阿塞拜疆 / Azerbaijan -（全文）中英文维基百科词条融合

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0. 概述

辽观注：此标题是我们在搬运、整合过程中添加的。

0.1 文字说明

辽观注：此标题是我们在搬运、整合过程中添加的。

Azerbaijan,^[a] officially the Republic of Azerbaijan,^[b] is a transcontinental and landlocked country at the boundary of Eastern Europe and West Asia.^[10] It is a part of the South Caucasus region and is bounded by the Caspian Sea to the east, Russia’s republic of Dagestan to the north, Georgia to the northwest, Armenia and Turkey to the west, and Iran to the south. Baku is the capital and largest city.
【参考译文】阿塞拜疆，[a]正式名称为阿塞拜疆共和国，[b]是一个地跨亚欧两大洲的内陆国家，位于东欧与西亚的交界处。[10]它位于南高加索地区，东接里海，北邻俄罗斯的达吉斯坦共和国，西北与格鲁吉亚接壤，西与亚美尼亚和土耳其为邻，南接伊朗。巴库是其首都和最大城市。

【英文词条原注a】UK: /ˌæzərbaɪˈdʒɑːn, -ˈdʒæn/ ^ⓘ AZ-ər-by-JA(H)N, US: /ˌɑːzərbaɪˈdʒɑːn, ˌæz-/ A(H)Z-ər-by-JAHN;^[9] Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan [ɑːzæɾbɑjˈdʒɑn]

【英文词条原注b】Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan Respublikası [ɑːzæɾbɑjˈdʒɑn ɾespublikɑˈsɯ]; Azerbaijan Republic is sometimes used in an official capacity.
【参考译文】阿塞拜疆语：阿塞拜疆共和国 [ɑːzæɾbɑjˈdʒɑn ɾespublikɑˈsɯ]；阿塞拜疆共和国有时以官方身份使用。

阿塞
（sài）拜疆共和国（阿塞拜疆语：Azərbaycan Respublikası），通称阿塞拜疆（Azərbaycan‎），是一个位于东欧和西亚交界处以及外高加索东部的跨大陆国家，政府为总统制和宪法共和制，所处地区是连接东欧和西亚的十字路口^{[注 1]} ，东临里海，南接伊朗，西边和亚美尼亚、土耳其及格鲁吉亚为邻，北界俄罗斯。阿塞拜疆的一块飞地：纳希切万自治共和国，与土耳其东北部有小段接壤。国名来自于古波斯语，意为“火的土地”^[7]。该国以地理位置而言大部分属于亚洲，少部分属于欧洲，但对外一般自称欧洲国家。

【中文词条原注1】阿塞拜疆可以被认为是亚洲或欧洲国家。联合国将其分在西亚地区（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆），CIA世界概况 CIA.gov和NationalGeographic.com以及大英百科全书以及中华人民共和国外交部也认为阿塞拜疆属于亚洲国家。也有来源认为阿塞拜疆属于欧洲国家的：BBCNEWS.bbc.co.uk和Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary以及 Worldatlas.com。

阿塞拜疆民主共和国于1918年5月28日正式宣布独立，成为第一个以穆斯林占绝大多数的世俗化民主共和国^[8]，也是第一个有歌剧和戏剧院和现代大学的穆斯林国家^[9]。阿塞拜疆于1920年成为一个苏维埃共和国^[10][11]，阿塞拜疆在苏联解体前的1991年8月30日独立。

The territory of what is now Azerbaijan was first ruled by Caucasian Albania and later various Persian empires. Until the 19th century, it remained part of Qajar Iran, but the Russo-Persian wars of 1804–1813 and 1826–1828 forced the Qajar Empire to cede its Caucasian territories to the Russian Empire; the treaties of Gulistan in 1813 and Turkmenchay in 1828 defined the border between Russia and Iran.^[11][12] The region north of the Aras was part of Iran until it was conquered by Russia in the 19th century,^[13][14] where it was administered as part of the Caucasus Viceroyalty.
【参考译文】如今阿塞拜疆所在的领土最初由高加索阿尔巴尼亚统治，后来则成为多个波斯帝国的领地。直到19世纪，它一直是恺加王朝伊朗的一部分，但1804-1813年和1826-1828年的俄波战争迫使恺加帝国将其高加索领土割让给俄罗斯帝国；1813年的《古利斯坦条约》和1828年的《土库曼恰伊条约》确定了俄罗斯与伊朗之间的边界。[11][12]19世纪，阿塞拜疆北部地区被俄罗斯征服前一直是伊朗的一部分，[13][14]之后作为高加索总督区的一部分进行管理。

By the late 19th century, an Azerbaijani national identity emerged when the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic proclaimed its independence from the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic in 1918, a year after the Russian Empire collapsed, and became the first secular democratic Muslim-majority state. In 1920, the country was conquered and incorporated into the Soviet Union as the Azerbaijan SSR.^[13][15] The modern Republic of Azerbaijan proclaimed its independence on 30 August 1991,^[16][17] shortly before the dissolution of the Soviet Union. In September 1991, the ethnic Armenian majority of the Nagorno-Karabakh region formed the self-proclaimed Republic of Artsakh,^[18] which became de facto independent with the end of the First Nagorno-Karabakh War in 1994, although the region and seven surrounding districts remained internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan.^{[19][20][21][22]} Following the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War in 2020, the seven districts and parts of Nagorno-Karabakh were returned to Azerbaijani control.^[23] An Azerbaijani offensive in 2023 ended the Republic of Artsakh and resulted in the flight of Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians.^[24]
【参考译文】19世纪末，随着阿塞拜疆民主共和国于1918年宣布从外高加索民主联邦共和国独立（此时距俄罗斯帝国崩溃已有一年），首个世俗的穆斯林占多数的民主国家诞生，阿塞拜疆的民族身份也随之形成。1920年，该国被征服并并入苏联，成为阿塞拜疆苏维埃社会主义共和国。[13][15]1991年8月30日，[16][17]即苏联解体前不久，现代阿塞拜疆共和国宣布独立。1991年9月，纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫地区以亚美尼亚族为主的民众成立了自封的“纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫共和国”，[18]1994年第一次纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫战争结束后，该地区事实上独立，尽管该地区和周围七个区在国际上仍被承认为阿塞拜疆的一部分。[19][20][21][22]2020年第二次纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫战争结束后，这七个区和纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫的部分地区回归阿塞拜疆控制。[23]2023年，阿塞拜疆的攻势导致“纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫共和国”终结，纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫的亚美尼亚人逃离。[24]

Azerbaijan is a unitary semi-presidential republic.^[4] It is one of six independent Turkic states and an active member of the Organization of Turkic States and the TÜRKSOY community. Azerbaijan has diplomatic relations with 182 countries and holds membership in 38 international organizations,^[25] including the United Nations, the Council of Europe, the Non-Aligned Movement, the OSCE, and the NATO PfP program. It is one of the founding members of GUAM, the Commonwealth of Independent States,^[26] and the OPCW. Azerbaijan is also an observer state of the World Trade Organization.
【参考译文】阿塞拜疆是一个单一制半总统制共和国。[4]它是六个独立的突厥语国家之一，也是突厥语国家组织和突厥文化合作组织的积极成员。阿塞拜疆与182个国家建立了外交关系，是38个国际组织的成员，[25]其中包括联合国、欧洲委员会、不结盟运动、欧安组织和北约“和平伙伴关系计划”。它还是古阿姆组织、独立国家联合体[26]和禁止化学武器组织的创始成员国之一。阿塞拜疆还是世界贸易组织的观察员国。

阿塞拜疆的宪法中未指明国教，且国家的大多数政治力量都是世俗主义者，但大部分的国民以及国内一些反对派也都为什叶派人士^[12]。阿塞拜疆的人类发展指数较高，与大多数东欧国家相当^[13]。阿塞拜疆也有较高的识字率^[14]和较低的失业率^[15]。然而阿塞拜疆的贪污现象也很普遍，特别是在公共服务业上^[16][17]。在2009年阿塞拜疆宪法公民投票中，国民议会废除了总统任期限制。现在的执政党新阿塞拜疆党执政以来，就阿塞拜疆人权和政党的集权主义遭到指责^[18][19]。

The vast majority of the country’s population (97%) is nominally^[27] Muslim,^[28] but the Constitution of Azerbaijan does not declare an official religion, and all major political forces in the country are secular. Azerbaijan is a developing country and ranks 89th on the Human Development Index. The ruling New Azerbaijan Party, in power since 1993, has been accused of authoritarianism under president Heydar Aliyev and his son Ilham Aliyev, and worsening the country’s human rights record, including increasing restrictions on civil liberties, particularly on press freedom and political repression.^[29]
【参考译文】该国绝大多数人口（97%）在名义上是[27]穆斯林，[28]但《阿塞拜疆宪法》并未宣布官方宗教，而且该国所有主要政治力量都是世俗的。阿塞拜疆是一个发展中国家，在人类发展指数上排名第89位。自1993年执政以来，执政的新阿塞拜疆党在总统海达尔·阿利耶夫及其子伊尔哈姆·阿利耶夫领导下被指责独裁，并导致该国人权纪录恶化，包括对公民自由的限制日益增多，尤其是新闻自由和政治镇压。[29]

0.2 概况表格

辽观注：此标题是我们在搬运、整合过程中添加的。

Anthem【国歌】: Azərbaycan marşı “March of Azerbaijan”【《阿塞拜疆进行曲》】
Capital and largest city【首都暨最大城市】	Baku / 巴库 40°23′43″N 49°52′56″E
Official languages【官方语言】	Azerbaijani[1] / 阿塞拜疆语
Ethnic groups (2019[2])【族群（2019年）】	94.8% Azerbaijani【阿塞拜疆人】 1.7% Lezgin【列兹金人】 0.9% Talysh【塔利什人】 0.7% Russian【俄罗斯人】 1.9% others【其他】
Religion (2020)[3]【宗教（2020年）】	97.3% Islam【伊斯兰教】 -60-65% Shia【什叶派】 -35-40% Sunni【逊尼派】 2.6% Christianity【基督宗教】 <0.1% other religion【其他宗教】 <0.1% unaffiliated【无信仰】
Demonym(s)【英语中对当地人的称呼】	Azerbaijani Azeri
Government【政体】	Unitary semi-presidential republic[4] under a hereditary dictatorship 【一元制半总统制共和国[4]，实行世袭独裁统治】
• President【总统】	Ilham Aliyev / 伊利哈姆·阿利耶夫
• Vice President【副总统】	Mehriban Aliyeva / 梅赫里班·阿利耶娃
• Prime Minister【总理】	Ali Asadov / 阿里·阿萨多夫
Legislature【立法机构】	National Assembly / 国民议会
Formation【建国】
• People’s Republic【人民共和国成立】	28 May 1918 / 1918年5月28日
• Soviet Socialist Republic / 苏维埃社会主义共和国	28 April 1920 / 1920年4月28日
• Independence from Soviet Union / 脱离苏联独立	18 October 1991 (declared) / 1991年8月30日（公开宣布） 26 December 1991 (recognized) / 1991年10月18日（正式独立）
• Constitution adopted【采用宪法】	12 November 1995 / 1995年11月12日
Area / 面积
• Total【总计】	86,600 km2 (33,400 sq mi) (112th【世界第112名】)
• Water (%)【水域占比】	1.6
Population / 人口
• 2022 estimate【2022年估计值】	10,353,296[5] (90th【世界第90名】)
• Density【人口密度】	117/km2 (303.0/sq mi) (99th【世界第99名】)
GDP (PPP)【国内生产总值（购买力平价）】	2024 estimate【2024年估计值】
• Total【总计】	$199.195 billion[6] (78th) 【1991.95亿美元[6]（世界第78位）】
• Per capita【人均】	$19,328[6] (88th) 【19,328美元[6]（世界第88位）】
GDP (nominal)【国内生产总值（名义）】	2024 estimate【2024年估计值】
• Total【总计】	78.749 billion[6] (82nd) 【787.49亿[6]（世界第82位）】
• Per capita【人均】	$7,641[6] (90th) 【7,641美元[6]（世界第90位）】
Gini (2008) / 基尼系数	33.7[7] medium inequality【中】
HDI (2022) / 人类发展指数	0.760[8] high (89th)【高（世界第89名）】
Currency【货币】	Manat (₼) (AZN) / 马纳特
Time zone【时区】	UTC+4 (AZT) / 阿塞拜疆时间
Calling code【电话区号】	+994
ISO 3166 code / ISO 3166码	AZ
Internet TLD / 互联网顶级域	.az

1. 词源 | Etymology

Further information: Atropatene, Caucasian Albania, and Azerbaijan (toponym)
【进一步信息：阿特洛帕特尼、高加索阿尔巴尼亚和阿塞拜疆（地名）】

The term Azerbaijan derives from Atropates,^[30][31] a Persian^[32][33] satrap under the Achaemenid Empire who was reinstated as the satrap of Media under Alexander the Great.^[34][35] The original etymology of this name is thought to have its roots in the once-dominant Zoroastrianism. In the Avesta‘s Frawardin Yasht (“Hymn to the Guardian Angels”), there is a mention of âterepâtahe ashaonô fravashîm ýazamaide, which translates from Avestan as “we worship the fravashi of the holy Atropatene“.^[36] The name “Atropates” is the Greek transliteration of an Old Iranian, probably Median, compounded name with the meaning “Protected by the (Holy) Fire” or “The Land of the (Holy) Fire”.^[37] The Greek name was mentioned by Diodorus Siculus and Strabo. Over the span of millennia, the name evolved to Āturpātākān (Middle Persian), then to Ādharbādhagān, Ādhorbāygān, Āzarbāydjān (New Persian) and present-day Azerbaijan.^[38]
【参考译文】阿塞拜疆一词源自阿特洛帕特（Atropates），[30][31]他是阿契美尼德帝国时期的一位波斯[32][33]总督，后在亚历山大大帝统治下被重新任命为米底亚的总督。[34][35]该名称的原始词源被认为与曾经盛行的琐罗亚斯德教有关。在《阿维斯塔》的《弗拉瓦丁·亚什特》（“守护天使颂歌”）中，提到了âterepâtahe ashaonô fravashîm ýazamaide，用阿维斯塔语翻译即为“我们崇拜神圣阿特洛帕特尼的弗拉瓦希（fravashi，即守护灵）”。[36]“阿特洛帕特”是古希腊语对古伊朗语（可能是米底语）复合名称的音译，意为“（圣）火保护之地”或“（圣）火之地”。[37]古希腊作家迪奥多罗斯·西库卢斯和斯特拉波都曾提及该名称。历经数千年演变，该名称变为中古波斯语的Āturpātākān，之后变为Ādharbādhagān、Ādhorbāygān、新波斯语的Āzarbāydjān，以及今天的阿塞拜疆。[38]

The name Azerbaijan was first adopted by the government of Musavat in 1918^[39] after the collapse of the Russian Empire, when the independent Azerbaijan Democratic Republic was established. Until then, the designation had been used exclusively to identify the adjacent region of contemporary northwestern Iran,^{[40][41][42][43]} while the area of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic was formerly referred to as Arran and Shirvan.^[44] On that basis Iran protested the newly adopted country name.^[45]
【参考译文】阿塞拜疆这一名称首次于1918年俄罗斯帝国崩溃后，由穆萨瓦特政府采用，[39]当时建立了独立的阿塞拜疆民主共和国。在此之前，该名称仅用于指代当代伊朗西北部的相邻地区，[40][41][42][43]而阿塞拜疆民主共和国的地区以前被称为阿兰和希尔万。[44]基于此，伊朗对新采用的国名表示抗议。[45]

During Soviet rule, the country was also spelled in Latin from the Russian transliteration as Azerbaydzhan (Russian: Азербайджа́н).^[46] The country’s name was also spelled in Cyrillic script from 1940 to 1991 as Азәрбајҹан.
【参考译文】在苏联统治时期，该国的名称也根据俄语音译用拉丁字母拼写为Azerbaydzhan（俄语：Азербайджа́н）。[46]从1940年至1991年，该国的名称也用西里尔字母拼写为Азәрбајҹан。

1. 历史 | History

主条目：阿塞拜疆历史 / Main article: History of Azerbaijan

1.1 早期历史 | Antiquity

Further information: Caucasian Albania【进一步信息：高加索阿尔巴尼亚】

The earliest evidence of human settlement in the territory of Azerbaijan dates back to the late Stone Age and is related to the Guruchay culture of Azykh Cave.^[47] Early settlements included the Scythians during the 9th century BC.^[37] Following the Scythians, Iranian Medes came to dominate the area to the south of the Aras river.^[35] The Medes forged a vast empire between 900 and 700 BC, which was integrated into the Achaemenid Empire around 550 BC.^[48] The area was conquered by the Achaemenids leading to the spread of Zoroastrianism.^[49]
【参考译文】阿塞拜疆地区最早的人类定居证据可追溯到晚期石器时代，与阿兹赫洞穴的古鲁恰伊文化有关。[47]早期的定居者包括公元前9世纪的斯基泰人。[37]斯基泰人之后，伊朗的米底人开始统治阿拉克斯河以南的地区。[35]米底人在公元前900年至公元前700年间建立了一个庞大的帝国，该帝国在公元前550年左右被并入阿契美尼德帝国。[48]该地区被阿契美尼德人征服，导致琐罗亚斯德教的传播。[49]

包括斯基提亚人在内的较早定居者，于公元前9世纪定居于阿塞拜疆^[7]。自斯基提亚人到来后，来自米底王国的伊朗人控制了阿拉斯河南部地区^[26]。米底王国在公元前900至700年间达到鼎盛，在公元前大约550年被新兴的阿契美尼德帝国所兼并。在阿契美尼德帝国统治下，琐罗亚斯德教开始在这个区域传播^[32]。之后这个区域被亚历山大大帝的马其顿王国征服，以及成为塞琉古帝国的一部分。位于阿塞拜疆东北部的原住民高加索阿尔巴尼亚人在公元前4世纪时开始统治这个区域，建立以一个受亚美尼亚文化影响的独立王国^[33]。在这个时期，琐罗亚斯德教传播到高加索地区和阿特罗帕特尼地区^[32]。

