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目录
0. 概述
辽观注：此标题是我们在搬运、整合过程中添加的。
0.1 文字说明
辽观注：此标题是我们在搬运、整合过程中添加的。
海湾阿拉伯国家合作委员会（阿拉伯语：مجلس التعاون لدول الخلیج العربية），原名海湾合作委员会（阿拉伯语：مجلس التعاون الخليجي），中文简称海合会，是包括阿拉伯波斯湾地区的6个国家（即波斯湾六国）在内的政府国际组织和贸易集团，其目标主要针对经济和社会方面。
The Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf[2] (Arabic: مجلس التعاون لدول الخلیج العربية), also known as the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC; Arabic: مجلس التعاون الخليجي), is a regional, intergovernmental, political, and economic union comprising Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates.[3][4] The council’s main headquarters is located in Riyadh, the capital of Saudi Arabia.[5] The Charter of the GCC was signed on 25 May 1981, formally establishing the institution.[6]
【参考译文】海湾阿拉伯国家合作委员会[2]（阿拉伯文：مجلس التعاون لدول الخلیج العربية），亦称海湾合作委员会（GCC；阿拉伯文：مجلس التعاون الخليجي），是一个由巴林、科威特、阿曼、卡塔尔、沙特阿拉伯和阿拉伯联合酋长国组成的地区性、政府间、政治和经济联盟。[3][4]该委员会的总部位于沙特阿拉伯首都利雅得。[5]1981年5月25日，《海湾合作委员会宪章》正式签署，宣告该机构成立。[6]
All current member states are monarchies, including three constitutional monarchies (Qatar, Kuwait, and Bahrain),[7][8] two absolute monarchies (Saudi Arabia and Oman), and one federal monarchy (the United Arab Emirates, which is composed of seven member states, each of which is an absolute monarchy with its own emir). There have been discussions regarding the future membership of Jordan, Morocco, and Yemen.[9][10]
【参考译文】目前所有成员国均为君主制国家，其中包括三个君主立宪制国家（卡塔尔、科威特和巴林），[7][8]两个绝对君主制国家（沙特阿拉伯和阿曼），以及一个联邦君主制国家（阿拉伯联合酋长国，由七个成员国组成，每个成员国都是绝对君主制，拥有自己的酋长）。有关约旦、摩洛哥和也门未来加入该组织的讨论一直在进行。[9][10]
During the Arab Spring in 2012, Saudi Arabia proposed to transform the GCC into a “Gulf Union” with tighter economic, political and military coordination, a move considered to be intended to counterbalance Iranian influence in the region,[11] however objections were raised by other countries.[12][13] In 2014, Bahraini prime minister Khalifa bin Salman Al Khalifa said that current events in the region highlighted the importance of the proposal.[14] The Peninsula Shield Force is the military arm of the GCC, formed in 1984.[15]
【参考译文】在2012年的阿拉伯之春期间，沙特阿拉伯提议将海湾合作委员会转变为一个“海湾联盟”，在经济、政治和军事上进行更紧密的协调，此举被认为旨在平衡伊朗在该地区的影响力，[11]但遭到其他国家的反对。[12][13]2014年，巴林首相哈利法·本·萨勒曼·阿勒哈利法表示，该地区当前的事件凸显了该提案的重要性。[14]海湾合作委员会的军事力量是成立于1984年的半岛盾牌部队。[15]
0.2 概况表格
辽观注：此标题是我们在搬运、整合过程中添加的。
| Headquarters / 总部 | Riyadh, Saudi Arabia / 沙特阿拉伯王国利雅得 |
|---|---|
| Official languages / 官方语言 | Arabic / 阿拉伯语 |
| Type / 类型 | Trade bloc / 贸易集团 |
| Membership / 成员 |  Bahrain / 巴林 Kuwait / 科威特 Oman / 阿曼 Qatar / 卡塔尔 Saudi Arabia / 沙特阿拉伯 United Arab Emirates / 阿联酋 |
| Leaders / 领导人 | |
| • Secretary general / 秘书长 | Jasem Mohamed Albudaiwi |
| • Supreme Council presidency / 轮值主席国 | United Arab Emirates[1]/ 阿联酋[1] |
| Establishment / 成立 | 25 May 1981 / 1981年5月25日 |
| Area / 面积 | |
| • Total / 总计 | 2,673,108 km2 (1,032,093 sq mi) |
| • Water (%) / 水域率 | 0.6 |
| Population / 人口 | |
| • 2023 estimate /2023年估计值 | 59,620,000[a] (25th)【5962万人（世界第25位）】 |
| • Density / 人口密度 | 22.3/km2 (57.8/sq mi) |
| GDP (PPP) / 国内生产总值（购买力平价） | 2021 estimate / 2021年估计值 |
| • Total / 总计 | $3.655 trillion (9th) 【3.655万亿美元（世界第9位）】 |
| • Per capita / 人均 | $71,200 (10th)【71200美元（世界第10位）】 |
| GDP (nominal) / 国内生产总值（名义/国际汇率） | 2021 estimate / 2021年估计值 |
| • Total / 总计 | $2.250 trillion[a] (7th) 【2.250万亿美元（世界第7位）】 |
| • Per capita / 人均 | $34,300[a] (35th) 【34300美元（世界第35位）】 |
| Gini (2012) 【基尼系数（2012年）】 |  28.7low inequality【低程度不平等】 |
| HDI (2021)【人类发展指数】 |  0.860very high (40th)【极高（世界第40位）】 |
| Currency / 货币 | 海湾阿拉伯国家第纳尔 计划 6种货币 (BHD) 巴林第纳尔 (KWD) 科威特第纳尔 (OMR) 阿曼里亚尔 (QAR) 卡塔尔里亚尔 (SAR) 沙特里亚尔 (AED) 阿联酋迪拉姆 |
| Website / 网站 | https://www.gcc-sg.org |
| Time zone【时区】 | UTC+3 to UTC+4 |
【表内注a】Sum of component states’ 2023 population estimates from the United Nations.
