云南省 / Yunnan -(全文)中英文维基百科词条融合

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0. 概述

0.1 文字说明

云南省,简称,因清代境内有迤东道迤西道迤南道三迤,故又简称,是中华人民共和国西南部边疆地区的省份,云南动植物种类数为全国之冠,素有“动植物王国”之称,被誉为“有色金属王国”,历史文化悠久,自然风光绚丽,是人类文明重要发祥地之一。云南历史代表文化为“滇文化”。云南是直立人重要的活动地之一,生活在距今170万年前的云南元谋猿人,是迄今为止发现的中国乃至亚洲最早的直立人。

Yunnan[UK: /juːˈnæn/,[5] US: /ˌjuːˈnɑːn/;[6] Chinese: 云南; pinyin: Yúnnán; Mandarin pronunciation: [y̌nnǎn] ] is an inland province in Southwestern China. The province spans approximately 394,000 km2 (152,000 sq mi) and has a population of 47.2 million (as of 2020). The capital of the province is Kunming. The province borders the Chinese provinces of Guizhou, Sichuan, autonomous regions of Guangxi and Tibet, as well as Southeast Asian countries Myanmar (Burma), Vietnam, and Laos. Yunnan is China’s fourth least developed province based on disposable income per capita in 2014.[7]
【参考译文】云南省[英国英语读音: /juːˈnæn/,[5] 美国英语读音: /ˌjuːˈnɑːn/;[6] 汉语: 云南; 汉语拼音: Yúnnán; 普通话读音: [y̌nnǎn] ]位于中国西南部,是一个内陆省份。该省面积约为39.4万平方公里(15.2万平方英里),截至2020年人口为4720万。省会为昆明。云南省与中国的贵州省、四川省、广西壮族自治区和西藏自治区接壤,同时也与东南亚国家缅甸、越南和老挝接壤。根据2014年的人均可支配收入数据,云南是中国第四大欠发达省份。[7]

Yunnan is situated in a mountainous area, with high elevations in the Northwest and low elevations in the Southeast. Most of the population lives in the eastern part of the province. In the west, the altitude can vary from the mountain peaks to river valleys as much as 3,000 m (9,800 ft). Yunnan is rich in natural resources and has the largest diversity of plant life in China. Of the approximately 30,000 species of higher plants in China, Yunnan has perhaps 17,000 or more.[8] Yunnan’s reserves of aluminium, lead, zinc and tin are the largest in China, and there are also major reserves of copper and nickel. Historically, the southwestern Silk Road to Bhitargarh in Bangladesh passed through modern Yunnan.
【参考译文】云南地处山区,西北部地势较高,东南部地势较低。大部分人口居住在该省的东部。在西部,从山峰到河谷的海拔落差可达3000米(9800英尺)。云南自然资源丰富,拥有中国最丰富的植物种类。在中国约3万种高等植物中,云南可能有1.7万种或更多。[8]云南的铝、铅、锌和锡储量居全国之首,铜和镍的储量也很大。历史上,通往孟加拉国比塔尔加尔的西南丝绸之路曾穿越现代云南。

Parts of Yunnan formed the Dian Kingdom during the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC. The Han dynasty conquered the Dian Kingdom in the late 2nd century BC, establishing the Yizhou Commandery in its place. During the chaos of the Three Kingdoms period, imperial Chinese authority in Yunnan weakened, and much of the region came under the control of the Cuanman. The area was later ruled by the Sino-Tibetan-speaking kingdom of Nanzhao from (738–937), followed by the Bai-ruled Dali Kingdom (937–1253). After the Mongol conquest of the region in the 13th century, Yunnan was conquered and ruled by the Ming dynasty.
【参考译文】公元前3世纪和2世纪,云南部分地区曾是滇王国的一部分。公元前2世纪末,汉朝征服了滇王国,并在其领土上建立了益州郡。三国时期的混乱导致中国在云南的统治力量减弱,云南大部分地区落入爨蛮的控制之下。后来,云南先后被南诏(738-937年)这个讲汉藏语的国家以及大理国(937-1253年,白族统治)所统治。13世纪蒙古征服这一地区后,云南又被明朝征服并统治。

From the Yuan dynasty onward, the area was part of a central-government sponsored population movement towards the southwestern frontier, with two major waves of migrants arriving from Han-majority areas in northern and southeast China.[9] As with other parts of China’s southwest, Japanese occupation in the north during World War II forced another migration of Han people into the region. These two waves of migration contributed to Yunnan being one of the most ethnically diverse provinces of China, with ethnic minorities accounting for about 34 percent of its total population.[10] Major ethnic groups include Yi, Bai, Hani, Zhuang, Dai, and Miao.[11] Yunnan has also been identified as the birthplace of tea,[12] and as the region of origin of the plant genus Cannabis.[13]
【参考译文】从元朝开始,该地区成为中央政府支持的向西南边疆的人口迁移的目的地,来自中国北部和东南部汉族聚居地区的两大批移民来到这里。[9]与中国的其他地区一样,第二次世界大战期间日本对北方的占领迫使另一批汉族人迁入该地区。这两波移民使云南成为中国民族多样性最丰富的省份之一,少数民族约占全省总人口的34%。[10]主要的少数民族包括彝族、白族、哈尼族、壮族、傣族和苗族。[11]云南还被确认为茶的诞生地,[12]以及大麻属植物的起源地。[13]

0.2 概况表格

云南省
滇、云、迤
坐标:25°02′58″N 102°42′32″E
国家 中华人民共和国
语源“彩云之南”、“云岭之南”
省会
及最大城市
昆明市
行政区划地级行政区16个、​县级行政区129个、​乡级行政区1565个
政府
 • 省委书记王宁
 • 人大常委会主任王宁
 • 省长王予波
 • 政协主席刘晓凯
面积
 • 总计394,100平方公里
面积排名第8名(土地面积)
占全国4.11%
人口(2023年末常住人口)
 • 总计4,673 万人
 • 排名第12名
 • 密度123人/平方公里
 • 占全国3.47%
 • 生育率(2010)1.41(第7名
族群
 • 民族汉族(66.9%)
彝族(10.7%)
哈尼族(3.5%)
白族(3.4%)
傣族(2.7%)
苗族(2.7%)
壮族(2.6%)
回族(1.6%)
傈僳族(1.5%)等[1]
 • 方言汉语西南官话彝语白语哈尼语壮语傣语苗语傈僳语
时区北京时间UTC+8
ISO 3166码CN-YN
行政区划代码53
GDP(2023)¥30021.12 亿元
$ 4,285亿美元(第18名
• 人均¥6.41万元人民币
$‪8,828 美元(第23名
• 占全国2.05%
HDI(2014)0.688( 中 )[2]
中 · 第30名
网站www.yn.gov.cn