公元前4世纪至3世纪，亚美尼亚人在位于现在阿塞拜疆的西南部地区建立了阿尔塔克夏王朝，在公元前189年至公元426年间，阿塞拜疆的东南部区域（包括了今飞地纳希切万）被并入了大亚美尼亚王国，由阿尔塔克夏王朝（公元前189年至公元12年）和阿萨息斯王朝（公元54至428年）先后统治^[34][35]。

在拜占庭-萨珊战争期间，亚美尼亚王国国土先后遭到拜占庭帝国（公元378年）和波斯萨珊王朝（428年）瓜分并导致国家灭亡。亚美尼亚王国有着种族混居的阿尔塔克西省和尤迪克省于公元378年成为高加索阿尔巴尼亚王国的领土^[36][37]。

1.2 从萨珊王朝时期到萨法维王朝时期 | From the Sasanid period to the Safavid period

The Sasanian Empire turned Caucasian Albania into a vassal state in 252, while King Urnayr officially adopted Christianity as the state religion in the 4th century.^[50] Despite Sassanid rule, Caucasian Albania remained an entity in the region until the 9th century, while fully subordinate to Sassanid Iran, and retained its monarchy. Despite being one of the chief vassals of the Sasanian emperor, the Albanian king had only a semblance of authority, and the Sasanian marzban (military governor) held most civil, religious, and military authority.^[51]
【参考译文】252年，萨珊王朝将高加索阿尔巴尼亚变成其附庸国，而国王乌奈尔（Urnayr）在4世纪正式将基督教定为国教。[50]尽管萨珊王朝实行统治，但高加索阿尔巴尼亚在该地区一直作为一个实体存在，直至9世纪，它完全臣属于萨珊王朝的伊朗，并保留了君主制。尽管阿尔巴尼亚国王是萨珊帝国皇帝的主要附庸之一，但他只有表面上的权威，而萨珊王朝的军事总督（marzban）掌握着大部分的民事、宗教和军事权力。[51]

In the first half of the 7th century, Caucasian Albania, as a vassal of the Sasanians, came under nominal Muslim rule with the Muslim conquest of Persia. The Umayyad Caliphate repulsed both the Sasanians and Byzantines from the South Caucasus and turned Caucasian Albania into a vassal state after Christian resistance led by King Juansher was suppressed in 667. The power vacuum left by the decline of the Abbasid Caliphate was filled by numerous local dynasties such as the Sallarids, Sajids, and Shaddadids. At the beginning of the 11th century, the territory was gradually seized by the waves of migrating Oghuz Turks from Central Asia, who adopted a Turkoman ethnonym at the time.^[52] The first of these Turkic dynasties established was the Seljuk Empire, which entered the area by 1067.^[53]
【参考译文】7世纪前半叶，随着穆斯林征服波斯，高加索阿尔巴尼亚作为萨珊王朝的附庸，名义上处于穆斯林统治之下。倭马亚王朝（Umayyad Caliphate）将萨珊王朝和拜占庭帝国从南高加索地区驱逐出去，并在667年镇压了由国王胡安舍尔领导的基督教抵抗运动后，将高加索阿尔巴尼亚变成其附庸国。阿拔斯王朝（Abbasid Caliphate）衰落留下的权力真空被众多当地王朝填补，如萨拉里德王朝、萨吉德王朝和沙达德王朝。11世纪初，该领土逐渐被从中亚迁徙而来的奥古兹突厥人占领，他们当时采用了土库曼人的族称。[52]这些突厥王朝中第一个建立的是塞尔柱帝国，它在1067年前进入了该地区。[53]

The pre-Turkic population spoke several Indo-European and Caucasian languages, among them Armenian^{[54][55][56][57][58]} and an Iranian language, Old Azeri, which was gradually replaced by a Turkic language, the early precursor of the Azerbaijani language of today.^[59] Some linguists have also stated that the Tati dialects of Iranian Azerbaijan and the Republic of Azerbaijan, like those spoken by the Tats, are descended from Old Azeri.^[60][61] Locally, the possessions of the subsequent Seljuk Empire were ruled by Eldiguzids, technically vassals of the Seljuk sultans, but sometimes de facto rulers themselves. Under the Seljuks, local poets such as Nizami Ganjavi and Khaqani gave rise to a blossoming of Persian literature in the region.^[62][63]
【参考译文】突厥人到来之前，当地人讲几种印欧语系和高加索语系的语言，其中包括亚美尼亚语[54][55][56][57][58]和伊朗语支的古阿塞拜疆语，后者逐渐被突厥语取代，成为今天阿塞拜疆语的前身。[59]一些语言学家还指出，伊朗阿塞拜疆和阿塞拜疆共和国的塔提方言，就像塔提人所说的那样，源自古阿塞拜疆语。[60][61]在当地，塞尔柱帝国的领地由埃尔迪盖兹王朝统治，他们在技术上是塞尔柱苏丹的附庸，但有时也实际上是统治者。在塞尔柱王朝时期，当地诗人如尼扎米·甘贾维和哈卡尼使波斯文学在该地区得到了繁荣发展。[62][63]

Shirvanshahs, the local dynasty of Arabic origin that was later Persianized, became a vassal state of Timurid Empire of Timur and assisted him in his war with the ruler of the Golden Horde Tokhtamysh. Following Timur’s death, two independent and rival Turkoman states emerged: Qara Qoyunlu and Aq Qoyunlu. The Shirvanshahs returned, maintaining for numerous centuries to come a high degree of autonomy as local rulers and vassals as they had done since 861. In 1501, the Safavid dynasty of Iran subdued the Shirvanshahs and gained its possessions. In the course of the next century, the Safavids converted the formerly Sunni population to Shia Islam,^[64][65][66] as they did with the population in what is modern-day Iran.^[67]
【参考译文】后来波斯化的阿拉伯血统的当地王朝希尔万沙王朝成为帖木儿帝国帖木儿的附庸国，并协助他与金帐汗国统治者托克塔米什作战。帖木儿去世后，出现了两个独立且相互竞争的土库曼国家：黑羊王朝和白羊王朝。希尔万沙王朝重掌政权，像自861年以来一直所做的那样，在接下来的数百年里作为当地统治者和附庸保持了高度的自治。1501年，伊朗的萨法维王朝征服了希尔万沙王朝及其领地。在接下来的一个世纪里，萨法维王朝将原本信仰逊尼派的民众改宗为什叶派伊斯兰教，[64][65][66]就像他们对现代伊朗境内的人口所做的那样。[67]

The Safavids allowed the Shirvanshahs to remain in power under Safavid suzerainty until 1538, when Safavid King Tahmasp I completely deposed them and made the area into the Safavid province of Shirvan. The Sunni Ottomans briefly managed to occupy present-day Azerbaijan as a result of the Ottoman–Safavid War of 1578–1590; by the early 17th century, they were ousted by Safavid Iranian ruler Abbas I. In the wake of the demise of the Safavid dynasty, Baku and its environs were briefly occupied by the Russians as a consequence of the Russo-Persian War of 1722–1723. Remainder of present Azerbaijan was occupied by the Ottomans from 1722 to 1736.^[68] Despite brief intermissions such as these by Safavid Iran’s neighboring rivals, the land remained under Iranian rule from the earliest advent of the Safavids up to the course of the 19th century.^[69][70]
【参考译文】萨法维王朝允许希尔万沙王朝在萨法维宗主权下继续掌权，直至1538年，萨法维国王塔赫马斯普一世完全废黜了他们，将该地区变成萨法维王朝的希尔万省。在1578年至1590年的奥斯曼-萨法维战争之后，逊尼派的奥斯曼人短暂占领了今天的阿塞拜疆；到了17世纪初，他们被萨法维伊朗统治者阿拔斯一世逐出。萨法维王朝覆灭后，巴库及其周边地区在1722年至1723年的俄波战争期间被俄国人短暂占领。阿塞拜疆其余地区在1722年至1736年间被奥斯曼人占领。[68]尽管萨法维伊朗的邻国对手曾有过这些短暂的插曲，但该地区从萨法维王朝最初兴起直到19世纪期间，一直处于伊朗的统治之下。[69][70]

1.3 近代历史 | Modern history

After the Safavids, the area was ruled by the Iranian Afsharid dynasty. After the death of Nader Shah in 1747, many of his former subjects capitalized on the eruption of instability. Numerous khanates with various forms of autonomy^{[71][72][73][74][75]} emerged. The rulers of these khanates were directly related to the ruling dynasties of Iran and were vassals and subjects of the Iranian shah.^[76] The khanates exercised control over their affairs via international trade routes between Central Asia and the West.^[77]
【参考译文】在萨法维王朝之后，该地区由伊朗的阿夫沙尔王朝统治。1747年纳迪尔沙赫去世后，他的许多前臣民利用随之爆发的不稳定局势牟利。各种形式的自治可汗国[71][72][73][74][75]纷纷涌现。这些可汗国的统治者与伊朗的统治王朝有直接的血缘关系，是伊朗沙阿的附庸和臣民。[76]这些可汗国通过中亚与西方之间的国际贸易路线控制各自的事务。[77]

Thereafter, the area was under the successive rule of the Iranian Zands and Qajars.^[78] From the late 18th century, Imperial Russia switched to a more aggressive geo-political stance towards Iran and the Ottoman Empire.^[79] Russia actively tried to gain possession of the Caucasus region which was, for the most part, in the hands of Iran.^[80] In 1804, the Russians invaded and sacked the Iranian town of Ganja, sparking the Russo-Persian War of 1804–1813.^[81] The militarily superior Russians ended the war with a victory.^[82] Following Qajar Iran’s loss, it was forced to concede suzerainty over most of the khanates, along with Georgia and Dagestan to the Russian Empire, per the Treaty of Gulistan.^[83]
【参考译文】此后，该地区又相继由伊朗的赞德王朝和恺加王朝统治。[78]从18世纪末开始，俄国帝国对伊朗和奥斯曼帝国采取了更为激进的地缘政治立场。[79]俄国积极试图夺取大部分由伊朗控制的高加索地区。[80]1804年，俄国人入侵并洗劫了伊朗的甘贾城，从而引发了1804年至1813年的俄波战争。[81]军事实力更强的俄国最终赢得了这场战争的胜利。[82]根据《古利斯坦条约》，恺加王朝统治下的伊朗战败后，被迫将大部分可汗国以及格鲁吉亚和达吉斯坦的宗主权割让给俄国帝国。[83]

Independent Azerbaijan lasted only 23 months until the Bolshevik 11th Soviet Red Army invaded it, establishing the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic on 28 April 1920. Although the bulk of the newly formed Azerbaijani army was engaged in putting down an Armenian revolt that had broken out in Karabakh, Azerbaijanis did not surrender their brief independence of 1918–20 quickly or easily. As many as 20,000 Azerbaijani soldiers died resisting what was effectively a Russian reconquest.^[100] Within the ensuing early Soviet period, the Azerbaijani national identity was forged.^[93]
【参考译文】独立的阿塞拜疆仅存在了23个月，直到布尔什维克的苏联红军第十一军入侵，并于1920年4月28日成立了阿塞拜疆苏维埃社会主义共和国。尽管新成立的阿塞拜疆军队的大部分兵力都在平息卡拉巴赫爆发的亚美尼亚叛乱，但阿塞拜疆人并没有轻易或迅速地放弃他们1918年至1920年的短暂独立。多达2万名阿塞拜疆士兵在抵抗这场实际上是俄罗斯再次征服的战争中丧生。[100]在随后的苏联早期，阿塞拜疆的民族身份逐渐形成。[93]

On 13 October 1921, the Soviet republics of Russia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia signed an agreement with Turkey known as the Treaty of Kars. The previously independent Republic of Aras would also become the Nakhchivan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic within the Azerbaijan SSR by the treaty of Kars. On the other hand, Armenia was awarded the region of Zangezur and Turkey agreed to return Gyumri (then known as Alexandropol).^[101]
【参考译文】1921年10月13日，苏联共和国——俄罗斯、亚美尼亚、阿塞拜疆和格鲁吉亚与土耳其签订了一项被称为《卡尔斯条约》的协议。此前独立的阿拉斯共和国也根据《卡尔斯条约》成为阿塞拜疆苏维埃社会主义共和国境内的纳希切万自治苏维埃社会主义共和国。另一方面，亚美尼亚获得了赞格祖尔地区，而土耳其同意归还久姆里（当时称为亚历山德罗波尔）。[101]

阿塞拜疆的精英在斯大林的大清洗政策时大批死亡，共产党对宗教人士的虐待也是颇为严酷，但在二战时苏联的卫国战争中，阿塞拜疆动员1/5的人口参战：约68万人上前线（其中有10万名妇女），25万人战死，而当时阿塞拜疆的人口则是340万。1969-1982年在经济衰退的背景下，阿塞拜疆共产党第一书记阿利耶夫采取强硬方针宣誓肃贪，但没能阻止官僚主义和腐败的蔓延。1990年1月，受东欧剧变影响，阿塞拜疆人的独立运动已在两年内急速攀升，反亚美尼亚人的种族屠杀运动（巴库为中心）导致苏联红军在当年一月进驻巴库并造成伤亡与破坏，史称“黑色一月”（约147位平民被红军杀死、800人受伤），这次镇压削弱了民族独立运动，直到1991年苏联的八月政变爆发，才给阿塞拜疆完成独立的良机。1991年8月30日宣布独立，成立阿塞拜疆共和国。

During World War II, Azerbaijan played a crucial role in the strategic energy policy of the Soviet Union, with 80 percent of the Soviet Union’s oil on the Eastern Front being supplied by Baku. By decree of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union in February 1942, the commitment of more than 500 workers and employees of the oil industry of Azerbaijan were awarded orders and medals. Operation Edelweiss carried out by the German Wehrmacht targeted Baku because of its importance as the energy (petroleum) dynamo of the USSR.^[13] A fifth of all Azerbaijanis fought in the Second World War from 1941 to 1945. Approximately 681,000 people (with over 100,000 women) went to the front, while the total population of Azerbaijan was 3.4 million at the time.^[102] Some 250,000 people from Azerbaijan were killed on the front. More than 130 Azerbaijanis were named heroes of the Soviet Union. Azerbaijani Major-General Azi Aslanov was twice awarded the Hero of the Soviet Union.^[103]
【参考译文】在第二次世界大战期间，阿塞拜疆在苏联的战略能源政策中发挥了至关重要的作用，苏联东线80%的石油都由巴库供应。根据1942年2月苏联最高苏维埃的法令，500多名阿塞拜疆石油工业的工人和员工因其贡献被授予勋章和奖章。由于巴库作为苏联能源（石油）动力源的重要性，德国国防军实施了名为“雪绒花行动”的军事行动，以巴库为目标。[13]从1941年到1945年，五分之一的阿塞拜疆人参加了第二次世界大战。大约有681,000人（其中超过100,000名女性）上前线，而当时阿塞拜疆的总人口为340万。[102]约有250,000名来自阿塞拜疆的人在战场上阵亡。超过130名阿塞拜疆人被命名为苏联英雄。阿塞拜疆少将阿兹·阿斯拉诺夫两次被授予苏联英雄称号。[103]

1.4 独立 | Independence

Following the politics of glasnost initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev, civil unrest and ethnic strife grew in various regions of the Soviet Union, including Nagorno-Karabakh,^[104] an autonomous region of the Azerbaijan SSR. The disturbances in Azerbaijan, in response to Moscow’s indifference to an already heated conflict, resulted in calls for independence and secession, which culminated in the Black January events in Baku.^[105] Later in 1990, the Supreme Council of the Azerbaijan SSR dropped the words “Soviet Socialist” from the title, adopted the “Declaration of Sovereignty of the Azerbaijan Republic” and restored the flag of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic as the state flag.^[106] As a consequence of the failed 1991 Soviet coup attempt in Moscow, the Supreme Council of Azerbaijan adopted a Declaration of Independence on 18 October 1991 which was affirmed by a nationwide referendum in December, while the Soviet Union officially ceased to exist on 26 December.^[106] The country celebrates its Day of Restoration of Independence on 18 October.^[107]
【参考译文】随着米哈伊尔·戈尔巴乔夫推行的“公开性”（glasnost）政策，苏联包括阿塞拜疆苏维埃社会主义共和国自治区纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫在内的各地区，都出现了社会动荡和民族冲突。[104]阿塞拜疆的动荡源于莫斯科对已经白热化的冲突漠不关心，这引发了独立和分裂的呼声，最终导致了巴库“黑色一月事件”。[105]1990年晚些时候，阿塞拜疆苏维埃社会主义共和国最高苏维埃去掉了名称中的“苏维埃社会主义”字样，通过了《阿塞拜疆共和国主权宣言》，并恢复了阿塞拜疆民主共和国国旗作为国旗。[106]由于1991年莫斯科苏联政变企图失败，阿塞拜疆最高苏维埃于1991年10月18日通过了《独立宣言》，该宣言于12月举行的全民公投中获得确认，而苏联则于12月26日正式解体。[106]阿塞拜疆将10月18日定为“恢复独立日”。[107]

The early years of independence were overshadowed by the First Nagorno-Karabakh war with the ethnic Armenian majority of Nagorno-Karabakh backed by Armenia.^[108] By the end of the hostilities in 1994, Armenians controlled 14–16 percent of Azerbaijani territory, including Nagorno-Karabakh.^[27][109] During the war many atrocities and pogroms by both sides were committed including the massacres at Malibeyli, Gushchular and Garadaghly and the Khojaly massacre, along with the Baku pogrom, the Maraga massacre and the Kirovabad pogrom.^[110][111] Furthermore, an estimated 30,000 people were killed and more than a million people were displaced (more than 800,000 Azerbaijanis and 300,000 Armenians).^[112] Four United Nations Security Council resolutions (822, 853, 874, and 884) demand for “the immediate withdrawal of all Armenian forces from all occupied territories of Azerbaijan.”^[113] Many Russians and Armenians fled Azerbaijan as refugees during the 1990s.^[114] According to the 1970 census, there were 510,000 ethnic Russians and 484,000 Armenians in Azerbaijan.^[115]
【参考译文】独立初期，阿塞拜疆被纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫战争所笼罩，纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫的亚美尼亚族多数群体得到了亚美尼亚的支持。[108]到1994年敌对行动结束时，亚美尼亚人控制了包括纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫在内的阿塞拜疆14%至16%的领土。[27][109]战争期间，双方都犯下了许多暴行和屠杀，包括马利贝里、古什恰拉尔和加拉达格利的大屠杀，以及霍贾利大屠杀，还有巴库屠杀、马拉加大屠杀和基罗瓦巴德屠杀。[110][111]此外，据估计有3万人被杀，超过100万人流离失所（其中80多万是阿塞拜疆人，30万是亚美尼亚人）。[112]联合国安全理事会四项决议（第822、853、874和884号）要求“亚美尼亚所有部队立即从阿塞拜疆所有被占领土撤出”。[113]20世纪90年代，许多俄罗斯人和亚美尼亚人逃离阿塞拜疆，成为难民。[114]根据1970年的人口普查，阿塞拜疆有51万俄罗斯族人和48.4万亚美尼亚族人。[115]

