联邦储备系统（美国）（美联储）/ Federal Reserve – 中英文维基百科词条融合

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1. 正文（发布于知乎专栏）
2. 参见（维基百科的相关词条）| See also
3. 英文词条参考文献
- 3.1 引用列表 | References
  - 3.1.1 引用列表（与文中标号对应）
  - 3.1.2 组合引用 | Bundled references
- 3.2 来源文献 | Bibliography
  - 3.2.1 近期 | Recent
  - 3.2.2 历史 | Historical
4. 中文词条参考文献
5. 延伸阅读 | Further reading
6. 外部链接 | External links

1. 正文（发布于知乎专栏）

第一部分（概述、目的）请点击这里访问

第二部分（体系结构）请点击这里访问

第三部分（货币政策）请点击这里访问

第四部分（历史）请点击这里访问

第五部分（剩余部分）请点击这里访问

2. 参见（维基百科的相关词条）| See also

————————————————————————————

Consumer leverage ratio【消费者杠杆率】
Core inflation【消费者杠杆率】
Farm Credit System【农场信贷系统】
Fed model【美联储模型】
Federal Home Loan Banks【联邦住房贷款银行】
Federal Reserve Police【美联储警察】
Federal Reserve Statistical Release【美联储统计公告】
Financial risk management【金融风险管理】
Free banking【自由银行业】
Gold standard【金本位制】
Government debt / 政府债务
Greenspan put【格林斯潘对策（指美联储在股市下跌时采取降息等措施以提振市场的行为）】
History of Federal Open Market Committee actions【联邦公开市场委员会行动历史】
History of central banking in the United States【美国中央银行史】
Independent Treasury【独立国库制度】
Inflation Reduction Act【通胀削减法案】
Legal Tender Cases【法定货币案】
List of economic reports by U.S. government agencies【美国政府机构经济报告列表】
Risk management【风险管理】
Securities market participants (United States)【美国证券市场参与者】
Title 12 of the Code of Federal Regulations【联邦法规汇编第12篇（通常涉及银行业务和金融监管等方面）】
United States Consumer Price Index【美国消费者价格指数】
United States Bullion Depository‍—‌known as Fort Knox【美国贵金属保管库（又称诺克斯堡）】
List of central banks【中央银行列表】