1. 历史 | History

1.1 史前时期 | Prehistory

The Yuanmou Man, a Homo erectus fossil unearthed by railway engineers in the 1960s, has been determined to be the oldest-known hominid fossil in China. By the Neolithic period, there were human settlements in the area of Lake Dian. These people used stone tools and constructed simple wooden structures.
【参考译文】元谋人是一种直立人化石,于20世纪60年代由铁路工程师发掘出土,被确定为中国已知最古老的古人类化石。到了新石器时代,滇池周边地区已有人类定居。这些人使用石器,并建造简单的木结构房屋。

1.2 滇王国 | Dian Kingdom

Around the 3rd century BC, the central area of Yunnan around present day Kunming was known as Dian. The Chu general Zhuang Qiao [zh] (庄蹻) entered the region from the upper Yangtze River[18] and set himself up as “King of Dian”.[19] He and his followers brought into Yunnan an influx of Chinese influence,[20] the start of a long history of migration and cultural expansion.
【参考译文】大约公元前3世纪,现今昆明周边的云南中部地区被称为滇。楚国将领庄蹻(zhuāng qiāo)从长江上游进入该地区,并自封为“滇王”。[19]他和他的追随者将大量中国的影响带入云南,[20]开启了漫长的人口迁徙和文化扩张的历史。

1.3 秦汉时期 | Qin and Han dynasties

In 221 BC, Qin Shi Huang unified China and extended his authority south. Commanderies and counties were established in Yunnan. An existing road in Sichuan – the “Five Foot Way” – was extended south to around present day Qujing, in eastern Yunnan. In 109 BC, the Han dynasty conquered Dian during its southern expeditions. Under orders from Emperor Wu, General Guo Chang [zh] (郭昌) was sent south to Yunnan, eventually establishing the Yizhou commandery.[21] By this time, agricultural technology in Yunnan had improved markedly. The local people used bronze tools, plows and kept a variety of livestock, including cattle, horses, sheep, goats, pigs and dogs. Anthropologists have determined that these people were related to the people now known as the Tai. They lived in tribal congregations, sometimes led by exiled Chinese.[citation needed]
【参考译文】公元前221年,秦始皇统一中国,并将势力扩展到南方。在云南设立了郡和县。四川现有的“五尺道”被向南延伸至现今云南东部的曲靖附近。公元前109年,汉朝在南方征战中征服了滇地。汉武帝下令派遣将军郭昌南下云南,最终设立了益州郡。[21]至此,云南的农业技术已有显著提高。当地人使用青铜器、犁,并饲养各种牲畜,包括牛、马、羊、山羊、猪和狗。人类学家确定,这些人与现在所称的傣族人有亲缘关系。他们生活在部落群体中,有时由流亡的中国人领导。(需要引文)

During the Three Kingdoms, the territory of present-day Yunnan, western Guizhou and southern Sichuan was collectively called Nanzhong. The dissolution of Chinese central authority led to increased autonomy for Yunnan and more power for the local tribal structures. In AD 225, the famed statesman Zhuge Liang led three columns into Yunnan to pacify the tribes. His seven captures of Meng Huo, a local magnate, is mythologized in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms.[22]
【参考译文】在三国时期,现今云南、贵州西部和四川南部的地区统称为南中。中国中央政权的瓦解导致云南获得了更大的自治权,当地部落结构的权力也随之增强。公元225年,著名政治家诸葛亮率领三路大军进入云南,以平定部落。他在《三国演义》中被神话般地描述了七擒七放当地豪强孟获的故事。[22]

1.4 爨王国 | Cuan Kingdom

Main article: Cuanman【主条目:爨人】

In the 4th century, northern China was largely overrun by nomadic tribes from the north. In the 320s, the Cuan (爨) clan migrated into Yunnan. Cuan Chen (爨琛) named himself king and held authority from Lake Dian, then known as Kunchuan. Henceforth the Cuan clan ruled eastern Yunnan for over four hundred years.
【参考译文】4世纪时,中国北方大部分地区被来自北方的游牧部落侵占。320年代,爨(cuàn)氏部落迁入云南。爨琛(chēn)自封为王,统治着当时被称为昆川的滇池地区。自此以后,爨氏家族统治了云南东部长达四百多年。

International trade flowed through Yunnan.[23] An ancient overland pre-Tang trade route from Yunnan Province passed through Irrawaddy in Burma to reach Bengal. Yunnan was inhabited by so-called barbarians not fully under the control of the Tang government and the route, though ancient, was not used much in pre-Tang times, and Chinese attempts to control the route were disrupted by the rise of Nanzhao.[24]
【参考译文】国际贸易在云南流通。[23]一条从云南省通往缅甸伊洛瓦底江再到达孟加拉国的古代陆上唐前贸易路线。云南居住着所谓尚未被唐政府完全控制的“蛮族”,尽管这条路线历史悠久,但在唐前时期使用并不多,而且随着南诏的崛起,中国控制这条路线的尝试也被打断。[24]

1.5 南诏时期 | Nanzhao period

Main article: Nanzhao【主条目:南诏】

末,中原大乱,而巴蜀滇等西南地方的经济和社会相对稳定。

公元621年,唐朝于云南境内设置姚州地方行政区,664年设置姚州都督府。公元七世纪,大约在大唐帝国兴起的同时,洱海地区出现了六个处于原始社会阶段而互不相统一的民族部落,称为“六诏”。分别是蒙舍诏越析诏、邓赕诏、施浪诏浪穹诏、蒙嶲诏,“诏”为夷语, 有汉语“王”或“首领”之意。

Yunnan was settled by several local tribes, clans, and cultures before the 8th century. Around Lake Erhai, namely, the Dali area, there emerged six zhao: Mengzi (蒙巂), Yuexi (越析), Langqiong (浪穹), Dengdan (邆赕), Shilling (施浪), and Mengshe (蒙舍). Zhao (诏) was an indigenous non-Chinese language term meaning “king” or “kingdom.” Among the six regimes Mengshe was located south of the other five; therefore given the new, larger context, it was called Nanzhao (Southern Kingdom).[25]
【参考译文】8世纪之前,云南已有多个当地部落、氏族和文化定居。洱海周边,即大理地区,出现了六个诏:蒙巂(méng xī)、越析(yuè xī)、浪穹(làng qióng)、邆赕(téng dǎn)、施浪(shī làng)和蒙舍(méng shè)。“诏”是一个非汉语的本土词汇,意为“王”或“王国”。六个政权中,蒙舍位于其他五个的南部;因此,在新的、更广泛的背景下,它被称为南诏(南王国)。[25]