1.5 阿利耶夫家族的统治，1993年至今 | Aliyev family rule, 1993–present

In 1993, democratically elected President Abulfaz Elchibey was overthrown by a military insurrection led by Colonel Surat Huseynov, which resulted in the rise to power of the former leader of Soviet Azerbaijan, Heydar Aliyev. In 1994, Huseynov, by that time the prime minister, attempted another military coup against Heydar Aliyev, but he was arrested and charged with treason.^[116] In 1995 another coup was attempted against Aliyev, this time by the commander of the Russian OMON special police unit, Rovshan Javadov. The coup was averted, resulting in the death of Javadov and disbanding of Azerbaijan’s OMON units.^[117][118] At the same time, the country was tainted by rampant corruption in the governing bureaucracy.^[119] In October 1998, Aliyev was re-elected for a second term.
【参考译文】1993年，民主选举产生的总统阿布尔法兹·埃尔奇贝被由上校苏拉特·胡赛诺夫领导的军事叛乱推翻，这导致苏联时期阿塞拜疆领导人海达尔·阿利耶夫上台掌权。1994年，时任总理的胡赛诺夫试图再次发动针对海达尔·阿利耶夫的军事政变，但他被捕并被指控叛国罪。[116]1995年，针对阿利耶夫的又一次政变发生，这次是由俄罗斯OMON特种警察部队指挥官罗夫尚·贾瓦多夫策划的。政变被平息，贾瓦多夫被杀，阿塞拜疆的OMON部队也被解散。[117][118]与此同时，该国政府官僚机构中的腐败现象猖獗。[119]1998年10月，阿利耶夫连任第二任期。

Ilham Aliyev, Heydar Aliyev’s son, became chairman of the New Azerbaijan Party as well as President of Azerbaijan when his father died in 2003. He was re-elected to a third term as president in October 2013.^[120] In April 2018, Aliyev secured his fourth consecutive term in the election that was boycotted by the main opposition parties as fraudulent.^[121] On 27 September 2020, clashes in the unresolved Nagorno-Karabakh conflict resumed along the Nagorno-Karabakh Line of Contact. Both the armed forces of Azerbaijan and Armenia reported military and civilian casualties.^[122]
【参考译文】海达尔·阿利耶夫之子伊尔哈姆·阿利耶夫在海达尔于2003年去世后，成为新阿塞拜疆党主席及阿塞拜疆总统。2013年10月，他再次当选总统，开始第三任期。[120]2018年4月，在主要反对党因选举舞弊而抵制的情况下，阿利耶夫仍确保了第四个连任任期。[121]2020年9月27日，纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫冲突中尚未解决的问题导致双方沿纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫接触线再次发生冲突。阿塞拜疆和亚美尼亚的武装部队都报告了军事和平民伤亡。[122]

The Nagorno-Karabakh ceasefire agreement and the end of the six-week war between Azerbaijan and Armenia was widely celebrated in Azerbaijan, as they made significant territorial gains.^[123] Despite the much improved economy,^[124] particularly with the exploitation of the Azeri–Chirag–Guneshli oil field and Shah Deniz gas field, the Aliyev family rule has been criticized with election fraud,^[125] high levels of economic inequality^[126] and domestic corruption.^[127] In September 2023, Azerbaijan launched an offensive against the breakaway Republic of Artsakh in Nagorno-Karabakh that resulted in the dissolution and reintegration of Artsakh on 1 January 2024 and the flight of nearly all ethnic Armenians from the region.^[128]
【参考译文】阿塞拜疆在纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫停火协议以及与亚美尼亚之间为期六周的战争结束后举行了广泛庆祝活动，因为他们在战争中取得了重大领土收获。[123]尽管经济有了很大改善，[124]特别是随着阿塞里-奇拉格-古内什利油田和沙阿·德尼兹天然气田的开采，阿利耶夫家族的统治还是因选举舞弊、[125]经济高度不平等[126]和国内腐败问题[127]而受到批评。2023年9月，阿塞拜疆对纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫的分裂地区阿塞拜疆纳卡共和国发起攻势，导致阿塞拜疆纳卡共和国于2024年1月1日解散并重新并入阿塞拜疆，该地区几乎所有的亚美尼亚族人也逃离了该地区。[128]

2. 地理 | Geography

主条目：阿塞拜疆地理

Main articles: Geography of Azerbaijan, State reserves of Azerbaijan, and National parks of Azerbaijan
【主要条目：阿塞拜疆地理、阿塞拜疆国家储备、阿塞拜疆国家公园】

See also: Extreme points of Azerbaijan【另请参阅：阿塞拜疆的极值点】

阿塞拜疆共和国坐落于高加索山脉之南方，东临里海，北界俄罗斯，西与亚美尼亚、格鲁吉亚为邻，南接伊朗。阿塞拜疆境内土地约半数为山地。境内最高峰为巴萨杜兹峰，位于高加索山脉，海拔4,740米。欧洲部分面积约1万km²。

Azerbaijan is located in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia, straddling West Asia and Eastern Europe. It lies between latitudes 38° and 42° N, and longitudes 44° and 51° E. The perimeter of Azerbaijan’s land borders is 2,648 km (1,645 mi), of which 1,007 km (626 mi) are with Armenia, 756 km (470 mi) with Iran, 480 kilometers with Georgia, 390 km (242 mi) with Russia and 15 km (9 mi) with Turkey.^[130] The coastline stretches for 800 km (497 mi), and the length of the widest area of the Azerbaijani section of the Caspian Sea is 456 km (283 mi).^[130] The country has a landlocked exclave, the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic.^[131]
【参考译文】阿塞拜疆位于欧亚大陆的南高加索地区，横跨西亚和东欧。它位于北纬38°至42°和东经44°至51°之间。阿塞拜疆陆地边界的总长为2648公里（1645英里），其中与亚美尼亚的边界长为1007公里（626英里），与伊朗的边界长为756公里（470英里），与格鲁吉亚的边界长为480公里，与俄罗斯的边界长为390公里（242英里），与土耳其的边界长为15公里（9英里）。[130]海岸线绵延800公里（497英里），里海阿塞拜疆段最宽区域的长度为456公里（283英里）。[130]该国有一个内陆飞地——纳希切万自治共和国。[131]

Three physical features dominate Azerbaijan: the Caspian Sea, whose shoreline forms a natural boundary to the east; the Greater Caucasus mountain range to the north; and the extensive flatlands at the country’s center. There are three mountain ranges: the Greater and Lesser Caucasus, and the Talysh Mountains, together covering approximately 40% of the country.^[132] The highest peak is Mount Bazardüzü 4,466 m (14,652 ft), while the lowest point lies in the Caspian Sea −28 m (−92 ft) . Nearly half of all the mud volcanoes on Earth are concentrated in Azerbaijan, these volcanoes were among nominees for the New 7 Wonders of Nature.^[133]
【参考译文】阿塞拜疆的地貌主要由三部分构成：里海，其海岸线构成了该国的东部天然边界；北部的大高加索山脉；以及该国中部的广阔平原。这里有三条山脉：大高加索山脉、小高加索山脉和塔雷什山脉，它们共同覆盖了阿塞拜疆约40%的国土面积。[132]最高峰是巴扎尔杜祖山，海拔4466米（14652英尺），而最低点则位于里海，海拔为-28米（-92英尺）。地球上近一半的泥火山都集中在阿塞拜疆，这些火山还曾入围“新七大自然奇观”的候选名单。[133]

阿塞拜疆境内气候多样，中部与东部为干燥型气候，东南方降雨较为充沛。首都巴库紧临里海，冬天温暖，一月月均温为4℃，七月月均温为25℃。北方与西方的山区气温较低，夏天平均温为12℃，冬天平均温为-9℃。阿塞拜疆境内大部分地区一年的降雨量只有200毫米，但少数地区例如高加索山脉的高海拔区以及东南方的兰克朗平原降雨较多，一年降雨量可达1000毫米。基本上大部分阿塞拜疆的国土皆是在春秋两季较为潮湿，夏季则是干季。

The main water sources are surface waters. Only 24 of the 8,350 stream are greater than 100 km (62 mi) in length.^[132] All the streams drain into the Caspian Sea.^[132] The largest lake is Sarysu at 67 km² (26 sq mi), and the longest river is Kur at 1,515 km (941 mi), which is transboundary with Armenia. Azerbaijan has several islands along the Caspian sea, mostly located in the Baku Archipelago.
【参考译文】主要水源为地表水。在8350条河流中，仅有24条长度超过100公里（62英里）。[132]所有河流都流入里海。[132]最大的湖泊是萨里苏湖，面积为67平方公里（26平方英里），而最长的河流是库拉河，长度为1515公里（941英里），该河流经亚美尼亚，为跨国河流。阿塞拜疆在里海沿岸拥有多座岛屿，其中大部分位于巴库群岛。

Since independence in 1991, the government has taken measures to preserve the environment of Azerbaijan. National protection of the environment accelerated after 2001 when the state budget increased through revenues provided by the Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline. Within four years, protected areas doubled and now make up eight percent of the country’s territory. Since 2001 the government has set up seven large reserves and almost doubled the sector of the budget earmarked for environmental protection.^[134]
【参考译文】自1991年独立以来，阿塞拜疆政府已采取措施保护该国的环境。2001年后，由于巴库-第比利斯-杰伊汉输油管道带来的收入增加，国家预算得以提高，国家对环境的保护力度也随之加快。在四年内，保护区面积翻了一番，现已占到国土面积的8%。自2001年以来，政府已建立了7个大型保护区，并将预算中用于环境保护的部分几乎翻了一番。[134]

2.1 景观 | Landscape

Main articles: Orography of Azerbaijan, Climate of Azerbaijan, and Water bodies of Azerbaijan
【主要条目：阿塞拜疆地形学、阿塞拜疆气候、阿塞拜疆水体】

Azerbaijan is home to a wide variety of landscapes. Over half of the land consists of mountain ridges, crests, highlands, and plateaus which rise up to levels of 400–1,000 meters (including the middle and lower lowlands), in some places (Talis, Jeyranchol-Ajinohur and Langabiz-Alat foreranges) up to 100–120 meters, and others from 0–50 meters and up (Qobustan, Absheron). The rest of Azerbaijan’s terrain consists of plains and lowlands. Elevations within the Caucasus region vary from about −28 meters at the Caspian Sea shoreline up to 4,466 meters (Bazardüzü peak).^[135]
【参考译文】阿塞拜疆拥有多种多样的地貌景观。超过一半的国土由山脊、山脊线、高地和高原组成，海拔高达400至1000米（包括中低洼地），有些地方（如塔利斯、杰兰丘尔-阿吉诺胡尔和朗加比兹-阿拉特前缘地带）海拔高达100至120米，而其他地区海拔则在0至50米以上（如库布斯坦和阿布歇隆）。阿塞拜疆其余的地形为平原和低地。高加索地区的海拔从里海海岸线附近的-28米到最高的4466米（巴扎尔杜祖峰）不等。[135]

The climate is influenced particularly by cold arctic air masses of Scandinavian anticyclone, temperate air masses of Siberian anticyclone, and Central Asian anticyclone.^[136] Azerbaijan’s diverse landscape affects the ways air masses enter the country.^[136] The Greater Caucasus protects the country from direct influences of cold air masses coming from the north. That leads to the formation of subtropical climate on most foothills and plains of the country. Meanwhile, plains and foothills are characterized by high solar radiation rates.^[137]
【参考译文】阿塞拜疆的气候主要受斯堪的纳维亚反气旋带来的寒冷北极气团、西伯利亚反气旋带来的温带气团以及中亚反气旋的影响。[136]阿塞拜疆多样的地貌影响了气团进入该国的方式。[136]大高加索山脉保护着阿塞拜疆免受来自北方的寒冷气团的直接影响。这导致该国大部分地区的山麓和平原形成了亚热带气候。与此同时，平原和山麓地区的特点是高太阳辐射率。[137]

Nine out of eleven existing climate zones are present in Azerbaijan.^[138] Both the absolute minimum temperature (−33 °C or −27.4 °F ) and the absolute maximum temperature^[quantify] were observed in Julfa and Ordubad—regions of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic.^[138] The maximum annual precipitation falls in Lankaran (1,600 to 1,800 mm or 63 to 71 in) and the minimum in Absheron (200 to 350 mm or 7.9 to 13.8 in).^[138]
【参考译文】阿塞拜疆拥有11个现有气候区中的9个。[138]绝对最低温度（-33°C或-27.4°F）和绝对最高温度[量化]均在纳希切万自治共和国的朱尔法和奥尔杜巴德地区观测到。[138]年最大降水量出现在兰卡拉（1600至1800毫米或63至71英寸），而最小降水量则出现在阿布歇隆（200至350毫米或7.9至13.8英寸）。[138]

Rivers and lakes form the principal part of the water systems of Azerbaijan, they were formed over a long geological timeframe and changed significantly throughout that period. This is particularly evidenced by remnants of ancient rivers found throughout the country. The water systems are continually changing under the influence of natural forces and human-introduced industrial activities. Artificial rivers (canals) and ponds are a part of Azerbaijan’s water systems. In terms of water supply, Azerbaijan is below the average in the world with approximately 100,000 cubic metres (3,531,467 cubic feet) per year of water per square kilometer.^[138] All big water reservoirs are built on Kur. The hydrography of Azerbaijan basically belongs to the Caspian Sea basin.
【参考译文】河流和湖泊构成了阿塞拜疆水系的主要部分，它们是在漫长的地质时期中逐渐形成的，并在此期间发生了显著变化。这一点在全国各地发现的古代河流遗迹中得到了特别明显的体现。在自然力量和人类引入的工业活动的影响下，水系不断发生变化。人工河流（运河）和池塘是阿塞拜疆水系的一部分。就供水量而言，阿塞拜疆低于世界平均水平，每年每平方公里的供水量约为10万立方米（3,531,467立方英尺）。[138]所有大型水库都建在库拉河上。阿塞拜疆的水文基本上属于里海流域。

The Kura and Aras are the major rivers in Azerbaijan. They run through the Kura-Aras lowland. The rivers that directly flow into the Caspian Sea originate mainly from the north-eastern slope of the Major Caucasus and Talysh Mountains and run along the Samur–Devechi and Lankaran lowlands.^[139]
【参考译文】库拉河和阿拉斯河是阿塞拜疆的主要河流。它们流经库拉-阿拉斯低地。直接流入里海的河流主要发源于大高加索山脉和塔雷什山脉的东北坡，并沿着萨穆尔-德韦奇和兰卡拉低地流淌。[139]

Yanar Dag, translated as “burning mountain”, is a natural gas fire which blazes continuously on a hillside on the Absheron Peninsula on the Caspian Sea near Baku, which itself is known as the “land of fire.” Flames jet out into the air from a thin, porous sandstone layer. It is a tourist attraction to visitors to the Baku area.^[140]
【参考译文】“亚纳尔达格”意为“燃烧的山”，这是一处位于巴库附近的里海阿布歇隆半岛山坡上持续燃烧的天然气火焰，巴库本身也被称为“火之地”。火焰从一层薄薄的多孔砂岩层中喷射到空中。它是巴库地区游客的一处旅游景点。[140]

2.2 生物多样性 | Biodiversity

Main article: Wildlife of Azerbaijan【主要条目：阿塞拜疆野生动物】

Further information: Fauna of Azerbaijan and Flora of Azerbaijan【更多信息：阿塞拜疆动物群和阿塞拜疆植物群】

The first reports on the richness and diversity of animal life in Azerbaijan can be found in travel notes of Eastern travelers. Animal carvings on architectural monuments, ancient rocks, and stones survived up to the present times. The first information on flora and fauna of Azerbaijan was collected during the visits of naturalists to Azerbaijan in the 17th century.^[132]
【参考译文】关于阿塞拜疆动物种类丰富性和多样性的首批报告可见于东方旅行者的游记中。建筑古迹、古代岩石和石块上的动物雕刻一直保存到如今。关于阿塞拜疆动植物群的首批信息是在17世纪自然学家访问阿塞拜疆期间收集的。[132]

There are 106 species of mammals, 97 species of fish, 363 species of birds, 10 species of amphibians, and 52 species of reptiles which have been recorded and classified in Azerbaijan.^[132] The national animal of Azerbaijan is the Karabakh horse, a mountain-steppe racing and riding horse endemic to Azerbaijan. The Karabakh horse has a reputation for its good temper, speed, elegance, and intelligence. It is one of the oldest breeds, with ancestry dating to the ancient world, but today the horse is an endangered species.^[141]
【参考译文】在阿塞拜疆，已记录并分类的哺乳动物有106种、鱼类97种、鸟类363种、两栖动物10种、爬行动物52种。[132]阿塞拜疆的国兽是卡拉巴赫马，这是一种原产于阿塞拜疆的山地草原赛马和骑乘马。卡拉巴赫马以其良好的性情、速度、优雅和智慧而闻名。它是最古老的品种之一，其祖先可追溯至古代，但如今这种马属于濒危物种。[141]

Azerbaijan’s flora consists of more than 4,500 species of higher plants. Due to the unique climate in Azerbaijan, the flora is much richer in the number of species than the flora of the other republics of the South Caucasus. Sixty-six percent of the species growing in the whole Caucasus can be found in Azerbaijan.^[142] The country lies within four ecoregions: Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests, Caucasus mixed forests, Eastern Anatolian montane steppe, and Azerbaijan shrub desert and steppe.^[143]
【参考译文】阿塞拜疆的植物群由4500多种高等植物组成。由于阿塞拜疆独特的气候，其植物群在物种数量上比其他南高加索共和国的植物群更为丰富。在整个高加索地区生长的植物物种中，有66%可在阿塞拜疆找到。[142]该国位于四个生态区：里海希尔卡尼亚混合林、高加索混合林、东安纳托利亚山地草原和阿塞拜疆灌木荒漠与草原。[143]