3. 英文词条参考文献

3.1 引用列表 | References

3.1.1 引用列表（与文中标号对应）

^ “Reserve Requirements”. Federal Reserve System. Retrieved May 10, 2020.
^ “The Federal Reserve Bank Discount Window & Payment System Risk Website”. Federal Reserve System. Retrieved December 19, 2024.
^ “Open Market Operations Archive”. Federal Reserve System. Retrieved December 19, 2024.
^ “Interest on Required Reserve Balances and Excess Balances”. Federal Reserve System. Retrieved December 19, 2024.
^ “Born of a panic: Forming the Federal Reserve System”. The Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. August 1988. Archived from the original on May 16, 2008.
^ BoG 2006, pp. 1 “Just before the founding of the Federal Reserve, the nation was plagued with financial crises. At times, these crises led to ‘panics,’ in which people raced to their banks to withdraw their deposits. A particularly severe panic in 1907 resulted in bank runs that wreaked havoc on the fragile banking system and ultimately led Congress in 1913 to write the Federal Reserve Act. Initially created to address these banking panics, the Federal Reserve is now charged with a number of broader responsibilities, including fostering a sound banking system and a healthy economy.”
^ BoG 2005, pp. 1–2
^ “Panic of 1907: J.P. Morgan Saves the Day”. US-history.com. Retrieved December 6, 2014.
^ “Born of a Panic: Forming the Fed System”. The Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Retrieved December 6, 2014.
^ Abigail Tucker (October 29, 2008). “The Financial Panic of 1907: Running from History”. Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved December 6, 2014.
^ BoG 2005, pp. 1 “It was founded by Congress in 1913 to provide the nation with a safer, more flexible, and more stable monetary and financial system. Over the years, its role in banking and the economy has expanded.”; Patrick, Sue C. (1993). Reform of the Federal Reserve System in the Early 1930s: The Politics of Money and Banking. Garland. ISBN 978-0-8153-0970-3.
^ 12 U.S.C. § 225a
^ “What is the Federal Reserve’s mandate in setting monetary policy?”. Federalreserve.gov. January 25, 2012. Archived from the original on January 26, 2012. Retrieved April 30, 2012. The Congress established two key objectives for monetary policy—maximum employment and stable prices—in the Federal Reserve Act. These objectives are sometimes referred to as the Federal Reserve’s dual mandate.
^ “FRB: Mission”. Federalreserve.gov. November 6, 2009. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
^ “What is FRED? | Getting To Know FRED”. Retrieved September 16, 2024.
^ BoG 2005, pp. v (See structure); “Federal Reserve Districts”. Federal Reserve Online. n.d. Archived from the original on February 8, 2012. Retrieved August 29, 2011.; “Federal Reserve Board – Advisory Councils”. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. Archived from the original on April 13, 2015.
^ “FAQ – Who owns the Federal Reserve?”. Federal Reserve website. Retrieved December 1, 2015.
^ Lapidos, Juliet (September 19, 2008). “Is the Fed Private or Public?”. Slate. Retrieved August 29, 2011.
^ Toma, Mark (February 1, 2010). “Federal Reserve System”. EH. Net Encyclopedia. Economic History Association. Archived from the original on May 13, 2011. Retrieved February 27, 2011.
^ “Federal Reserve System”. eh.net.
^ “Who owns the Federal Reserve Bank?”. FactCheck. March 31, 2008. Retrieved February 26, 2014.
^ “Coins and Currency”. US Dept of Treasury website. August 24, 2011. Archived from the original on December 3, 2010. Retrieved August 29, 2011.
^ “Press Release – Federal Reserve Board announces Reserve Bank income and expense data and transfers to the Treasury for 2015”. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. January 11, 2016. Retrieved March 12, 2016.
^ “Press Release – Federal Reserve System publishes annual financial statements”. www.federalreserve.gov. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. March 22, 2021. Retrieved January 4, 2022.
^ “FAQ”. Who Owns the Federal Reserve?. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. Retrieved December 1, 2015.
^ “Taylor: Federal Reserve Monetary and the Financial Crisis: A Reply to Chairman Ben Bernanke – WSJ”. January 27, 2015. Archived from the original on January 27, 2015. Retrieved August 22, 2024.
^ “The Latest Fed Criticism? Holding on Too Tight”. Bloomberg.com. June 22, 2024. Retrieved August 22, 2024.
^ “More Than Half of U.S. Wants Fed Curbed or Abolished – Bloomberg”. Bloomberg. May 14, 2022. Archived from the original on May 14, 2022. Retrieved August 22, 2024.
^ “Federal Reserve Act”. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. May 14, 2003. Archived from the original on May 17, 2008.
^ BoG 2006, pp. 1
^ “Federal Reserve Board – Monetary Policy: What Are Its Goals? How Does It Work?”. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. July 29, 2021. Retrieved August 10, 2023.
^ Bernanke, Ben (October 24, 2003). “Remarks by Governor Ben S. Bernanke: At the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas Conference on the Legacy of Milton and Rose Friedman’s Free to Choose, Dallas, Texas” (text).; FRB Speech: FederalReserve.gov: Remarks by Governor Ben S. Bernanke, Conference to Honor Milton Friedman, University of Chicago, Nov. 8, 2002; Milton Friedman; Anna Jacobson Schwartz (2008). “B. Bernanke’s speech to M. Friedman”. The Great Contraction, 1929–1933 (New ed.). Princeton University Press. p. 247. ISBN 978-0-691-13794-0.