公元738年,洱海地区的蒙舍诏部落酋长皮罗阁在中央势力的帮助下,兼并其他五诏,建立南诏国,被唐朝玄宗帝封为云南王。次年建都太和城(今大理市)。六诏中源于今大理州巍山县的蒙舍诏得到唐王朝的支持,统一了其他五诏。因其位于六诏的最南面,故称为南诏。南诏最早的都城位于今巍山县,在这里发现的砖瓦等建筑构件,说明了南诏从开始就与中原文化有着密不可分的联系。

Ruling from Dali, the thirteen kings of Nanzhao ruled over more than two centuries and played a vital role in the dynamic relationship between the Tang dynasty and the Tibetan Empire as a buffer state.[27]
【参考译文】以南诏的都城大理为中心,南诏的十三位国王统治了两个多世纪,作为缓冲国,在唐朝与吐蕃帝国的动态关系中发挥了至关重要的作用。[27]

公元739年,南诏迁都太和城,即今大理市。南诏建立后,不断向四面扩张,748年灭唐朝滇东的爨氏土司势力,其鼎盛时期曾控制了东至云南曲靖地区,东南达越南北部,西南直达今缅甸曼德勒,北以大渡河为界,东北抵达今贵州遵义一带的广大区域。748年皮罗阁去世,唐玄宗再封其子阁罗凤云南王。750年,因南诏与云南太守张虔陀产生矛盾,随后与唐关系破裂,爆发战争。南诏从唐朝夺取了云南大部分地区的控制权,期间乃不断要求唐朝政府复置姚州都督府(今云南省姚安县),在安史之乱后,南诏完全脱离唐朝控制。

By the 750s, Nanzhao had conquered Yunnan and became a potential rival to Tang China. The following period saw several conflicts between Tang China and Nanzhao. In 750, Nanzhao attacked and captured Yaozhou, the largest Tang settlement in Yunnan. In 751, Xianyu Zhongtong (鮮于仲通), the regional commander of Jiannan (present-day Sichuan), led a Tang campaign against Nanzhao. The king of Nanzhao, Geluofeng, regarded the previous incident as a personal affair and wrote to Xianyu to seek peace. However, Xianyu Zhongtong detained the Nanzhao envoys and turned down the appeal. Confronted with Tang armies, Nanzhao immediately turned its allegiance to the Tibetan Empire.[28] The Tubo and Nanzhao agreed to be “fraternal states”; Geluofeng was given the titles zanpuzhong (“younger brother”). The Nanzhao-Tubo alliance ensured a disastrous defeat for Xianyu’s expedition, with the Tang general’s army of 80,000 men being reduced to a quarter of its original size.[29]
【参考译文】到750年代,南诏已征服云南,成为唐朝的潜在对手。接下来的时期,唐朝与南诏之间发生了多次冲突。750年,南诏攻打并占领了姚州,这是唐朝在云南最大的定居点。751年,剑南节度使鲜于仲通(xiān yú zhòng tōng)率领唐朝军队攻打南诏。南诏国王阁罗凤将之前的事件视为个人恩怨,写信给鲜于仲通求和。然而,鲜于仲通扣留了南诏使者,拒绝了和谈请求。面对唐朝军队,南诏立即转而效忠吐蕃。[28]吐蕃和南诏同意成为“兄弟国”;阁罗凤被赐予“赞普钟”(意为“弟弟”)的称号。南诏-吐蕃联盟确保了鲜于仲通的远征以惨败告终,唐朝将领率领的8万大军减少到了原来的四分之一。[29]

Tang China did not give up after one failure. In 753, another expedition was prepared, but this was also defeated by Nanzhao. In 754, the Tang organized an army of more than 100,000 troops that advanced to the Dali plain, resulting in only another slaughter. By the end of the eighth century, Tang was no longer a major threat to Nanzhao.
【参考译文】唐朝并没有因为一次失败就放弃。753年,唐朝又准备了一次远征,但同样被南诏击败。754年,唐朝组织了一支10多万人的军队,进军大理平原,结果再次遭到屠杀。到8世纪末,唐朝已不再是南诏的主要威胁。

公元851年经游历唐代广州的阿拉伯商人苏莱曼曾写到南诏的情况:[4]

在这些国王中,Moutcha(蒙舍)族是一个白人部落,衣着和中国人相似,这个部落拥有丰富的麝香,境内遍布白雪覆盖的大山,高耸云霄,世所罕见。蒙舍部落经常向周围的国王发动战争,这里出产的麝香极其优良,疗效极好。

南诏统治时期,云南的社会经济长足进步,文化辉煌灿烂,影响至今。南诏、大理文化以其独有的民族特色,在中国文化史上占有特殊的地位。

Nanzhao’s expansion lasted for several decades. In 829, Nanzhao suddenly plundered Sichuan and entered Chengdu. When it retreated, hundreds of Sichuan people, including skilled artisans, were taken to Yunnan. In 832, the Nanzhao army captured the capital of the Pyu kingdom in modern upper Burma. Nanzhao also attacked the Khmer peoples of Zhenla. Generally speaking, Nanzhao was then the most powerful kingdom in mainland Southeast Asia, and played an extremely active role in multistate interactions. In 859, Nanzhao captured Bozhou, and this event exacerbated the Nanzhao-Tang clashes. When the Tang governor of Annam took Bozhou back in the following year, Nanzhao, with the help of native peoples, occupied Hanoi as the Tang army moved to Bozhou. When the Tang forces returned, Nanzhao troops retreated from Hanoi but attacked and plundered Yongzhou. In the winter of 862, Nanzhao, allying with local groups, led an army of over 50,000 men to invade Annam again. It is reported that the Tang forces lost over 150,000 soldiers (either killed or captured by Nanzhao) in the two Annam battles. The autumn of 866 saw Tang victory in Hanoi and soon all of the Nanzhao forces were driven away. But Tang China had lost its ability to attack Nanzhao.
【参考译文】南诏的扩张持续了几十年。829年,南诏突然掠夺四川,攻入成都。撤退时,包括熟练工匠在内的数百名四川人被带到云南。832年,南诏军队攻占了现今缅甸上缅甸的骠国首都。南诏还袭击了真腊的高棉人。总的来说,当时的南诏是东南亚大陆最强大的王国,在多国互动中发挥了极其积极的作用。859年,南诏攻占播州,这一事件加剧了南诏与唐朝的冲突。次年,当唐朝安南都护收复播州时,南诏在当地人的帮助下,趁唐军移师播州之际,占领了河内。唐军返回时,南诏军队从河内撤退,但袭击并掠夺了永州。862年冬天,南诏联合当地势力,率领5万多人再次入侵安南。据报道,在两次安南战役中,唐军损失了15万多士兵(或被南诏杀死,或被俘虏)。866年秋,唐军在河内取得胜利,不久便将所有南诏军队驱逐出境。但唐朝已失去了进攻南诏的能力。