【参考译文】联合国对各成员国2023年人口估计值的总和。
1. 成立 | Founding
Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah of Kuwait, alongside the support of Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan of the UAE, played a crucial role in fostering the idea of closer cooperation among the Arab states of the Persian Gulf, laying the groundwork for the formation of the Gulf Cooperation Council. The members’ shared vision for regional unity, security, and economic integration led to the official establishment of the GCC in 1981, strengthening the collective power and influence of the Gulf countries.[16]
【参考译文】科威特的谢赫·贾比尔·艾哈迈德·萨巴赫，在阿联酋的谢赫·扎耶德·本·苏丹·纳哈扬的支持下，在推动波斯湾阿拉伯国家加强合作的构想中发挥了关键作用，为海湾合作委员会（GCC）的成立奠定了基础。成员国对于地区统一、安全和经济一体化的共同愿景促成了海湾合作委员会于1981年的正式成立，增强了海湾国家的集体力量和影响力。[16]
The charter was signed in Arabic in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates,[17] on 21 Rajab 1401 on the Islamic calendar (corresponding to 25 May 1981 on the Gregorian calendar).
【参考译文】该宪章于伊斯兰历1401年2月21日（公历1981年5月25日）在阿拉伯联合酋长国阿布扎比以阿拉伯语签署。[17]
The signatory states on the founding document are the only current members of the GCC.
【参考译文】创始文件的签署国是海湾合作委员会（GCC）目前仅有的成员国。
An economic agreement between the countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council was signed on 11 November 1981 in Abu Dhabi, UAE. These countries are often referred to as “the GCC states”.[18]
【参考译文】1981年11月11日，海湾合作委员会成员国在阿联酋阿布扎比签署了一项经济协议。这些国家通常被称为“海湾合作委员会国家”。[18]
并不是每一个波斯湾（阿拉伯人称阿拉伯湾）沿岸的国家都是海合会的成员国。
- 伊朗被故意排除在外，因为它不是阿拉伯国家[3]。
- 伊拉克在1989年两伊战争结束后曾申请加入海合会，但因波斯湾六国对时任伊拉克总统萨达姆在政治和军事上的野心保持着一定的警惕，故未同意这一申请[4]，尽管直到2003年伊拉克一直都在扮演着阿拉伯波斯湾国家抵制伊朗的头号角色。虽然此后，由伊拉克牵头，成立了阿拉伯合作委员会，以抗衡海合会影响力，但该委员会因运作困难，最终于1994年解散。
- 也门虽然地理上并不位于波斯湾地区，但它从2000年起就与波斯湾六国谈判以取得海合会第七个成员国的资格；但因2015年爆发沙特领导的干预也门行动，这一谈判已无限期延迟[5]。不过，2001年12月召开的海合会第22届首脑会议上，已同意也门加入海合会卫生、教育、劳工和社会事务部长理事会等机构。
1.1 目标 | Objectives
In 2001, the GCC Supreme Council set the following goals:
【参考译文】2001年，海湾合作委员会最高理事会设定了以下目标：
- Customs union in January 2003.
【参考译文】2003年1月实现关税同盟。 - Common market by 2007
【参考译文】2007年前建立共同市场 - Common currency by 2010[19][20][21][22]
【参考译文】2010年前推出统一货币[19][20][21][22]
Oman announced in December 2006 that it would not be able to meet the 2010 target date for a common currency. Following the announcement that the central bank for the monetary union would be located in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, rather than in the UAE, they announced their withdrawal from the monetary union project in May 2009. The name Khaleeji has been proposed as a name for this currency. If realized, the GCC monetary union would be the second-largest supranational monetary union in the world, measured by the GDP of the common-currency area.[20]
【参考译文】2006年12月，阿曼宣布其无法达成2010年推出统一货币的目标日期。在宣布货币联盟的中央银行将设在沙特阿拉伯利雅得而非阿联酋后，阿曼于2009年5月宣布退出货币联盟项目。有人提议将这种货币命名为“哈拉吉”（Khaleeji）。如果实现，海湾合作委员会货币联盟按共同货币区的国内生产总值衡量，将成为世界上第二大超国家货币联盟。[20]
Other stated objectives include:
【参考译文】其他既定目标还包括：
- Formulating similar regulations in various fields such as religion, finance, trade, customs, tourism, legislation, and administration.
【参考译文】在宗教、金融、贸易、海关、旅游、立法和行政等领域制定类似法规。 - Fostering scientific and technical progress in industry, mining, agriculture, water, and animal resources.
【参考译文】促进工业、矿业、农业、水资源和动物资源方面的科学技术进步。 - Establishing scientific research centers.
【参考译文】建立科学研究中心。 - Setting up joint ventures.
【参考译文】成立合资企业。 - Unified military (Peninsula Shield Force).
【参考译文】建立统一的军队（半岛盾牌部队）。 - Encouraging cooperation of the private sector.
【参考译文】鼓励私营部门合作。 - Strengthening ties between their people.
