金砖国家 / BRICS -(全文)中英文维基百科词条融合

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0. 概述

0.1 文字说明

金砖国家(英语:BRICS)为一个由新兴市场国家组成的国际组织,其创始会员国为巴西Brazil)、俄罗斯Russia)、印度India)及中国China)[创始时称金砖四国(英语:BRIC)];2010年12月23日南非South Africa)正式加入后称金砖五国2023年峰会后宣布扩充,邀请埃及埃塞俄比亚伊朗阿拉伯联合酋长国阿根廷沙特阿拉伯成为金砖国家的正式成员[1];然而阿根廷于新总统哈维尔·米莱上台后撤回入会申请[2][3][4],沙特其后亦称需时慎重考虑入会事宜故暂缓申请[5][6]

BRICS is an intergovernmental organization comprising nine countries – Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa, Iran, Egypt, Ethiopia, and the United Arab Emirates. BRICS was originally identified to highlight investment opportunities.[3] The grouping evolved into a geopolitical bloc, with their governments meeting annually at formal summits and coordinating multilateral policies since 2009. Relations among BRICS are conducted mainly based on non-interference, equality, and mutual benefit.[4]
【参考译文】金砖国家是一个由政府间组织,包括九个国家——巴西、俄罗斯、印度、中国、南非、伊朗、埃及、埃塞俄比亚和阿拉伯联合酋长国。金砖国家最初成立是为了突显投资机会。[3]自2009年起,该组织逐渐演变为一个地缘政治集团,其政府每年举行正式峰会并协调多边政策。金砖国家之间的关系主要基于不干涉内政、平等和互利原则。[4]

The founding countries of Brazil, Russia, India, and China held the first leaders summit in Russia in 2009 under the name BRIC. Following a renaming of the organization, South Africa attended its first summit as a member in 2011 after joining the group in 2010.[5][6] Iran, Egypt, Ethiopia, and the United Arab Emirates attended their first summit as member states at the 2024 summit in Russia. Saudi Arabia has not responded to an invitation to join BRICS, and is still considering joining.[7][8][9][3]
【参考译文】巴西、俄罗斯、印度和中国这四个创始国于2009年在俄罗斯举行了首次领导人峰会,当时组织名称为“金砖四国”(BRIC)。在组织更名后,南非于2010年加入该组织,并于2011年作为成员参加了首次峰会。[5][6]伊朗、埃及、埃塞俄比亚和阿拉伯联合酋长国于2024年在俄罗斯举行的峰会上作为成员国首次参会。沙特阿拉伯尚未对加入金砖国家的邀请作出回应,仍在考虑中。[7][8][9][3]

Currently, the group is dominated by China, which has about 70% of the organization total GDP.[10] Combined, the BRICS members encompass about 30% of the world’s land surface and 45% of world population.[11] South Africa has the largest economy in Africa whereas Brazil, India, and China are among the world’s ten largest countries by population, area, and gross domestic product (GDP, nominal and PPP). All five initial member states are members of the G20, with a combined nominal GDP of US$28 trillion (about 27% of the gross world product), a total GDP (PPP) of around US$65 trillion (35% of global GDP PPP), and an estimated US$5.2 trillion in combined foreign reserves (as of 2024).[12][non-primary source needed]
【参考译文】目前,该组织由中国占主导地位,中国的国内生产总值(GDP)约占组织总量的70%。[10]金砖国家成员国的总面积约占世界陆地面积的30%,总人口约占世界人口的45%。[11]南非是非洲经济体量最大的国家,而巴西、印度和中国则按人口、面积和国内生产总值(名义GDP和购买力平价GDP)计,均跻身世界前十。最初五个成员国都是二十国集团(G20)的成员国,名义GDP总和约为28万亿美元(约占全球生产总值的27%),购买力平价GDP总和约为65万亿美元(约占全球GDP的35%),外汇储备总和估计约为5.2万亿美元(截至2024年)。[12][需要非原始来源]

To some in the West[vague], the BRICS countries are considered the alternative to Western dominated institutions led by nations of the G7 bloc[10] comprising some of the leading developing economies. Together they have implemented competing initiatives such as the New Development Bank, the BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement, the BRICS pay, the BRICS Joint Statistical Publication[13] and the BRICS basket reserve currency.[14]
【参考译文】对西方的一些人来说[含糊],金砖国家被视为西方主导机构(由七国集团(G7)国家领导的机构)的替代者,[10]这些机构由一些主要的发展中经济体组成。金砖国家共同实施了诸如新开发银行、金砖国家应急储备安排、金砖国家支付体系、金砖国家联合统计出版物[13]和金砖国家货币篮子储备[14]等竞争性倡议。

BRICS has received both praise and criticism from numerous commentators.[15][16][17][18][19]
【参考译文】金砖国家既受到了众多评论家的赞扬,也受到了批评。[15][16][17][18][19]