^ BoG 2005, pp. 83
^ “Lender of last resort”. Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Archived from the original on January 25, 2010. Retrieved May 21, 2010.; Humphrey, Thomas M. (January 1, 1989). “Lender of Last Resort: The Concept in History”. SSRN 2125371.
^ “The Federal Reserve, Monetary Policy and the Economy – Everyday Economics”. Dallasfed.org. Archived from the original on December 22, 2007. Retrieved August 29, 2011.
^ “Press Release: Federal Reserve Board, with full support of the Treasury Department, authorizes the Federal Reserve Bank of New York to lend up to $85 billion to the American International Group (AIG)”. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve. September 16, 2008. Retrieved August 29, 2011.; Andrews, Edmund L.; de la Merced, Michael J.; Walsh, Mary Williams (September 16, 2008). “Fed’s $85 Billion Loan Rescues Insurer”. The New York Times. Retrieved September 17, 2008.
^ “How Currency Gets into Circulation”. Federal Reserve Bank of New York. June 2008. Retrieved August 29, 2011.
^ “Annual Production Reports | Engraving & Printing”. www.bep.gov. Retrieved January 6, 2023.
^ Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (2021). “2021 Currency Budget” (PDF). federalreserve.gov.
^ “Federal Funds”. Federal Reserve Bank of New York. August 2007. Retrieved August 29, 2011.; Cook, Timothy Q.; Laroche, Robert K., eds. (1993). “Instruments of the Money Market” (PDF). Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 25, 2009. Retrieved August 29, 2011.
^ “Speech – Kohn, The Evolving Role of the Federal Reserve Banks”. Federalreserve.gov. November 3, 2006. Retrieved August 29, 2011.
^ “Frequently Asked Questions Federal Reserve System”. Archived from the original on February 17, 2010. Retrieved February 19, 2010. The Board of Governors, the Federal Reserve Banks, and the Federal Reserve System as a whole are all subject to several levels of audit and review. Under the Federal Banking Agency Audit Act, the Government Accountability Office (GAO) has conducted numerous reviews of Federal Reserve activities
^ “Federal Reserve System Current and Future Challenges Require System-wide Attention: Statement of Charles A. Bowsher” (PDF). United States General Accounting Office. July 26, 1996. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 9, 2011. Retrieved August 29, 2011.
^ BoG 2005, pp. 4–5
^ See example: “Advantages of Being/Becoming a State Chartered Bank”. Arkansas State Bank Department. March 31, 2009. Retrieved August 29, 2011.
^ “U.S. Code Title 12, Chapter 3, Subchapter 7, Section 301. Powers and duties of board of directors; suspension of member bank for undue use of bank credit”. Law.cornell.edu. June 22, 2010. Retrieved August 29, 2011.
^ BoG 2005, pp. 83–85
^ “The Role of the Federal Reserve System”. Innovation and Education: Renewing the Northeast Ohio Economy. Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland. Archived from the original on March 15, 2013. Retrieved June 24, 2013.“Who We Are”. Archived from the original on December 8, 2015. Retrieved December 1, 2015.
^ “Is The Fed Public Or Private?” Archived June 30, 2014, at the Wayback Machine Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
^ Van Loo, Rory (August 1, 2018). “Regulatory Monitors: Policing Firms in the Compliance Era”. Faculty Scholarship. 119 (2): 369.
^ 12 U.S.C. § 247.
^ The Federal Reserve, Monetary Policy and the Economy (PDF). Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas (Report). May 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 23, 2022.
^ “FRB: Board Members”. Federalreserve.gov. July 20, 2011. Retrieved August 29, 2011.
^ See 12 U.S.C. § 242.
^ See 12 U.S.C. § 241
^ Goldstein, Steve (December 27, 2011). “Obama to nominate Stein, Powell to Fed board”. MarketWatch. Retrieved December 27, 2011.
^ “”Jerome Powell: Visiting Scholar””. Archived from the original on December 21, 2011.
^ Lanman, Scott; Runningen, Roger (December 27, 2011). “Obama to Choose Powell, Stein for Fed Board”. Bloomberg LP. Retrieved December 27, 2011.
^ Robb, Greg (April 29, 2010). “Obama nominates 3 to Federal Reserve board”. MarketWatch. Retrieved April 29, 2010.
^ Lanman, Scott (September 30, 2010). “Yellen, Raskin Win Senate Approval for Fed Board of Governors”. Bloomberg LP. Retrieved December 27, 2011.
^ Censky, Annalyn (February 10, 2011). “Fed inflation hawk Warsh resigns”. CNNMoney. Retrieved December 27, 2011.
^ Chan, Sewell (February 10, 2011). “Sole Fed Governor With Close Ties to Conservatives Resigns”. The New York Times. Retrieved December 27, 2011.
^ Robb, Greg (March 28, 2012). “Senator to block quick vote on Fed picks: report”. MarketWatch. Retrieved March 28, 2012.
^ Robb, Greg, “Stein sworn in as Fed governor”, MarketWatch, May 30, 2012. Retrieved May 30, 2012.
^ Lowrey, Annie (January 6, 2014). “Senate Confirms Yellen as Fed Chairwoman”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 2, 2022. Retrieved January 6, 2014.
^ Puzzanghera, Jim (January 10, 2014). “Obama to nominate Stanley Fischer, 2 others to Federal Reserve seats”. Retrieved December 26, 2021.
^ Goldstein, Steve, “Jeremy Stein to resign from Federal Reserve”, MarketWatch, April 3, 2014. Retrieved April 3, 2014.
^ Appelbaum, Binyamin, “Allan Landon, Community Banker, Nominated to Federal Reserve”, The New York Times, January 6, 2015. Retrieved January 6, 2015.
