持续发展,特别是环境可持续性、国际标准和最佳实践,融入‘一带一路’倡议的……优先事项中”。[176][177][178]然而,许多学者不确定这些最佳实践是否会得到落实。所有针对“一带一路”倡议的环保目标均列于非正式指南中,而非具有法律约束力的政策或法规。[174][179]此外,成员国可能会选择优先发展经济而非环境保护,导致它们忽视环境政策的执行或降低环境政策标准。[180]这可能会使成员国在中国国内环保力度加强的同时成为“污染避风港”,尽管目前发生这种情况的证据有限。[181][182]

Based on the most recent report from the Green Finance and Development center, which reports on the environmental progress of Belt and Road Initiative investment, there is evidence which shows that China has been successful in following the informal guidelines laid out by the BRIGC.[183] Many of the southeast Asia and eastern Europe countries that China seeks to work with through the BRI prioritize sustainable development.[7]: 87  China has responded by emphasizing a “Green Silk Road” and promoting harmony between humanity and the environment.[7]: 87  Chinese BRI investment in 2023 show that the year has been China’s “greenest” yet since the project’s inception when it comes to clean energy investment.[184] China made its largest ever contribution to investment in the green-energy sector, with US$7.9 billion being devoted to solar and wind power development, with projects being built in Brazil and Indonesia.[185][183][186] A further US$1.9 billion was invested in hydropower industry, including BRI hydroelectric dam projects in Cambodia, Pakistan, Uganda, Tajikistan, Georgia, Myanmar and Indonesia.[7]: 86 [183] There are additional solar and wind farm projects in Kazakhstan and Pakistan.[7]: 86 
【参考译文】根据绿色金融与发展中心发布的最新报告,该报告反映了“一带一路”倡议投资在环境方面的进展,有证据表明,中国在遵循“一带一路”国际绿色发展联盟制定的非正式指南方面取得了成功。[183]中国试图通过“一带一路”倡议与之合作的许多东南亚和东欧国家都将可持续发展列为优先事项。[7]:87中国对此作出回应,强调建设“绿色丝绸之路”,促进人与环境的和谐。[7]:872023年中国在“一带一路”倡议下的投资显示,就清洁能源投资而言,这是该项目自启动以来中国“最绿色”的一年。[184]中国在绿色能源领域的投资额创历史新高,其中79亿美元用于太阳能和风能开发,相关项目正在巴西和印度尼西亚建设。[185][183][186]另有19亿美元投资于水电行业,包括在柬埔寨、巴基斯坦、乌干达、塔吉克斯坦、格鲁吉亚、缅甸和印度尼西亚的“一带一路”水电站项目。[7]:86[183]哈萨克斯坦和巴基斯坦还有额外的太阳能和风能发电站项目。[7]:86

In September 2021, Xi Jinping announced that his country will “step up support” for developing countries to adopt “green and low-carbon energy” and will no longer be financing overseas coal-fired power plants.[187] Xi has seemingly failed to live up to this pledge, as there has been expressed interest by China in providing financial and technically support for new coal-fired power projects. In January 2023, Pakistan announced that it had approved the construction of a Chinese-funded 300 MW coal-fired power plant in Gwadar, Pakistan.[188] More recently in January 2024, a 380 MW coal-fired power plant started operation in Sulawesi, Indonesia.[183]
【参考译文】2021 年 9 月,习近平宣布,中国将“加大支持”发展中国家采用“绿色低碳能源”,不再为海外燃煤电厂提供资金。[187] 习近平似乎未能兑现这一承诺,因为中国已表示有兴趣为新的燃煤发电项目提供资金和技术支持。2023 年 1 月,巴基斯坦宣布已批准在巴基斯坦瓜达尔港建设一座由中国出资的 300 兆瓦燃煤电厂。[188] 最近,2024 年 1 月,一座 380 兆瓦燃煤电厂在印度尼西亚苏拉威西岛投入运营。[183]

6.3 侵犯人权的指控 | Allegations of human rights violations

A 2021 analysis by AidData at the College of William & Mary found that 35 percent of BRI infrastructure projects have encountered “major implementations problems” such as labor violations, corruption, environmental hazards, and public protests.[189][165]
【参考译文】威廉与玛丽学院 AidData 2021 年的一项分析发现,35% 的“一带一路”基础设施项目遇到了“重大实施问题”,例如劳工违规、腐败、环境危害和公众抗议。[189][165]

According to a report by American NGO China Labor Watch, there are widespread human rights violations concerning Chinese migrant workers sent abroad. The Chinese companies allegedly “commit forced labor” and usually confiscate the workers’ passports once they arrive in another country, make them apply for illegal business visas and threaten to report their illegal status if they refuse to comply, refuse to give adequate medical care and rest, restrict workers’ personal freedom and freedom of speech, force workers to overwork, cancel vacations, delay the payment of wages, publish deceptive advertisements and promises, browbeat workers with high amount of damages if they intend to leave, provide bad working and living conditions, punish workers who lead protests and so on.[190][191]
【参考译文】据美国非政府组织中国劳工观察的一份报告称,中国外派劳工普遍存在侵犯人权行为。中国公司涉嫌“强迫劳动”,通常在工人抵达另一个国家后没收他们的护照,强迫他们申请非法商务签证,并威胁如果他们拒绝遵守就会举报他们的非法身份,拒绝提供足够的医疗和休息,限制工人的个人自由和言论自由,强迫工人加班,取消假期,拖延支付工资,发布欺骗性广告和承诺,以高额赔偿金威胁工人离开,提供恶劣的工作和生活条件,惩罚领导抗议的工人等等。[190][191]