While Nanzhao was being defeated in Annam, it still occasionally attacked Sichuan. In 869, Shilong (世隆), the eighth king and the first empire of Nanzhao, invaded Sichuan. In 874, Nanzhao attacked Sichuan again.
【参考译文】当南诏在安南战败的同时,它仍不时地袭击四川。869年,南诏第八任国王、也是第一位皇帝的世隆(又名隆舜)入侵四川。874年,南诏再次攻打四川。

In 902, Zheng Maisi, the Qingpingguan (清平官,”Prime Minister”) of Nanzhao, murdered the infant king of Nanzhao, and established a new kingdom called Dachanghe. Nanzhao, a once-powerful empire, disappeared. In 928, Yang Ganzhen (楊干貞) usurped the Dachanghe king and established Zhao Shanzheng, a qingpingguan as emperor of Datianxing (大天興). In 929, Yang Qianzhen abolished Zhao Shanzheng and established himself as Emperor of Dayining (大義寧).
【参考译文】902年,南诏清平官(即宰相)郑买嗣谋杀了南诏幼主,建立了一个名为大长和的新王国。曾经强大的南诏帝国消失了。928年,杨干贞篡夺了大长和国王位,扶持清平官赵善政为大天兴皇帝。929年,杨干贞废除了赵善政,自立为大义宁皇帝。

1.6 大理王国 | Dali Kingdom

937年,白族段思平灭大义宁,建立大理国,都城大理。疆域包括现在的云南省、贵州省四川省西南部、缅甸北部地区,以及老挝与越南的少数地区。南诏与大理国作为相继的地方政权,从公元649年六诏之一的蒙舍诏酋长,至1253的大理国王年止,凡604年,几与唐宋王朝相始终。

In 937, Duan Siping overthrew the Dayining Kingdom and established the Dali Kingdom. The kingdom was conquered by the Mongol Empire in 1253 after Dali King Duan Xingzhi defected to the Mongols. The Duans incorporated into the Mongol dominion as Maharajas of the new province. The Mongolian prince sent to administer the region with them was killed. In 1273, Kublai Khan reformed the province and appointed the semu Ajall Shams al-Din Omar as its governor.[30] The Yunnan Province during the Yuan dynasty included significant portions of Upper Burma after the First Mongol invasion of Burma in the 1270s and 1280s. With the fall of the Yuan dynasty in 1368, the Ming dynasty destroyed the Yuan loyalists led by Basalawarmi and the remnants of the House of Duan in the Ming conquest of Yunnan by the early 1380s.[31][32]
【参考译文】937年,段思平推翻了大义宁国,建立了大理国。1253年,大理国王段兴智叛降蒙古,大理国被蒙古帝国征服。段氏作为新省份的土王被纳入蒙古统治之下。蒙古派来与他们共同管理该地区的王子被杀。1273年,忽必烈对该省进行了改革,并任命色目人阿合马·沙姆斯丁·奥马尔为省长。[30]元朝时期的云南省在13世纪70年代和80年代蒙古第一次入侵缅甸后,包括了上缅甸的大部分地区。随着元朝于1368年的灭亡,明朝在14世纪80年代初征服云南的过程中,摧毁了由巴沙瓦弥领导的元朝忠臣和段氏家族的残余势力。[31][32]

1253年,忽必烈派蒙古军队征服大理国,将原大理国辖境及其附属地区分为“茶罕章”、“哈剌章”、“鸭赤”、“赤突哥儿”、“金齿”五个部分。1276年正式建立云南行省色目人赛典赤·赡思丁平章政事,治中庆路(今昆明)。在云南开发重要的铜矿和银矿,产量占全国一半以上。直到清朝,云南是中国白银的主要产区。大批色目人及少量蒙古人移居云南,形成今天的云南回族云南蒙古族

1.7 明清时期 | Ming and Qing dynasties

洪武十四年(1381年),朱元璋派大将傅友德沐英率军队攻占云南,灭元朝梁王,随后设立云南承宣布政使司,在当地实行“改土归流”的政治改革。汉族军民开始大批移入云南,从明初到明末,云南人口由20余万增加到140余万[5]。在明朝统治期间,云南的民族文化受到影响,亦造成云南六百余年历史无从依据,据《滇系》所载:“自傅、蓝、沐三将军临之以武,胥元之遗黎而荡涤之,不以为光复旧物,而以手破天荒,在官之典籍,在野之简编,全附之一烬”,同时在云南完成了官学、私学和半官半私的书院三者紧密结合的中国古代学校教育制度的建设工作,使中原文化最终牢固确立了其在大理地区的主流文化地位。白族文化在云南地区的地位,滑落至民间、世俗文化的层面,并一直持续至今[6][7]

The Ming installed Mu Ying and his family as hereditary aristocrats in Yunnan.
【参考译文】明朝在云南册封沐英及其家族为世袭贵族。

永乐十一年(1413年)设置贵州承宣布政使司,正式建制为省,以贵州为省名,简称“黔”,而原用简称“滇”字亦由此前泛指今日云南省与贵州省境域缩窄为后来专指今日仅云南省境域。[8]

During the Ming and Qing dynasties, large areas of Yunnan were administered under the native chieftain system. Under the Qing dynasty a war with Burma also occurred in the 1760s due to the attempted consolidation of borderlands under local chiefs by both China and Burma.[citation needed]
【参考译文】在明清时期,云南的大部分地区实行的是土司制度。清朝时期,由于中缅双方都试图将边境地区纳入当地土司的管辖之下,双方在18世纪60年代发生了一场战争。[需要引文]