^ Leubsdorf, Ben, “Kathryn Dominguez to Be Nominated for Fed Governor”, Wall Street Journal, July 20, 2015. Retrieved July 20, 2015.
^ “Press Release, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System”. Federal Reserve. February 10, 2017. Retrieved March 27, 2017.
^ BoG 2005, pp. 11–12
^ “Fed Appointments – IGM Forum”.
^ Woodward, G. Thomas (July 31, 1996). “Money and the Federal Reserve System: Myth and Reality – CRS Report for Congress, No. 96-672 E”. Congressional Research Service Library of Congress. Retrieved November 23, 2008.
^ “Federal Reserve Bank Presidents”. Federalreserve.gov. July 20, 2011. Retrieved August 29, 2011.
^ “US Code: Title 12, Subchapter VII – Directors of Federal Reserve Banks; Reserve Agents and Assistants”. Law.cornell.edu. June 22, 2010. Retrieved August 29, 2011.
^ Kennedy C. Scott v. Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, et al. Archived June 14, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, 406 F.3d 532 Archived May 17, 2010, at the Wayback Machine (8th Cir. 2005).
^ 680 F.2d 1239 Archived May 15, 2010, at the Wayback Machine (9th Cir. 1982).
^ Michael D. Reagan, “The Political Structure of the Federal Reserve System”, American Political Science Review, Vol. 55 (March 1961), pp. 64–76, as reprinted in Money and Banking: Theory, Analysis, and Policy, p. 153, ed. by S. Mittra (Random House, New York 1970).
^ “Section 2.3 Subscription to Stock by National Banks”. Federal Reserve Act. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. December 14, 2010. Retrieved February 6, 2011.; “Section 5.1 Amount of Shares; Increase and Decrease of Capital; Surrender and Cancellation of Stock”. Federal Reserve Act. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. December 14, 2010. Retrieved February 6, 2011.
^ “Section 7 Division of Earnings”. Federal Reserve Act. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. May 24, 2018. Retrieved August 23, 2020.
^ “Who owns the Federal Reserve Bank?”. Archived from the original on October 26, 2010. Retrieved October 16, 2010.; “Federal Reserve Membership”. Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond. Retrieved April 30, 2012.
^ Reddy, Sudeep (August 31, 2009). “What would a federal reserve audit show”. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved August 29, 2011.
^ “Financial Accounting Manual for Federal Reserve Banks, January 2018”. Retrieved September 19, 2018.
^ “Federal Reserve Board begins practice of publishing Reserve Bank financial reports on a quarterly basis”. Federal Reserve Bank. August 27, 2012. Retrieved November 24, 2012.
^ Chittum, Ryan (August 25, 2009). “Bloomberg Wins Its Lawsuit Against the Federal Reserve”. Columbia Journalism Review. Retrieved November 24, 2012.
^ Docket entry 31, Bloomberg, L.P. v. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, case no. 1:08-cv-09595-LAP, U.S. District Court for the District of New York.
^ Bradley, Keoun; Kuntz, Phil; et al. “The Fed’s Secret Liquidity Lifelines”. Bloomberg. Archived from the original on March 15, 2012. Retrieved March 17, 2012.; Torres, Craig (March 31, 2011). “Fed Releases Discount-Window Loan Records Under Court Order”. Businessweek. Retrieved December 20, 2012.
^ “The Fed Explained: What the Central Bank Does” (PDF). www.federalreserve.gov. Federal Reserve System Publication. August 2021. p. 42. Retrieved August 10, 2023.
^ “Federal Reserve Board – Policy Tools”. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. Retrieved February 15, 2022.
^ “Interest on Reserve Balances”. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. August 9, 2023. Retrieved August 10, 2023.
^ “The Discount Window and Discount Rate”. www.federalreserve.gov. July 11, 2023. Retrieved August 10, 2023.
^ Ihrig, Jane; Weinbach, Gretchen C.; Wolla, Scott A. (September 2021). “Teaching the Linkage Between Banks and the Fed: R.I.P. Money Multiplier”. research.stlouisfed.org. Retrieved August 10, 2023.
^ Ihrig, Jane; Wolla, Scott A. (August 2020). “The Fed’s New Monetary Policy Tools”. research.stlouisfed.org. Retrieved August 10, 2023.
^ “Monetary Policy Implementation”. New York Federal Reserve Bank. August 2007. Retrieved June 16, 2024.
^ “Monetary Policy, Open Market Operations”. Federalreserve.gov. January 26, 2010. Archived from the original on April 13, 2001. Retrieved August 29, 2011.
^ “Open Market Operations”. www.federalreserve.gov. Retrieved August 10, 2023.
^ “Repurchase and Reverse Repurchase Transactions”. Ny.frb.org. Federal Reserve Bank of New York. August 2007. Retrieved August 29, 2011.
^ Federal Reserve Bank San Francisco( 2004)
^ Patricia S. Pollard (February 2003). “A Look Inside Two Central Banks: The European System of Central Banks and the Federal Reserve System”. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review. 85 (2): 11–30. doi:10.3886/ICPSR01278. OCLC 1569030.
^ “Federal Reserve Board – Term Deposit Facility”. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. Retrieved February 15, 2022.
^ “Reserve Requirements of Depository Institutions Policy on Payment System Risk”, 75 Federal Register 86 (May 5, 2010), pp. 24384–24389.
^ “Testimony before the House Committee on Financial Services regarding “Unwinding Emergency Federal Reserve Liquidity Programs and Implications for Economic Recovery.” March 25, 2010″. Archived from the original on October 7, 2010.; GPO Access Serial No. 111–118 Retrieved September 10, 2010