0.2 概况表格

Named after【命名源自】Founder member states’ initials (in English)
【创始成员国首字母缩写(英文)】
BRIC (economic term)【金砖四国(经济术语)】
Formation【成立】September 2006 (Informal)
【2006年9月(非正式)】
16 June 2009 (Official)
【2009年6月16日(正式)】
Founded at【成立于】Yekaterinburg, Russia(1st BRIC summit)
【俄罗斯叶卡捷琳堡(首届金砖国家峰会)】
Type【类型】Intergovernmental organization【政府间组织】
Purpose【目的】Political and economical【政治和经济】
Fields【领域】International politics【国际政治】
Membership【成员国】Member states【成员国】
 Brazil
 Russia
 India
 China
 South Africa
 Iran
 Egypt
 Ethiopia
 United Arab Emirates
Partner states[1]【伙伴国家】[These are observer states that, while not officially a part of the bloc, would get support from the BRICS members.【这些观察员国虽然不是金砖国家正式成员,但会得到金砖国家成员国的支持。】]
 Algeria
 Belarus
 Bolivia
 Cuba
 Indonesia
 Kazakhstan
 Malaysia
 Nigeria
 Thailand
 Turkey
 Uganda
 Uzbekistan
 Vietnam
Invited to become a member state【被邀请加入的国家】
 Saudi Arabia
Rejected state【拒绝加入的国家】
 Argentina
Official languages【官方语言】English【英语】, Arabic【阿拉伯语】, Amharic【阿姆哈拉语】, Chinese【汉语(华语)】, Russian【俄语】, Hindi【印地语】, Persian【波斯语】, Portuguese【葡萄牙语】
Funding【资金来源】Member states【成员国】
Formerly called【曾用名】BRIC

1. 历史 | History

    2001年,美国高盛公司首席经济师吉姆·奥尼尔首次提出“金砖四国”这一概念[8],来自这四个国家的英文国名开头字母所组成的词BRIC,指巴西(Brazil)、俄罗斯(Russia)、印度(India)和中国(China),其发音同英文的“砖块”(brick)一词[9]

    2003年,奥尼尔在一份题为《与“金砖四国”一起梦想》的研究报告中预测,到2050年,世界经济格局将重新洗牌,“金砖四国”将超越包括英国、法国、意大利、德国在内的西方发达国家,与美国、日本一起跻身全球新的六大经济体[10]高盛这份报告出台后,中国、印度、俄罗斯和巴西作为新兴市场国家的领头羊,受到世界广泛关注,“金砖四国”这一概念由此风靡全球。

    另外,金砖四国的概念,有时也用来定义这四国在2002年所签署关于贸易合作的协定。实际上,由于高盛该份研究报告被广为接受,金砖四国的概念被广泛的用来定义这四个国家所组成的一个市场,甚至更一般的用来定义所有新兴的工业国家

    最初“金砖四国”的国土面积占世界领土总面积的26%,人口占世界总人口的42%[11]。根据国际货币基金组织的统计,2006年至2008年,金砖四国经济平价增产率为10.7%。随着四国经济快速增长,其国际影响力与日俱增。

    The foreign ministers of the initial four BRIC General states (Brazil, Russia, India, and China) met in New York City in September 2006 at the margins of the General Debate of the UN Assembly, beginning a series of high-level meetings.[23] A full-scale diplomatic meeting was held in Yekaterinburg, Russia, on 16 June 2009.[24]
    【参考译文】2006年9月,金砖四国(巴西、俄罗斯、印度和中国)的外交部长在纽约市联合国大会一般性辩论期间举行了会晤,从而开启了一系列高级别会议。[23]2009年6月16日,金砖四国在俄罗斯叶卡捷琳堡举行了一次全面的外交会议。[24]

    The BRIC grouping’s 1st formal summit, also held in Yekaterinburg, commenced on 16 June 2009,[25] with Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, Dmitry Medvedev, Manmohan Singh, and Hu Jintao, the respective leaders of Brazil, Russia, India, and China, all attending.[26] The summit’s focus was on improving the global economic situation and reforming financial institutions, and discussed how the four countries could better co-operate in the future.[25][26] There was further discussion of ways that developing countries, such as 3/4 of the BRIC members, could become more involved in global affairs.[26]
    【参考译文】金砖四国的首次正式峰会也于2009年6月16日在叶卡捷琳堡举行,[25]巴西总统路易斯·伊纳西奥·卢拉·达席尔瓦(Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva)、俄罗斯总统德米特里·梅德韦杰夫(Dmitry Medvedev)、印度总理曼莫汉·辛格(Manmohan Singh)和中国国家主席胡锦涛均出席了会议。[26]峰会的重点是改善全球经济形势和改革金融机构,并讨论了四国未来如何更好地合作。[25][26]会上还进一步讨论了发展中国家(如金砖四国中的三个国家)如何更多地参与全球事务。[26]