7. 反应(观点)| Reactions

Generally, it is more important for China to persuade its domestic audiences of the benefits of BRI than it is to persuade foreign audiences at-large.[17]: 148  Academic Jeremy Garlick writes that this is a reason why the Chinese government presents the BRI in a way more intuitively understandable to domestic than global audiences.[17]: 148 
【参考译文】一般来说,对中国来说,说服国内受众了解“一带一路”的好处比说服国外受众更重要。[17]: 148  学者 Jeremy Garlick 写道,这就是为什么中国政府以一种比全球受众更直观理解的方式介绍“一带一路”的原因。[17]: 148

Former EU diplomat Bruno Maçães describes the BRI as the world’s first transnational industrial policy because it goes beyond national policy to influence the industrial policy of other states.[7]: 165 
【参考译文】前欧盟外交官 Bruno Maçães 将“一带一路”描述为世界上第一个跨国产业政策,因为它超越了国家政策,影响了其他国家的产业政策。[7]: 165

支持者称赞“一带一路”倡议有可能提高全球GDP,尤其是发展中国家更能受惠。反对者则批评倡议,开发过程侵犯人权和影响环境,另外,包括美国政府在内的一些政府指控“一带一路”是通过债务陷阱外交新殖民主义和经济帝国主义[132]

至于着重海路与陆路的交通展望,也因多种层面考虑有不同看法,水路不用维护,运量、路线皆可随业主想法调整,巨大容积也可以当外海漂浮仓库使用[133],而陆路首先要可行性研究,适合协调班次时效性较强、需求稳定的产品,加上所经之处战乱势力的矛盾,部分沿路国家租地合约、基础建设与打通关系,经济浮动大,所以经营需谨慎为之[134]

中国大陆方面准备了亚投行丝路基金来进行投资[135]

7.1 支持的 | Support

截止2022年3月为止,已有146个国家或地区支持一带一路倡议,当中139个国家已与中华人民共和国签署谅解备忘录。[127]

中华人民共和国的官方立场是认为“一带一路”倡议坚持共商、共建、共享的原则,努力实现沿线区域基础设施更加完善,更加安全高效,以形成更高水准的陆海空交流网路。同时使投资贸易的便利化水准更有效的提升,建立高品质、高标准的自由贸易区域网。以使沿线各国经济联系更加紧密,政治互信更加的深入,人文交流更加的广泛[136]又认为该倡议为商品提供了市场,改善了基础设施,创造了就业机会,刺激了工业化,扩大了技术转让,从而使一带一路国家受益。[137]并且否认一带一路为“中国版马歇尔计划”或“债务陷阱外交”的说法[138]

俄罗斯是中方早期的合作伙伴,目前俄中双方共有天然气管道、极地丝绸之路等150个共同项目。2015年3月,俄罗斯第一副总理伊戈尔·舒瓦洛夫说:“俄罗斯不应将丝绸之路经济带视为对其传统区域势力范围的威胁,而是应将其视为欧亚经济联盟的机遇。”[139]

2016年6月,波兰总统安杰伊·杜达会见中共中央总书记兼中国国家主席习近平,称波兰企业将从“一带一路”倡议中受益匪浅。[140][141]杜达与习近平签署战略伙伴关系宣言,重申波中视对方为长期战略伙伴。[142]

丁薛祥主持在香港举行的第八届“一带一路”高峰论坛,发表主旨演讲,强调中央支持香港长期保持独特地位优势,巩固地位提出四点希望,包括完善金融服务、聚焦专业人才、加强人文交流和加强与友好城市交流,指香港前景广阔大有可为。[143]

香港特别行政区政务司司长张建宗表示,广深港高铁香港段港珠澳大桥莲塘香园围口岸“三通”是“一带一路”发展基础,有利发展粤港澳大湾区一带一路[144]

新加坡经济富裕,基础设施建设不需要大量的外部融资或技术援助,但是多次支持“一带一路”并在相关项目上与中方合作,以寻求增加全球影响力,并加强与“一带一路”沿线国家的经济联系。新加坡也是该项目最大的投资者之一。此外,新加坡的大力支持还有一个战略因素,就是确保不会有一个单一国家会主导亚洲经济,暗指中国能成为制衡美国的因素。[145]

菲律宾历来与美国关系密切,但在菲律宾总统罗德里戈·罗阿·杜特尔特领导下,菲律宾调整其政策,支持南海的“一带一路”项目,并希望能为菲律宾带来大规模基础设施的扩张计划。[146]

2017年,英国财长菲利普·哈蒙德表示英国是一带一路的计划的“天然合作伙伴”,向世界表明英国脱离欧盟后仍然是世界贸易的坚定支持者,以期减少因退出单一市场后英国对外贸易的不确定性而为英国经济带来的障碍[147]

2017年,希腊经济学家及前财政部长扬尼斯·瓦鲁法基斯写道,他在参与“一带一路”倡议方面的经历感到非常令人鼓舞。他说,北京设法将自身利益和耐心的投资态度,与一次又一次谈判的真诚承诺相结合,以达成最后互利的协议。[148]

沙特阿拉伯王储穆罕默德·本·萨勒曼·本·阿卜杜勒-阿齐兹·阿勒沙特于2019年2月访华时表态支持一带一路倡议,并代表沙特与华签订280亿美元订单[149]

2019年4月,在第二届阿拉伯环境与发展论坛期间,中华人民共和国与18个阿拉伯国家开展了“共建一带一路,共享发展与繁荣”的一系列伙伴关系。非洲国家的普遍立场认为,“一带一路”倡议是摆脱外援和影响的巨大机遇。[150]