^ “Federal Reserve Board approves amendments to Regulation D authorizing Reserve Banks to offer term deposits”. Federalreserve.gov. April 30, 2010. Retrieved August 29, 2011.
^ “Board authorizes small-value offerings of term deposits under the Term Deposit Facility”. Federalreserve.gov. May 10, 2010. Retrieved August 29, 2011.
^ “Board authorizes ongoing small-value offerings of term deposits under the Term Deposit Facility”. Federalreserve.gov. September 8, 2010. Retrieved August 29, 2011.
^ “Why Quantitative Tightening Is on the Fed’s Agenda Again”. Bloomberg. January 5, 2022. Retrieved April 3, 2022.
^ “Federal Reserve Mortgage Purchase Program: Planet Money”. NPR. August 26, 2010. Retrieved August 29, 2011.
^ BoG 2005, pp. 30
^ BoG 2005, pp. 27
^ BoG 2005, pp. 31
^ Feinman, Joshua N. (June 1993). “Reserve Requirements: History, Current Practice, and Potential Reform” (PDF). Federal Reserve Bulletin: 569–589. Retrieved August 29, 2011.
^ “Board announces that it will begin to pay interest on depository institutions required and excess reserve balances”. Federal Reserve. October 6, 2008. Retrieved August 29, 2011.
^ “Federal Reserve Actions to Support the Flow of Credit to Households and Businesses”. Federal Reserve System. March 15, 2020. Retrieved May 10, 2020.
^ “FRB: Temporary Auction Facility FAQ”. Federalreserve.gov. January 12, 2009. Retrieved August 29, 2011.
^ “Federal Reserve intends to continue term TAF auctions as necessary”. Federalreserve.gov. December 21, 2007. Retrieved August 29, 2011.
^ “Announcement of the creation of the Term Securities Lending Facility”. Federal Reserve. March 11, 2008. Retrieved August 29, 2011.
^ “Fed Seeks to Limit Slump by Taking Mortgage Debt”. bloomberg.com. March 12, 2008. “The step goes beyond past initiatives because the Fed can now inject liquidity without flooding the banking system with cash…Unlike the newest tool, the past steps added cash to the banking system, which affects the Fed’s benchmark interest rate…By contrast, the TSLF injects liquidity by lending Treasuries, which doesn’t affect the federal funds rate. That leaves the Fed free to address the mortgage crisis directly without concern about adding more cash to the system than it wants”
^ “Federal Reserve Announces Establishment of Primary Dealer Credit Facility – Federal Reserve Bank of New York”. Newyorkfed.org. March 16, 2008. Retrieved August 29, 2011.
^ Lanman, Scott (March 20, 2008). “Fed Says Securities Firms Borrow $28.8 Bln With New Financing”. Bloomberg.com. Retrieved August 29, 2011.
^ “Primary Dealer Credit Facility: Frequently Asked Questions – Federal Reserve Bank of New York”. Newyorkfed.org. February 3, 2009. Retrieved August 29, 2011.
^ “Fed Announces Emergency Steps to Ease Credit Crisis – Economy”. CNBC. Reuters. March 17, 2008. Retrieved August 29, 2011.
^ “Announcement of the creation of the Term Auction Facility – FRB: Press Release – Federal Reserve and other central banks announce measures designed to address elevated pressures in short-term funding markets”. federalreserve.gov. December 12, 2007.
^ “US banks borrow $50bn via new Fed facility”. Financial Times. February 18, 2008. Archived from the original on December 10, 2022. Before its introduction, banks either had to raise money in the open market or use the so-called “discount window” for emergencies. However, last year many banks refused to use the discount window, even though they found it hard to raise funds in the market, because it was associated with the stigma of bank failure
^ “Fed Boosts Next Two Special Auctions to $30 Billion”. Bloomberg. January 4, 2008. The Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System established the temporary Term Auction Facility, dubbed TAF, in December to provide cash after interest-rate cuts failed to break banks’ reluctance to lend amid concern about losses related to subprime mortgage securities. The program will make funding from the Fed available beyond the 20 authorized primary dealers that trade with the central bank
^ “A dirty job, but someone has to do it”. economist.com. December 13, 2007. Retrieved August 29, 2011. The Fed’s discount window, for instance, through which it lends direct to banks, has barely been approached, despite the soaring spreads in the interbank market. The quarter-point cuts in its federal funds rate and discount rate on December 11 were followed by a steep sell-off in the stockmarket…The hope is that by extending the maturity of central-bank money, broadening the range of collateral against which banks can borrow and shifting from direct lending to an auction, the central bankers will bring down spreads in the one- and three-month money markets. There will be no net addition of liquidity. What the central bankers add at longer-term maturities, they will take out in the overnight market. But there are risks. The first is that, for all the fanfare, the central banks’ plan will make little difference. After all, it does nothing to remove the fundamental reason why investors are worried about lending to banks. This is the uncertainty about potential losses from subprime mortgages and the products based on them, and – given that uncertainty – the banks’ own desire to hoard capital against the chance that they will have to strengthen their balance sheets.
^ “Unclogging the system”. economist.com. December 13, 2007. Retrieved August 29, 2011.
^ Robb, Greg (December 12, 2007). “Fed, top central banks to flood markets with cash”. Marketwatch.com. Retrieved August 29, 2011.