Azerbaijan had a 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 6.55/10, ranking it 72nd globally out of 172 countries.^[144] Forest cover is around 14.% of the total land area, equivalent to 1,131,770 hectares (ha) of forest in 2020, up from 944,740 hectares (ha) in 1990. In 2020, naturally regenerating forest covered 826,200 hectares (ha) and planted forest covered 305,570 hectares (ha). Of the naturally regenerating forest 0% was reported to be primary forest (consisting of native tree species with no clearly visible indications of human activity) and around 33% of the forest area was found within protected areas. In 2015, 100% of the forest area was reported to be under public ownership, 0% private ownership and 0% with ownership listed as other or unknown.^[145][146]
【参考译文】在2018年森林景观完整性指数中，阿塞拜疆的平均得分为6.55/10，在全球172个国家中排名第72位。[144]2020年，森林覆盖率约占总面积的14%，相当于1,131,770公顷（ha）的森林面积，而1990年的森林面积为944,740公顷（ha）。2020年，自然再生的森林面积为826,200公顷（ha），人工造林面积为305,570公顷（ha）。据报告，自然再生的森林中0%为原始森林（由本地树种组成，无明显人类活动迹象），约33%的森林面积位于保护区内。2015年，据报告称100%的森林面积属于公有，0%为私有，0%的所有权被列为其他或未知。[145][146]

3. 政府和政治 | Government and politics

Main article: Politics of Azerbaijan / 主条目：阿塞拜疆政治

See also: Elections in Azerbaijan and Human rights in Azerbaijan【另请参阅：阿塞拜疆选举和阿塞拜疆人权】

宪法上阿塞拜疆是一个半总统制的多党制民主国家，但事实上整个政府运作没有实际上的民主，民主指数也属于独裁。阿塞拜疆总统是国家元首，阿塞拜疆副总统是国家副元首为二号领导人；阿塞拜疆总理则是政府领导人。立法权由政府和国会所有。阿塞拜疆在1991年12月通过了独立公投，从苏联独立。阿塞拜疆现任总统是伊利哈姆·阿利耶夫，所属政党是右翼的新阿塞拜疆党。阿塞拜疆的最高立法机构为国民议会。

Azerbaijan’s government functions as an authoritarian regime in practice;^{[147][148][149][150]} although it regularly holds elections, these are marred by electoral fraud and other unfair election practices.^{[151][152][153][154][155][156][157]} The government has been ruled by the Aliyev political family and the New Azerbaijan Party (Yeni Azərbaycan Partiyası, YAP) established by Heydar Aliyev continuously since 1993.^[158] It is categorised as “not free” by Freedom House,^[159][160] who ranked it 7/100 on Global Freedom Score in 2024, calling its regime authoritarian.^[161]
【参考译文】阿塞拜疆政府实际上实行的是威权体制；[147][148][149][150]尽管它定期举行选举，但这些选举却受到选举舞弊和其他不公平选举行为的破坏。[151][152][153][154][155][156][157]自1993年以来，政府一直由阿利耶夫政治家族和由海达尔·阿利耶夫创立的新阿塞拜疆党（Yeni Azərbaycan Partiyası，YAP）统治。[158]自由之家将其归类为“不自由”，[159][160]并在2024年的全球自由评分中给它打了7/100分，称其体制为威权体制。[161]

The structural formation of the political system was completed by the adoption of the constitution on 12 November 1995. According to Article 23 of the constitution, the state symbols are the flag, the coat of arms, and the national anthem. The state power is limited only by law for internal issues, but international affairs are also limited by international agreements’ provisions.^{[162][better source needed]}
【参考译文】1995年11月12日颁布的宪法完成了政治体制的结构建设。根据宪法第23条，国家象征包括国旗、国徽和国歌。国家权力在内政方面仅受法律限制，但国际事务也受国际协定条款的限制。[162][需要更好的信息来源]

The Constitution of Azerbaijan states that it is a presidential republic with three branches of power – executive, legislative, and judicial. The legislative power is held by the unicameral National Assembly and the Supreme National Assembly in the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic. The Parliament of Azerbaijan, called Milli Majlis, consists of 125 deputies elected based on majority vote, with a term of five years for each elected member. The elections are held every five years, on the first Sunday of November. The Parliament is not responsible for the formation of the government, but the constitution requires the approval of the Cabinet of Ministers by Milli Majlis.^[163] The New Azerbaijan Party, and independents loyal to the ruling government, currently hold almost all of the Parliament’s 125 seats. During the 2010 Parliamentary election, the opposition parties, Musavat and Azerbaijani Popular Front Party, failed to win a single seat. European observers found numerous irregularities in the run-up to the election and on election day.^[164]
【参考译文】《阿塞拜疆宪法》规定，阿塞拜疆是总统制共和国，拥有行政、立法和司法三个权力分支。立法权由一院制的国民议会和纳希切万自治共和国的最高国民议会行使。阿塞拜疆议会，又称“民族议会”（Milli Majlis），由125名议员组成，议员根据多数投票选举产生，每届任期五年。议会选举每五年举行一次，在11月的第一个星期日进行。议会不负责政府的组建，但宪法要求内阁必须获得民族议会的批准。[163]目前，新阿塞拜疆党和忠于执政政府的独立人士几乎占据了议会125个席位中的所有席位。在2010年的议会选举中，反对党穆斯林党和阿塞拜疆人民阵线党未能赢得任何一个席位。欧洲观察员在选举前夕和选举当天发现了许多违规行为。[164]

3.1 国际关系 | Foreign relations

Main article: Foreign relations of Azerbaijan / 主条目：阿塞拜疆外交

See also: Azerbaijan and the European Union【另请参阅：阿塞拜疆与欧盟】

参见：阿塞拜疆－土耳其关系和阿塞拜疆－以色列关系

The short-lived Azerbaijan Democratic Republic succeeded in establishing diplomatic relations with six countries, sending diplomatic representatives to Germany and Finland.^[167] The process of international recognition of Azerbaijan’s independence from the collapsing Soviet Union lasted roughly one year. The most recent country to recognize Azerbaijan was Bahrain, on 6 November 1996.^[168] Full diplomatic relations, including mutual exchanges of missions, were first established with Turkey, Pakistan, the United States, Iran^[167] and Israel.^[169] Azerbaijan has placed a particular emphasis on its “special relationship” with Turkey.^[170][171]
【参考译文】短命的阿塞拜疆民主共和国成功与六个国家建立了外交关系，并向德国和芬兰派遣了外交代表。[167]国际社会承认阿塞拜疆从解体的苏联独立出来的过程大约持续了一年。最后一个承认阿塞拜疆的国家是巴林，时间为1996年11月6日。[168]阿塞拜疆首先与土耳其、巴基斯坦、美国、伊朗[167]和以色列[169]建立了包括互派使团在内的全面外交关系。阿塞拜疆特别强调了其与土耳其之间的“特殊关系”。[170][171]

Azerbaijan has diplomatic relations with 158 countries so far and holds membership in 38 international organizations.^[25] It holds observer status in the Non-Aligned Movement and World Trade Organization and is a correspondent at the International Telecommunication Union.^[25] On 9 May 2006 Azerbaijan was elected to membership in the newly established Human Rights Council by the United Nations General Assembly. The term of office began on 19 June 2006.^[172] Azerbaijan was first elected as a non-permanent member of the UN Security Council in 2011 with the support of 155 countries.
【参考译文】短命的阿塞拜疆民主共和国成功与六个国家建立了外交关系，并向德国和芬兰派遣了外交代表。[167]国际社会承认阿塞拜疆从解体的苏联独立出来的过程大约持续了一年。最后一个承认阿塞拜疆的国家是巴林，时间为1996年11月6日。[168]阿塞拜疆首先与土耳其、巴基斯坦、美国、伊朗[167]和以色列[169]建立了包括互派使团在内的全面外交关系。阿塞拜疆特别强调了其与土耳其之间的“特殊关系”。[170][171]

3.2 军事 | Military

Main article: Azerbaijani Armed Forces【主条目：阿塞拜疆武装力量】

The National Army of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic was created on 26 June 1918.^[182][183] When Azerbaijan gained independence after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Armed Forces of the Republic of Azerbaijan were created according to the law on the armed forces of 9 October 1991.^[184] The original date of the establishment of the short-lived National Army is celebrated as Army Day (26 June).^[185] As of 2021, Azerbaijan had 126,000 active personnel in its armed forces. There are also 17,000 paramilitary troops and 330,00 reserve personnel.^[186] The armed forces have three branches: the Land Forces, the Air Forces and the Navy. Additionally the armed forces embrace several military sub-groups that can be involved in state defense when needed. These are the Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the State Border Service, which includes the Coast Guard as well.^[27] The Azerbaijani National Guard is a paramilitary force that operates as a semi-independent entity of the Special State Protection Service, an agency subordinate to the president.^[187]
【参考译文】阿塞拜疆民主共和国国民军于1918年6月26日成立。[182][183]阿塞拜疆在苏联解体后获得独立，根据1991年10月9日颁布的《阿塞拜疆共和国武装部队法》，阿塞拜疆共和国武装部队随之成立。[184]这个短命的国民军最初成立的日期被定为建军节（6月26日）。[185]截至2021年，阿塞拜疆武装部队共有126,000名现役人员。此外，还有17,000名准军事部队人员和330,000名预备役人员。[186]阿塞拜疆武装部队分为三个军种：陆军、空军和海军。此外，武装部队还包括几个可在需要时参与国家防御的军事小组。这些小组包括隶属于内政部的内卫部队和国家边境服务局（其中包括海岸警卫队）。[27]阿塞拜疆国民卫队是一支准军事部队，作为总统下属机构——国家特别保护局的一个半独立实体运作。[187]

Azerbaijan adheres to the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe and has signed all major international arms and weapons treaties. Azerbaijan closely cooperates with NATO in programs such as Partnership for Peace and Individual Partnership Action Plan/pfp and ipa. Azerbaijan has deployed 151 of its peacekeeping forces in Iraq and another 184 in Afghanistan.^[188]
【参考译文】阿塞拜疆遵守《欧洲常规武装力量条约》，并已签署所有主要的国际武器和军备条约。阿塞拜疆在“和平伙伴关系”和“单独伙伴关系行动计划”(PFP和IPA)等项目上与北约密切合作。阿塞拜疆已在伊拉克部署了151名维和人员，在阿富汗部署了另外184名维和人员。[188]

Azerbaijan spent $2.24 billion on its defence budget as of 2020,^[189] which amounted to 5.4% of its total GDP,^[190] and some 12.7% of general government expenditure.^[191] Azerbaijani defense industry manufactures small arms, artillery systems, tanks, armors and night vision devices, aviation bombs, UAVs/unmanned aerial vehicle, various military vehicles and military planes and helicopters.^{[192][193][194][195]}
【参考译文】截至2020年，阿塞拜疆的国防预算为22.4亿美元，[189]占其国内生产总值(GDP)的5.4%，[190]约占政府总支出的12.7%。[191]阿塞拜疆的国防工业生产小武器、火炮系统、坦克、装甲车和夜视装置、航空炸弹、无人机、各种军用车辆以及军用飞机和直升机。[192][193][194][195]

3.3 人权与自由 | Human rights and freedom

Main article: Human rights in Azerbaijan【主条目：阿塞拜疆人权状况】

The constitution claims to guarantee freedom of speech, but this is denied in practice. After several years of decline in press and media freedom, in 2014, the media environment deteriorated rapidly under a governmental campaign to silence any opposition and criticism, even while the country led the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe (May–November 2014). Spurious legal charges and impunity in violence against journalists have remained the norm.^[196] All foreign broadcasts are banned in the country.^[197] According to the 2013 Freedom House Freedom of the Press report, Azerbaijan’s press freedom status is “not free”, and Azerbaijan ranks 177th out of 196 countries.^[198] Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty and Voice of America are banned in Azerbaijan.^[199] Discrimination against LGBT people in Azerbaijan is widespread.^[200][201]
【参考译文】《宪法》宣称保障言论自由，但实际上并非如此。在新闻和媒体自由连续多年下降之后，2014年，在政府发起旨在压制一切反对和批评声音的运动的背景下，媒体环境迅速恶化，尽管当时阿塞拜疆正担任欧洲委员会部长委员会（2014年5月至11月）的主席国。对记者实施暴力行为时滥用法律指控和纵容犯罪的情况依然普遍。[196]该国禁止所有外国广播。[197]根据《自由之家2013年新闻自由报告》，阿塞拜疆的新闻自由状况为“不自由”，在196个国家中排名第177位。[198]阿塞拜疆禁止播放自由欧洲电台/自由电台和美国之音的节目。[199]阿塞拜疆普遍存在对LGBT群体的歧视。[200][201]

Christianity is officially recognized. All religious communities are required to register to be allowed to meet, under the risk of imprisonment. This registration is often denied. “Racial discrimination contributes to the country’s lack of religious freedom, since many of the Christians are ethnic Armenian or Russian, rather than Azeri Muslim”.^[202][203]
【参考译文】基督教得到官方认可。所有宗教团体都被要求注册以获得集会许可，否则将面临监禁风险。而这些宗教团体往往无法注册成功。“种族歧视导致该国缺乏宗教自由，因为许多基督徒是亚美尼亚族或俄罗斯族人，而非阿塞拜疆穆斯林”。[202][203]

During the last few years,^[when?] three journalists were killed and several prosecuted in trials described as unfair by international human rights organizations. Azerbaijan had the largest number of journalists imprisoned in Europe in 2015, according to the Committee to Protect Journalists, and is the 5th most censored country in the world, ahead of Iran and China.^[204] Some critical journalists have been arrested for their coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic in Azerbaijan.^[205][206]
【参考译文】近几年[何时？]，有三名记者被杀，数名记者在被称为不公正的审判中受到起诉。据保护记者协会称，2015年，阿塞拜疆是欧洲囚禁记者人数最多的国家，也是世界上审查制度最严格的国家之一，排名第五，仅次于伊朗和中国。[204]一些批评政府的记者因报道阿塞拜疆的新冠肺炎疫情而被捕。[205][206]

A report by an Amnesty International researcher in October 2015 points to “…the severe deterioration of human rights in Azerbaijan over the past few years. Sadly Azerbaijan has been allowed to get away with unprecedented levels of repression and in the process almost wipe out its civil society.”^[207] Amnesty’s 2015/16 annual report^[208] on the country stated “… persecution of political dissent continued. Human rights organizations remained unable to resume their work. At least 18 prisoners of conscience remained in detention at the end of the year. Reprisals against independent journalists and activists persisted both in the country and abroad, while their family members also faced harassment and arrests. International human rights monitors were barred and expelled from the country. Reports of torture and other ill-treatment persisted.”^[209]
【参考译文】大赦国际一名研究人员于2015年10月发布的一份报告指出，“……近几年，阿塞拜疆人权状况严重恶化。遗憾的是，阿塞拜疆的镇压行为前所未有，几乎摧毁了公民社会，却未受到惩罚。”[207]大赦国际关于阿塞拜疆的《2015/16年度报告》[208]指出，“……政治异见迫害仍在继续。人权组织仍无法恢复工作。年底时，至少有18名良心犯仍被拘留。针对国内外独立记者和活动人士的报复行为仍在持续，他们的家人也面临骚扰和被捕。国际人权监察员被禁止入境并被驱逐出境。酷刑和其他虐待行为的报告仍在持续出现。”[209]

The Guardian reported in April 2017 that “Azerbaijan’s ruling elite operated a secret $2.9bn (£2.2bn) scheme to pay prominent Europeans, buy luxury goods and launder money through a network of opaque British companies …. Leaked data shows that the Azerbaijani leadership, accused of serial human rights abuses, systemic corruption and rigging elections, made more than 16,000 covert payments from 2012 to 2014. Some of this money went to politicians and journalists, as part of an international lobbying operation to deflect criticism of Azerbaijan’s president, Ilham Aliyev, and to promote a positive image of his oil-rich country.” There was no suggestion that all recipients were aware of the source of the money as it arrived via a disguised route.^[210]
【参考译文】《卫报》于2017年4月报道称，“阿塞拜疆的统治精英运营着一个价值29亿美元（22亿英镑）的秘密计划，向知名欧洲人支付费用、购买奢侈品，并通过一个由不透明的英国公司组成的网络洗钱……泄露的数据显示，2012年至2014年间，阿塞拜疆领导人（被指控犯下系列人权侵犯行为、系统性腐败和操纵选举）进行了16,000多笔秘密付款。其中一部分钱流向了政治人士和记者，作为国际游说行动的一部分，目的是转移对阿塞拜疆总统伊尔哈姆·阿利耶夫（Ilham Aliyev）的批评，并塑造其石油资源丰富的国家的积极形象。”没有迹象表明所有收款人都清楚这些钱是通过伪装途径获得的。[210]

3.4 行政区划 | Administrative divisions

Main article: Administrative divisions of Azerbaijan / 主条目：阿塞拜疆行政区划

There are 14 economic regions; 66 rayons (rayonlar, singular rayon) and 11 cities (şəhərlər, singular şəhər) under the direct authority of the republic.^[211] Moreover, Azerbaijan includes the Autonomous Republic (muxtar respublika) of Nakhchivan.^[27] The President of Azerbaijan appoints the governors of these units, while the government of Nakhchivan is elected and approved by the parliament of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic.
【参考译文】阿塞拜疆共有14个经济区；66个区（rayonlar，单数形式为rayon）和11个直辖市（şəhərlər，单数形式为şəhər），这些均直接由共和国管辖。[211]此外，阿塞拜疆还包括纳希切万自治共和国（muxtar respublika）。[27]阿塞拜疆总统任命这些行政单位的州长，而纳希切万自治共和国的政府则由纳希切万自治共和国议会选举并批准。