希腊、克罗地亚和其他14个东欧国家已经加入“一带一路”框架。2019年3月,意大利成为七国集团中第一个加入“一带一路”的成员。意大利及中华人民共和国签署了一份价值25亿欧元的谅解备忘录,涵盖运输、物流和港口基础设施等一系列领域。[151]

马来西亚最初批评“一带一路”,但马哈蒂尔·穆罕默德在2019年转为承诺支持“一带一路”项目。他表示,他完全支持“一带一路”倡议,认为马来西亚将从“一带一路”中受益。马哈蒂尔说“一带一路”可以使中亚的内陆国家更近海洋,借此增加财富并减少贫困。[152],同时认为,“穷国没有能力在开放、自由的贸易中与富国较量,必须是公平贸易才行”。[153]

微软公司前董事长比尔·盖茨是一带一路计划的明确支持者,至2017年止至少七次访问中国大陆,其认为很多民众因为经济竞争落败而产生“向内看”的心态对世界是危险的,因此盛赞一带一路战略,让多国纷纷加入,就是走出去帮助其他国家,并佩服习近平的国内脱贫战略,而全球的脱贫进展能造成世界更稳定和每个人更大利益[154],“盖兹基金会”正在和中华人民共和国商务部农业部合作,共同推进非洲农业的可持续发展,同时认同中方以核能解决全球变暖的策略是最务实可行,与他长期观点相同,他旗下泰拉能源将与中国大陆核电企业探讨第四代反应堆的建设[155]

全球经济顾问在2019年进行的一项研究预测,到2040年“一带一路”倡议可以使世界GDP每年增加7.1万亿美元。[156]

7.2 反对与批评 | Opposition

主要来自包括美国在内的非参与国的一些观察者对计划持疑态度,并将“一带一路”倡议形容以中国大陆为中心的国际贸易网络计划,试图在全球事务中迈向主导地位,并且建立以中国大陆为中心的贸易网络[157][158][111]作为回应,美国、日本和澳大利亚等西方盟国在2021年七国集团的推出“重建更好世界”(B3W)倡议,用来抗衡“一带一路”倡议。[159]在2022年,七国集团又提出“全球基础设施和投资伙伴关系”(PGII)计划,被认为是反制“一带一路”倡议的“B3W”的后续,而“重建更好世界”则“消失无踪”。[160]

The United States proposes a counter-initiative called the “Free and Open Indo-Pacific strategy” (FOIP). US officials have articulated the strategy as having three pillars: security, economics, and governance.[207] At the beginning of June 2019, there has been a redefinition of the general definitions of “free” and “open” into four stated principles: respect for sovereignty and independence; peaceful resolution of disputes; free, fair, and reciprocal trade; and adherence to international rules and norms.[208]
【参考译文】美国提出了一项名为“自由开放的印度太平洋战略”(FOIP)的反制计划。美国官员表示,该战略有三大支柱:安全、经济和治理。[207] 2019 年 6 月初,“自由”和“开放”的一般定义被重新定义为四项原则:尊重主权和独立;和平解决争端;自由、公平和互惠贸易;遵守国际规则和规范。[208]

印度政府官员多次反对“一带一路”倡议,[161]他们认为“中巴经济走廊”项目忽视了印度对其主权和领土完整的基本关切,三国在喀什米尔地区有领土纷争,而中巴经济走廊会穿越巴控克什米尔(巴基斯坦实际控制区),这点触动了印度的神经。[162]

According to a report by Reuters, in 2019 the United States Central Intelligence Agency began a clandestine campaign on Chinese social media to spread negative narratives about the Xi Jinping administration in an effort to influence Chinese public opinion against the government. The CIA promoted narratives that CCP leaders were hiding money overseas and that the BRI was corrupt and wasteful. As part of the campaign, the CIA also targeted foreign countries where the United States and China compete for influence.[213][214]
【参考译文】据路透社报道,2019 年,美国中央情报局开始在中国社交媒体上秘密传播有关习近平政府的负面言论,试图影响中国公众对政府的看法。中情局宣传中共领导人在海外藏钱以及“一带一路”倡议腐败和浪费的言论。作为该行动的一部分,中情局还针对美国和中国争夺影响力的外国。[213][214]

美国企业研究所常驻学者Derek Scissors表示,习近平的“一带一路”宏伟计划已受到中国大陆外汇储备大幅下降的阻碍。此外,中国大陆庞大的债务也给经济带来沉重负担。牛津经济研究院(Oxford Economics)亚洲研究主管高路易(Louis Kuijs)在一份研报中称,不存在中国大陆挤走其他放贷者的危险。前世界银行中国局局长、现任华盛顿布鲁金斯学会资深研究员杜大伟(David Dollar)认为中国大陆可以利用其规模虽已缩小但依旧庞大的经常项目盈余为海外基础设施建设提供资金[163]。德国科隆经济研究所也认为,由于大量放贷,中国大陆自身也因此面临不小的金融压力。[164]

“一带一路”倡议也引来台湾方面的担心,中华民国(台当局)国防部发表研究报告表明,“一带一路”明显针对美国太平洋局势,战略上会令台湾边缘化[165][166]台湾学者授陈俐甫认为“一带一路”令北京的影响力大增,或会令北京有能力向对方提出政治要求,在国际事务上压制台湾,比如联合多国反对台湾加入国际组织、要求更改对台湾的称呼(台湾省中国台湾)等等[167]