^ “Federal Reserve Board – Term Auction Facility”. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. November 24, 2015. Retrieved August 11, 2023.
^ “Term Securities Lending Facility: Frequently Asked Questions”. Newyorkfed.org. Retrieved December 6, 2014.
^ “Federal Reserve Board – Term Securities Lending Facility”. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. Retrieved August 11, 2023.
^ “Federal Reserve Board – Primary Dealer Credit Facility”. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. Retrieved August 11, 2023.
^ “Asset-Backed Commercial Paper Money Market Mutual Fund Liquidity Facility”. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. Retrieved May 27, 2010.
^ “Yahoo Finance – Stock Market Live, Quotes, Business & Finance News”. finance.yahoo.com. Archived from the original on December 16, 2008.
^ “Yahoo Finance – Stock Market Live, Quotes, Business & Finance News”. Archived from the original on October 15, 2015.
^ Wilson, Linus; Wu, Yan (August 22, 2011). “Does Receiving TARP Funds Make it Easier to Roll Your Commercial Paper Onto the Fed?”. SSRN 1911454.
^ Greenspan, Chairman Alan (May 2, 1998). “Our banking history”.; “History of the Federal Reserve”. Federal reserve education.org. “Chapter 1. Early Experiments in Central Banking” (PDF). Historical Beginnings… The Federal Reserve. 1999. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 25, 2010. Retrieved June 3, 2007.
^ “Timeline of U.S. Currency History”. U.S. Currency Education Program. Archived from the original on October 4, 2016. Retrieved June 8, 2016.
^ “”Mr. Govr. MORRIS moved to strike out “and emit bills on the credit of the U. States” – If the United States had credit such bills would be unnecessary: if they had not, unjust & useless. … On the motion for striking out N. H. ay. Mas. ay. Ct ay. N. J. no. Pa. ay. Del. ay. Md. no. Va. ay. N. C. ay. S. C. ay. Geo. ay.””. Avalon.law.yale.edu. Retrieved April 30, 2012.
^ US Constitution Article 1, Section 10. “no state shall ..emit Bills of Credit; make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender in Payment of Debts;”
^ Flamme, Karen. “1995 Annual Report: A Brief History of Our Nation’s Paper Money”. Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco. Archived from the original on February 27, 2010. Retrieved August 26, 2010.
^ British Parliamentary reports on international finance: the Cunliffe Committee and the Macmillan Committee reports. Ayer Publishing. 1978. ISBN 978-0-405-11212-6. description of the founding of Bank of England: ‘Its foundation in 1694 arose out the difficulties of the Government of the day in securing subscriptions to State loans. Its primary purpose was to raise and lend money to the State and in consideration of this service it received under its Charter and various Act of Parliament, certain privileges of issuing bank notes. The corporation commenced, with an assured life of twelve years after which the Government had the right to annul its Charter on giving one year’s notice. Subsequent extensions of this period coincided generally with the grant of additional loans to the State’
^ Johnson, Roger (December 1999). “Historical Beginnings… The Federal Reserve” (PDF). Federal Reserve Bank of Boston. p. 8. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 25, 2010. Retrieved July 23, 2010.
^ Gordon, John Steele (February 19, 2009). “A Short History of the National Debt”. The Wall Street Journal.
^ Herrick, Myron (March 1908). “The Panic of 1907 and Some of Its Lessons”. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 31 (2): 8–25. doi:10.1177/000271620803100203. ISSN 0002-7162. JSTOR 1010701. S2CID 144195201.
^ Flaherty, Edward (June 16, 1997). “A Brief History of Central Banking in the United States”. Netherlands: University of Groningen. Archived from the original on July 28, 2012. Retrieved November 17, 2007.
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^ “For years members of the Jekyll Island Club would recount the story of the secret meeting and by the 1930s the narrative was considered a club tradition”. Jekyllislandhistory.com. Archived from the original on June 11, 2012. Retrieved April 30, 2012.; “Papers of Frank A.Vanderlip “I wish I could sit down with you and half a dozen others in the sort of conference that created the Federal Reserve Act”” (PDF). Retrieved April 30, 2012.
^ “The Federal Reserve Act of 1913 – A Legislative History”. Llsdc.org. Retrieved April 30, 2012.
^ “Affixes His Signature at 6:02 pm, Using Four Gold Pens” (PDF). The New York Times. December 24, 1913. Retrieved April 30, 2012.
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^ BoG 2005, pp. 2
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^ Balance Sheet of Households and Nonprofit Organizations Archived August 11, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, June 5, 2014
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^ Grace Wyler (May 8, 2012). “Ron Paul Is Hosting A Hearing On Ending The Federal Reserve Right Now”. Business Insider Inc.; Lamb, Brian (October 28, 1994). Book Discussion on The Road to Serfdom. Milton Friedman. C-SPAN. LAMB: What do you think of the Federal Reserve Board today? [Milton] FRIEDMAN: I’ve long been in favor of abolishing it. There’s no institution in the United States that has such a high public standing and such a poor record of performance.