• Baku Economic Region【巴库经济区】
  • Baku^[c]【巴库】
• Absheron-Khizi Economic Region【阿布歇隆-希济经济区】
  • Absheron (Abşeron)【阿布歇隆】
  • Khizi (Xızı)【希济】
  • Sumgait^[c] (Sumqayıt)【苏姆盖特】
• Central Aran Economic Region【中央阿拉经济区】
  • Aghdash (Ağdaş)【阿格达什】
  • Goychay (Göyçay)【戈伊乔莱】
  • Kurdamir (Kürdəmir)【库尔达米尔】
  • Ujar (Ucar)【乌贾尔】
  • Yevlakh (Yevlax)【叶夫拉赫】
  • Yevlakh^[c] (Yevlax; city)【叶夫拉赫市】
  • Zardab (Zərdab)【扎尔达布】
  • Mingachevir^[c] (Mingəçevir)【明盖切维尔】
• Mil-Mughan Economic Region【米尔-穆甘经济区】
  • Beylagan (Beyləqan)【贝伊拉干】
  • Imishli (İmişli)【伊米什利】
  • Saatly (Saatlı)【萨阿特雷】
  • Sabirabad (Sabirabad)【萨比拉巴德】
• Shirvan-Salyan Economic Region【谢尔万-萨利扬经济区】
  • Bilasuvar (Biləsuvar)【比拉苏瓦尔】
  • Hajigabul (Hacıqabul)【哈吉加布尔】
  • Neftchala (Neftçala)【内夫特恰拉】
  • Salyan (Salyan)【萨利扬】
  • Yevlakh (Yevlax)【叶夫拉赫】
  • Shirvan^[c] (Şirvan)【谢尔万】
• Mountainous Shirvan economic region【山地谢尔万经济区】
  • Aghsu (Ağsu)【阿格苏】
  • Gobustan (Qobustan)【戈布斯坦】
  • Ismayilli (İsmayıllı)【伊斯马伊利】
  • Shamakhi (Şamaxı)【沙马基】
• Ganja-Dashkasan Economic Region【格安加-达什凯桑经济区】
  • Dashkasan (Daşkəsən)【达什凯桑】
  • Goranboy (Goranboy)【戈兰博伊】
  • Goygol (Göygöl)【戈伊戈尔】
  • Samukh (Samux)【萨木赫】
  • Ganja^[c] (Gəncə)【甘加】
  • Naftalan^[c] (Naftalan)【纳夫塔兰】
• Gazakh-Tovuz Economic Region【加扎赫-托武兹经济区】
  • Aghstafa (Ağstafa)【阿格斯塔法】
  • Gadabay (Gədəbəy)【加达巴伊】
  • Gazakh (Qazax)【加扎赫】
  • Shamkir (Şəmkir)【沙姆基尔】
  • Tovuz (Tovuz)【托武兹】
• Guba-Khachmaz Economic Region【古巴-哈奇马兹经济区】
  • Guba (Quba)【古巴】
  • Gusar (Qusar)【古萨尔】
  • Khachmaz (Xaçmaz)【哈奇马兹】
  • Shabran (Şabran)【沙布拉恩】
  • Siyazan (Siyəzən)【斯亚赞】
• East Zangezur Economic Region【东赞格祖尔经济区】
  • Gubadly (Qubadlı)【古巴德雷】
  • Jabrayil (Cəbrayıl)【杰布拉伊勒】
  • Kalbajar (Kəlbəcər)【卡尔巴贾尔】
  • Lachin (Laçın)【拉钦】
  • Zangilan (Zəngilan)【赞吉兰】
• Lankaran-Astara Economic Region【兰卡拉-阿斯特拉经济区】
  • Astara (Astara)【阿斯特拉】
  • Jalilabad (Cəlilabad)【杰利拉巴德】
  • Lankaran (Lənkəran)【兰卡拉】
  • Lerik (Lerik)【勒里克】
  • Masally (Masallı)【马萨利】
  • Yardimli (Yardımlı)【亚迪米尔】
  • Lankaran^[c] (Lənkəran; city)【兰卡拉市】
• Nakhchivan Economic Region【纳希切万自治共和国经济区】
  • Babek (Babək)【巴贝克】
  • Julfa (Culfa)【朱尔法】
  • Kangarli (Kəngərli)【康加雷利】
  • Ordubad (Ordubad)【奥尔杜巴德】
  • Sadarak (Sədərək)【萨达拉克】
  • Shahbuz (Şahbuz)【沙赫布兹】
  • Sharur (Şərur)【沙鲁尔】
  • Nakhchivan^[c] (Naxçıvan)【纳希切万】
• Shaki-Zagatala Economic Region【沙基-扎加塔拉经济区】
  • Balakan (Balakən)【巴拉肯】
  • Gabala (Qəbələ)【加巴拉】
  • Gakh (Qax)【加赫】
  • Oghuz (Oğuz)【奥古兹】
  • Shaki (Şəki)【沙基】
  • Zagatala (Zaqatala)【扎加塔拉】
  • Shaki^[c] (Şəki; city)【沙基市】
• Karabakh Economic Region【卡拉巴赫经济区】
  • Aghjabadi (Ağcabədi)【阿格贾巴德】
  • Barda (Bərdə)【巴尔达】
  • Aghdam (Ağdam)【阿格达姆】
  • Fuzuli (Füzuli)【富祖利】
  • Khojaly (Xocalı)【谢赫利】
  • Khojavend (Xocavənd)【谢赫文德】
  • Shusha (Şuşa)【修沙】
  • Tartar (Tərtər)【塔尔塔尔】
  • Khankendi^[c] (Xankəndi)【谢汉肯迪】

【英文词条原注c】City under the direct authority of the republic.
【参考译文】共和国直辖的城市。

4. 经济 | Economy

Main article: Economy of Azerbaijan / 主条目：阿塞拜疆经济

参见：沙赫德尼兹气田、跨亚得里亚海管道和阿塞拜疆共和国国家石油公司

After gaining independence in 1991, Azerbaijan became a member of the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the Islamic Development Bank, and the Asian Development Bank.^[212] The banking system consists of the Central Bank of Azerbaijan, commercial banks, and non-banking credit organizations. The National (now Central) Bank was created in 1992 based on the Azerbaijan State Savings Bank, an affiliate of the former State Savings Bank of the USSR. The Central Bank serves as Azerbaijan’s central bank, empowered to issue the national currency, the Azerbaijani manat, and to supervise all commercial banks. Two major commercial banks are UniBank and the state-owned International Bank of Azerbaijan, run by Abbas Ibrahimov.^[213]
【参考译文】1991年获得独立后，阿塞拜疆成为国际货币基金组织、世界银行、欧洲复兴开发银行、伊斯兰开发银行和亚洲开发银行的成员。[212]阿塞拜疆的银行体系由阿塞拜疆中央银行、商业银行和非银行信贷组织构成。国家银行（现为中央银行）于1992年成立，其前身是苏联国家储蓄银行的附属机构——阿塞拜疆国家储蓄银行。阿塞拜疆中央银行作为国家银行，有权发行国家货币——阿塞拜疆马纳特，并监管所有商业银行。两家主要的商业银行是UniBank和由阿巴斯·易卜拉欣莫夫经营的国家控股的阿塞拜疆国际银行。[213]

Pushed up by spending and demand growth, the 2007 Q1 inflation rate reached 16.6%.^[214] Nominal incomes and monthly wages climbed 29% and 25% respectively against this figure, but price increases in the non-oil industry encouraged inflation.^[214] Azerbaijan shows some signs of the so-called “Dutch disease” because of its fast-growing energy sector, which causes inflation and makes non-energy exports more expensive.^[215] In the early 2000s, chronically high inflation was brought under control. This led to the launch of a new currency, the new Azerbaijani manat, on 1 January 2006, to cement the economic reforms and erase the vestiges of an unstable economy.^[216][217] Azerbaijan is also ranked 57th in the Global Competitiveness Report for 2010–2011, above other CIS countries.^[218] By 2012 the GDP of Azerbaijan had increased 20-fold from its 1995 level.^[219]
【参考译文】在支出和需求增长的推动下，2007年第一季度通货膨胀率达到了16.6%。[214]名义收入和月工资分别增长了29%和25%，但非石油行业的价格上涨助长了通货膨胀。[214]阿塞拜疆的能源行业快速发展，导致其出现了所谓的“荷兰病”的一些迹象，这会引起通货膨胀并使非能源出口产品价格上涨。[215]2000年代初，长期高企的通货膨胀得到了控制。2006年1月1日，为巩固经济改革、消除不稳定经济的残余影响，阿塞拜疆推出了新货币——新阿塞拜疆马纳特。[216][217]在2010-2011年全球竞争力报告中，阿塞拜疆排名第57位，高于其他独联体国家。[218]截至2012年，阿塞拜疆的国内生产总值（GDP）已比1995年增长了20倍。[219]

据阿塞拜疆海关委员会统计，2020年上半年，阿对外贸易总额为126.76亿美元，同比下降25.41%，其中阿对外出口76.86亿美元，同比下降22.98%，阿自外进口49.90亿美元，同比下降28.88%。主要出口商品及其占比：原油（69.47%）、天然气（16.39％）、水果蔬菜（4.27%）、石油产品（2.12%）、塑料及其制品（1.21%）、棉纤维（0.77%）、电力（0.54%）、铝及其制品（0.53%）、化工产品（0.53%）、黑色金属及其制品（0.29%）、植物和动物油（0.15%）、棉线（0.13%）、糖（0.10%）、含酒精和不含酒精的饮料（0.09%）、茶（0.06%）、其他（3.35%）。

截至2021年1月1日，阿塞拜疆外汇储备达495.813亿美元。其中，阿塞拜疆国家石油基金（SOFAZ）为433.233亿美元，占87.4％；阿塞拜疆央行为62.58亿美元，占12.6％。 阿塞拜疆外债总额为99.1亿美元。^[72]

4.1 能源和自然资源 | Energy and natural resources

Main article: Energy in Azerbaijan【主条目：阿塞拜疆的能源】

Further information: Petroleum industry in Azerbaijan【更多信息参见：阿塞拜疆的石油工业】

Two-thirds of Azerbaijan is rich in oil and natural gas.^[220] The oil industry dates back to the ancient period. Arabian historian and traveler Ahmad Al-Baladhuri discusses the economy of the Absheron Peninsula in antiquity, mentioning its oil in particular.^[221] There are many pipelines in Azerbaijan. The goal of the Southern Gas Corridor, which connects the giant Shah Deniz gas field in Azerbaijan to Europe,^[222] is to reduce European Union’s dependency on Russian gas.^[223]
【参考译文】阿塞拜疆三分之二的地区蕴藏着丰富的石油和天然气。[220]石油工业的历史可追溯到古代。阿拉伯历史学家和旅行家艾哈迈德·伊本·巴尔杜里曾探讨过阿普歇伦半岛的古代经济，并特别提到了那里的石油。[221]阿塞拜疆有许多输油管道。南方天然气走廊项目的目标是将阿塞拜疆巨大的沙赫·德尼兹天然气田与欧洲连接起来，[222]以减少欧盟对俄罗斯天然气的依赖。[223]

The region of the Lesser Caucasus accounts for most of the country’s gold, silver, iron, copper, titanium, chromium, manganese, cobalt, molybdenum, complex ore and antimony.^[220] In September 1994, a 30-year contract was signed between the State Oil Company of Azerbaijan Republic (SOCAR) and 13 oil companies, among them Amoco, BP, ExxonMobil, Lukoil and Equinor.^[212] Western oil companies have been able to tap deepwater oilfields untouched by the Soviet exploitation. International academics consider Azerbaijan as one of the most important oil exploration and development regions.^[224] The State Oil Fund of Azerbaijan was established as an extra-budgetary fund to ensure macroeconomic stability, transparency in the management of oil revenue, and safeguarding of resources for future generations.
【参考译文】小高加索地区是阿塞拜疆大部分黄金、白银、铁、铜、钛、铬、锰、钴、钼、复合矿和锑的产地。[220]1994年9月，阿塞拜疆国家石油公司（SOCAR）与包括阿莫科、英国石油公司、埃克森美孚、卢克石油公司和挪威国家石油公司在内的13家石油公司签订了为期30年的合同。[212]西方石油公司得以开采苏联时期未开发过的深水油田。国际学术界认为阿塞拜疆是最重要的石油勘探和开发地区之一。[224]阿塞拜疆国家石油基金被设立为一个预算外基金，以确保宏观经济稳定、石油收入管理的透明度和为未来世代保障资源。

ccess to biocapacity is less than world average. In 2016, Azerbaijan had 0.8 global hectares^[225] of biocapacity per person within its territory, half the world average of 1.6 global hectares per person.^[226] In 2016 Azerbaijan used 2.1 global hectares of biocapacity per person – their ecological footprint of consumption. This means they use more biocapacity than Azerbaijan contains. As a result, Azerbaijan is running a biocapacity deficit.^[225]
【参考译文】生物承载力的获取量低于世界平均水平。2016年，阿塞拜疆境内人均生物承载力为0.8全球公顷，[225]是世界平均水平（人均1.6全球公顷）的一半。[226]2016年，阿塞拜疆的人均生物承载力使用量达到了2.1全球公顷，这是其消费的生态足迹。这意味着他们使用的生物承载力超过了阿塞拜疆所拥有的。因此，阿塞拜疆正面临生物承载力赤字。[225]

Azeriqaz, a sub-company of SOCAR, intends to ensure full gasification of the country by 2021.^[227] Azerbaijan was one of the sponsors of the east–west and north–south energy transport corridors. Baku–Tbilisi–Kars railway line connects the Caspian region with Turkey. The Trans-Anatolian gas pipeline and Trans Adriatic Pipeline deliver natural gas from Azerbaijan’s Shah Deniz gas to Turkey and Europe.^[222] Azerbaijan extended the agreement on development of ACG until 2050 according to the amended PSA signed on 14 September 2017 by SOCAR and co-ventures (BP, Chevron, Inpex, Equinor, ExxonMobil, TP, ITOCHU and ONGC Videsh).^[228]
【参考译文】SOCAR旗下的子公司Azeriqaz计划到2021年实现全国天然气化。[227]阿塞拜疆是东西和南北能源运输走廊的赞助国之一。巴库-第比利斯-卡尔斯铁路线将里海地区与土耳其连接起来。跨安纳托利亚天然气管道和跨亚德里亚海天然气管道将阿塞拜疆的沙赫·德尼兹天然气输送到土耳其和欧洲。[222]根据SOCAR与合资企业（英国石油公司、雪佛龙、日本能源公司Inpex、挪威国家石油公司、埃克森美孚、土耳其石油公司、伊藤忠商事和印度石油天然气公司海外投资有限公司）于2017年9月14日签署的修订后的产品分成协议，阿塞拜疆将关于阿塞拜疆-奇拉格-古奈什利（ACG）油田开发的协议延长至2050年。[228]

4.2 农业 | Agriculture

Main article: Agriculture in Azerbaijan【主条目：阿塞拜疆的农业】

Azerbaijan has the largest agricultural basin in the region. About 54.9 percent of Azerbaijan is agricultural land.^[130] At the beginning of 2007 there were 4,755,100 hectares of used agricultural area.^[229] In the same year the total wood resources counted 136 million m³.^[229] Agricultural scientific research institutes are focused on meadows and pastures, horticulture and subtropical crops, green vegetables, viticulture and wine-making, cotton growing and medicinal plants.^[230] In some areas it is profitable to grow grain, potatoes, sugar beets, cotton^[231] and tobacco. Livestock, dairy products, and wine and spirits are also important farm products. The Caspian fishing industry concentrates on the dwindling stocks of sturgeon and beluga. In 2002 the Azerbaijani merchant marine had 54 ships.
【参考译文】阿塞拜疆是该地区拥有最大农业盆地的国家。阿塞拜疆约54.9%的土地为农业用地。[130]2007年初，已使用的农业用地面积为4,755,100公顷。[229]同年，木材资源总量为1.36亿立方米。[229]农业科学研究院的研究重点包括草地和牧场、园艺和亚热带作物、绿叶蔬菜、葡萄栽培和酿酒、棉花种植以及药用植物。[230]在一些地区，种植谷物、土豆、糖甜菜、棉花[231]和烟草是有利可图的。畜牧业产品、乳制品以及葡萄酒和烈酒也是重要的农产品。里海渔业主要捕捞数量不断减少的鲟鱼和鳇鱼。2002年，阿塞拜疆商船队拥有54艘船只。

Some products previously imported from abroad have begun to be produced locally. Among them are Coca-Cola by Coca-Cola Bottlers LTD., beer by Baki-Kastel, parquet by Nehir and oil pipes by EUPEC Pipe Coating Azerbaijan.^[232]
【参考译文】一些以往从国外进口的产品已经开始在当地生产。其中包括可口可乐装瓶有限公司生产的可口可乐、巴基-卡斯特尔公司生产的啤酒、内希尔公司生产的镶木地板以及EUPEC管道涂层阿塞拜疆公司生产的输油管。[232]

4.3 旅游业 | Tourism

Main article: Tourism in Azerbaijan【主条目：阿塞拜疆的旅游业】

The country was a well-known tourist spot in the 1980s. The fall of the Soviet Union and the First Nagorno-Karabakh War during the 1990s damaged the tourist industry and the image of Azerbaijan as a tourist destination.^[233] It was not until the 2000s that the tourism industry began to recover, and the country has since experienced a high rate of growth in the number of tourist visits and overnight stays.^[234] In recent years, Azerbaijan has also become a popular destination for religious, spa, and health care tourism.^[235] During winter, the Shahdag Mountain Resort offers skiing with state of the art facilities.^[236]
【参考译文】20世纪80年代，阿塞拜疆是一个著名的旅游景点。然而，20世纪90年代苏联解体以及第一次纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫战争的爆发破坏了阿塞拜疆的旅游产业和作为旅游目的地的形象。[233]直到2000年代，旅游业才开始复苏，自此以来，阿塞拜疆的游客数量和过夜游客数量都经历了高速增长。[234]近年来，阿塞拜疆还成为宗教旅游、温泉旅游和医疗保健旅游的热门目的地。[235]冬季，沙赫达格山地度假村提供最先进的滑雪设施。[236]