    In the aftermath of the 2009 Yekaterinburg summit, the BRIC nations announced the need for a new global reserve currency, which would have to be “diverse, stable and predictable.”[27] Although the statement that was released did not directly criticize the perceived “dominance” of the US dollar – something that Russia had criticized in the past – it did spark a fall in the value of the dollar against other major currencies.[28]
    【参考译文】2009年叶卡捷琳堡峰会结束后,金砖四国宣布需要一种新的全球储备货币,这种货币必须“多样化、稳定和可预测”。[27]尽管发布的声明没有直接批评美元被认为“占主导地位”——这是俄罗斯过去曾批评过的——但它确实引发了美元对其他主要货币汇率的下跌。[28]

    1.2 金砖五国(2011年—2023年)

    此图片遵循GODL-India协议(原文链接辽观在中国大陆上传的原文PDF版本
    图片题注:South African President Cyril Ramaphosa and other BRICS representatives during the 15th BRICS Summit in Johannesburg, 23 August 2023
    图片来源:Prime Minister’s Office

    2010年12月23日,中国外交部长杨洁篪与南非国际关系与合作部长迈特·恩科阿纳─马沙巴内通电话时表示,中国与俄罗斯、印度、巴西一致商定,吸收南非(South Africa)作为正式成员加入该合作机制,合称金砖五国,2011年1月1日正式生效[12][13]

    In 2010, South Africa began efforts to join the BRIC grouping, and the process for its formal admission began in August of that year.[29] South Africa officially became a member nation on 24 December 2010, after being formally invited by China to join[30] and was subsequently accepted by other BRIC countries.[29] The group was renamed BRICS –with the “S” standing for South Africa– to reflect the group’s expanded membership.[31] In April 2011, the President of South Africa, Jacob Zuma, attended the 2011 BRICS summit in Sanya, China as a full member.[32][33][34]
    【参考译文】2010年,南非开始努力加入金砖国家集团,其正式加入的程序于当年8月开始。[29]在得到中国的正式邀请并随后获得其他金砖国家同意后,[29][30]南非于2010年12月24日正式成为成员国。为反映集团成员的增加,该集团更名为“金砖国家”(BRICS),其中的“S”代表南非。[31]2011年4月,南非总统雅各布·祖马以中国正式成员的身份出席了在中国三亚举行的2011年金砖国家峰会。[32][33][34]

    1.2.1 新的开发银行 | New Development Bank

    In June 2012, the BRICS nations pledged $75 billion to boost the lending power of the International Monetary Fund (IMF). However, the proposed loan was conditional on IMF voting reforms.[35] In March 2013, during the fifth BRICS summit in Durban, the member countries agreed to create a global financial institution to cooperate with the western-dominated IMF and World Bank.[36] They planned to set up this New Development Bank by 2014.[37]
    【参考译文】2012年6月,金砖国家承诺提供750亿美元以增强国际货币基金组织(IMF)的贷款能力。然而,这笔拟议中的贷款以IMF进行投票改革为前提。[35]2013年3月,在德班举行的第五届金砖国家峰会上,成员国同意成立一家全球性金融机构,与西方主导的国际货币基金组织和世界银行开展合作。[36]他们计划于2014年之前成立这家新开发银行。[37]

    At the BRICS leaders meeting in St Petersburg in September 2013, China committed $41 billion towards the pool; Brazil, India, and Russia $18 billion each; and South Africa $5 billion. China, which held the world’s largest foreign exchange reserves and contributed the bulk of the currency pool, wanted a more significant managing role. China also wanted to be the location of the reserve.[38] In October 2013, Russia’s Finance Minister Anton Siluanov said that creating a $100 billion in funds designated to steady currency markets would be taken in early 2014. The Brazilian finance minister, Guido Mantega, confirmed that the fund would be created by March 2014.[39] However, by April 2014, the currency reserve pool and development bank had yet to be set up, and the date was rescheduled to 2015.[40]
    【参考译文】在2013年9月圣彼得堡举行的金砖国家领导人会议上,中国承诺出资410亿美元;巴西、印度和俄罗斯各自承诺出资180亿美元;南非承诺出资50亿美元。中国拥有世界上最大的外汇储备,并为资金池贡献了大部分资金,因此希望获得更重要的管理角色。中国还希望将储备库设在中国。[38]2013年10月,俄罗斯财政部长安东·西卢阿诺夫表示,将在2014年初设立一个1000亿美元的基金,专门用于稳定货币市场。巴西财政部长吉多·曼特加证实,该基金将于2014年3月成立。[39]然而,截至2014年4月,货币储备库和开发银行尚未建立,成立日期被推迟至2015年。[40]

    In July 2014, during the sixth BRICS summit in Fortaleza, the BRICS members signed a document to create the US$100 billion New Development Bank (formerly known as the “BRICS Development Bank”) and a reserve currency pool worth over another US$100 billion. Documents on cooperation between BRICS export credit agencies and an agreement of cooperation on innovation were also signed.[citation needed] The Fortaleza summit was followed by a BRICS meeting with the Union of South American Nations presidents in Brasilia.[41]
    【参考译文】2014年7月,在福塔莱萨举行的第六届金砖国家峰会上,金砖国家成员国签署了一份文件,决定成立一家1000亿美元的新开发银行(之前被称为“金砖国家开发银行”),并设立一个价值超过1000亿美元的储备货币池。会议还签署了金砖国家出口信贷机构合作文件和创新合作协定。[需要引文]福塔莱萨峰会之后,金砖国家还在巴西利亚与南美洲国家联盟主席举行了会议。[41]