【参考译文】加强成员国人民之间的联系。
The area has some of the fastest-growing economies in the world, mostly due to a boom in oil and natural gas revenues coupled with a building and investment boom backed by decades of saved petroleum revenues. In an effort to build a tax base and economic foundation before the reserves run out, the UAE’s investment arms, including Abu Dhabi Investment Authority, retain over US$900 billion in assets. Other regional funds have several hundreds of billions of dollars of assets under management.[23]
【参考译文】该地区拥有世界上一些增长最快的经济体，这主要得益于石油和天然气收入的激增，以及几十年来积累的石油收入所支持的建筑和投资热潮。为了在石油储备枯竭之前建立税基和经济基础，阿联酋（UAE）的投资机构（包括阿布扎比投资局）保留了超过9000亿美元的资产。其他地区的基金也管理着数千亿美元的资产。[23]
The region is an emerging hotspot for events, including the 2006 Asian Games in Doha, Qatar. Doha also submitted an unsuccessful application for the 2016 Summer Olympics. Qatar would later host the 2022 FIFA World Cup.
【参考译文】该地区已成为新兴的活动热点，其中包括在卡塔尔多哈举行的2006年亚运会。多哈还提交了申办2016年夏季奥运会的申请，但未获成功。后来，卡塔尔举办了2022年国际足联（FIFA）世界杯。
Recovery plans have been criticized for crowding out the private sector, failing to set clear priorities for growth, failing to restore weak consumer and investor confidence, and undermining long-term stability.[24]
【参考译文】经济复苏计划因挤压私营部门发展空间、未能为经济增长设定明确优先事项、未能恢复消费者和投资者的信心不足以及破坏长期稳定性而受到批评。[24]
1.2 标志 | Logo
The logo of the GCC consists of two concentric circles. On the upper part of the larger circle, the phrase Bismillah – “in the name of God” – is written in Arabic, and on the lower part of the circle is written the council’s full name. The inner-circle contains an embossed hexagonal shape representing the six countries. The inside of the hexagon shows a map encompassing the Arabian Peninsula, on which the areas of the member countries are colored in brown, borderless.
【参考译文】海湾合作委员会（GCC）的会徽由两个同心圆组成。大圆的上半部分用阿拉伯文写着“Bismillah”（以真主之名），下半部分则写着该委员会的全称。内圆中有一个浮雕六边形，代表六个成员国。六边形的内部展示了一幅包含阿拉伯半岛的地图，成员国地区以棕色填充，且没有边界线。
2. 经济 | Economy
2.1 内部市场 | Internal market
A common market was launched on 1 January 2008, easing movement of goods and services, with plans to create a fully integrated single market.[25] Implementation later lagged behind, after the 2009 financial crisis. The creation of a customs union began in 2003, and was completed and fully operational by 1 January 2015.[26] In January 2015, the common market was also further integrated, covering full equality among GCC citizens to work in government and private sectors, the ability to access social insurance and retirement coverage, real estate ownership rights, capital movement, and access to education, health and other social services, in all member states. However, some barriers remained in the free movement of goods and services.[27] The coordination of taxation systems, accounting standards and civil legislation is currently[when?] in progress. The interoperability of professional qualifications, insurance certificates and identity documents is also underway.[28]
【参考译文】2008年1月1日，一个共同市场启动，促进了商品和服务的流通，并计划建立一个完全一体化的单一市场。[25]然而，2009年金融危机之后，该计划的实施后来落在了后面。海关联盟的建立在2003年开始，到2015年1月1日已建成并全面运行。[26]2015年1月，共同市场也得到了进一步整合，海湾合作委员会（GCC）各成员国公民在政府和私营部门工作享有完全平等的权利，能够享受社会保险和退休保障、房地产所有权、资本流动，以及在所有成员国接受教育、医疗和其他社会服务。然而，在商品和服务的自由流通方面仍存在一些障碍。[27]税收制度、会计准则和民事立法的协调工作目前[何时？]正在进行中。职业资格、保险证明和身份证件的互认工作也在进行中。[28]
2.2 货币联盟 | Monetary union
In 2014, Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar, and Saudi Arabia took major steps to ensure the creation of a single currency. Kuwait’s finance minister said the four members are pushing ahead with the monetary union but said some “technical points” need to be cleared. He added, “A common market and common central bank would also position the GCC as one entity that would have great influence on the international financial system”. The implementation of a single currency and the creation of a central bank is overseen by the Monetary Council.[29]
【参考译文】2014年，巴林、科威特、卡塔尔和沙特阿拉伯采取了重大步骤，以确保单一货币体系的建立。科威特财政部长表示，这四个成员国正在推动货币联盟的建立，但还有一些“技术要点”需要解决。他补充说：“共同市场和共同中央银行也将使海湾合作委员会（GCC）作为一个整体，对国际金融体系产生巨大影响”。单一货币的实施和中央银行的建立由货币理事会监督。[29]
There is currently a degree to which a nominal GCC single currency already exists. Businesses trade using a basket of GCC currencies, just as before the Euro was introduced, the European Currency Unit (ECU) had been used as a nominal medium of exchange.[28] Plans to introduce a single currency had been drawn up as far back as 2009, however due to the financial crisis of 2007–2008 and political differences, the UAE and Oman withdrew their membership.[30]