3.1.2 组合引用 | Bundled references

^ ^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]
^ ^[17]^[18]^[19]^[20]^[21]

3.2 来源文献 | Bibliography

3.2.1 近期 | Recent

Sarah Binder & Mark Spindel. 2017. The Myth of Independence: How Congress Governs the Federal Reserve. Princeton University Press.
Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (2005). The Federal Reserve System: Purposes and Functions (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on January 11, 2014.
Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (2006). The Federal Reserve in Plain English. from the St. Louis Fed
Congressional Research Service Changing the Federal Reserve’s Mandate: An Economic Analysis
Congressional Research Service Federal Reserve: Unconventional Monetary Policy Options
Conti-Brown, Peter. The Power and Independence of the Federal Reserve (Princeton University Press, 2016).
Epstein, Lita & Martin, Preston (2003). The Complete Idiot’s Guide to the Federal Reserve. Alpha Books. ISBN 0-02-864323-2.
Greider, William (1987). Secrets of the Temple. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-67556-7; nontechnical book explaining the structures, functions, and history of the Federal Reserve, focusing specifically on the tenure of Paul Volcker.
Hafer, R. W. The Federal Reserve System: An Encyclopedia. Greenwood Press, 2005. 451 pp, 280 entries; ISBN 0-313-32839-0.
Lavelle, Kathryn C. (2013) Money and Banks in the American Political System. New York: Cambridge University Press. 978-1-107-60916-7 Explains basic political processes surrounding the Federal Reserve in the broader system of Congress and the Executive Branch.
Meyer, Laurence H. (2004). A Term at the Fed: An Insider’s View. HarperBusiness. ISBN 0-06-054270-5; focuses on the period from 1996 to 2002, emphasizing Alan Greenspan‘s chairmanship during the 1997 Asian financial crisis, the stock market boom and the financial aftermath of the September 11, 2001, attacks.
Woodward, Bob. Maestro: Greenspan’s Fed and the American Boom (2000) study of Greenspan in the 1990s.