    1.2.2 其他倡议 | Other initiatives

    Since 2011, the National Institutes of Statistics of the BRICS group of countries (IBGE, Rosstat, the National Bureau of Statistics of China, the Central Statistics Office (India) and Statistics South Africa) produce an annual joint statistical publication to put statistical production in perspective, compare adopted methodologies and statistical results. The publication serves as a single data platform for the mutual benefit of participating countries.
    【参考译文】自2011年起,金砖国家统计机构(包括巴西地理统计局、俄罗斯联邦统计局、中国国家统计局、印度中央统计局和南非统计局)开始编制一份年度联合统计出版物,以全面展示统计工作,对比所采用的方法和统计结果。该出版物作为单一数据平台,为参与国带来共同利益。

    Since 2012, the BRICS group of countries has been planning an optical fiber submarine communications cable system to carry telecommunications between the BRICS countries, known as the BRICS Cable.[42] Part of the motivation for the project was the spying of the U.S. National Security Agency on all telecommunications that flowed in and out of United States territory.[43] As of 2023, construction of the proposed cable network had not started.[citation needed]
    【参考译文】自2012年起,金砖国家一直在规划一个光纤海底通信电缆系统,用于金砖国家之间的电信传输,该系统被称为“金砖国家电缆”。[42]该项目部分动机在于美国国家安全局对进出美国领土的所有电信进行监视。[43]截至2023年,拟议中的电缆网络尚未开始建设。[需要引文]

    In August 2019, the communications ministers of the BRICS countries signed a letter of intent to cooperate in the Information and Communication Technology sector. This agreement was signed in the fifth edition of the meeting of communication ministers of countries member of the group[44] held in Brasília, Brazil.
    【参考译文】2019年8月,金砖国家通信部长在巴西利亚举行的第五届金砖国家通信部长会议上签署了一份关于在信息和通信技术领域合作的意向书。[44]

    此图片属于公共领域
    图片题注:Meeting of BRICS foreign ministers on 22 September 2022
    参考译文:2022年9月22日金砖国家外长会
    图片来源:15th BRICS SUMMIT

    The New Development Bank plans on giving out $15 billion to member states to help their struggling economies. Member countries are hoping for a smooth comeback and a continuation of economic trade pre-COVID-19. The 2020 BRICS summit was held virtually in St. Petersburg, Russia, and discussed how to handle the COVID-19 pandemic and how to fix the multilateral system via reforms.[45] During the 13th BRICS summit, in 2021, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi called for a transparent investigation into the origins of COVID-19 under the World Health Organization with the full cooperation of “all countries”, and Chinese leader Xi Jinping spoke directly afterwards, calling on BRICS countries to “oppose politicisation” of the process.[46]
    【参考译文】新开发银行计划向成员国提供150亿美元,以帮助它们应对经济困境。成员国希望经济能够顺利复苏,并恢复到新冠疫情前的经济贸易水平。2020年金砖国家峰会以线上形式在俄罗斯圣彼得堡举行,讨论了如何应对新冠疫情以及如何通过改革来修复多边体系。[45]在2021年举行的第十三届金砖国家峰会上,印度总理纳伦德拉·莫迪呼吁在世界卫生组织的框架下,与“所有国家”充分合作,对新冠疫情的起源进行透明调查,随后中国领导人习近平直接发言,呼吁金砖国家“反对将疫情政治化”。[46]

    In May 2023, South Africa announced that they would be giving diplomatic immunity to Vladimir Putin and other Russian officials so that they could attend the 15th BRICS Summit despite the ICC arrest warrant for Putin.[47][48] In July 2023, the Russian president announced that he will not personally attend the BRICS summit in Johannesburg on 22–24 August despite good relations with the South African government. Russian news channels noted that Putin will remotely participate online in all BRICS leaders’ sessions, including its Business Forum, and also deliver his remarks virtually.[49]
    【参考译文】2023年5月,南非宣布将给予弗拉基米尔·普京和其他俄罗斯官员外交豁免权,以便他们能够在国际刑事法院对普京发出逮捕令的情况下参加第十五届金砖国家峰会。[47][48]2023年7月,俄罗斯总统宣布,尽管与南非政府关系良好,但他本人将不会亲自出席8月22日至24日在约翰内斯堡举行的金砖国家峰会。俄罗斯新闻频道指出,普京将远程在线参加包括商业论坛在内的所有金砖国家领导人会议,并发表视频讲话。[49]

    1.3 金砖九国(2024年—)

    此图片遵循GODL-India协议
    图片题注:BRICS representatives at the 16th BRICS summit in Kazan, Russia, 23 October 2024
    参考译文:2024年10月23日,金砖国家代表在俄罗斯喀山举行的第十六届金砖国家峰会上
    图片来源:Prime Minister’s Office