2023年7月30日,意大利国防部长克罗塞托表示该国2019年加入“一带一路”倡议是“草率、糟糕透顶”的决定[168]。意大利总理格鲁吉亚·梅洛尼表示意大利会考虑退出一带一路倡议[169]。12月6日,意大利政府的一位消息人士表示,意大利已正式退出一带一路倡议。[170]

2024年6月4日,美国总统拜登表示,一带一路倡议已成为“令人讨厌的失败倡议”。[171]

7.3 混合 | Mixed

越南因边境及南海等问题与中华人民共和国不和,因此在支持或反对“一带一路”问题上犹豫不决。[172]

意大利和希腊加入“一带一路”倡议的同时,其他欧洲国家陷入了矛盾的争论中。德国总理安格拉·默克尔指加入“一带一路”的前题是必须能为欧洲带来一定的互惠性,而他们仍在为这一点争论不休。2019年1月,法国总统埃马纽埃尔·马克龙表示:“古代丝绸之路绝不仅仅是中国的……新的道路不能只走一条路。”[151]欧盟委员会主席让-克洛德·容克和前日本首相安倍晋三于2019年9月在布鲁塞尔签署基础设施协议,以应对中国的“一带一路”倡议,并连接欧亚,协调基础设施、交通和数字项目。[173]

2018年,澳大利亚东南部维多利亚州州长丹尼尔·安德鲁斯签署了关于“一带一路”倡议的谅解备忘录,以建立基础设施联系并进一步加强与中国的关系。[174]内政部长彼得·达顿(Peter Dutton)将“一带一路”倡议描述为“来自中国的宣传倡议”,并且带来了“巨大的外国干涉”,又说“维多利亚州需要解释为什么它是该国唯一签署该协议的州”。总理斯科特·莫里森表示,维多利亚州的行为是本应由联邦政府作出的政策,并表示不支持该决定,认为这是关于国家利益问题,应由联邦政府决定。[175][176][174]

2021年4月21日,澳大利亚外长马里斯·佩恩宣布废除澳大利亚维多利亚州政府与中国签订的“一带一路”备忘录和框架协议,并表示被废除的协议“与澳大利亚的外交政策相抵触或不利于我们的外交关系”[177];当日中国驻澳使馆发言人对此表示不满与反对,认为是澳大利亚“又一无理挑衅行径”[178]

South Korea has tried to develop the “Eurasia Initiative” (EAI) as its own vision for an east–west connection. In calling for a revival of the ancient Silk Road, the main goal of President Park Geun-hye was to encourage a flow of economic, political, and social interaction from Europe through the Korean Peninsula. Her successor, President Moon Jae-in announced his own foreign policy initiative, the “New Southern Policy” (NSP), which seeks to strengthen relations with Southeast Asia.[217]
【参考译文】韩国一直试图将“欧亚倡议”作为东西方联系的愿景。朴槿惠总统呼吁复兴古代丝绸之路,其主要目标是鼓励欧洲通过朝鲜半岛进行经济、政治和社会互动。朴槿惠的继任者文在寅总统宣布了自己的外交政策倡议——“新南方政策”,旨在加强与东南亚的关系。[217]

In 2017, former secretary of state Henry Kissinger stressed that cooperation between the US and Chinese governments was preferable to a race towards a new cold war. In his view the United States should embed itself into the Belt and Road Initiative by way of joining the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, which would allow the United States to legitimately object to Chinese diplomatic over-reach.[218][219]
【参考译文】2017 年,前(美国)国务卿亨利·基辛格强调,中美两国政府之间的合作比新冷战的竞赛更可取。他认为,美国应该通过加入亚洲基础设施投资银行的方式融入“一带一路”倡议,这将使美国有理由反对中国过度的外交扩张。[218][219]

In October 2024, Brazil opted against joining the BRI.[231][232]
【参考译文】2024 年 10 月,巴西选择不加入“一带一路”倡议。[231][232]

7.4 新殖民主义和债务陷阱外交的指责 | Accusations of neo-colonialism and debt-trap diplomacy

Main article: Debt-trap diplomacy / 主条目:债务陷阱外交

7.4.1 指责 | Accusations

有人担心该“一带一路”项目是一种新殖民主义,包括美国在内的一些政府指责“一带一路”是债务陷阱外交,这术语是由印度智库布拉玛·切拉尼创造的,[191]于2017年首次使用,并在一年内就传遍了媒体、情报界和西方政府。[192]比如,由美国政府资助的媒体美国之音就批评中国大陆藉“一带一路”等方式向亚太部分国家提供贷款,进行“债务外交”,指过分借贷会导致国家主权陷入中国的手中,[193]另外也有一些国家也有同样担忧。[194][195]

The concept of debt-trap diplomacy was first coined by an Indian think tank, the New Delhi-based Centre for Policy Research, before being picked up and expanded on by papers by two Harvard students, which subsequently gained media attention in the mainstream press.[235]
【参考译文】债务陷阱外交的概念最早是由印度智库——位于新德里的政策研究中心提出的,后来被两名哈佛学生在论文中引用和扩展,随后引起了主流媒体的关注。[235]

一些人士认为,这种做法凸显了中华人民共和国的霸权意图及其对国家主权的挑战。[196]2018年8月,一个由16名美国参议员组成的跨党派团体指中国债务陷阱外交有危险,“美国必须反击中国企图将其他国家扣为人质并强制赎金以推进其地缘战略目标的企图”。[197]美国国务卿迈克·蓬佩奥在2018年10月的一次演讲中表示,这些贷款是通过贿赂以提供便利的,他指控“中国向各国高级领导人行贿,以换取基础设施项目”。[198][199]