The government has set development as an elite tourist destination as a top priority. It is a national strategy to make tourism a major, if not the single largest, contributor to the Azerbaijani economy.^[237] These activities are regulated by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism of Azerbaijan. There are 63 countries which have a visa-free score.^[238] E-visa^[239] – for a visit of foreigners of visa-required countries to the Republic of Azerbaijan. According to the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report 2015 of the World Economic Forum, Azerbaijan holds 84th place.^[240]
【参考译文】政府已将阿塞拜疆发展成为高端旅游目的地作为首要任务。将旅游业打造成为阿塞拜疆经济的主要（如果不是最大的）支柱，是一项国家战略。[237]这些活动由阿塞拜疆文化和旅游部监管。63个国家在免签评分中获得了认可。[238]对于需要签证的国家的外国人访问阿塞拜疆，可以申请电子签证。[239]根据世界经济论坛发布的《2015年旅游和旅游业竞争力报告》，阿塞拜疆位列第84名。[240]

According to a report by the World Travel and Tourism Council, Azerbaijan was among the top ten countries showing the strongest growth in visitor exports between 2010 and 2016,^[241] In addition, Azerbaijan placed first (46.1%) among countries with the fastest-developing travel and tourism economies, with strong indicators for inbound international visitor spending in 2016.^[242]
【参考译文】根据世界旅游及旅行理事会的一份报告，2010年至2016年间，阿塞拜疆在游客出口增长最快的十个国家中名列前茅，[241]此外，阿塞拜疆在2016年入境国际游客消费指标强劲的基础上，在发展最快的旅游经济国家中位居第一（46.1%）。[242]

4.4 交通 | Transportation

Main articles: Transportation in Azerbaijan and Rail transport in Azerbaijan
【主条目：阿塞拜疆交通和阿塞拜疆铁路运输】

The convenient location of Azerbaijan on the crossroad of major international traffic arteries, such as the Silk Road and the south–north corridor, highlights the strategic importance of the transportation sector for the country’s economy.^[243] The transport sector includes roads, railways, aviation, and maritime transport. It is also an important economic hub in the transportation of raw materials. The Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline (BTC) became operational in May 2006 and extends more than 1,774 km (1,102 mi) through the territories of Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Turkey. The BTC is designed to transport up to 50 million tons of crude oil annually and carries oil from the Caspian Sea oilfields to global markets.^[244] The South Caucasus Pipeline, also stretching through the territory of Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Turkey, became operational at the end of 2006 and offers additional gas supplies to the European market from the Shah Deniz gas field. Shah Deniz is expected to produce up to 296 billion cubic meters of natural gas per year.^[245] Azerbaijan also plays a major role in the EU-sponsored Silk Road Project.^[246]
【参考译文】阿塞拜疆位于丝绸之路和南北走廊等国际主要交通动脉的十字路口，地理位置得天独厚，凸显了交通运输业对该国经济具有的战略重要性。[243]交通部门包括公路、铁路、航空和海上运输，它还是原材料运输的重要经济枢纽。巴库-第比利斯-杰伊汉（BTC）石油管道于2006年5月投入运营，全长1774多公里（1102英里），途经阿塞拜疆、格鲁吉亚和土耳其。BTC管道的设计年输油量高达5000万吨，可将里海油田的石油运往全球市场。[244]同样途经阿塞拜疆、格鲁吉亚和土耳其的南高加索天然气管道于2006年底投入运营，可向欧洲市场提供来自沙赫德尼兹天然气田的额外天然气供应。预计沙赫德尼兹天然气田的年产量可达2960亿立方米。[245]阿塞拜疆还在欧盟发起的丝绸之路项目中发挥着重要作用。[246]

In 2002, the government established the Ministry of Transport with a broad range of policy and regulatory functions. In the same year, the country became a member of the Vienna Convention on Road Traffic.^[247] Priorities are upgrading the transport network and improving transportation services to better facilitate the development of other sectors of the economy.^{[citation needed]} The 2012 construction of Kars–Tbilisi–Baku railway was meant to improve transportation between Asia and Europe by connecting the railways of China and Kazakhstan in the east to the European railway system in the west via Turkey. In 2010 Broad-gauge railways and electrified railways stretched for 2,918 km (1,813 mi) and 1,278 km (794 mi) respectively. By 2010, there were 35 airports and one heliport.^[27]
【参考译文】2002年，政府成立了交通运输部，负责广泛的政策和监管职能。同年，阿塞拜疆加入了《维也纳道路交通公约》。[247]其优先事项是升级交通网络并改善运输服务，以更好地促进其他经济部门的发展。[需要引文]2012年修建的卡尔斯-第比利斯-巴库铁路旨在通过土耳其将中国和哈萨克斯坦的铁路与欧洲西部的铁路系统连接起来，从而改善亚洲和欧洲之间的交通。截至2010年，宽轨铁路和电气化铁路的长度分别为2918公里（1813英里）和1278公里（794英里）。截至2010年，阿塞拜疆共有35个机场和1个直升机停机坪。[27]

4.5 科学和技术 | Science and technology

Main articles: Science and technology in Azerbaijan, Communications in Azerbaijan, Azerbaijan National Aerospace Agency, and List of Azerbaijani inventions and discoveries
【主条目：阿塞拜疆科学与技术、阿塞拜疆通信、阿塞拜疆国家航空航天局、阿塞拜疆发明与发现列表】

In the 21st century, a new oil and gas boom helped improve the situation in the science and technology sectors. The government launched a campaign aimed at modernization and innovation. The government estimates that profits from the information technology and communication industry will grow and become comparable to those from oil production.^[248] Azerbaijan has a large and steadily growing Internet sector. In 2012, rapid growth was forecast for at least five more years.^[249] Azerbaijan was ranked 95th in the Global Innovation Index in 2024.^[250]
【参考译文】21世纪，新一轮的石油和天然气繁荣有助于改善科学技术领域的发展状况。政府发起了一项旨在实现现代化和创新的运动。政府估计，信息技术和通信行业的利润将会增长，并可与石油生产利润相媲美。[248]阿塞拜疆的互联网产业规模庞大且稳步增长。2012年，预测该产业至少在未来五年内将持续快速增长。[249]在2024年的全球创新指数排名中，阿塞拜疆位列第95位。[250]

The country has been making progress in developing its telecoms sector. The Ministry of Communications & Information Technologies and an operator through its role in Aztelekom are both policy-makers and regulators. Public payphones are available for local calls and require the purchase of a token from the telephone exchange or some shops and kiosks. Tokens allow a call of indefinite duration. As of 2009, there were 1,397,000 main telephone lines^[251] and 1,485,000 internet users.^[252] There are four GSM providers: Azercell, Bakcell, Azerfon (Nar Mobile), Nakhtel mobile network operators and one CDMA.
【参考译文】阿塞拜疆在电信领域的发展取得了进步。通信与信息技术部和阿塞拜疆电信公司旗下的运营商既是政策制定者，也是监管机构。公众可使用公共电话拨打本地电话，但需要从电话交换局或一些商店和售货亭购买代币。代币可供拨打时长不限的电话。截至2009年，阿塞拜疆拥有1,397,000条主线电话[251]和1,485,000名互联网用户。[252]有四家全球移动通信系统（GSM）供应商：Azercell、Bakcell、Azerfon（Nar Mobile）和Nakhtel移动网络运营商，以及一家码分多址（CDMA）供应商。

In the 21st century several prominent Azerbaijani geodynamics and geotectonics scientists, inspired by the fundamental works of Elchin Khalilov and others, designed hundreds of earthquake prediction stations and earthquake-resistant buildings that now constitute the bulk of The Republican Center of Seismic Service.^{[253][254][255]} The Azerbaijan National Aerospace Agency launched its first satellite AzerSat 1 into orbit on 7 February 2013 from Guiana Space Centre in French Guiana at orbital positions 46° East.^{[256][257][258]} The satellite covers Europe and a significant part of Asia and Africa and serves the transmission of TV and radio broadcasting as well as the Internet.^[259] The launching of a satellite into orbit is Azerbaijan’s first step in realizing its goal of becoming a nation with its own space industry, capable of successfully implementing more projects in the future.^[260][261]
【参考译文】21世纪，受埃尔钦·哈利洛夫等人的基础性工作启发，多位杰出的阿塞拜疆地球动力学和地球构造学科学家设计了数百个地震预测站和抗震建筑，这些如今构成了阿塞拜疆地震服务中心的主体。[253][254][255]2013年2月7日，阿塞拜疆国家航空航天局从法属圭亚那的圭亚那太空中心发射了第一颗卫星AzerSat 1，其轨道位置为东经46度。[256][257][258]该卫星覆盖欧洲以及亚洲和非洲的广大地区，服务于电视、广播和互联网信号的传输。[259]将卫星送入轨道是阿塞拜疆实现其成为拥有自身航天工业国家的目标的第一步，未来阿塞拜疆将能够成功实施更多项目。[260][261]

5. 人口统计 | Demographics

Main articles: Demographics of Azerbaijan and List of cities in Azerbaijan
【主条目：阿塞拜疆的人口统计、阿塞拜疆城市列表】

As of March 2022, 52.9% of the population of 10,164,464 is urban, with the remaining 47.1% being rural.^[262] In January 2019, the 50.1% of the total population was female. The sex ratio in the same year was 0.99 males per female.^[263] The 2011 population growth-rate was 0.85%, compared to 1.09% worldwide.^[27] A significant factor restricting population growth is a high level of migration. In 2011 Azerbaijan saw a migration of −1.14/1,000 people.^[27]
【参考译文】截至2022年3月，总人口为10,164,464人，其中52.9%的人口居住在城市，剩余的47.1%居住在农村。[262]2019年1月，总人口中50.1%为女性。同年，性别比为每名女性对应0.99名男性。[263]2011年，阿塞拜疆的人口增长率为0.85%，而全球人口增长率为1.09%。[27]高迁移率是限制人口增长的一个重要因素。2011年，阿塞拜疆的人口迁移率为-1.14/1000人。[27]

The Azerbaijani diaspora is found in 42 countries^[264] and in turn there are many centers for ethnic minorities inside Azerbaijan, including the German cultural society “Karelhaus”, Slavic cultural center, Azerbaijani-Israeli community, Kurdish cultural center, International Talysh Association, Lezgin national center “Samur”, Azerbaijani-Tatar community, Crimean Tatars society, etc.^[265]
【参考译文】阿塞拜疆侨民分布在42个国家[264]，相应地，阿塞拜疆国内也有许多服务于少数民族的文化中心，包括德国文化社团“Karelhaus”、斯拉夫文化中心、阿塞拜疆-以色列社群、库尔德文化中心、国际塔利什协会、勒兹金民族中心“萨穆尔”、阿塞拜疆-鞑靼社群、克里米亚鞑靼人协会等。[265]

In total, Azerbaijan has 78 cities, 63 city districts, and one special legal status city. 261 urban-type settlements and 4248 villages follow these.^[266]
【参考译文】阿塞拜疆总共有78座城市、63个城区和1个具有特殊法律地位的城市。此外，还有261个城镇型聚落和4248个村庄。[266]

Largest cities or towns in Azerbaijan【阿塞拜疆最大城镇列表】

2013 Demographic statistics according to the administrative divisions, Azerbaijan State Statistics Committee
【参考译文】根据行政区划的人口统计数据，阿塞拜疆国家统计委员会（2013年）

5.1 族群 | Ethnicity

Main articles: Azerbaijanis and Ethnic minorities in Azerbaijan
【主词条：阿塞拜疆人和阿塞拜疆的少数民族】

The ethnic composition of the population according to the 2009 population census: 91.6% Azerbaijanis, 2.0% Lezgins, 1.4% Armenians (almost all Armenians live in the break-away region of Nagorno-Karabakh), 1.3% Russians, 1.3% Talysh, 0.6% Avars, 0.4% Turkish people, 0.3% Tatars, 0.3% Tats, 0.2% Ukrainians, 0.1% Tsakhurs, 0.1% Georgians, 0.1% Jews, 0.1% Kurds, other 0.2%.^[267]
【参考译文】根据2009年人口普查，人口的民族构成为：91.6%为阿塞拜疆人，2.0%为勒兹金人，1.4%为亚美尼亚人（几乎所有亚美尼亚人都生活在纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫飞地），1.3%为俄罗斯人，1.3%为塔利什人，0.6%为阿瓦尔人，0.4%为土耳其人，0.3%为鞑靼人，0.3%为塔特人，0.2%为乌克兰人，0.1%为察合尔人、格鲁吉亚人、犹太人和库尔德人，其他民族占0.2%。[267]

5.2 语言 | Languages

Main article: Languages of Azerbaijan【主条目：阿塞拜疆的语言】

The official language is Azerbaijani, a Turkic language. Approximately 92% of the national population speak it as their mother tongue.^[268] Russian and Armenian (only in Nagorno-Karabakh) are still spoken in Azerbaijan. Each is the mother tongue of around 1.5% of the national population.^[268] In 1989, Armenian was the majority language in the region of Nagorno-Karabakh, spoken by about 76% of the regional population.^[269] After the first Nagorno-Karabakh war, native speakers of Armenian composed around 95% of the regional population.^[270]

A dozen other minority languages are spoken natively,^[271] including Avar, Budukh,^[272] Georgian, Juhuri,^[272] Khinalug,^[272] Kryts,^[272] Lezgin, Rutul,^[272] Talysh, Tat,^[272] Tsakhur,^[272] and Udi.^[272] All these are spoken only by small minority populations, some of which are tiny and decreasing.^[27

5.3 宗教 | Religion

Main articles: Religion in Azerbaijan and Irreligion in Azerbaijan
【主条目：阿塞拜疆的宗教和阿塞拜疆的无神论】

主条目：阿塞拜疆宗教

Azerbaijan is considered the most secular Muslim-majority country.^[275] Around 97% of the population are Muslims.^[276] Around 55–65% of Muslims are estimated to be Shia, while 35–45% of Muslims are Sunnis.^{[277][278][279][280]} Other faiths are practised by the country’s various ethnic groups. Under article 48 of its constitution, Azerbaijan is a secular state and ensures religious freedom. In a 2006–2008 Gallup poll, only 21% of respondents from Azerbaijan stated that religion is an important part of their daily lives.^[281]
【参考译文】阿塞拜疆被认为是世俗化程度最高的穆斯林人口占多数的国家。[275]大约97%的人口是穆斯林。[276]穆斯林中，估计有55%～65%是什叶派，而35%～45%是逊尼派。[277][278][279][280]该国的不同民族也信奉其他宗教。根据《宪法》第48条，阿塞拜疆是一个世俗国家，保障宗教自由。在2006～2008年的一项盖洛普民意调查中，只有21%的阿塞拜疆受访者表示宗教是他们日常生活的重要组成部分。[281]

Of the nation’s religious minorities, the estimated 280,000 Christians (3.1%)^[282] are mostly Russian and Georgian Orthodox and Armenian Apostolic (almost all Armenians live in the break-away region of Nagorno-Karabakh).^[27] In 2003, there were 250 Roman Catholics.^[283] Other Christian denominations as of 2002 include Lutherans, Baptists and Molokans.^[284] There is also a small Protestant community.^[285][286] Azerbaijan also has an ancient Jewish population with a 2,000-year history; Jewish organizations^[who?] estimate that 12,000 Jews remain in Azerbaijan, which is home to the only Jewish-majority town outside of Israel and the United States.^{[287][288][289][290]} Azerbaijan also is home to members of the Baháʼí, Hare Krishna and Jehovah’s Witnesses communities, as well as adherents of the other religious communities.^[284] Some religious communities have been unofficially restricted from religious freedom. A U.S. State Department report on the matter mentions detention of members of certain Muslim and Christian groups, and many groups have difficulty registering with the agency who regulates religion, The State Committee on Religious Associations of the Republic of Azerbaijan.^[291]
【参考译文】在该国的宗教少数群体中，估计有28万基督教徒（占3.1%），[282]他们大多是俄罗斯东正教、格鲁吉亚东正教和亚美尼亚使徒教信徒（几乎所有亚美尼亚人都生活在纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫飞地）。[27]2003年，有250名罗马天主教徒。[283]截至2002年，其他基督教教派还包括路德宗、浸礼会和摩洛克人。[284]还有一个小型的新教社群。[285][286]阿塞拜疆还有一个拥有2000年历史的古老犹太社群；犹太组织（哪个组织？）估计，阿塞拜疆仍有1.2万名犹太人，这里是除以色列和美国外唯一一个犹太人口占多数的小镇。[287][288][289][290]阿塞拜疆也是巴哈伊教、哈瑞·奎师那派和耶和华见证人信徒以及其他宗教社群信徒的家园。[284]一些宗教社群在宗教自由方面受到了非正式的限制。美国国务院的一份有关此事的报告提到，一些穆斯林和基督教团体的成员被拘留，许多团体在阿塞拜疆国家宗教团体事务委员会（负责监管宗教事务的机构）登记时遇到困难。[291]

5.4 教育 | Education

Main article: Education in Azerbaijan【主条目：阿塞拜疆的教育】

A relatively high percentage of Azerbaijanis have obtained some form of higher education, most notably in scientific and technical subjects.^[292] In the Soviet era, literacy and average education levels rose dramatically from their very low starting point, despite two changes in the standard alphabet, from Perso-Arabic script to Latin in the 1920s and from Roman to Cyrillic in the 1930s. According to Soviet data, 100 percent of males and females (ages nine to forty-nine) were literate in 1970.^[292] According to the United Nations Development Program Report 2009, the literacy rate is 99.5 percent.^[293]
【参考译文】相当一部分阿塞拜疆人接受过某种形式的高等教育，尤其在科学和技术学科方面表现突出。[292]在苏联时期，尽管标准字母表经历了两次变革（从波斯-阿拉伯字母改为拉丁字母，发生在20世纪20年代；又从拉丁字母改为西里尔字母，发生在20世纪30年代），但识字率和平均教育水平还是从非常低的起点大幅提升。根据苏联的数据，1970年，9岁至49岁的男性和女性识字率为100%。[292]根据联合国开发计划署2009年的报告，识字率为99.5%。[293]