【参考译文】目前，从某种程度上讲，名义上的海湾合作委员会单一货币已经存在。企业交易使用一篮子海湾合作委员会货币，就像在欧元推出之前，欧洲货币单位（ECU）曾被用作名义上的交换媒介一样。[28]早在2009年，就已制定了引入单一货币的计划，但由于2007-2008年的金融危机和政治分歧，阿联酋和阿曼退出了该联盟。[30]
2.3 并购 | Mergers and acquisitions
Companies and investors from GCC countries are active in mergers and acquisitions. Since 1999, more than 5,200 transactions with a known value of US$573 billion had been announced. [31] Investors include a number of sovereign wealth funds.[32]
【参考译文】海湾合作委员会（GCC）国家的公司和投资者在并购领域十分活跃。自1999年以来，已宣布了价值5,730亿美元的5,200多笔交易。[31]投资者中包括一些主权财富基金。[32]
2.4 基础设施 | Infrastructure
The GCC launched common economic projects to promote and facilitate integration and to increase resilency. The GCC Interconnection Grid connects the power grids of member states. In 2009, it initiated operations and by 2013, all six members were connected.[33] A water interconnection project has been discussed but, as of January 2023, there have been no notable developments.[34] Unlike other leading aviation regions like the European Union, members have not agreed to an open skies policy. As such, GCC airlines do not have unlimited market access rights to member states and compete to capture international air traffic flows.[35]
【参考译文】海湾合作委员会（GCC）启动了共同经济项目，以促进和便利一体化，并增强韧性。海湾合作委员会互联电网连接了各成员国的电网。该电网于2009年开始运营，到2013年，所有六个成员国都已实现互联。[33]虽然曾讨论过一个水互联项目，但截至2023年1月，该项目尚未取得显著进展。[34]与其他领先的航空区域（如欧盟）不同，海湾合作委员会成员国尚未就开放天空政策达成一致。因此，海湾合作委员会的航空公司没有获得进入成员国市场的无限权利，而是在争夺国际航空客流方面展开竞争。[35]
The GCC has also launched major rail projects to connect the peninsula. The railways are expected to fuel intra-regional trade while helping reduce fuel consumption. Over US$200 billion will be invested to develop about 40,000 kilometres (25,000 mi) of rail network across the GCC, according to Oman’s Minister of Transport and Communications.[36] According to Ramiz Al Assar, Resident World Bank advisor for the GCC, it will link the six member states as a regional transport corridor, further integrating with the national railway projects, deepening economic social and political integration, and it is developed from a sustainable perspective.[36]
【参考译文】海湾合作委员会（GCC）还推出了连接该半岛的大型铁路项目。据阿曼交通与通讯部部长称，预计将投资超过2000亿美元，开发总长约40,000公里（25,000英里）的海湾合作委员会铁路网，以促进区域内贸易并帮助减少燃料消耗。[36]据世界银行海湾合作委员会常驻顾问拉米兹·阿萨尔表示，该项目将把六个成员国连接成一个区域运输走廊，与国家铁路项目进一步融合，深化经济、社会和政治一体化，并且是从可持续发展的角度进行开发的。[36]
The project, estimated to be worth $15.5 billion, was scheduled to be completed by 2021. As of May 2022, railway construction UAE and Saudi Arabia have progressed significantly, but other members’ efforts have lagged.[37] Saudi Arabian Railways, Etihad Rail, and their respective national governments have invested 15 billion dollars as of early 2015 into railway infrastructure to create rail networks for transporting freight, connecting cities, and reducing transport times.[36]
【参考译文】该项目预计耗资155亿美元，原计划于2021年完成。截至2022年5月，阿联酋和沙特阿拉伯的铁路建设取得了显著进展，但其他成员国的进展滞后。[37]截至2015年初，沙特阿拉伯铁路公司（Saudi Arabian Railways）、Etihad Rail及其各自的国家政府已向铁路基础设施投资150亿美元，用于建设铁路网，以运输货物、连接城市并缩短运输时间。[36]
In the banking industry of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), diversity is increasingly recognized as a strategic asset that goes beyond mere corporate social responsibility. This shift towards embracing a diverse workforce is driven by the recognition that varied perspectives and experiences spur innovation, improve decision-making, and expand market reach in the fast-paced world of finance, increasing market share and profitability.[38]
【参考译文】在海湾合作委员会（GCC）的银行业，多样性越来越被视为一种超越企业社会责任的战略资产。这种向拥抱多元化员工队伍的转变，源于这样一种认识：在快速变化的金融世界中，不同的观点和经历能够激发创新、改善决策、扩大市场覆盖范围，从而增加市场份额和盈利能力。[38]
3. 政治与治理 | Politics and governance
3.1 最高理事会 | Supreme Council
The GCC Supreme Council is composed of the heads of state of the member states.[39] It is the highest decision-making entity of the GCC, setting its vision and goals. Decisions on important issues require unanimous approval, while issues on procedural matters require a majority. Each member state has one vote.[40] The presidency rotates based on the Arabic alphabetical order of the names of the member states.[41]
【参考译文】海湾合作委员会（GCC）最高理事会由各成员国的国家元首组成。[39]它是海湾合作委员会的最高决策机构，负责制定其愿景和目标。关于重要问题的决策需要一致同意，而关于程序性事项的问题则需要多数同意。每个成员国有一票。[40]主席职位根据成员国名称的阿拉伯字母顺序轮换。[41]
3.2 部长理事会 | Ministerial Council