Yunnan was a destination for Han Chinese during Yuan rule.[33] Migrants moved into the area during Ming and Qing rule.[34] During the Ming dynasty, 3 million Han Chinese mostly from Nanjing (the original Nanjing population was later largely replaced by Wu-speakers), and some from Shanxi and Hebei, settled in Yunnan.
【参考译文】在元朝统治时期,云南是汉族人的移民目的地。[33]在明清统治时期,又有移民迁入该地区。[34]明朝时期,来自南京(原南京人口后来大部分被吴语人群取代)的300万汉族人,以及部分来自山西和河北的汉族人,定居在云南。

满清入关后,南明永历帝据包括云南在内的西南省份抗清。清世祖顺治十六年(1659年),清廷派平西王吴三桂攻入云南,追捕永历。南明兵败,永历流亡缅甸。康熙元年 (1662年),吴三桂从缅甸抓回永历皇帝,在昆明绞死。之前清廷为平定南明,将云南军政全权交付吴三桂,南明灭亡后吴三桂在云南拥兵自重,终于康熙十二年 (1673年) 联同靖南王耿精忠、平南王尚之信起兵作反,史称三藩之乱。康熙二十年 (1681年),清兵攻下昆明,吴三桂孙吴世璠兵败自缢,三藩之乱至此平定。云南之后亦由清廷直接管治。

1816年受到印尼坦博拉火山爆发的影响,北半球天气出现严重反常,云南全省严重饥荒[9]。是云南近代有记载以来规模最大、最严重的一次饥荒。据云南《邓川县志》记载,嘉庆二十一年(1816年)“是岁大饥,路死枕籍”。面临灾荒,有些饥民被迫卖儿卖女以求活命,昆明诗人李于阳在《卖儿叹》中写道:“三百钱买一升粟,一升粟饱三日腹。穷民赤手钱何来,携男提女街头卖。明知卖儿难救饥,忍被鬼伯同时录……”(无夏之年

清末咸丰同治年间 (1856年-1873年) ,云南回民发动叛乱,以大理为中心建立了杜文秀穆斯林政权,几乎占领昆明城以外的云南全境。战后,云南回族人口大量减少。

Although largely forgotten, the bloody Panthay Rebellion of the Muslim Hui people and other local minorities against the Manchu rulers of the Qing dynasty caused the deaths of up to a million people in Yunnan.[35] The Manchu official Shuxing’a started an anti-Muslim massacre, which led to the rebellion. Shuxing’a developed a deep hatred of Muslims after an incident in which he was stripped naked and nearly lynched by a mob of Muslims. He ordered several Muslim rebels to be slowly sliced to death.[36][37] Tariq Ali wrote about the real incident in one of his novels and claimed the Muslims who had nearly lynched Shuxing’a were not Hui but belonged to another ethnicity. Nevertheless, the Manchu official blamed all Muslims for the incident.[38] A British officer testified that the Muslims did not rebel for religious reasons and that the Chinese were tolerant of different religions and were unlikely to have caused the revolt by interfering with the practice of Islam.[39] Loyalist Muslim forces helped Qing forces crush the rebel Muslims. The Qing armies massacred only Muslims who had rebelled or supported the rebels and spared Muslims who took no part in the uprising.[40]
【参考译文】虽然很大程度上已被遗忘,但穆斯林回族人和其他当地少数民族针对清朝满族统治者的血腥白彦虎起义,导致云南多达100万人死亡。[35]满族官员舒兴阿发起了一场反穆斯林的屠杀,这导致了起义的爆发。舒兴阿在一次事件中被一群穆斯林剥光衣服并险些被私刑处死,此后他对穆斯林产生了深深的仇恨。他下令将几名穆斯林叛军慢慢切片处死。[36][37]塔里克·阿里在他的一部小说中描述了这一真实事件,并声称险些将舒兴阿处以私刑的穆斯林并非回族人,而是属于另一个民族。然而,这位满族官员却将事件归咎于所有穆斯林。[38]一位英国军官作证说,穆斯林起义并非出于宗教原因,中国人对不同宗教持宽容态度,不太可能因干涉伊斯兰教实践而引发起义。[39]效忠清朝的穆斯林军队帮助清军镇压了反叛的穆斯林。清军只屠杀了起义或支持起义的穆斯林,而没有参与起义的穆斯林则得以幸免。[40]

In 1894, George Ernest Morrison, an Australian correspondent for The Times, traveled from Beijing to British-occupied Burma via Yunnan. His book, An Australian in China,[41] details his experiences.
【参考译文】1894年,《泰晤士报》的澳大利亚记者乔治·欧内斯特·莫里森从北京经云南前往英属缅甸。他的著作《一个澳大利亚人在中国》[41]详细记录了他在中国的经历。

The 1905 Tibetan Rebellion in which Tibetan Buddhist Lamas attacked and killed French Catholic missionaries spread to Yunnan.
【参考译文】1905年西藏叛乱中,西藏佛教喇嘛袭击并杀害了法国天主教传教士,这场叛乱随后蔓延到了云南。

晚清时期,英国征服缅甸,法国征服越南,两国势力对云南产生一定影响。边境地区开放了几处通商口岸:腾冲蒙自思茅。宣统二年 (1910年) ,法国投资的滇越铁路(中国境内部分今名昆河铁路)通车。宣统元年 (1909年) ,清朝实行新政,云南编立新军,成立云南陆军讲武堂[10]

1.8 中华民国时期

此图片遵循CC BY-SA 4.0协议
图片题注:中華民國雲南省在中華民國的位置
图片来源:Lilauid
此图片属于公共领域
图片题注:亚新地学社1936年《袖珍中华全图》云南省
图片来源:武昌亚新地学社
此图片属于公共领域
图片题注:抗日战争爆发后,云南成为抗战大后方。图为飞虎队拍摄的昆明城门,上有“还我河山”标语
图片来源:William L. Dibble