Since independence, one of the first laws that Parliament passed to disassociate itself from the Soviet Union was to adopt a modified-Latin alphabet to replace Cyrillic.^[294] Other than that the Azerbaijani system has undergone little structural change. Initial alterations have included the reestablishment of religious education (banned during the Soviet period) and curriculum changes that have reemphasized the use of the Azerbaijani language and have eliminated ideological content. In addition to elementary schools, the education institutions include thousands of preschools, general secondary schools, and vocational schools, including specialized secondary schools and technical schools. Education through the ninth grade is compulsory.^[295]
【参考译文】自独立以来，议会为了摆脱与苏联的关系，通过的第一批法律之一就是采用经过修改的拉丁字母取代西里尔字母。[294]除此之外，阿塞拜疆的教育体系几乎没有发生结构性变化。初步的改革包括恢复宗教教育（苏联时期被禁止）和课程改革，课程改革重新强调了阿塞拜疆语的使用，并消除了意识形态内容。除了小学外，教育机构还包括数千所幼儿园、普通中学和职业学校，其中包括中等专科学校和技术学校。九年级以前的教育是义务教育。[295]

6. 文化 | Culture

The culture of Azerbaijan has developed as a result of many influences; that is why Azerbaijanis are, in many ways, bi-cultural. National traditions are preserved despite Western influences, including globalized consumer culture. For example, Novruz Bayram is a family holiday derived from the traditional celebration of the New Year in Zoroastrianism.^[296]
【参考译文】阿塞拜疆文化受多种因素影响而形成；正因如此，阿塞拜疆人在很多方面都具备双重文化特性。尽管受到包括全球化消费文化在内的西方影响，但民族传统仍得以保留。例如，诺鲁孜节（Novruz Bayram）是从琐罗亚斯德教庆祝新年的传统演变而来的家庭节日。[296]

Azerbaijani national and traditional dresses are the chokha and papakhi. There are radio broadcasts in Russian, Georgian, Kurdish, Lezgian and Talysh languages, which are financed from the state budget.^[265] Some local radio stations in Balakan and Khachmaz organize broadcasts in Avar and Tat.^[265] In Baku several newspapers are published in Russian, Kurdish (Dengi Kurd), Lezgian (Samur) and Talysh languages.^[265] Jewish society “Sokhnut” publishes the newspaper Aziz.^[265]
【参考译文】阿塞拜疆的民族传统服饰是丘卡（chokha）和帕帕赫帽（papakhi）。俄语、格鲁吉亚语、库尔德语、列兹金语和塔利什语的广播节目由国家预算资助。[265]巴拉坎（Balakan）和哈奇马斯（Khachmaz）的一些地方广播电台用阿瓦尔语和鞑靼语组织广播。[265]在巴库，有几家报纸用俄语、库尔德语（《Dengi Kurd》）、列兹金语（《Samur》）和塔利什语出版。[265]犹太社团“索克努特”（Sokhnut）出版了《阿齐兹》（Aziz）报纸。[265]

6.1 建筑 | Architecture

Azerbaijani architecture typically combines elements of East and West,^[297] with heavy influences from Persian architecture. Many ancient architectural treasures are preserved, such as the Maiden Tower and Palace of the Shirvanshahs in the Walled City of Baku. Entries on the UNESCO World Heritage tentative list include the Ateshgah of Baku, Momine Khatun Mausoleum, Hirkan National Park, Binagadi asphalt lake, Lökbatan Mud Volcano, Shusha State Historical and Architectural Reserve, Baku Stage Mountain, Caspian Shore Defensive Constructions, Ordubad National Reserve and the Palace of Shaki Khans.^[298][299]
【参考译文】阿塞拜疆建筑通常融合了东西方元素，[297]深受波斯建筑风格的影响。许多古代建筑瑰宝得以保存，如巴库古城墙内的少女塔和希尔万沙宫殿。联合国教科文组织世界遗产暂定名录上的项目包括巴库的阿特什加神庙、莫米娜哈屯陵墓、希尔坎国家公园、比纳加迪沥青湖、洛克巴丹泥火山、舒沙国家历史与建筑保护区、巴库舞台山、里海沿岸防御建筑、奥尔杜巴德国家公园和沙基汗宫殿。[298][299]

Among other architectural treasures are Quadrangular Castle in Mardakan, Parigala in Yukhary Chardaglar, several bridges spanning the Aras River, and several mausoleums. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, little monumental architecture was created, but distinctive residences were built in Baku and elsewhere. Among the most recent architectural monuments, the Baku subways are noted for their lavish decor.^[300]
【参考译文】其他建筑瑰宝包括马尔达坎的四边形城堡、尤哈雷·查尔达格拉的帕里加拉、横跨阿拉斯河的几座桥梁以及几座陵墓。在19世纪和20世纪初，几乎没有什么纪念性建筑被建造，但在巴库和其他地方建造了一些别具一格的住宅。在最近的建筑古迹中，巴库地铁以其奢华的装饰而闻名。[300]

The task for modern Azerbaijani architecture is diverse application of modern aesthetics, the search for an architect’s own artistic style and inclusion of the existing historico-cultural environment. Major projects such as Heydar Aliyev Cultural Center, Flame Towers, Baku Crystal Hall, Baku White City and SOCAR Tower have transformed the country’s skyline and promotes its contemporary identity.^[301][302]
【参考译文】现代阿塞拜疆建筑的任务是多样化地运用现代美学，寻找建筑师自己的艺术风格，并融入现有的历史文化环境。诸如海达尔·阿利耶夫文化中心、火焰塔、巴库水晶厅、巴库白城和SOCAR塔等大型项目改变了国家的天际线，并提升了其当代形象。[301][302]

6.2 音乐和舞蹈 | Music and dance

Music of Azerbaijan builds on folk traditions that reach back nearly a thousand years,^[303] evolving around the badge of monody, producing rhythmically diverse melodies.^[304] The music has a branchy mode system, where chromatization of major and minor scales is of great importance.^[304] Among national musical instruments there are 14 string instruments, eight percussion instruments and six wind instruments.^[305] According to The Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, “in terms of ethnicity, culture and religion the Azerbaijani are musically much closer to Iran than Turkey.”^[306]
【参考译文】阿塞拜疆的音乐建立在近千年的民间传统之上，[303]它以单声部为核心不断发展，形成了节奏多变的旋律。[304]阿塞拜疆音乐的调式体系具有分支性，其中大调和小调的色彩化（即变奏）至关重要。[304]阿塞拜疆的民族乐器包括14种弦乐器、8种打击乐器和6种管乐器。[305]根据《格罗夫音乐与音乐家词典》，“从种族、文化和宗教的角度来看，阿塞拜疆人在音乐上与伊朗比与土耳其更为接近”。[306]

Mugham is usually a suite with poetry and instrumental interludes. When performing mugham, the singers have to transform their emotions into singing and music. In contrast to the mugham traditions of Central Asian countries, Azerbaijani mugham is more free-form and less rigid; it is often compared to the improvised field of jazz.^[307] UNESCO proclaimed the Azerbaijani mugham tradition a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity. Meykhana is a kind of traditional Azerbaijani distinctive folk unaccompanied song, usually performed by several people improvising on a particular subject.^[308]
【参考译文】木卡姆（Mugham）通常是一套包含诗歌和乐器间奏的音乐组合。在表演木卡姆时，歌手需要将情感转化为歌声和音乐。与中亚国家的木卡姆传统相比，阿塞拜疆的木卡姆更为自由，形式不那么僵化；它通常被比作爵士乐的即兴领域。[307]联合国教科文组织宣布阿塞拜疆的木卡姆传统为人类口述和非物质遗产代表作。麦伊哈纳（Meykhana）是一种传统的阿塞拜疆特有的无伴奏民歌，通常由几个人围绕特定主题即兴演唱。[308]

Ashiq combines poetry, storytelling, dance, and vocal and instrumental music into a traditional performance art that stands as a symbol of Azerbaijani culture. It is a mystic troubadour or traveling bard who sings and plays the saz. This tradition has its origin in the shamanistic beliefs of ancient Turkic peoples.^[309] Ashiqs’ songs are semi-improvised around common bases. Azerbaijan’s ashiq art was included in the list of Intangible Cultural Heritage by UNESCO in 2009.^[310]
【参考译文】阿希克（Ashiq）将诗歌、故事讲述、舞蹈以及声乐和器乐融合为一种传统表演艺术，是阿塞拜疆文化的象征。阿希克是神秘的游吟诗人或流浪歌手，他们边弹萨兹琴边唱歌。这一传统起源于古代突厥人的萨满信仰。[309]阿希克的歌曲通常是在共同基础上半即兴创作的。2009年，阿塞拜疆的阿希克艺术被列入联合国教科文组织非物质文化遗产名录。[310]

Since the mid-1960s, Western-influenced Azerbaijani pop music, in its various forms, that has been growing in popularity in Azerbaijan, while genres such as rock and hip hop are widely produced and enjoyed. Azerbaijani pop and Azerbaijani folk music arose with the international popularity of performers like Alim Qasimov, Rashid Behbudov, Vagif Mustafazadeh, Muslim Magomayev, Shovkat Alakbarova and Rubaba Muradova.^[311] Azerbaijan is an enthusiastic participant in the Eurovision Song Contest. Azerbaijan made its debut appearance at the 2008 Eurovision Song Contest. The country’s entry gained third place in 2009 and fifth the following year.^[312] Ell and Nikki won the first place at the Eurovision Song Contest 2011 with the song “Running Scared“, entitling Azerbaijan to host the contest in 2012, in Baku.^[313][314] They have qualified for every Grand Final up until the 2018 edition of the contest, entering with X My Heart by singer Aisel.^[315]
【参考译文】自20世纪60年代中期以来，受西方影响的阿塞拜疆流行音乐以多种形式在阿塞拜疆越来越受欢迎，而摇滚和嘻哈等流派也被广泛创作和欣赏。随着表演者如阿利姆·卡西莫夫、拉希德·别布多夫、瓦吉夫·穆斯塔法扎德、穆斯利姆·马戈马耶夫、肖夫卡特·阿拉克巴罗夫和鲁巴巴·穆拉多娃的国际知名度提升，阿塞拜疆流行音乐和阿塞拜疆民间音乐应运而生。[311]阿塞拜疆是欧洲歌唱大赛的热情参与者。阿塞拜疆于2008年首次参加欧洲歌唱大赛。该国选手在2009年获得第三名，次年获得第五名。[312]艾尔和尼基凭借歌曲《惊恐奔跑》（Running Scared）在2011年欧洲歌唱大赛中夺得冠军，使阿塞拜疆有权于2012年在巴库举办该赛事。[313][314]他们一直晋级到2018年大赛的决赛，歌手艾塞尔（Aisel）凭借歌曲《X My Heart》入围。[315]

There are dozens of Azerbaijani folk dances. They are performed at formal celebrations and the dancers wear national clothes like the chokha, which is well-preserved within the national dances. Most dances have a very fast rhythm.^[316]
【参考译文】阿塞拜疆有数十种民间舞蹈。这些舞蹈在正式庆典上表演，舞者穿着如丘卡等国家服饰，这些服饰在国家舞蹈中得到了很好的保留。大多数舞蹈的节奏都非常快。[316]

6.3 美术 | Art

Azerbaijani art is represented by a wide range of handicrafts, such as chasing, jeweling, engraving in metal, carving in wood, stone, or bone, carpet-making, lasing, pattern weaving and printing, and knitting and embroidery. Each of these types of decorative art, evidence of the endowments of the Azerbaijan nation, is very much in favor here. Many interesting facts pertaining to the development of arts and crafts in Azerbaijan were reported by numerous merchants, travelers, and diplomats who had visited these places at different times.^[317]
【参考译文】阿塞拜疆的艺术以多种多样的手工艺品为代表，如金属雕刻、珠宝镶嵌、金属蚀刻、木雕、石雕或骨雕、地毯编织、激光雕刻、图案编织与印刷以及针织与刺绣等。这些装饰艺术类型都是阿塞拜疆民族天赋的体现，深受当地人的喜爱。许多在不同时期到访过阿塞拜疆的商人、旅行家和外交官都报告了有关阿塞拜疆艺术与手工艺发展的诸多有趣事实。[317]

The Azerbaijani carpet is a traditional handmade textile of various sizes, with a dense texture and a pile or pile-less surface, whose patterns are characteristic of Azerbaijan’s many carpet-making regions. In November 2010 the Azerbaijani carpet was proclaimed a Masterpiece of Intangible Heritage by UNESCO.^[318][319] Azerbaijani carpets can be categorized under several large groups and a multitude of subgroups. Scientific research of the Azerbaijani carpet is connected with the name of Latif Karimov, a prominent Soviet-era scientist and artist.^[320]
【参考译文】阿塞拜疆地毯是一种传统的手工纺织品，大小不一，质地紧密，有绒毛或无绒毛表面，其图案体现了阿塞拜疆众多地毯制作地区的特色。2010年11月，阿塞拜疆地毯被联合国教科文组织宣布为非物质文化遗产代表作。[318][319]阿塞拜疆地毯可分为几个大类以及众多小类。苏联时期著名的科学家和艺术家拉蒂夫·卡里莫夫的名字与阿塞拜疆地毯的科学研究紧密相连。[320]

Azerbaijan has been since ancient times known as a center of a large variety of crafts. Archeology testifies to the well-developed agriculture, stock raising, metalworking, pottery, ceramics, and carpet-weaving that date as far back as to the 2nd millennium BC. Archeological sites in Dashbulaq, Hasansu, Zayamchai, and Tovuzchai uncovered from the BTC pipeline have revealed early Iron Age artifacts.^[321]
【参考译文】自古以来，阿塞拜疆就以各种手工艺的中心而闻名。考古学证明，早在公元前2千年，阿塞拜疆的农业、畜牧业、金属加工、陶器制作、陶瓷业和地毯编织就已经高度发达。在从巴库-第比利斯-卡尔斯（BTC）管道沿线发掘出的达什布拉克（Dashbulaq）、哈桑苏（Hasansu）、扎亚姆柴（Zayamchai）和托武兹柴（Tovuzchai）等考古遗址中，发现了早期铁器时代的文物。[321]

The Gamigaya Petroglyphs, which date back to the 1st to 4th millennium BC, are located in Azerbaijan’s Ordubad District. They consist of some 1,500 dislodged and carved rock paintings with images of deer, goats, bulls, dogs, snakes, birds, fantastic beings, and people, carriages, and various symbols were found on basalt rocks.^[322] Norwegian ethnographer and adventurer Thor Heyerdahl was convinced that people from the area went to Scandinavia in about 100 AD, took their boatbuilding skills with them, and transmuted them into the Viking boats in northern Europe.^[323][324]
【参考译文】加米加亚岩画位于阿塞拜疆的奥尔杜巴德区，其历史可追溯至公元前1千年至4千年。这些岩画由大约1500幅被剥离和雕刻的岩石绘画组成，在玄武岩上发现了鹿、山羊、公牛、狗、蛇、鸟、神话生物以及人物、马车和各种符号的图像。[322]挪威民族学家和探险家托尔·海尔达尔确信，该地区的人们大约在公元100年左右前往斯堪的纳维亚半岛，并带去了造船技术，最终将其发展成为北欧的维京船。[323][324]

Over the centuries, Azerbaijani art has gone through many stylistic changes. Painting is traditionally characterized by a warmth of colour and light, as exemplified in the works of Azim Azimzade and Bahruz Kangarli, and a preoccupation with religious figures and cultural motifs.^[325] Azerbaijani painting enjoyed preeminence in Caucasus for hundreds of years, from the Romanesque and Ottoman periods, and through the Soviet and Baroque periods, the latter two of which saw fruition in Azerbaijan. Notable artists include Sattar Bahlulzade, Togrul Narimanbekov, Tahir Salahov, Alakbar Rezaguliyev, Mirza Gadim Iravani, Mikayil Abdullayev and Boyukagha Mirzazade.^[326]
【参考译文】几个世纪以来，阿塞拜疆艺术经历了许多风格上的变化。绘画作品传统上以其色彩的温暖和光影效果为特征，如阿齐姆·阿齐姆扎德和巴赫鲁兹·康加尔利的作品所示，并且热衷于描绘宗教人物和文化图案。[325]从罗马式和奥斯曼时期，到苏联和巴洛克时期，阿塞拜疆绘画在数百年间一直是高加索地区的佼佼者，后两个时期在阿塞拜疆得到了充分的发展。著名的艺术家包括萨塔尔·巴赫鲁尔扎德、托格鲁尔·纳里曼别克夫、塔希尔·萨拉霍夫、阿拉克巴尔·雷扎古利耶夫、米尔扎·加迪姆·伊拉瓦尼、米凯尔·阿卜杜拉耶夫和博尤卡加·米尔扎扎德。[326]

6.3+1 文学 | Literature

The earliest known figure in written Azerbaijani literature was Izzeddin Hasanoghlu, who composed a divan consisting of Persian and Azerbaijani ghazals.^[327][328] In Persian ghazals he used a pen-name, while his Azerbaijani ghazals were composed under his own name of Hasanoghlu.^[327] Among the medieval authors was Persian poet and philosopher Nizami, called Ganjavi after his place of birth, Ganja, who was the author of the Khamsa (“The Quintuplet”), composed of five romantic poems, including “The Treasure of Mysteries”, “Khosrow and Shīrīn”, and “Leyli and Mejnūn”.^[329]
【参考译文】已知的阿塞拜疆书面文学中最早的人物是伊兹丁·哈桑奥格鲁，他创作了一部由波斯语和阿塞拜疆语加扎勒诗组成的诗集。[327][328]在波斯语加扎勒诗中，他使用了笔名，而他的阿塞拜疆语加扎勒诗则是用自己的名字哈桑奥格鲁创作的。[327]中世纪作家中有波斯诗人和哲学家尼扎米，因其出生地甘贾而被称为甘贾维，他是《五卷诗》（“The Quintuplet”）的作者，该书由五首浪漫诗篇组成，包括《神秘之宝》、《胡斯鲁和希琳》以及《莱伊勒和马杰农》。[329]