The Ministerial Council is composed of the Foreign Ministers of all the member states. It convenes every three months. It formulates policies, and makes recommendations to promote cooperation and achieve coordination among the member states, when implementing ongoing projects. Decisions are submitted in the form of recommendations, which the Supreme Council can approve. The Ministerial Council is also responsible for preparations of meetings of the Supreme Council and its agenda. The voting procedure in the Ministerial Council is the same as in the Supreme Council.[40]
【参考译文】部长理事会由各成员国的外交部长组成。它每三个月召开一次会议。在制定政策时，它会提出建议，以促进成员国在实施现有项目时的合作与协调。决策以建议的形式提交，最高理事会可以批准这些建议。部长理事会还负责筹备最高理事会的会议及其议程。部长理事会的投票程序与最高理事会相同。[40]
3.3 总秘书处 | Secretariat General
The Secretariat is the executive arm of the Gulf Cooperation Council. It takes decisions within its authority, and implements decisions approved by the Supreme or Ministerial Council. The Secretariat also compiles studies relating to cooperation, coordination, and planning for common actions, and occasionally releases reports regarding the work done by the GCC as a whole, and the implementation of its own decisions. The current Secretary-General is Nayef Falah Mubarak Al Hajraf, and his deputies include Abdulaziz Al Auwaishig and Khalifa Alfadhel.[40]
【参考译文】总秘书处是海湾合作委员会的行政机构。它在授权范围内作出决定，并执行最高理事会或部长理事会批准的决定。总秘书处还负责编纂与合作、协调和共同行动规划有关的研究报告，并偶尔发布有关海湾合作委员会整体工作及其自身决策执行情况的报告。现任秘书长为纳伊夫·法拉赫·穆巴拉克·哈吉拉夫，他的副手包括阿卜杜勒阿齐兹·奥瓦伊什格和哈利法·阿尔法德尔。[40]
3.4 货币理事会 | Monetary Council
On 15 December 2009, Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar, and Saudi Arabia announced the creation of a Monetary Council, to introduce a single currency for the union. The board of the council, which set a timetable and action plan for establishing a central bank and chose a currency regime, met for the first time on 30 March 2010. Kuwaiti foreign minister Mohammad Sabah Al-Sabah said on 8 December 2009 that a single currency may take up to ten years to establish. Oman and the UAE later announced their withdrawal from the proposed currency.[42]
【参考译文】2009年12月15日，巴林、科威特、卡塔尔和沙特阿拉伯宣布成立货币理事会，旨在为该联盟引入单一货币。该理事会的董事会于2010年3月30日首次会议，制定了建立中央银行的时间表和行动计划，并选择了货币制度。科威特外交大臣穆罕默德·萨巴赫·萨巴赫于2009年12月8日表示，单一货币的设立可能需要长达十年的时间。后来，阿曼和阿拉伯联合酋长国宣布退出这一拟议的货币体系。[42]
In 2014, major moves were taken to ensure the launch of a single currency. Kuwait’s finance minister stated that a currency should be implemented without delay. Negotiations with the UAE and Oman to expand the monetary union were renewed.[29]
【参考译文】2014年，为确保单一货币的推出，各方采取了重大举措。科威特财政大臣表示，应毫不延迟地实施货币制度。与阿联酋和阿曼就扩大货币联盟问题的谈判也重新展开。[29]
3.5 专利局 | Patent Office
Main article: GCC Patent Office【主条目：海湾合作委员会专利局】
The GCC Patent Office was approved in 1992, and established soon after in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.[43] Applications are filed and prosecuted in the Arabic language before it and grants patents valid in all GCC member states, but is a separate office from the Saudi Arabian Patent Office. The first GCC patent was granted in 2002. As of 2013, it employed about 30 patent examiners.[citation needed]
【参考译文】海湾合作委员会专利局于1992年获得批准，随后不久在沙特阿拉伯利雅得成立。[43]该局接受以阿拉伯语提交的申请并进行审查，授予在所有海湾合作委员会成员国均有效的专利，但它与沙特阿拉伯专利局是两个独立的机构。第一项海湾合作委员会专利于2002年授予。截至2013年，该局约有30名专利审查员。[需要引证]
3.6 半岛之盾部队 | Peninsula Shield Force
Main article: Peninsula Shield Force【主条目：半岛之盾部队】
Amidst the Bahraini uprising, Saudi Arabia and the UAE sent ground troops to Bahrain in order to protect vital infrastructure such as the airport and highway system.[44][45][46][47] Kuwait and Oman refrained from sending troops.[44][48] Instead, Kuwait sent a navy unit.[49]
【参考译文】在巴林起义期间，沙特阿拉伯和阿联酋向巴林派遣了地面部队，以保护机场和公路系统等关键基础设施。[44][45][46][47]科威特和阿曼则没有派兵。[44][48]相反，科威特派遣了一个海军部队。[49]
The secretary-general of the GCC strongly endorsed the use of international force in Libya. GCC member states joined coalition efforts to enforce the no-fly zone.[50]
【参考译文】海湾合作委员会秘书长强烈支持在利比亚使用国际部队。海湾合作委员会成员国加入了联合行动，以执行禁飞区。[50]
In September 2014, GCC members Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, UAE and Qatar, and pending member Jordan commenced air operations against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) in Syria.[51] Saudi Arabia and the UAE, however, are among the states that oppose the Muslim Brotherhood in Syria, whereas Qatar has historically supported it. They also pledged other support including operating training facilities for Syrian rebels, in Saudi Arabia,[52] and allowing the use of their airbases by other countries fighting ISIL. Some GCC countries also send some troops to fight the opposition government in Yemen.