1911年10月30日,蔡锷唐继尧率新军发动重九起义,脱离清朝。1912年4月,电站正式向昆明供电。

1915年12月25日,蔡锷、唐继尧又在此发动反对袁世凯的护国运动民国时期,滇军在云南形成割据局面,先后有唐继尧、龙云(1928年-1945年)等统治云南。

1925年3月16日,大理市发生7.0级地震,5000人死亡,大理市损毁严重,76000座房屋被地震晃动或随后的火灾摧毁。

Yunnan was transformed by the events of the Second Sino-Japanese War, which caused many east coast refugees and industrial establishments to relocate to the province. It assumed strategic significance, particularly as the Burma Road from Lashio, in Burma to Kunming was a fought over supply line of vital importance to China’s war effort.[42]
【参考译文】第二次中日战争(抗日战争)的事件改变了云南的面貌,导致许多东海岸难民和工业机构迁往该省。云南因此获得了战略重要性,特别是从缅甸腊戍到昆明的滇缅公路,对中国战争努力而言是一条至关重要的争夺中的补给线。[42]

抗日战争期间,1938年,付出极大代价的滇缅公路修通,成为中国与境外联系唯一的交通线。1942年有10多万中国远征军从云南进入缅甸配合英军与日军作战,日军击败英军,沿滇缅公路进至惠通桥,隔怒江与中国军队对峙2年。1938年-1946年,清华大学北京大学南开大学在昆明联合办学,称为国立西南联合大学[11]

University faculty and students in the east had originally decamped to Changsha, capital of Hunan. But as Japanese forces were gaining more territory they eventually bombed Changsha in February 1938. The 800 faculty and students who were left had to flee and made the 1,000 mile journey to Kunming, capital of Yunnan in China’s mountainous southwest. It was here that the National Southwest Associated University (commonly known as Lianda University) was established. For eight years, staff, professors and students had to survive and operate in makeshift quarters that were subject to sporadic bombing campaigns by the Japanese.[43] There were dire shortages of food, equipment, books, clothing and other essential needs, but they managed to conduct the running of a modern university. Over those eight years of war (1937–1945), Lianda became famous nationwide for having and producing many, if not most, of China’s most prominent academics, scholars, scientists and intellectuals. Both of China’s only Nobel laureates in physics Yang Chen-Ning & Tsung-Dao Lee studied at Lianda in Kunming.
【参考译文】原本东部的高校师生已撤至湖南省会长沙。但随着日军占领更多领土,他们最终在1938年2月轰炸了长沙。剩下的800名师生不得不逃离,踏上前往中国西南部多山的云南省会昆明的1000英里(约1600公里)路程。正是在这里,国立西南联合大学(俗称联大)得以建立。八年间,教职员工和学生不得不在临时校舍中生存和运作,这些校舍时常遭受日军的轰炸。[43]粮食、设备、书籍、衣物和其他必需品严重短缺,但他们仍设法维持了一所现代大学的运作。在这八年战争期间(1937-1945),联大因拥有和培养了中国许多乃至大多数杰出学者、科学家和知识分子而闻名全国。中国仅有的两位诺贝尔物理学奖得主杨振宁和李政道都曾在昆明的联大学习。

1.9 中华人民共和国时期

1960年代三线建设(将工厂搬到京广铁路以西、长城以南、韶关以北内陆地区)时期,修通联系云南与内地的铁路,1966年贵昆铁路通车,1970年成昆铁路通车。

1970年通海县发生7.5级地震,造成15621人死亡,受伤人数超过32431人,500万至2500万美元的经济损失,受灾面积达到8781多平方千米。是中华人民共和国建国以来第三大地震。

文化大革命期间(1966年—1976年),云南省发生多个屠杀事件。1966年8月,云南镇雄县发生的屠杀事件是最早的云南文革屠杀事件之一,造成10人死亡。[12]1968年1月爆发的“赵健民云南特务案”中,时任云南省委书记赵健民康生等人诬陷为“叛徒”、“国民党特务”而遭非法关押8年,该案引发了1.5万余起冤案、假案,牵连上百万人,到1969年共有1万7千余人被打死、逼死。[12][13][14][15][16]与此同时,在“滇西挺进纵队”一案中,1968年1月一次屠杀就有至少200余人死亡,该案件此后与赵健民案捆绑挂钩。[17][18][19]1975年7-8月,在针对回族民众的沙甸事件中,共有1600余人死亡。[12][20]

2002年,时任云南省委书记高严涉嫌贪污受贿并潜逃至澳大利亚,至今行踪不明。

2021年12月3日,由云南省勐腊县磨憨站老挝首都万象全长400多公里的磨万铁路正式开通运营[21]

1.10 自然主义者们 | Naturalists

Thousands of plant, insect and mammal species were described in the 19th century by scientists of the French National Museum of Natural History, Paris, in connection with permanent settlements of missionaries of the Missions étrangères de Paris in north-west Yunnan, among them noticeably Jean-André Soulié and Felix Biet. From 1916 to 1917, Roy Chapman Andrews and Yvette Borup Andrews led the Asiatic Zoological Expedition of the American Museum of Natural History through much of western and southern Yunnan, as well as other provinces of China. The book, Camps and Trails in China, records their experiences. Other notable explorers include Heinrich Handel-Mazzetti; George Forrest; Joseph Francis Charles Rock, who from 1922 to 1949 spent most of his time studying the flora, peoples and languages of southwest China, mainly in Yunnan; and Peter Goullart, a White Russian who studied Naxi culture and lived in Lijiang from 1940 to 1949.
【参考译文】19世纪,巴黎法国国家自然历史博物馆的科学家们在描述成千上万种植物、昆虫和哺乳动物物种时,提及了巴黎外方传教会传教士在云南西北部建立的永久定居点,其中特别值得一提的是让-安德烈·苏里耶(Jean-André Soulié)和费利克斯·别特(Felix Biet)。1916年至1917年间,罗伊·查普曼·安德鲁斯(Roy Chapman Andrews)和伊维特·波鲁普·安德鲁斯(Yvette Borup Andrews)领导了美国自然历史博物馆的亚洲动物考察队,考察了云南西部和南部的大部分地区以及中国的其他省份。他们的经历被记录在《中国的营地与踪迹》一书中。其他著名的探险家还包括海因里希·汉德尔-马泽蒂(Heinrich Handel-Mazzetti)、乔治·福雷斯特(George Forrest)、约瑟夫·弗朗西斯·查尔斯·洛克(Joseph Francis Charles Rock),洛克从1922年至1949年大部分时间都在研究中国西南部的植物、民族和语言,主要在云南;以及彼得·古拉尔特(Peter Goullart),一位白俄罗斯人,他研究了纳西族文化,并于1940年至1949年间居住在丽江。