3.2.2 历史 | Historical

Broz, J. Lawrence (1997). The International Origins of the Federal Reserve System. Cornell University Press. ISBN 9780801433320.
Carosso, Vincent P. (1973). “The Wall Street Trust from Pujo through Medina”. Business History Review. 47: 421–437. doi:10.2307/3113365. JSTOR 3113365. S2CID 154895813.
Chandler, Lester V. (1971). American Monetary Policy, 1928–1941. Harper & Row. ISBN 9780060412272.
Epstein, Gerald; Ferguson, Thomas (December 1984). “Monetary Policy, Loan Liquidation and Industrial Conflict: Federal Reserve System Open Market Operations in 1932”. Journal of Economic History. 44: 957–984. doi:10.1017/S0022050700033040. S2CID 154187176.
Friedman, Milton; Schwartz, Anna Jacobson (1963). A Monetary History of the United States, 1867–1960. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691003542.
Kubik, Paul J. (1996). “Federal Reserve Policy during the Great Depression: The Impact of Interwar Attitudes regarding Consumption and Consumer Credit”. Journal of Economic Issues. 30 (3): 829–842. doi:10.1080/00213624.1996.11505838.
Link, Arthur (1956). Wilson: The New Freedom. Princeton University Press. pp. 199–240.
Livingston, James. Origins of the Federal Reserve System: Money, Class, and Corporate Capitalism, 1890–1913 (1986).
Lowenstein, Roger (2015). America’s Bank: The Epic Struggle to Create the Federal Reserve. Penguin Press. ISBN 978-0143109846.
Marrs, Jim (2000). “Secrets of Money and the Federal Reserve System”. Rule by Secrecy: 64–78.
Mayhew, Anne. “Ideology and the Great Depression: Monetary History Rewritten”. Journal of Economic Issues 17 (June 1983): 353–360.
Meltzer, Allan H. (2004). A History of the Federal Reserve, Volume 1: 1913–1951. ISBN978-0-226-51999-9. (cloth) and ISBN978-0-226-52000-1 (paper).
- Meltzer, Allan H. (2009). A History of the Federal Reserve, Volume 2: Book 1, 1951–1969. ISBN 978-0-226-52001-8.
- Meltzer, Allan H. (2009). A History of the Federal Reserve, Volume 2: Book 2, 1969–1985. ISBN 978-0-226-51994-4.
Mullins, Eustace C. The Secrets of the Federal Reserve, 1952. John McLaughlin. ISBN 0-9656492-1-0.
Roberts, Priscilla. ‘Quis Custodiet Ipsos Custodes?’ The Federal Reserve System’s Founding Fathers and Allied Finances in the First World War”, Business History Review (1998) 72: 585–603.
Rothbard, Murray (2007). The Case Against the Fed. Ludwig von Mises Institute. ISBN 978-1467934893.
Shull, Bernard. “The Fourth Branch: The Federal Reserve’s Unlikely Rise to Power and Influence” (2005) ISBN 1-56720-624-7.
Steindl, Frank G. Monetary Interpretations of the Great Depression. (1995).
Temin, Peter (1976). Did Monetary Forces Cause the Great Depression?. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0393092097.
Wells, Donald R. The Federal Reserve System: A History (2004)
West, Robert Craig. Banking Reform and the Federal Reserve, 1863–1923 (1977).
Wicker, Elmus. “A Reconsideration of Federal Reserve Policy during the 1920–1921 Depression”, Journal of Economic History (1966) 26: 223–238.
- Wicker, Elmus. Federal Reserve Monetary Policy, 1917–33. (1966).
- Wicker, Elmus. The Great Debate on Banking Reform: Nelson Aldrich and the Origins of the Fed Ohio State University Press, 2005.
Wood, John H. A History of Central Banking in Great Britain and the United States (2005)
Wueschner, Silvano A. Charting Twentieth-Century Monetary Policy: Herbert Hoover and Benjamin Strong, 1917–1927. Greenwood Press (1999).

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^ See European Central Bank, “The Definition of Price Stability. [2020-04-11]. （原始内容存档于2021-01-31）.
^ Monetary Policy Strategies of Major Central Banks. federalreserve. [2020-04-11]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-11）.
^ This approach is sometimes referred to as “flexible” inflation targeting. Even the central banks whose mandate is stated solely in terms of inflation are not compelled to bring inflation back to target in the shortest possible time and may take account of other economic objectives (such as employment). In a common macroeconomic model, such an approach substantially reduces the welfare losses associated with inflation without incurring the large welfare losses that result from large deviations from full employment. Central banks with an inflation objective include the Federal Reserve, the Bank of England, the Bank of Japan, the ECB, the Swiss National Bank, and many other central banks. According to Svensson (2011), “In practice, inflation targeting is never ‘strict’ but always ‘flexible,’ because all inflation-targeting central banks . . . not only aim at stabilizing inflation around the inflation target but also put some weight on stabilizing the real economy; for instance, implicitly or explicitly stabilizing a measure of resource utilization such as the output gap; that is, the gap between actual and potential output.” See Lars E.O. Svensson (2010), “Inflation Targeting,” in Benjamin M. Friedman and Michael Woodford, eds., Handbook of Monetary Economics, vol. 3B (Amsterdam: North-Holland), pp. 1237-1302 (quoted text on p. 1239). For additional discussion, see, for example, Ben S. Bernanke (2003), “A Perspective on Inflation Targeting,” speech delivered at the annual Washington Policy Conference of the National Association of Business Economists, Washington, March 25.. [2020-04-11]. （原始内容存档于2021-01-29）.
^ For a history of FOMC communications practices, see David E. Lindsey (2003), “A Modern History of FOMC Communication: 1975-2002 (PDF),” memo to the Federal Open Market Committee, June 24. (PDF). [2020-04-11]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-01-04）.

5. 延伸阅读 | Further reading

Smialek, Jeanna (2023). Limitless: The Federal Reserve Takes on a New Age of Crisis. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 9780593320235. OCLC 1322058230.