【参考译文】2014年9月，海湾合作委员会成员国沙特阿拉伯、巴林、阿联酋和卡塔尔，以及待加入成员约旦，开始在叙利亚对伊拉克和黎凡特伊斯兰国（ISIL）展开空袭。[51]然而，沙特阿拉伯和阿联酋是反对叙利亚穆斯林兄弟会的国家之一，而卡塔尔则历来支持穆斯林兄弟会。他们还承诺提供其他支持，包括在沙特阿拉伯为叙利亚反对派运营培训设施，[52]以及允许其他国家使用他们的空军基地打击ISIL。一些海湾合作委员会国家还派遣了一些部队，以打击也门的反对派政府。
3.7 海湾合作委员会标准化组织 | GCC Standardization Organization
Main article: GCC Standardization Organization【主条目：海湾合作委员会标准化组织】
The GCC Standardization Organization is the standardization organization of the GCC. Yemen is also a member of the GCC Standardization Organization.[53]
【参考译文】海湾合作委员会标准化组织是海湾合作委员会的标准化机构。也门也是海湾合作委员会标准化组织的成员。[53]
3.8 海湾工业咨询组织 | Gulf Organization for Industrial Consulting
The Gulf Organization for Industrial Consulting (GOIC) was founded in 1976 by the six GCC member states; Yemen joined the organization in 2009. It is headquartered at Doha, Qatar. The organization chart of GOIC includes the board members and the General Secretariat. The Board is formed by member state representatives appointed by their governments.[54]
【参考译文】海湾工业咨询组织（GOIC）由海湾合作委员会的六个成员国于1976年创立；也门于2009年加入该组织。其总部位于卡塔尔多哈。海湾工业咨询组织的组织结构包括董事会和总秘书处。董事会由成员国政府任命的代表组成。[54]
3.9 历任秘书长
- 阿卜杜拉·毕沙拉[6]，科威特人，1981年5月26日－1993年4月；
- 法希姆·本·苏尔坦·卡西米，阿联酋人，1993年4月－1996年4月；
- 贾米勒·本·易卜拉欣·胡贾伊兰，沙特阿拉伯人，1996年4月－2002年3月31日；
- 阿卜杜拉赫曼·本·哈马德·阿蒂亚，卡塔尔人，2002年4月1日－2011年3月31日；
- 阿卜杜拉蒂夫·本·拉希德·扎亚尼，巴林人，2011年4月1日－2020年1月31日；
- 纳耶夫·法拉·穆巴拉克·哈吉拉夫，科威特人，2020年2月1日至今。
4. 成员国 | Member states
4.1 正式成员
辽观注：此标题是我们在搬运、整合过程中添加的。
4.2 准成员 | Associated members
The associate membership of Iraq in certain GCC-related institutions was cancelled after the invasion of Kuwait.[62]
【参考译文】伊拉克在入侵科威特后，被取消了海湾合作委员会某些相关机构的准成员资格。[62]
Yemen was in negotiations for GCC membership in 2007, and hoped to join by 2016.[63] Yemen is already a member of the GCC Standardization Authority, the Gulf Organization for Industrial Consulting (GOIC),[64] the GCC Auditing and Accounting Authority, the Gulf Radio and TV Authority, the GCC Council of Health Ministers, the GCC Education and Training Bureau, the GCC Council of Labour & and Social Affairs Ministers, and The Gulf Cup Football Tournament. The Council issued directives that all the necessary legal measures be taken, so that Yemen would have the same rights and obligations of GCC member states in those institutions.[65]
【参考译文】2007年，也门就加入海湾合作委员会事宜进行谈判，并希望能在2016年之前加入。[63]也门目前已是海湾合作委员会标准化组织、海湾工业咨询组织（GOIC）、[64]海湾合作委员会审计与会计管理局、海湾广播与电视管理局、海湾合作委员会卫生部长理事会、海湾合作委员会教育与培训局、海湾合作委员会劳工与社会事务部长理事会以及海湾杯足球锦标赛的成员。理事会发布指示，要求采取一切必要的法律措施，使也门在这些机构中享有与海湾合作委员会成员国相同的权利和义务。[65]
5. 体育 | Sports
Main article: GCC Games【主条目：海合会运动会】
The union has served as a grouping for sports co-operation and competition. The GCC states have an annual meeting of the Youth and Sports Ministers of each state to boost youth and sports initiatives in the region.[66] The promotion of the hosting of international sports events has also served an economic purpose for the union’s countries, leading to investment and development in the region.[67]
【参考译文】该联盟已成为体育合作与竞赛的团体。海湾合作委员会各国每年举行一次青年与体育部长会议，以促进该地区的青年与体育事业发展。[66]举办国际体育赛事也为联盟国家带来了经济收益，促进了该地区的投资与发展。[67]
The GCC Games, a quadrennial multi-sport event, was established by the union and first held in 2011.[68] There are numerous long-running GCC Championships for individual sports, including: the Gulf Cooperation Council Athletics Championships (first held in 1986; youth section from 2000)[69] sailing,[70] basketball,[71] swimming,[72] tennis,[73] gymnastics (senior and youth levels),[74][75] weightlifting,[76] futsal,[77] snooker,[78] and table tennis.[79]
【参考译文】海湾合作委员会运动会是一项每四年举办一次的多项体育赛事，由该联盟创立，并于2011年首次举办。[68]还有许多长期举办的海湾合作委员会单项体育锦标赛，包括：海湾合作委员会田径锦标赛（1986年首次举办；青年组自2000年起设立）[69]、帆船比赛[70]、篮球比赛[71]、游泳比赛[72]、网球比赛[73]、体操比赛（成年组和青年组）[74][75]、举重比赛[76]、室内足球比赛[77]、斯诺克台球比赛[78]和乒乓球比赛[79]。
- GCC Athletics Championships
- GCC Swimming Championships
- GCC Gymnastics Championships
- GCC Shooting Championships
- GCC Football Championships
- GCC Futsal Championships
- GCC Basketball Championships
- GCC Handball Championships
- GCC Volleyball Championships
- GCC Ice Hockey Championships
- GCC Badminton Championships
- GCC Table Tennis Championships
- GCC Tennis Championships
- GCC Sailing Championships
- GCC Rowing Championships
- GCC Chess Championships
- GCC Billiards and Snooker Championships
- GCC Bowling Championships
- GCC Judo Championships Since 1998
- GCC Karate Championships
- GCC Taekwondo Championships
- GCC Weightlifting Championships
5.1 足球、室内足球和沙滩足球比赛 | Football, futsal and beach soccer competitions
6. 内部外交冲突
辽观注：此标题是我们在搬运、整合过程中添加的。
6.1 2014年卡塔尔-沙特阿拉伯外交冲突 | 2014 Qatar–Saudi diplomatic conflict
Main article: Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict【主条目：卡塔尔-沙特阿拉伯外交冲突】
See also: Qatar–Saudi Arabia relations【参见：卡塔尔-沙特阿拉伯关系】