Classical literature was formed in the 14th century based on the various Early Middle Ages dialects of Tabriz and Shirvan. Among the poets of this period were Gazi Burhanaddin, Haqiqi (pen-name of Jahan Shah Qara Qoyunlu), and Habibi.^[330] The end of the 14th century was the start of literary activity of Imadaddin Nasimi,^[331] one of the greatest Azerbaijani^{[332][333][334]} Hurufi mystical poets of the late 14th and early 15th centuries^[335] and one of the most prominent early divan masters in Turkic literary history,^[335] who also composed poetry in Persian^[333][336] and Arabic.^[335] The divan and ghazal styles were further developed by poets Qasem-e Anvar, Fuzuli and Safavid Shah Ismail I who wrote under the pen name “Khata’i”.
【参考译文】14世纪，基于大不里士和希尔万在中世纪早期的各种方言，形成了古典文学。这一时期的诗人包括加兹·布尔哈纳丁、哈基奇（贾汗·沙阿·卡拉·库尤努卢的笔名）和哈比比。[330]14世纪末是伊玛达丁·纳西米的文学活动的开始，[331]他是14世纪末和15世纪初最伟大的阿塞拜疆[332][333][334]胡鲁菲神秘主义诗人之一[335]，也是突厥文学史上最著名的早期诗集大师之一，[335]他还创作了波斯语[333][336]和阿拉伯语的诗歌。[335]卡塞姆·安瓦尔、富祖利和萨法维王朝的伊斯梅尔一世（笔名“哈塔伊”）等诗人进一步发展了诗集和加扎勒诗的风格。

The Book of Dede Korkut consists of two manuscripts copied in the 16th century,^[337] and was not written earlier than the 15th century.^[338][339] It is a collection of 12 stories reflecting the oral tradition of Oghuz nomads.^[339] The 16th-century poet Fuzuli produced his timeless philosophical and lyrical Qazals in Arabic, Persian, and Azerbaijani. Benefiting immensely from the fine literary traditions of his environment, and building upon the legacy of his predecessors, Fuzuli was destined to become the leading literary figure of his society. His major works include The Divan of Ghazals and The Qasidas. In the same century, Azerbaijani literature further flourished with the development of ashik (Azerbaijani: Aşıq) poetic genre of bards. During the same period, under the pen-name of Khatāī (Arabic: خطائی for sinner) Shah Ismail I wrote about 1,400 verses in Azerbaijani,^[340] which were later published as his Divan. A unique literary style known as qoshma (Azerbaijani: qoşma for improvisation) was introduced in this period and developed by Shah Ismail and later by his son and successor, Shah Tahmasp I.^[341]
【参考译文】《德德·科尔库特之书》由两部16世纪的手抄本组成，[337]其成书时间不会早于15世纪。[338][339]该书收录了12个故事，反映了奥古兹游牧民族的口头传统。[339]16世纪的诗人富祖利用阿拉伯语、波斯语和阿塞拜疆语创作了永恒不朽的哲理抒情诗《卡扎勒诗》。富祖利深受周围环境的优秀文学传统的影响，并在前人遗产的基础上，注定成为他所在社会的文学领袖。他的主要作品包括《加扎勒诗集》和《颂诗》。在同一世纪，随着阿什克（阿塞拜疆语：Aşıq，意为游吟诗人）这一游吟诗人诗歌体裁的发展，阿塞拜疆文学进一步繁荣。在同一时期，伊斯梅尔一世以“哈塔伊”（阿拉伯语：خطائي，意为罪人）为笔名，用阿塞拜疆语创作了约1400首诗，[340]后来这些诗作被收录在他的《诗集》中。这一时期出现了一种独特的文学风格，即“qoshma”（阿塞拜疆语：qoşma，意为即兴创作），这种风格由伊斯梅尔一世开创，并由他的儿子和继承人塔赫马斯普一世进一步发展。[341]

In the span of the 17th and 18th centuries, Fuzuli’s unique genres as well ashik poetry were taken up by prominent poets and writers such as Qovsi of Tabriz, Shah Abbas Sani, Agha Mesih Shirvani ^[ru], Nishat, Molla Vali Vidadi, Molla Panah Vagif, Amani, Zafar and others. Along with Turks, Turkmens and Uzbeks, Azerbaijanis celebrate the Epic of Koroglu (from Azerbaijani: kor oğlu for blind man’s son), a legendary folk hero.^[342] Several documented versions of Koroglu epic remain at the Institute for Manuscripts of the National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan.^[328]
【参考译文】在17世纪和18世纪期间，富祖利的独特体裁以及阿什克诗歌被塔布里的库夫西、沙阿·阿巴斯·萨尼、阿加·梅西赫·希尔瓦尼、尼沙特、穆拉·瓦利·维达迪、穆拉·帕纳赫·瓦吉夫、阿马尼、扎法尔等著名诗人和作家所接受。阿塞拜疆人、土耳其人、土库曼人和乌兹别克人一起庆祝《科罗格鲁史诗》（阿塞拜疆语：kor oğlu，意为盲人之子）中的传奇民间英雄。[342]关于《科罗格鲁史诗》的几个文献版本仍保存在阿塞拜疆国家科学院手稿研究所。[328]

6.5 媒体 | Media

Main articles: Media of Azerbaijan and Media freedom in Azerbaijan
【主要条目：阿塞拜疆媒体和阿塞拜疆媒体自由】

The first newspaper in Azerbaijani, Akinchi was published in 1875.^[343] There are three state-owned television channels: AzTV, Idman TV and Medeniyyet TV. There is one public channel and 6 private channels: İctimai Television, Space TV, Lider TV, Azad Azerbaijan TV, Xazar TV, Real TV ^[az] and ARB.^[344]
【参考译文】阿塞拜疆的第一份报纸《阿金奇报》于1875年出版。[343] 阿塞拜疆有三个国有电视频道：AzTV、Idman TV和Medeniyyet TV。此外，还有一个公共频道和六个私营频道：İctimai Television、Space TV、Lider TV、Azad Azerbaijan TV、Xazar TV、Real TV [az]和ARB。[344]

6.6 电影 | Cinema

Main articles: Cinema of Azerbaijan and Television in Azerbaijan
【主要条目：阿塞拜疆电影和阿塞拜疆电视】

The film industry in Azerbaijan dates back to 1898. Azerbaijan was among the first countries involved in cinematography,^[345] with the apparatus first showing up in Baku.^[346] In 1919 a documentary The Celebration of the Anniversary of Azerbaijani Independence was filmed on the first anniversary of Azerbaijan’s independence from Russia, 27 May, and premiered in June 1919 at several theatres in Baku.^[347] After the Soviet power was established in 1920, Nariman Narimanov, chairman of the Revolutionary Committee of Azerbaijan, signed a decree nationalizing Azerbaijan’s cinema. This also influenced the creation of Azerbaijani animation.^[347]
【参考译文】阿塞拜疆的电影产业可追溯到1898年。阿塞拜疆是最早涉足电影行业的国家之一，[345]电影设备首次出现在巴库。[346]1919年5月27日，在阿塞拜疆脱离俄罗斯独立一周年之际，一部名为《阿塞拜疆独立周年庆典》的纪录片被拍摄完成，并于1919年6月在巴库的几家影院首映。[347]1920年苏联政权建立后，阿塞拜疆革命委员会主席纳里曼·纳里马诺夫签署了一项将阿塞拜疆电影产业国有化的法令。这也影响了阿塞拜疆动画产业的创建。[347]

In 1991, after Azerbaijan gained its independence from the Soviet Union, the first Baku International Film Festival East-West was held in Baku. In December 2000, former President Heydar Aliyev signed a decree proclaiming 2 August to be the professional holiday of filmmakers of Azerbaijan. Today Azerbaijani filmmakers are again dealing with issues similar to those faced by cinematographers prior to the establishment of the Soviet Union in 1920. Once again, both choices of content and sponsorship of films are largely left up to the initiative of the filmmaker.^[345]
【参考译文】1991年，阿塞拜疆脱离苏联独立后，第一届巴库国际电影节（东西方电影节）在巴库举行。2000年12月，前总统海达尔·阿利耶夫签署法令，宣布8月2日为阿塞拜疆电影工作者的专业节日。如今，阿塞拜疆的电影工作者再次面临着与1920年苏联成立前电影摄影师所面临的问题相似的情况。同样，影片的内容和赞助在很大程度上再次取决于电影制作者的主动性。[345]

6.7 饮食 | Cuisine

主条目：阿塞拜疆饮食

Azerbaijani cuisine uses an abundance of seasonal vegetables and greens. Fresh herbs, including mint, cilantro (coriander), dill, basil, parsley, tarragon, leeks, chives, thyme, marjoram, green onion, and watercress, are popular and often accompany main dishes on the table. Climatic diversity and fertility of the land are reflected in the national dishes, which are based on fish from the Caspian Sea, local meat (mainly mutton and beef), and seasonal vegetables and greens.
【参考译文】阿塞拜疆美食使用了大量时令蔬菜和绿叶菜。新鲜的香草很受欢迎，餐桌上往往用它们来搭配主菜，包括薄荷、香菜（芫荽）、莳萝、罗勒、欧芹、龙蒿、韭菜、细香葱、百里香、马郁兰、青葱和豆瓣菜。国家菜肴反映了气候的多样性和土地的肥沃，其原料主要是里海鱼类、当地肉类（主要是羊肉和牛肉）以及时令蔬菜和绿叶菜。

Saffron-rice plov is the flagship food in Azerbaijan, and black tea is the national beverage.^[348] Azerbaijanis often use traditional armudu (pear-shaped) glass as they have very strong tea culture.^[349][350] Popular traditional dishes include bozbash (lamb soup that exists in several regional varieties with the addition of different vegetables), qutab (fried turnover with a filling of greens or minced meat) and dushbara (dumplings filled with ground meat and spices).
【参考译文】藏红花米饭（plov）是阿塞拜疆的招牌食物，而黑茶则是国民饮料。[348]阿塞拜疆人经常使用传统的梨形玻璃杯喝茶，因为他们有着深厚的茶文化。[349][350]受欢迎的传统菜肴包括博兹巴什（几种加入不同蔬菜的地区风味的羊肉汤）、库塔卜（油炸馅饼，馅料为蔬菜或碎肉）和杜什巴拉（馅料为绞肉和香料的饺子）。

6.8 体育 | Sport

主条目：阿塞拜疆体育 / Main article: Sport in Azerbaijan

Freestyle wrestling has been traditionally regarded as Azerbaijan’s national sport, in which Azerbaijan has won fourteen medals, including four golds, since joining the International Olympic Committee. The most popular sports are football and wrestling.^[351]
【参考译文】自由式摔跤一直被视为阿塞拜疆的国粹运动，自加入国际奥委会以来，阿塞拜疆已在该项目中夺得14枚奖牌，其中包括4枚金牌。最受欢迎的运动是足球和摔跤。[351]

The Association of Football Federations of Azerbaijan, with 9,122 registered players, is the largest sporting association in the country.^[352][353] The national football team demonstrates relatively low performance in the international arena compared to the nation football clubs. The most successful clubs are Neftçi, Qarabağ, and Gabala. In 2012, Neftchi Baku became the first Azerbaijani team to advance to the group stage of a European competition.^[354][355] In 2014, Qarabağ became the second Azerbaijani club advancing to the group stage of UEFA Europa League. In 2017, after beating Copenhagen 2–2 (a) in the play-off round of the UEFA Champions League, Qarabağ became the first Azerbaijani club to reach the group stage.^[356]
【参考译文】阿塞拜疆足球联合会拥有9122名注册球员，是该国最大的体育协会。[352][353]与国内的足球俱乐部相比，阿塞拜疆国家足球队在国际赛场上的表现相对不佳。最成功的俱乐部包括内夫特奇、卡拉巴赫和盖巴拉。2012年，内夫特奇巴库成为第一支晋级欧洲赛事小组阶段的阿塞拜疆球队。[354][355]2014年，卡拉巴赫成为第二支晋级欧足联欧洲联赛小组阶段的阿塞拜疆俱乐部。2017年，卡拉巴赫在欧足联冠军联赛附加赛中2比2（客场）战平哥本哈根，成为第一支晋级小组阶段的阿塞拜疆俱乐部。[356]

Futsal is another popular sport in Azerbaijan. The Azerbaijan national futsal team reached fourth place in the 2010 UEFA Futsal Championship, while domestic club Araz Naxçivan clinched bronze medals at the 2009–10 UEFA Futsal Cup and 2013–14 UEFA Futsal Cup.^[357] Azerbaijan was the main sponsor of Spanish football club Atlético de Madrid during seasons 2013/2014 and 2014/2015, a partnership that the club described should ‘promote the image of Azerbaijan in the world’.^[358]
【参考译文】室内足球是阿塞拜疆另一项受欢迎的运动。阿塞拜疆国家室内足球队在2010年欧足联室内足球锦标赛中获得第四名，而国内俱乐部阿塞拜疆纳希切万则在2009-10赛季和2013-14赛季的欧足联室内足球杯中夺得铜牌。[357]在2013/2014赛季和2014/2015赛季，阿塞拜疆是西班牙足球俱乐部马德里竞技的主要赞助商，该俱乐部称此合作关系将“提升阿塞拜疆在世界上的形象”。[358]

Azerbaijan is one of the traditional powerhouses of world chess,^[359] having hosted many international chess tournaments and competitions and became European Team Chess Championship winners in 2009, 2013 and 2017.^{[360][361][362]} Notable chess players include Teimour Radjabov, Shahriyar Mammadyarov, Vladimir Makogonov, Vugar Gashimov and former World Chess Champion Garry Kasparov. As of 2014, country’s home of Shamkir Chess a category 22 event and one of the highest rated tournaments of all time.^[363] Backgammon also plays a major role in Azerbaijani culture.^[364] The game is very popular in Azerbaijan and is widely played among the local public.^[365] There are also different variations of backgammon developed and analyzed by Azerbaijani experts.^[366]
【参考译文】阿塞拜疆是世界国际象棋的传统强国之一，[359]曾举办过许多国际象棋锦标赛和比赛，并在2009年、2013年和2017年夺得欧洲国际象棋团体锦标赛冠军。[360][361][362]著名的国际象棋棋手包括泰穆尔·拉贾波夫、沙赫里亚尔·马梅德亚罗夫、弗拉基米尔·马科戈诺夫、维加尔·加斯莫夫和前世界冠军加里·卡斯帕罗夫。截至2014年，阿塞拜疆的尚克尔国际象棋赛是一项22级赛事，也是有史以来评分最高的赛事之一。[363]双陆棋在阿塞拜疆文化中也占据重要地位。[364]这项运动在阿塞拜疆非常受欢迎，深受当地民众喜爱。[365]阿塞拜疆专家还开发并分析了双陆棋的不同变体。[366]

Azerbaijan Women’s Volleyball Super League placed fourth at the 2005 European Championship.^[367] Over the last years, clubs like Rabita Baku and Azerrail Baku achieved great success at European cups.^[368] Azerbaijani volleyball players include likes of Valeriya Korotenko, Oksana Parkhomenko, Inessa Korkmaz, Natalya Mammadova, and Alla Hasanova.
【参考译文】阿塞拜疆女子排球超级联赛在2005年欧洲锦标赛中位列第四。[367]近年来，拉比塔巴库和阿塞莱尔巴库等俱乐部在欧洲杯赛中取得了巨大成功。[368]阿塞拜疆的排球运动员包括瓦列里娅·科罗滕科、奥克萨娜·帕尔霍缅科、伊内萨·科尔克马兹、娜塔莉亚·马梅多娃和阿拉·哈萨诺娃等。

Other Azerbaijani athletes are Namig Abdullayev, Toghrul Asgarov, Rovshan Bayramov, Sharif Sharifov, Mariya Stadnik and Farid Mansurov in wrestling, Nazim Huseynov, Elnur Mammadli, Elkhan Mammadov and Rustam Orujov in judo, Rafael Aghayev in karate, Magomedrasul Majidov and Aghasi Mammadov in boxing, Nizami Pashayev in Olympic weightlifting, Azad Asgarov in pankration, Eduard Mammadov in kickboxing, and K-1 fighter Zabit Samedov.
【参考译文】阿塞拜疆在其他运动项目中的运动员包括摔跤项目的纳米格·阿卜杜拉耶夫、托赫鲁尔·阿斯加罗夫、罗夫尚·拜拉莫夫、沙里夫·沙里福夫、玛丽亚·斯塔德尼克和法里德·曼苏罗夫，柔道项目的纳齐姆·胡赛诺夫、埃尔努尔·马梅德利、埃尔汗·马梅多夫和鲁斯塔姆·奥鲁约夫，空手道项目的拉斐尔·阿加耶夫，拳击项目的马戈梅德拉苏尔·马吉多夫和阿加西·马梅多夫，奥运举重项目的尼扎米·帕沙耶夫，搏击项目的阿扎德·阿斯加罗夫，踢拳项目的爱德华·马梅多夫，以及K-1格斗选手扎比特·萨梅多夫。

Azerbaijan has a Formula One racetrack, constructed in 2012,^[369] and the country hosted its first Formula One Grand Prix in 2016^[370] and the Azerbaijan Grand Prix since 2017. Other annual sporting events held in the country are the Baku Cup tennis tournament and the Tour d’Azerbaïdjan cycling race.
【参考译文】阿塞拜疆拥有一条于2012年建成的F1赛道，[369]并在2016年举办了首届F1大奖赛，[370]自2017年起举办阿塞拜疆大奖赛。该国还举办了其他年度体育赛事，包括巴库杯网球锦标赛和阿塞拜疆巡回自行车赛。

Azerbaijan hosted several major sport competitions since the late 2000s, including the 2013 F1 Powerboat World Championship, 2012 FIFA U-17 Women’s World Cup, 2011 AIBA World Boxing Championships, 2010 European Wrestling Championships, 2009 Rhythmic Gymnastics European Championships, 2014 European Taekwondo Championships, 2014 Rhythmic Gymnastics European Championships, and 2016 World Chess Olympiad.^[371] Baku was selected to host the 2015 European Games.^[372] Baku hosted the fourth Islamic Solidarity Games in 2017^[373] and the 2019 European Youth Summer Olympic Festival,^[374] and was a host of UEFA Euro 2020.^[375]
【参考译文】自2000年代末以来，阿塞拜疆主办了多场重大体育赛事，包括2013年F1摩托艇世界锦标赛、2012年国际足联U-17女子世界杯、2011年国际拳击协会世界拳击锦标赛、2010年欧洲摔跤锦标赛、2009年欧洲艺术体操锦标赛、2014年欧洲跆拳道锦标赛、2014年欧洲艺术体操锦标赛和2016年世界国际象棋奥林匹克团体赛。[371]巴库被选为2015年欧洲运动会的主办城市。[372]巴库还主办了2017年第四届伊斯兰团结运动会[373]和2019年欧洲青年夏季奥运节，[374]并且是2020年欧洲足球锦标赛的主办城市之一。[375]

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