2. 地理 | Geography

云南地处中国西南,位于北纬21°8’32″-29°15’8″和东经97°31’39″-106°11’47″之间,全境东西最大横距864.9公里,南北最大纵距900公里,总面积39.4万平方千米,占中国国土面积的4.1%,居第8位。最低处位于河口县城西南,南溪河与红河交汇,高程为海拔76.4米,为云南最低处[22];最高处位于德钦县梅里雪山主峰卡瓦格博峰,海拔6,740米,为云南最高点[23]。云南全境,东与贵州广西接壤,北与四川毗邻,西北与西藏交界,西与缅甸为邻,南同老挝越南毗连。云南有长达4,060公里国境线,是中国连接东南亚各国的陆路通道,全省有出境公路20多条。北回归线穿越全境,全省分属热带亚热带气候,兼具低纬气候、季风气候、山原气候的特点[24]

云南处青藏高原南延部分和云贵高原,为高原山区省份。地貌上有五个特征,一是高原呈扫帚状,三江并流皱褶地区的横断山脉是扫帚柄部分,苍山、无量山、哀牢山组成扫帚部分,二是高山峡谷相间,三是地势自西北向东南分三大阶梯递降,四是断陷盆地星罗棋布,五是山川湖泊纵横。地形上,河谷盆地、丘陵、山地、高原相间分布,各类地貌之间条件差异很大,类型多样复杂。全省依地形分类,山地约占84%,高原、丘陵约占10%,河谷盆地约占6%;平均海拔2,000米左右。全省127个县(市)区及东川市共128个行政区划单位中,除昆明市五华盘龙区两个城区外,山区比重都在70%以上,没有一个纯坝(河谷盆地)县(市)区。 其中山区面积占县域总面积70一79.9%的有4个,山区面积占80一89.9%的有13个,占90一95%的有5个县,其余的县(市)区均在95%以上,有18个县99%以上的土地全是山地。

云南省集水面积100平方千米的河流有908条[25],其中较大的有180条,分属六大水系,分别注入三海和三湾,三海即东海南海安达曼海,三湾即北部湾莫踏马湾孟加拉湾,最终流入太平洋印度洋[24]金沙江澜沧江为境内长度千公里以上的最大河流,元江南盘江怒江境内长度超过500公里[26]。云南是中国高原湖泊分布最多省份之一,面积1平方千米以上的湖泊共37个,湖泊总面积为1,066平方千米,集水面积9,000平方千米,总蓄水量约300亿立方米;面积30平方千米以上的湖泊共9个。按容量算,超过20亿立方米的有抚仙湖洱海程海泸沽湖;依平均水深算,超过20米的有抚仙湖、泸沽湖、程海和阳宗海;依面积算,超过200平方千米的有滇池、洱海和抚仙湖[27]

For practical purposes, all of Yunnan province falls within the Zomia region of Asia.
【参考译文】从实际意义上讲,云南省全境都属于亚洲的佐米亚地区。

2.1 位置

云南是中国最西南方的一个省份,北回归线穿过省境南部,全省面积为39.4万平方千米,占全国4.1%。该省的东面是广西壮族自治区贵州省,北面是四川省,西北面是西藏自治区。云南的国境线长4,060公里,与3个国家接壤:西面是缅甸(主要口岸是瑞丽),南面是老挝(主要口岸是磨憨),东南方是越南(主要口岸是河口老街)。

Bordering Chinese provincial-level divisions are Tibet, Sichuan, Guizhou and Guangxi. Starting from the east and working clockwise, bordering countries are Vietnam (Hà Giang, Lào Cai, Lai Châu and Điện Biên provinces), Laos (Phongsaly, Oudomxay and Luang Namtha provinces), Myanmar (states of Shan and Kachin).
【参考译文】与中国其他省级行政区接壤的有西藏、四川、贵州和广西。从东部开始顺时针方向,接壤的国家有越南(河江省、老街省、莱州省和奠边省)、老挝(丰沙里省、乌多姆赛省和琅南塔省)、缅甸(掸邦和克钦邦)。

2.2 地形 | Topography

云南省是一个以高原山地为主的省份,地形的类型极为多样化,包括高原、山原、高山、中山、低山、丘陵、盆地、河谷等。其中大约山地占84%,高原、丘陵约占10%,盆地、河谷约占6%。

The terrain is largely mountainous, especially in the north and west. A series of high mountain chains spreads across the province. There is a distinct canyon region to the west and a plateau region to the east. Yunnan’s major rivers flow through the deep valleys between the mountains.
【参考译文】地形以山地为主,尤其是北部和西部。一系列高山山脉横贯全省。西部有明显的峡谷区,东部为高原区。云南省的主要河流流经山间深谷。

云南省的地势跟中国整体的地势差不多,西北高而东南低。全省最高峰是西北部迪庆藏族自治州德钦县梅里雪山,海拔6,740米。最低点是河口县的红河河谷,海拔76.4米。

The eastern half of the province is a limestone plateau with karst scenery and unnavigable rivers flowing through deep mountain gorges; the western half is characterised by mountain ranges and rivers running north and south. These include the Nu Jiang (Salween), the Lancang (Mekong), and the Jinsha (Yangtze), which flow in close proximity in the Three Parallel Rivers protected area. The rugged, vertical terrain produces a wide range of flora and fauna, and the province has been called a natural zoological and botanical garden.
【参考译文】该省东部是石灰岩高原,拥有喀斯特风光,河流无法通航,流经深邃的山峡;西部则以南北走向的山脉和河流为特征。其中包括怒江(萨尔温江)、澜沧江(湄公河)和金沙江(长江),它们在三江并流保护区附近流淌。崎岖陡峭的垂直地形孕育了丰富的动植物种类,该省因此被称为天然动物园和植物园。

云南的地形大体上可以以元江河谷为界,分为东西两大部分:云南省的东半部称为云南高原,是云贵高原的一部分,平均海拔2000米左右,总体上地形呈波涛状起伏,高原上广泛呈现的是低山、丘陵景观,在小范围内可以表现为起伏较为和缓的高原面,这类地形相对平缓的地区约占全省总面积的10%左右。云南省的西半部是著名的横断山脉或称滇西纵谷区,特征是高山、峡谷相间。