Qatar’s support for the Muslim Brotherhood across the Middle East-North Africa (MENA) region, Hamas and radical Islamists in Libya, has led to increasing tensions with other Arab states of the Persian Gulf.[80][81][82] These tensions came to a head during a March 2014 meeting of the GCC, after which the UAE, Saudi Arabia and Bahrain recalled their ambassadors to Qatar.[83][84][85][86]
【参考译文】卡塔尔对中东和北非（MENA）地区的穆斯林兄弟会、哈马斯以及利比亚的激进伊斯兰主义者的支持，导致其与波斯湾其他阿拉伯国家的紧张关系不断加剧。[80][81][82]在2014年3月的海湾合作委员会会议上，这些紧张关系达到了顶点，会后阿联酋、沙特阿拉伯和巴林召回了各自驻卡塔尔的大使。[83][84][85][86]
Some financial economists have interpreted the 2014 Saudi–Qatari rift as a tangible political sign of a growing economic rivalry between oil and natural gas producers, which could “have deep and long-lasting consequences” beyond MENA.[87]
【参考译文】一些金融经济学家将2014年沙特与卡塔尔之间的裂痕解读为石油和天然气生产国之间经济竞争加剧的一个切实政治迹象，这可能会给中东和北非地区以外的地区带来“深远而持久的后果”。[87]
6.2 2017年卡塔尔外交危机 | 2017 Qatar diplomatic crisis
On 5 June 2017, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, the UAE, and Egypt had officially cut diplomatic ties with Qatar.[88] Saudi Arabia said it took the decision to cut diplomatic ties due to Qatar’s “embrace of various terrorist and sectarian groups aimed at destabilising the region”, including the Muslim Brotherhood, al-Qaeda, ISIL and Iran-supported groups in Saudi Arabia’s eastern province of Qatif.[89] Political researcher Islam Hassan viewed this rift as a continuation of Qatar’s foreign policy rivalry with Saudi Arabia and the UAE.[90][91][92]
【参考译文】2017年6月5日，巴林、沙特阿拉伯、阿联酋和埃及正式与卡塔尔断绝外交关系。[88]沙特阿拉伯表示，之所以决定断绝与卡塔尔的外交关系，是因为卡塔尔“支持各种旨在破坏地区稳定的恐怖组织和宗派组织”，包括穆斯林兄弟会、“基地”组织、伊斯兰国以及沙特东部盖提夫省受伊朗支持的团体。[89]政治研究员伊斯兰·哈桑认为，此次裂痕是卡塔尔与沙特阿拉伯和阿联酋之间外交政策竞争的延续。[90][91][92]
In June 2017, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Bahrain put a ban on Qataris and their businesses. Qataris were not allowed to enter or live in Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, or Bahrain, unless they had a spouse living there, in which case they were required to carry a visa in order to enter these countries. Qatar Airways aircraft were not allowed to fly over these countries. Saudi Arabia stated that they would turn its land border with Qatar into a canal, known as the Salwa Canal, in 2018. The plan was abandoned in 2019.[citation needed]
【参考译文】2017年6月，沙特阿拉伯、阿拉伯联合酋长国和巴林对卡塔尔公民及其企业实施了禁令。除非卡塔尔公民在上述国家有配偶居住，否则不得进入或居住在这些国家；在配偶居住的情况下，他们也必须携带签证才能入境。卡塔尔航空的飞机被禁止飞越这些国家。沙特阿拉伯表示，他们将在2018年将其与卡塔尔的陆地边界改造成一条运河，即萨尔瓦运河。该计划于2019年被放弃。[需要引文]
On 4 January 2021, Kuwait National TV announced that Saudi Arabia would restore all diplomatic ties with Qatar, reopen air space to Qatari aircraft and reopen the Qatar–Saudi land border.[citation needed]
Later that evening, it was announced that Bahrain, the United Arab Emirates and Egypt agreed to restore ties with Qatar. On 4 January 2021, it was made official at the Al-Ula summit, where the blockading countries, along with Qatar, signed an official agreement and ended the rift after three years and seven months.[citation needed]
7. 峰会
辽观注：此标题是我们在搬运、整合过程中添加的。
海合会与美国峰会 | GCC and US-GCC Summit meetings
海合会与中亚峰会 | GCC and Central Asia-GCC Summit meetings
海合会与东南亚峰会 | GCC and ASEAN-GCC Summit meetings
海合会与巴基斯坦的关系 | GCC—Pakistan relations
In January 2022, the GCC and Pakistan finalised the Joint Action Plan for Strategic Dialogue (2022-26).[93] In September 2023, the GCC and Pakistan signed a preliminary deal on a free trade agreement.[94][95][96]
【参考译文】2022年1月，海湾合作委员会与巴基斯坦完成了《战略对话联合行动计划（2022-2026年）》。[93]2023年9月，海湾合作委员会与巴基斯坦签署了一项自由贸易协定的初步协议。[94][95][96]
海湾合作委员会与欧盟峰会 | GCC and EU Summit meetings
On 16 October 2024, the first GCC and the European Union summit was held in Brussels, Belgium. It was co-chaired by Charles Michel and the rotating GCC President Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani, under the theme “Strategic Partnership for Peace and Prosperity”.[97] The Human Rights Watch requested the EU to take advantage of the first summit with Gulf leaders, and challenge the involvement of the UAE and other neighbouring states in the Sudan civil war. The EU director for HRW, Phillippe Dam said the union leaders should “publicly press” the UAE to stop arms supply to the RSF and push the militia to end the war.[98]
【参考译文】2024年10月16日，首届海湾合作委员会与欧盟峰会在比利时布鲁塞尔举行。会议由查尔斯·米歇尔和海湾合作委员会轮值主席谢赫·塔米姆·本·哈马德·阿勒萨尼共同主持，主题为“和平与繁荣的战略伙伴关系”。[97]人权观察组织要求欧盟利用与海湾国家领导人的首次峰会，质疑阿联酋和其他邻国卷入苏丹内战的行为。人权观察组织欧盟主管菲利普·达姆表示，欧盟领导人应“公开敦促”阿联酋停止向快速支援部队提供武器，并推动该民兵组织结束战争。[98]
8. 相关国家 | Related states
Since the creation of the council in 1981 its membership has not expanded, with all members being Arab monarchies.[99]
【参考译文】自1981年该委员会成立以来，其成员国一直没有增加，所有成员国都是阿拉伯君主国。[99]
Some GCC countries have land borders with Iraq, Jordan or Yemen, and sea borders with Iran, Egypt, Sudan, Eritrea or Somalia.