    2023年8月24日,在2023年金砖国家峰会上,埃及埃塞俄比亚伊朗阿联酋四方获接纳为金砖国家成员,2024年1月1日正式生效[14]。这次扩张期望能提高新兴市场的代表性,以及减低对美元的依赖。巴西总统于2023年8月甚至提出,金砖国家之间应该采用共同货币,以利跨国投资、贸易[15]

    这份邀请名单原本包括阿根廷,但在2023年阿根廷大选之后,有报道称被提名为阿根廷外长候选人的戴安娜·蒙迪诺俄罗斯卫星通讯社采访中表示“我们将停止与巴西和中国政府的合作”,同时声称阿根廷将不会加入金砖国家[16][17]。而后续蒙迪诺在接受阿根廷TN新闻电视台采访时指出“他们说我们将与巴西和中国断绝关系。这些都是没有道理和逻辑的事情……”,为阿根廷与巴西和中国的关系作出了部分澄清,但没有提及金砖国家[18]。12月1日,阿根廷当选总统哈维尔·米莱透过蒙迪诺表示确认暂不接受加入金砖的邀请,但保留日后重新考虑加入的权利。[19]12月29日,米莱本人再次写信给金砖各成员国(包括新加入的4国)领导人确认阿根廷撤回加入申请。[4]

    2024年1月,沙特阿拉伯并未如期确认加入金砖国家机制,但表示仍在检视是否加入。[20] 同年10月22日,在于俄罗斯喀山召开的高峰会上,沙特阿拉伯派遣了外长费瑟亲王(Prince Faisal bin Farhan)代表国王出席。在普京主持的峰会现场,沙国旗帜与其他会员国并列,但在首脑团体合照期间,费瑟没有上台。[21]

    2024年7月28日,马来西亚申请加入金砖国家合作机制。[22]

    The organizers touted the expansion as part of a plan to build a competing multipolar world order that uses Global South countries to challenge and compete against the western-dominated world order.[58] China Daily used the expansion to claim that more developing countries were interested in joining BRICS.[59][60][61]
    【参考译文】组织者大肆宣扬此次扩容是构建竞争性的多极世界秩序计划的一部分,该计划利用全球南方国家来挑战和抗衡西方主导的世界秩序。[58] 《中国日报》利用此次扩容宣称,更多发展中国家对加入金砖国家表示出兴趣。[59][60][61]

    On 24 October 2024, an additional 13 countries, namely Algeria, Belarus, Bolivia, Cuba, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Nigeria, Thailand, Turkey, Uganda, Uzbekistan and Vietnam, were invited to participate as partner countries. No membership invitations were extended.
    【参考译文】2024年10月24日,另有13个国家被邀请作为伙伴国参与,它们分别是阿尔及利亚、白俄罗斯、玻利维亚、古巴、印度尼西亚、哈萨克斯坦、马来西亚、尼日利亚、泰国、土耳其、乌干达、乌兹别克斯坦和越南。此次并未发出任何加入成员国的邀请。

    2. 金砖峰会 | Summits

    2008年5月,“金砖四国”外长在俄罗斯叶卡捷琳堡举行会谈,并决定在国际舞台上进行全面合作。同年7月,“金砖四国”领导人日本洞爷湖参加八国集团系列会议期间,曾举行会晤。9月,“金砖四国”外长在俄罗斯叶卡捷琳堡举行会议,就千年发展目标、南南合作气候变化能源粮食安全等问题进行了讨论。11月,“金砖四国”财政部长在巴西圣保罗举行会议,呼吁改革国际金融体系,使之能够正确反映世界经济的新变化。

    The grouping has held annual summits since 2009, with member countries taking turns to host. Before South Africa’s admission, two BRIC summits were held, in 2009 and 2010. The first five-member BRICS summit was held in 2011 in China. The first nine-member BRICS summit was held in 2024 in Russia. The 2020, 2021, and 2022 summits were held via video-conference due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
    【参考译文】自2009年起,该组织开始举办年度峰会,成员国轮流担任东道主。在南非加入之前,于2009年和2010年分别举行了两次金砖四国(BRIC)峰会。首次五个成员国的金砖国家(BRICS)峰会于2011年在中国举行。首次九个成员国的金砖国家峰会于2024年在俄罗斯举行。由于新冠疫情的影响,2020年、2021年和2022年的峰会均以视频会议形式举行。