China contends that the initiative has provided markets for commodities, improved prices of resources, and thereby reduced inequalities in exchange, improved infrastructure, created employment, stimulated industrialization, and expanded technology transfer, thereby benefiting host countries.[236]
【参考译文】中国认为,“一带一路”建设提供了大宗商品市场,改善了资源价格,从而减少了交换不平等,改善了基础设施,创造了就业机会,刺激了工业化,扩大了技术转让,从而使东道国受益。[236]

印度评论员查特吉(S. K. Chatterji)认为这是中华人民共和国对领土申索的战略。[200]查特吉认为中方正利用债务陷阱来淡化目标国家的主权,利用大量外借金钱给予与其有领土争议的国家以换取在领土谈判上的优势。[201]

另外也有人指控中华人民共和国政府在批出贷款时并不透明及非竞争性定价,有指在这些项目中,合同必须交给中国国有或国有关联公司,而这些公司的价格远高于市场价格。[202]

Tanzanian President John Magufuli said the loan agreements of BRI projects in his country were “exploitative and awkward”.[237] He said Chinese financiers set “tough conditions that can only be accepted by mad people,” because his government was asked to give them a guarantee of 33 years and an extensive lease of 99 years on a port construction. Magufuli said Chinese contractors wanted to take the land as their own, but his government had to compensate them for drilling the project construction.[238]
【参考译文】坦桑尼亚总统约翰·马古富力表示,该国“一带一路”项目的贷款协议“剥削性十足,令人尴尬”。[237] 他说,中国金融家设定的条件“只有疯子才能接受”,因为他的政府被要求为他们提供 33 年的担保和 99 年的港口建设租约。马古富力说,中国承包商想把这片土地占为己有,但他的政府必须为钻探项目建设向他们提供补偿。[238]

In May 2021, DRC’s President Félix Tshisekedi called for a review of mining contracts signed with China by his predecessor Joseph Kabila,[239] in particular, the Sicomines multibillion-dollar ‘minerals-for-infrastructure’ agreement.[240][241][242] China’s plans to link its western Xinjiang province to Gwadar in the Balochistan province of Pakistan with its US$500m investment in the Gwadar Port has met resistance from local fishermen protesting against Chinese trawlers and illegal fishing.[243][244]
【参考译文】2021 年 5 月,刚果民主共和国总统菲利克斯·齐塞克迪 (Félix Tshisekedi) 呼吁审查其前任约瑟夫·卡比拉 (Joseph Kabila) 与中国签署的采矿合同[239],特别是 Sicomines 价值数十亿美元的“矿产换基础设施”协议。[240][241][242] 中国计划通过在瓜达尔港投资 5 亿美元,将其西部新疆省与巴基斯坦俾路支省的瓜达尔连接起来,但遭到当地渔民的抵制,他们抗议中国拖网渔船和非法捕鱼。[243][244]

2023年11月,美国维吉尼亚州的威廉与玛丽学院的对外援助数据库AidDate表示,中国在“一带一路倡议“框架下向沿线国家出借的款项达一万一千亿美元。其中80%的款项都借给财政困难国家。[207]

7.4.2 反驳 | Rebuttals

中方否认指控,认为这是西方国家的故意抹黑。外交部发言人耿爽在例行记者会上说︰“美方个别人士针对一带一路倡议持续发表不负责任言论。到底谁是搅局者,谁是实干家,国际社会自有公论”。[208]

除了中华人民共和国政府的反驳外,债务陷阱的指控也受到学者们的广泛质疑。[209][210][211][212][213][214][215]约翰霍普金斯大学高级国际研究学院教授黛博拉·布劳蒂加姆 (Deborah Bräutigam) 将债务陷阱外交描述为一种“模因(meme)”,是由于对中国快速崛起而引发的焦虑而流行,是“人类消极的偏见”。根据2019年的一篇研究论文显示,大多数债务国是自愿同意接受贷款,并且有与中国合作有过的积极经验,他指“包括斯里兰卡的案例在内迄今为止的证据,都夸大了中国银行融资和一带一路的风险”。[216][217][218][219][220]他批评媒体的宣传,指他们错误地歪曲了中国与其他发展中国家之间的关系。很多发展中国家对中国的经济模式有好感,并认为中国是对他们来说有吸引力的发展伙伴。[221]由黛博拉合著的2018年中非研究计划报告指出,中国贷款目前并不是非洲债务困境的主要因素。[222]

纽约经济学家阿纳斯塔西娅·帕帕迪米特里乌(Anastasia Papadimitriou)指在与中方进行交易时,伙伴国同样负有责任。[223]另外他在分析“一带一路”倡议后,阿纳斯塔西娅得出结论,说:“与其说是新殖民主义,倒不如说是经济区域主义”。[223]洛伊国际政策研究所在2019年发表的一份报告指出,斯里兰卡汉班托塔港案例是西方宣传中国债务陷阱外交的“杰出案例(case par excellence)”,但现实情况却只是一个“错误的观念(myth)”。中方曾贷款给斯里兰卡兴建汉班托塔港,但由于斯里兰卡无法偿还债务,该港口和附近15,000英亩土地被交由中国招商局港口公司,租期99年,此举被西方媒体批评为债务陷阱外交。当时有斯里兰卡官员反驳此一说法,说:“如果是中国强行要给我们贷款,那你可以说成是陷阱,但我们向中国贷的每分钱,都是我们自己要求的”。[224]洛伊国际政策研究所指出港口是斯里兰卡前总理马欣达·拉贾帕克萨要求兴建的,中方只是给予了贷款支持,并没有参与决策。[225][226]英国智库皇家国际事务研究所同样质疑“债务陷阱”的说法,指该港口的交易是由当地政治动机驱动的,而且中方从未正式拥有该港口。斯里兰卡的债务危机与中方的贷款无关,而是主要由“当地精英的不当行为和西方主导的金融市场”导致的,而且没有证据表明中国利用其地位从港口获得战略军事优势。[227][228][229]