【参考译文】一些海湾合作委员会成员国与伊拉克、约旦或也门有陆地接壤，与伊朗、埃及、苏丹、厄立特里亚或索马里则有海上边界。
8.1 埃及 | Egypt
Only the Sinai Peninsula of Egypt lies in the Arabian Peninsula. In 2011, Bahrain’s Foreign Minister called for Egypt to be admitted as a member of the GCC.[100]
【参考译文】只有埃及的西奈半岛位于阿拉伯半岛上。2011年，巴林外交大臣呼吁埃及加入海湾合作委员会（GCC）成为其成员国。[100]
8.2 伊拉克 | Iraq
Iraq, despite having territory in the Arabian Peninsula and bordering the Persian Gulf, is the only Arab country bordering the gulf that is not a member of the GCC. Despite the societal, political differences between Iraq and its neighboring Gulf states, in 2012, former Iraqi Defence Minister Saadoun al-Dulaimi stated that Iraq wanted to join the GCC.[101] Kuwait supported Iraq joining the GCC, however no progress has been made.[102]
【参考译文】尽管伊拉克在阿拉伯半岛拥有领土且与波斯湾接壤，但它是唯一一个毗邻海湾却非海湾合作委员会（GCC）成员国的阿拉伯国家。尽管伊拉克与其邻近的海湾国家在社会和政治上存在分歧，但伊拉克前国防部长萨敦·杜莱米在2012年表示，伊拉克希望加入海湾合作委员会。[101]科威特支持伊拉克加入海湾合作委员会，但至今没有取得任何进展。[102]
8.3 伊朗 | Iran
At the December 2012 Manama summit, the GCC states called for an end to Iranian interference in their internal affairs.[103]
【参考译文】在2012年12月的麦纳麦峰会上，海湾合作委员会（GCC）各成员国呼吁结束伊朗对其内政的干涉。[103]
8.4 约旦和摩洛哥 | Jordan and Morocco
In May 2011, Jordan’s request to join the GCC, which had been first submitted 15 years earlier, was accepted and Morocco was invited to join the union.[104][105] In September 2011, a five-year economic plan for both countries was put forward after a meeting between the foreign ministers of both countries and those of the GCC states. Although a plan for accession was being looked into, it was noted that there was no timetable for either’s accession, and that discussions would continue.[99]
【参考译文】2011年5月，约旦15年前首次提出的加入海湾合作委员会（GCC）的申请获得接受，摩洛哥也被邀请加入该联盟。[104][105]2011年9月，在两国与海湾合作委员会国家外长举行的会议之后，为约旦和摩洛哥提出了一个为期五年的经济计划。尽管正在研究加入计划，但据指出，两国加入的时间表尚未确定，讨论将继续进行。[99]
As Jordan and Morocco are the only two Arabic-speaking monarchies not currently in the council, the current members see them as strong potential allies. Jordan borders Saudi Arabia and is economically connected to the Arab Gulf States. Although Morocco is not near the Persian Gulf, the Moroccan foreign minister Taieb Fassi Fihri notes that “geographical distance is no obstacle to a strong relationship”.[99]
【参考译文】由于约旦和摩洛哥是目前不在海湾合作委员会中的仅有的两个阿拉伯君主制国家，现有成员国视它们为潜在的强大盟友。约旦与沙特阿拉伯接壤，并与阿拉伯海湾国家有经济联系。尽管摩洛哥不靠近波斯湾，但摩洛哥外交部长泰布·法西·菲赫里指出，“地理距离不会成为建立牢固关系的障碍”。[99]
8.5 也门 | Yemen
Yemen was in negotiations for GCC membership, and hoped to join by 2016.[106] Although it has no coastline on the Persian Gulf, Yemen lies in the Arabian Peninsula.[10]
【参考译文】也门正在就加入海湾合作委员会（GCC）进行谈判，并希望在2016年前加入。[106]尽管也门没有波斯湾海岸线，但它位于阿拉伯半岛。[10]
9. 相关组织 | Related organizations
The GCC members and Yemen are also members of the Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA). However, this is unlikely to affect the agenda of the GCC significantly as it has a more aggressive timetable than GAFTA and is seeking greater integration.
【参考译文】海湾合作委员会（GCC）成员国和也门也都是大阿拉伯自由贸易区（GAFTA）的成员国。然而，这不太可能对海湾合作委员会的议程产生重大影响，因为其时间表比大阿拉伯自由贸易区更为紧迫，且正在寻求更高程度的整合。
10. 与其他区域性集团的比较
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