    金砖国家领导人峰会

    日期主办国主办国领导人地点备注
    12009年6月16日 俄罗斯梅德韦杰夫叶卡捷琳堡“金砖四国”的首次峰会。[27]
    The summit was to discuss the global recession taking place at the time, future cooperation among states, and trade. Some of the specific topics discussed were food, trade, climate trade, and security for the members. They called out for a more influential voice and representation for up-and-coming markets. Note at the time South Africa was not yet admitted to the BRICS organization.[62]
    【参考译文】此次峰会的议题包括讨论当时正在发生的全球经济衰退、国家间的未来合作以及贸易问题。具体讨论的一些议题包括粮食、贸易、气候贸易和成员国安全等。他们呼吁为新兴市场争取更有影响力和代表性的发言权。注意,当时南非尚未被纳入金砖国家组织。[62]
    22010年4月15日 巴西卢拉·达席尔瓦巴西利亚邀请南非总统雅各布·祖玛。期间中国国家主席胡锦涛因为玉树地震中途回国。
    The second summit continued on the conversation of the global recession and how to recover. They had a conversation on the IMF, climate change, and more ways to form cooperation among states.[62]
    【参考译文】第二次峰会继续就全球经济衰退及如何复苏的话题展开讨论。他们就国际货币基金组织(IMF)、气候变化以及更多国家间合作方式进行了交谈。[62]
    32011年4月14日 中国胡锦涛三亚为南非首次参加与原先金砖四国之峰会
    The third summit had members debating on the global and internal economies of countries.[62]
    【参考译文】第三次峰会上,成员国就全球及各国国内经济进行了辩论。[62]
    42012年3月29日 印度辛格新德里提出建设金砖国家海底电缆,作为金砖国家间通讯之用[28]
    The fourth summit discussed how the organization could prosper from the global recession and how they could take advantage of that to help their economies. BRICS had the intention of improving their global power and providing adequate development for their state.[63]
    【参考译文】第四次峰会讨论了该组织如何从全球经济衰退中崛起,以及如何利用这一机遇来促进各自国家的经济发展。金砖国家有意提升全球影响力,并为本国提供充足的发展机会。[63]
    52013年3月26–27日 南非祖玛德班习近平自2012年11月接任中共中央总书记,成为最高领导人后,首次以中国国家元首的身份出席金砖峰会开幕式[29]
    The fifth summit discusses the New Development Bank proposition and Contingent Reserve Agreement. BRICS also announced the Business Council and its Think Tank Council.[63]
    【参考译文】第五次峰会讨论了新开发银行提案和应急储备安排。金砖国家还宣布了成立金砖国家工商理事会和金砖国家智库理事会。[63]
    62014年7月14–16日 巴西罗塞夫福塔雷萨[30]发表了《福塔莱萨宣言》,宣布成立金砖国家开发银行,初始资本为1000亿美元,由5个创始成员平均出资,总部设在中国上海[31]峰会邀请南美洲国家联盟领导人[32][33]
    The members of BRICS conversed with each other about political coordination, development, and economic growth. They established the Fortaleza Declaration and Action Plan.[62]
    【参考译文】金砖国家成员国就政治协调、发展和经济增长等问题进行了交流。他们制定了《福塔莱萨宣言》和《行动计划》。[62]
    72015年7月8–9日 俄罗斯普京乌法[34]上海合作组织欧亚经济联盟国家领导人参与峰会
    The seventh summit discussed global political and economic problems and better ways to foster cooperation among member states.[62]
    【参考译文】第七次峰会讨论了全球政治和经济问题,以及促进成员国之间合作的更好方式。[62]
    82016年10月15-16日 印度莫迪帕纳吉发布了《果阿宣言》。重申加强金砖国家伙伴关系。[35]
    The eighth BRICS summit debated on topics like counterterrorism, economies, and climate change. BRICS also issued the Goa Declaration and Action Plan, hoping to harden their relationships.[62]
    【参考译文】第八次金砖国家峰会就反恐、经济和气候变化等议题进行了辩论。金砖国家还发布了《果阿宣言》和《行动计划》,希望加强彼此间的关系。[62]
    92017年9月3-5日 中国习近平厦门发布了《厦门宣言》。建立首次外长正式会晤机制以及常驻联合国代表的定期磋商机制。推动建立电子口岸示范网络、电子商务工作组等合作平台。[35]
    Joint summit with EMDCD. The ninth summit was an event that talked about a bright future for BRICS and what their intended goals were. They alsocovered and debated international and regional issues with one another.[62]
    【参考译文】与新兴市场和发展中国家对话会(EMDCD)的联合峰会。第九次峰会讨论了金砖国家的光明前景及其预定目标。与会各方还就国际和地区问题进行了讨论和辩论。[62]
    102018年7月25-27日 南非拉马福萨约翰内斯堡发布了《约翰内斯堡宣言》主题是“金砖国家在非洲:在第四次工业革命中共谋包容增长和共同繁荣”。
    The tenth summit had the members discuss their rising industries in the hopes that they can cut a bigger slice of the industry market.
    【参考译文】第十次峰会上,成员国讨论了各自的新兴产业,希望能在产业市场中占据更大的份额。
    112019年11月13-14日 巴西博索纳罗巴西利亚发布了《巴西利亚宣言》主题是“金砖国家:经济增长打造创新未来”。
    The theme of the 11th BRICS summit was “BRICS: economic growth for an innovative Future”. The summit discussed advancements in the BRICS’s science and innovation fields. Primarily trying to advance technology and digital currency. They made mutual agreements to help stop drug trafficking and organized crime; both internationally and internally.
    【参考译文】第十一届金砖国家峰会的主题是“金砖国家:经济增长塑造创新未来”。峰会讨论了金砖国家在科学和创新领域的进展,主要致力于推动技术和数字货币的发展。他们达成了相互协议,以帮助在国际和国内层面打击毒品贩运和有组织犯罪。
    122020年7月21-23日
    2020年11月17日
     俄罗斯普京圣彼得堡
    视频会议
    会晤主题为“维护全球稳定、共同安全和创新增长的金砖国家伙伴关系”,通过了《金砖国家领导人第十二次会晤莫斯科宣言》。
    Discussing a mutual agreement on helping BRICS member countries to foster better living standards and quality of life for each country’s people. Plans on focusing on peace, economies, and cultural societal issues.[71]
    【参考译文】讨论了一项关于帮助金砖国家成员国提高各国人民的生活水平和生活质量的共同协议。计划将重点放在和平、经济以及文化社会问题上。[71]
    132021年9月9日 印度莫迪视频会议发布了《新德里宣言》主题是“金砖15周年:开展金砖合作,促进延续、巩固与共识”。
    BRICS Games 2021[72]
    【参考译文】2021年金砖国家运动会[72]
    142022年6月23日 中国习近平会晤主题为“构建高质量伙伴关系,共创全球发展新时代”
    A major development on the summit was the creation of a new, basket type reserve currency. The currency, which is challenging the US dollar, combines BRICS currencies and is backed by precious metals.
    【参考译文】峰会上的一个重要进展是创建了一种新的篮子型储备货币。这种货币结合了金砖国家货币,并以贵金属为支持,对美元构成了挑战。
    152023年8月22-24日 南非拉马福萨约翰内斯堡会晤主题为“金砖国家与非洲:促进相互加速增长、可持续发展和包容性多边主义的伙伴关系”
    【参考译文】Argentina, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates were invited to join the bloc. Full membership was scheduled to take effect on 1 January 2024.[51][52] On December 29, 2023, the Government of Argentina sent a letter to all BRICS leaders officially declining the invitation to join the bloc.[55] Saudi Arabia has not yet confirmed its acceptance.[73]
    【参考译文】阿根廷、埃及、埃塞俄比亚、伊朗、沙特阿拉伯和阿拉伯联合酋长国被邀请加入该集团。全面成员资格定于2024年1月1日起生效。[51][52]2023年12月29日,阿根廷政府向所有金砖国家领导人发送了一封信,正式拒绝了加入该集团的邀请。[55]沙特阿拉伯尚未确认是否接受邀请。[73]
    162024年10月22-24日 俄罗斯普京喀山[74] Delegations from 35 countries and six international organisations participated.[75] Attendance included 22 heads of state or government and UN Secretary-General.[76] Discussions on membership and a new payments system aside, there were over 200 side meetings spread out through 2024.[76]
    【参考译文】[74]来自35个国家和6个国际组织的代表团参加了会议。[75]出席会议的有22位国家元首或政府首脑以及联合国秘书长。[76]除了讨论成员资格和新的支付系统外,2024年间还举行了200多场会边会议。[76]
    17TBD 2025 Brazil
    【巴西】

    Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva
    【卢拉】
    TBD[77]

    此外,2011年11月至2019年6月,金砖国家领导人分别在G20峰会期间进行了九次非正式会晤。

    3. 成员国 | Member states

    Main article: Member states of BRICS【主条目:金砖国家组织的成员国】

    点击这里下载辽观翻译的表格PDF版

    3.1 申请与扩容流程 | Application and expansion process

    While there is currently no formal application process to join BRICS, any hopeful government must receive the unanimous backing of all member states to receive an invitation. It was not until the early 2020s that discussions regarding allowing new states to join the club were widely held. Leaders and senior diplomats from the participating members began to discuss the prospect of adding additional members to the organization at that point.[81][82][83]
    【参考译文】虽然目前尚无正式加入金砖国家的申请流程,但任何有意加入的国家政府都必须获得所有成员国的一致支持才能收到邀请。直到21世纪20年代初,关于允许新国家加入的讨论才广泛展开。当时,参与成员国的领导人和高级外交官开始讨论该组织增加新成员的前景。[81][82][83]

    In August 2023, at the 15th BRICS Summit, South African President Cyril Ramaphosa announced that Argentina, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates had been invited to join the organization on 1 January 2024.[51][52]
    【参考译文】2023年8月,在第十五届金砖国家峰会上,南非总统西里尔·拉马福萨宣布,阿根廷、埃及、埃塞俄比亚、伊朗、沙特阿拉伯和阿拉伯联合酋长国已受邀于2024年1月1日正式加入金砖国家组织。[51][52]

    On 30 December 2023, the new government of Argentina, which formally applied for BRICS membership under Alberto Fernández‘s government in 2022, officially declined the offer to join the bloc due to the new government’s different foreign policy.[54][84]
    【参考译文】2023年12月30日,阿根廷新政府正式拒绝了加入金砖国家的邀请。该国曾在2022年阿尔韦托·费尔南德斯政府期间正式申请加入金砖国家,但由于新政府的外交政策有所不同,因此决定不加入。[54][84]