位于纽约的研究中心Rhodium Group也指出,中国在债务重新谈判上的影响力经常被夸大,他实际上的权力有限。研究显示谈判的有利方通常都是借款人而不是所谓的掠夺性的中国贷方。[230]

澳大利亚国立大学高级讲师达伦·林 (Darren Lim) 表示,“债务陷阱外交”的说法从不可信,尽管特朗普政府大力推动了这一说法。[231]

政治学家及研究员张哲新认为,2017年5月举行的“一带一路”国际合作高峰论坛上,发展中国家对“一带一路”倡议展现压倒性的热情,这已足以使新殖民主义的指控失效。[232]

A March 2018 study released by the Center for Global Development, a Washington-based think tank, remarks that between 2001 and 2017, China restructured or waived loan payments for 51 debtor nations, the majority of BRI participants, without seizing state assets.[254] The study concluded that in most cases, it was unlikely that there would be severe problems with debt.[17]: 87  In September 2018, W. Gyude Moore, a former Liberian public works minister and senior policy fellow at the Center for Global Development, stated that “[t]he language of “debt-trap diplomacy” resonates more in Western countries, especially the United States, and is rooted in anxiety about China’s rise as a global power rather than in the reality of Africa.”[255] He also stated that “China has been a net positive partner with most African countries.”[256]
【参考译文】华盛顿智库全球发展中心 2018 年 3 月发布的一项研究指出,2001 年至 2017 年期间,中国对 51 个债务国(占“一带一路”倡议大多数参与国)进行了贷款重组或免除贷款,且没有扣押其国有资产。[254]研究得出的结论是,在大多数情况下,不太可能出现严重的债务问题。[17]: 87  2018 年 9 月,利比里亚前公共工程部长、全球发展中心高级政策研究员 W. Gyude Moore 表示,“‘债务陷阱外交’的语言在西方国家,尤其是美国更能引起共鸣,其根源在于对中国崛起为全球大国的担忧,而非非洲的现实。”[255] 他还表示,“中国一直是大多数非洲国家的净积极合作伙伴。”[256]

新加坡南洋理工大学的普拉杜纳·比克拉姆·拉娜(Pradumna Bickram Rana)及嵇先白表示,尽管“一带一路”倡议面临许多实施问题,但这主要是由于COVID-19的大流行,所谓的债务陷阱外交的讲法是不可信的。[232]虽然他们承认各国在偿还中方债务方面面临困难,但他们强调中方愿意通过部分债务减免等宽恕政策帮助这些国家重组债务。[236]在11个偿还困难的案例中,中国推迟了对负债国家的贷款,其中一个例子是汤加。[231]

Writing in 2023, academic Süha Atatüre stated that United States opposition to the Belt and Road Initiative stems from the fact that it lacks the capacity to implement a rival project.[258]: 40 
【参考译文】2023 年,学者苏哈·阿塔图尔 (Süha Atatüre) 撰文指出,美国反对“一带一路”倡议,是因为它缺乏实施竞争项目的能力。[258]: 40

Publishing in 2023, academic Austin Strange concludes that scholars have challenged the narrative of a Chinese debt-trap and that analysis of BRI projects does not substantiate the debt-trap narrative.[259]: 15–16  On the issue of criticism of the BRI more broadly, Strange writes that unintended negative consequences can result from global infrastructure projects generally (citing examples of issues arising from overseas projects by Japan and South Korea) and are not a BRI-specific or China-specific challenge.[259]: 58–59 
【参考译文】学者奥斯汀·斯特兰奇 (Austin Strange) 于 2023 年发表文章,得出结论认为,学者们对中国债务陷阱的说法提出了质疑,对“一带一路”项目的分析并不能证实债务陷阱的说法。[259]: 15–16  关于对“一带一路”更广泛的批评问题,斯特兰奇写道,全球基础设施项目通常会带来意想不到的负面后果(举例来说,日本和韩国的海外项目引发了问题),这并不是“一带一路”或中国特有的挑战。[259]: 58–59

Academics Yan Hairong and Barry Sautman stated in a 2024 study that the debt-trap narrative is incorrect, as China does not foreclose on borrower assets.[162]: 223 
【参考译文】学者闫海荣和巴里·索特曼在 2024 年的一项研究中指出,债务陷阱的说法是不正确的,因为中国并没有取消借款人的资产赎回权。[162]: 223

London School of Economics Professor Keyu Jin writes that the claim that China leads borrowers into a debt trap is misleading.[48]: 280  Jin observes that the majority of BRI countries’ debt is owed to international organizations or private institutions like hedge funds, rather than to China.[48]: 280–281  Jin also writes that China has written off many of its loans and also provided debt relief to borrowers.[48]: 281 
【参考译文】伦敦政治经济学院教授金刻羽写道,中国将借款人引入债务陷阱的说法具有误导性。[48]: 280  金教授观察到,“一带一路”国家大部分债务是欠国际组织或对冲基金等私人机构的,而不是欠中国的。[48]: 280–281  金教授还写道,中国已经免除了许多贷款,并向借款人提供了债务减免。[48]: 281

7.4.3 另外的批评和意见

国际货币基金组织世界银行巴黎俱乐部等机构相比,中方的贷款被认为是更快、更便宜,而且附带的条件也更少。但也遭到尤其是来自美国的高度批评,认为这种“无条件贷款(No-strings loans)”最后只会让腐败的当地政府受利。[237]另外也有批评者指责中方的贷款让一些国家借此避免了改革,避开了传统西方捐助者的审查。[238]也有人认为这是件好事,因为非洲国家及其他穷国将有更多的选择。[239]经济学家迪亚哥·赫南德兹指出,中国作为世界新主要贷款人的角色促进了与传统捐助者之间的竞争,也迫使传统捐助者停止对接受国提出许多的要求。[240]他发现,中国的援助每增加1%,世界银行就会将其对市场自由化或经济透明度等方面的典型要求降低15%。[241]

另外有声音认为,即使中国没有真的在实行债务陷阱外交,这种大规模的贷款也存在无法持续的隐忧。美国的AidData研究中心指,1960年代至1990年代,西方国家也曾向发展中国家提供大规模的贷款,然而,当受援国无法开始偿还债务时,该战略就失败了,民众的愤怒接踵而至,西方的援助模式因此被彻底改革。AidData研究中心说,到目前为止,数据显示这种情况虽然并没有出现,但研究人员担心这种情况可能会在10或15年内发生变化,届时中国可能不得不重新考虑其贷款型式的可持续性。[242]

利比里亚前公共工程部长居德·摩尔表示,中国其实就像任何其他贷方一样,并表示是否接受中国贷款最终是取决于非洲国家自己。[243]

贝尔弗科学与国际事务中心2018年发表的一篇论文提出中国大量贷款背后的三个战略目标:(1)解决其珍珠链战略困境;(2)在重要的南亚贸易路线上投射力量;(3)破坏以美国为首的地区联盟对中国的包围,使中国人民解放军海军能够突破“第二岛链”。[244]

7.5 特定国家 | Country-specific

Through the BRI, China has a major role in infrastructure development in Cambodia.[200]: 29  In 2017, China financed approximately 70% of Cambodia’s road and bridge development.[200]: 29  China built a major expressway between Sihanoukville and Phnom Penh, which began operating in 2023.[200]: 29  As of at least 2024, the expressway is the largest BRI project in Cambodia.[7]: 132 
【参考译文】通过“一带一路”倡议,中国在柬埔寨的基础设施建设中发挥着重要作用。[200]: 29  2017 年,中国为柬埔寨约 70% 的公路和桥梁建设提供了资金。[200]: 29  中国在西哈努克城和金边之间修建了一条主要高速公路,该高速公路于 2023 年开始运营。[200]: 29  至少到 2024 年,这条高速公路是柬埔寨最大的“一带一路”项目。[7]: 132

Chinese leadership describes Ethiopia as a bridge between the Belt and Road Initiative and Africa’s development, stating that the relationship between the two countries is a model of South-South cooperation and “a pilot program for China-Africa production capacity cooperation.”[162]: 222–223 
【参考译文】中国领导层将埃塞俄比亚描述为“一带一路”倡议和非洲发展之间的桥梁,并指出两国关系是南南合作的典范和“中非产能合作的试点项目”。[162]: 222–223

Greece hosts the most successful BRI port project as of at least 2024, the port at Piraeus.[7]: 67  The port’s incorporation as part of the BRI has been one of the mechanisms through which China has strengthened its relationship with Greece, following the increased strain in the European Union-Greece relationship after Greece’s bailout.[7]: 67 
【参考译文】截至 2024 年,希腊拥有最成功的“一带一路”港口项目,即比雷埃夫斯港。[7]: 67  在希腊接受救助后,欧盟与希腊关系加剧紧张,将比雷埃夫斯港纳入“一带一路”倡议是中国加强与希腊关系的机制之一。[7]: 67

As of at least 2024, Hungary and Serbia are also two of the major European supporters of the BRI.[260]
【参考译文】至少截至 2024 年,匈牙利和塞尔维亚也是“一带一路”倡议在欧洲的两个主要支持者。[260]

Italy was the only G7 country which had been a partner in the development of the BRI, having been involved since March 2019, but in July 2023 declared its intention to quit the BRI.[261] Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni stated that the project was not of any real benefit to Italy’s economy.[262]
【参考译文】意大利是唯一一个参与“一带一路”建设的 G7 国家,自 2019 年 3 月以来一直参与其中,但于 2023 年 7 月宣布退出“一带一路”倡议。[261] 意大利总理乔治娅·梅洛尼表示,该项目对意大利经济没有任何实际好处。[262]

The China-Laos Railway is one of the most sectorally integrated of the major BRI projects.[7]: 129  It has brought together expertise in large-scale engineering, finance, construction, and economic design.[7]: 129  The Boten-Ventiane Railway is the Laos section of the broader railway, which is in turn part of the China-Laos Economic Corridor.[7]: 129  The railway’s high speed trains travel at 160 km per hour and have reduced travel time from Ventiane to Luang Prabang to two hours, down from a day or more before the railway.[200]: 39 
【参考译文】中老铁路是“一带一路”重大项目中各部门整合程度最高的项目之一。[7]: 129  它汇集了大型工程、金融、建筑和经济设计方面的专业知识。[7]: 129  磨丁万象铁路是该铁路的老挝段,而该铁路又是中老经济走廊的一部分。[7]: 129  该铁路的高铁时速为 160 公里,将从万象到琅勃拉邦的旅行时间缩短至两小时,而铁路开通前则需要一天或更长时间。[200]: 39