    On 1 January 2024, Egypt, United Arab Emirates, Ethiopia and Iran officially joined the bloc.
    【参考译文】2024年1月1日,埃及、阿拉伯联合酋长国、埃塞俄比亚和伊朗正式加入金砖国家组织。

    On 2 September 2024, Turkey officially applied to join the bloc.[85] At the same time, Turkey has been a NATO member since 18 February 1952 and is also a European Union candidate country.[86] Turkey’s EU membership process started on 3 October 2005 but was frozen on 13 March 2019.[87] In September 2022, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan announced that his country would apply for membership in the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation.[88] On 11 July 2024, President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan stated in a statement to the U.S. Newsweek magazine that they did not consider Turkey’s membership in NATO as an alternative to the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and BRICS.[89]
    【参考译文】2024年9月2日,土耳其正式申请加入金砖国家组织。[85]同时,土耳其自1952年2月18日起成为北大西洋公约组织(NATO)成员国,也是欧盟候选国之一。[86]土耳其的欧盟成员国申请流程始于2005年10月3日,但于2019年3月13日被冻结。[87]2022年9月,土耳其总统雷杰普·塔伊普·埃尔多安宣布,土耳其将申请加入上海合作组织。[88]2024年7月11日,埃尔多安在接受美国《新闻周刊》采访时发表声明称,他们并不认为土耳其作为北约成员国的身份是上海合作组织或金砖国家组织的替代选项。[89]

    Algeria previously applied for membership in 2023,[90] but later rejected it in September 2024, making Algeria the second country after Argentina to decline and stop its application.[91]
    【参考译文】阿尔及利亚曾在2023年申请加入金砖国家组织,[90]但于2024年9月拒绝了该邀请,成为继阿根廷之后第二个拒绝并停止申请的国家。[91]

    Following the 2024 BRICS summit, Brazil blocked Venezuela’s application to the bloc, largely due to the disputed 2024 Venezuelan elections and the Venezuelan crisis. The country in response recalled its ambassador from Brazil.[92]
    【参考译文】2024年金砖国家峰会后,巴西阻止了委内瑞拉加入金砖国家组织的申请,这主要是因为2024年委内瑞拉选举存在争议以及委内瑞拉危机。作为回应,委内瑞拉召回了其驻巴西大使。[92]

    Since new members joined the acronym used has informally been BRICS+ or BRICS Plus.[93]
    【参考译文】自新成员加入后,该组织名称的非正式使用形式已变为“BRICS+”或“BRICS Plus”。[93]

    3.2 未来潜在成员国候选人 | Potential candidates for future membership

    Main article: Member states of BRICS § Countries that have applied for membership
    【主条目:金砖国家成员国 § 已申请加入的国家】

    The following countries have either expressed interest in joining BRICS or have already applied for membership:[citation needed]
    【参考译文】以下国家已表示有意加入金砖国家组织或已提交加入申请:[需要引用来源]

    Africa  Algeria3  Angola[94]  Burkina Faso[95]  Cameroon[96]  Central African Republic[97]  Congo[98]  DR Congo[99]  Equatorial Guinea[100]  Ghana[101]  Kenya[102]  Libya[103]  Mali[104]  Namibia[105]  Nigeria[106]3 Senegal[107]1  South Sudan[108]  Sudan[109]  Tunisia[110]  Uganda[111]3  Zimbabwe[112]1 Americas  Bolivia[113]3  Colombia[114]  Cuba[115]3  El Salvador[116]  Nicaragua[117]  Peru[118]  Venezuela[119][f]1Asia  Afghanistan[120]  Bahrain[121]1  Bangladesh[122]1  Indonesia[123]3  Iraq[124]  Kazakhstan[125]3  Kuwait[126]1  Laos[127]1  Malaysia[128] 3  Myanmar[129]  North Korea[130] Pakistan[131] 1  Palestine[132]  Saudi Arabia[133]2  Sri Lanka[134]  Syria[135][g]1  Thailand[136]3  Uzbekistan3  Vietnam[137]3  Yemen[138]1 Europe  Azerbaijan[139]1  Belarus[140]3  Serbia[141]  Turkey[142][Also a NATO member.【同时是北约成员】]3

    1 – Officially applied for membership【正式申请加入】
    2 – Officially invited to join as Member State, but have yet to make a formal decision【正式受邀作为成员国加入,但尚未做出正式决定】
    3 – Officially invited to join as Partner State[143][i]【正式受邀作为伙伴国加入[143][i]】

    4. 财务架构 | Financial architecture

    Currently, the group is dominated by China, which has the largest share of the group’s GDP, accounting to about 70% of the organization total.[10]
    【参考译文】目前,该组织以中国为主导,中国在该组织的 GDP 中所占份额最大,约占该组织总GDP的70%。[10]

    The financial architecture of BRICS is made of the New Development Bank (NDB) and the Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA). These components were signed into a treaty in 2014 and became active in 2015.
    【参考译文】金砖国家的金融架构由新开发银行(NDB)和应急储备安排(CRA)组成。这些组成部分于2014年签署条约,并于2015年开始生效。

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