Due to its opposition to the Gwadar Port City in Pakistan, in 2019 the Baloch Liberation Army targeted Chinese nationals in an attack at the Pearl-Continental Hotel.[7]: 60 
【参考译文】由于反对巴基斯坦瓜达尔港城的建设,俾路支解放军于2019年在明珠洲际酒店针对中国公民发动了袭击。[7]: 60

During a November 2024 visit by Xi to Peru, Boluarte and Xi celebrated the opening of the Chancay port, which is part of the Belt and Road Initiative.[263] Xi described the port as the beginning of a new maritime-land corridor between China and Latin America.[263] The port was built by COSCO Shipping Ports.[263]
【参考译文】2024 年 11 月习近平访问秘鲁期间,博卢阿尔特和习近平共同庆祝了钱凯港的开通,该港是“一带一路”倡议的一部分。[263] 习近平将该港口描述为中国和拉丁美洲之间新的海陆走廊的起点。[263] 该港口由中远海运港口有限公司建造。[263]

In Thailand, the public views BRI projects, particularly railways, positively.[200]: 34–35 
【参考译文】在泰国,公众对“一带一路”项目(尤其是铁路)持积极态度。[200]: 34–35

7.5.1 2014 年至 2018 年各国“一带一路”投资额(单位:十亿美元)| BRI investment by country in billion $ from 2014 to 2018[264][265]

Country【国家】Construction【建设费】Country【国家】Investment【投资额】
 Pakistan【巴基斯坦】31.9 Singapore【新加坡】24.3
 Nigeria【尼日利亚】23.2 Malaysia【马来西亚】14.1
 Bangladesh【孟加拉国】17.5 Russia【俄罗斯】10.4
 Indonesia【印度尼西亚】16.8 Indonesia【印度尼西亚】9.4
 Malaysia【马来西亚】15.8 South Korea【韩国】8.1
 Egypt【埃及】15.3 Israel【以色列】7.9
 United Arab Emirates【阿联酋】14.7 Pakistan【巴基斯坦】7.6

8. 一带一路教育政策 | Belt and Road educational policy

Along with policy coordination, facilities connectivity, unimpeded trade and financial integration, people-to-people bonds are among the five major goals of BRI.[266] BRI educational component implies mutual recognition of qualifications, academic mobility and student exchanges, coordination on education policy, life-long learning, and development of joint study programmes.[267][268] To this end, Xi Jinping announced plan to allocate funds for additional 30,000 scholarships for SCO citizens and 10,000 scholarships for the students and teachers along the Road.[269] The Silk Road Scholarship is part of China’s broader agenda of increasing academic and cultural cooperation with BRI-participating countries.[18]: 158 
【参考译文】民心相通与政策沟通、设施联通、贸易畅通和资金融通一起,是“一带一路”五大目标之一。[266]“一带一路”教育部分包括资格互认、学术流动和学生交流、教育政策协调、终身学习以及联合学习项目的发展。[267][268]为此,习近平宣布计划再拨款 3 万个奖学金名额给上合组织国家公民,1 万个奖学金名额给沿线学生和教师。[269]丝绸之路奖学金是中国与“一带一路”参与国加强学术和文化合作的更广泛议程的一部分。[18]: 158

“一带一路”的其中一个主要目标是加强教育交流,意味着学历互认、学术流动和学生交流、教育政策协调、终身学习和联合学习项目的发展。[245]为此,习近平在2013年宣布计划再拨款30,000名上合组织公民奖学金和10,000名“一带一路”沿线师生奖学金名额。[246]西安交通大学为中心的丝绸之路高校联盟旨在通过研究和工程支持“一带一路”倡议,促进理解和学术交流。[247]

Among the BRI cooperation priorities is also strengthening people-to-people ties through academic mobility, research cooperation, and student exchanges.[270] Since the beginning of the BRI, China has occupied a key role in shaping how academic, and skilled migration in general, develops along the BRI and increased efforts to attract and retain foreign talents.[270]
【参考译文】通过学术流动、研究合作和学生交流,加强人文联系也是“一带一路”合作的重点之一。[270] 自“一带一路”倡议提出以来,中国在塑造“一带一路”沿线学术和技术移民发展方面发挥了关键作用,并加大了吸引和留住外国人才的力度。[270]

The University Alliance of the Silk Road centered at Xi’an Jiaotong University aims to support the Belt and Road initiative with research and engineering.[271] A French think tank, Fondation France Chine (France-China Foundation), focused on the study of the New Silk Roads, was launched in 2018. It is described as pro–Belt and Road Initiative and pro-China.[272][273]
【参考译文】以西安交通大学为中心的丝绸之路高校联盟旨在通过研究和工程支持“一带一路”倡议。[271] 专注于新丝绸之路研究的法国智库法中基金会于 2018 年成立。它被描述为支持“一带一路”倡议和中国。[272][273]

中国各个大学争相成立“一带一路”学院、研究院、或研究中心,比如:

2017年7月5日,兰州大学决定将原“丝路经济带研究中心”(成立于2014年)拓展为“一带一路研究中心”。[250]

2018年9月26日,北京师范大学为了贯彻落实习近平总书记在推动“一带一路”建设工作五周年座谈会上的重要讲话精神,决定成立“一带一路学院”。诺贝尔文学奖得主、北京师范大学教授莫言在成立大会上发表了主题演讲。[251]

2018年12月22日,中国科学院大学(国科大)与义乌市政府共建“一带一路研究院”,立足义乌,打造“世界小商品之都”。[252]


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