云南省的主要山脉,在西半部有高黎贡山怒山云岭哀牢山无量山梅里雪山玉龙雪山苍山等。

2.3 地质 | Geology

Yunnan is at the far eastern edge of the Himalayan uplift, and was pushed up in the Pleistocene, primarily in the Middle Pleistocene, although the uplift continues into the present. The eastern part of the province is a limestone plateau with karst topography and unnavigable rivers flowing through deep mountain gorges. The main surface formations of the plateau are the Lower Permian Maokou Formation, characterized by thick limestone deposits, the Lower Permian Qixia Formation, characterised by dolomitic limestones and dolomites, the Upper Permian basalts of the Ermeishan Formation (formerly Omeishan plateau basalts), and the red sandstones, mudstones, siltstones, and conglomerates of the MesozoicPaleogene, including the Lufeng Formation and the Lunan Group (Lumeiyi, Xiaotun, and Caijiacong formations). In this area is the noted Stone Forest or Shilin, eroded vertical pinnacles of limestone (Maokou Formation). In the eastern part the rivers generally run eastwards. The western half is characterized by mountain ranges and rivers running north and south.[44]
【参考译文】云南位于喜马拉雅山脉隆起的远东边缘,在更新世期间被推高,主要是在中更新世,尽管隆起过程一直持续至今。该省东部是石灰岩高原,拥有喀斯特地貌,河流无法通航,流经深邃的山峡。高原的主要地表地层包括下二叠统的马口组,以厚层石灰岩沉积为特征;下二叠统的栖霞组,以白云质石灰岩和白云岩为特征;二叠统上部的峨眉山玄武岩组(以前称为峨眉山高原玄武岩);以及中生代-古近纪的红砂岩、泥岩、粉砂岩和砾岩,包括禄丰组和路南群(路美邑、小屯和蔡家冲组)。该地区著名的石林或石林风景区,就是由马口组的石灰岩被侵蚀后形成的垂直尖峰。东部地区的河流大致向东流。西部则以南北走向的山脉和河流为特征。[44]

温泉

溶洞

火山

腾冲火山

2.4 气候 | Climate

Yunnan has a generally mild climate with pleasant and fair weather because of the province’s location on south-facing mountain slopes, receiving the influence of both the Pacific and Indian oceans, and although the growing period is long, the rugged terrain provides little arable land. See Agriculture in Yunnan. Under the Köppen climate classification, much of the province lies within the subtropical highland (Köppen Cwb) or humid subtropical zone (Cwa), with cool to warm winters, and temperate summers, except in the truly tropical south, where temperatures regularly exceed 30 °C (86 °F) in the warmer half of the year.[45] In general, January average temperatures range from 8 to 17 °C (46 to 63 °F); July averages vary from 21 to 27 °C (70 to 81 °F). Average annual rainfall ranges from 600 to 2,300 mm (24 to 91 in), with over half the rain occurring between June and August. The plateau region has moderate temperatures. The western canyon region is hot at the valley bottoms, but there are freezing winds at the mountaintops.
【参考译文】云南省气候温和,天气晴朗宜人,这得益于其位于朝南的山坡上,同时受到太平洋和印度洋的影响。尽管生长期较长,但崎岖的地形导致可耕地面积很小。详见云南农业。根据柯本气候分类法,云南省大部分地区属于亚热带高原气候(柯本气候分类Cwb)或湿润亚热带气候(Cwa),冬季凉爽到温暖,夏季温和,但真正位于热带的南部地区除外,那里一年中较热的几个月气温经常超过30°C(86°F)。[45]一般来说,1月平均气温在8至17°C(46至63°F)之间;7月平均气温在21至27°C(70至81°F)之间。年平均降雨量在600至2,300毫米(24至91英寸)之间,其中超过一半的降雨发生在6月至8月之间。高原地区气温适中。西部峡谷地区谷底炎热,但山顶寒风凛冽。

2.5 江河水系

云南境内河网密布,集水面积100平方千米以上的河流有908条,主要河流达到180多条,为入海河流的上游,分属伊洛瓦底江怒江澜沧江金沙江红河珠江六大水系,其集水面积覆盖全省[28]。著名的河流有金沙江长江上游干流)、澜沧江(湄公河上游干流)、元江(红河上游)、南盘江(珠江正源)、怒江萨尔温江上游)、伊洛瓦底江(瑞丽江大盈江),七大河流集水总面积达到323,953平方千米,占云南总面积的82.22%。其中金沙江干流云南境内河段1,560公里,集水面积105,614平方千米;澜沧江1,227公里,集水面积88,574公里[26]。云南处云贵高原地理位置,境内均系高原湖泊,其中水面面积30平方千米以上的有滇池洱海抚仙湖程海泸沽湖异龙湖杞麓湖阳宗海等九大湖泊[27][25]

2.5.1 河流

云南省的河流分属于6大水系:伊洛瓦底江水系、萨尔温江水系、湄公河水系、长江水系、红河水系和珠江水系。它们都属于亚洲的主要水系,分别汇入印度洋太平洋,流经云南省的部分多数属于河流的上游河段。而且大部分河流的流向是由北向南,与中国大部分地区河流由西向东的流向迥然相异。

2.5.2 湖泊

参见云南湖泊列表以获取更详尽的列表。

云南省地理上的一个重要特色,是分布有37个高原湖泊(面积超过1平方千米者),使得本省成为中国西南部淡水湖泊最多的省份。这些湖泊在成因上多属于断层陷落湖。其中面积在30平方千米以上的有9个,最大的是滇池,其次是洱海抚仙湖星云湖杞麓湖阳宗海泸沽湖程海异龙湖[29]

2.6 生物多样性 | Biodiversity

Yunnan is China’s most diverse province, biologically as well as culturally.[46] The province contains snow-capped mountains and true tropical environments, thus supporting an unusually full spectrum of species and vegetation types. The Yunnan camellia (Camellia reticulata) is the provincial emblem.[47]
【参考译文】云南是中国生物多样性和文化多样性最为丰富的省份。[46]该省既有雪山也有真正的热带环境,因此支持着异常丰富的物种和植被类型。云南茶花(Camellia reticulata)是该省的省花。[47]

During summer, the Great Plateau of Tibet acts as a barrier to monsoon winds, trapping moisture in the province. This gives the alpine flora in particular what one source has called a “lushness found nowhere else”.
【参考译文】夏季时,青藏高原成为阻挡季风的风障,将湿气困在该省。这尤其使得高山植物群落拥有了“别处难见的繁茂”。

This topographic range combined with a tropical moisture sustains extremely high biodiversity and high degrees of endemism, probably the richest botanically in the world’s temperate regions.[46] Perhaps 17,000 species of higher plants, of which an estimated 2,500 are endemic, can be found in the province. The province is said to have “as much flowering plant diversity as the rest of the Northern Hemisphere put together”.[8][full citation needed]
【参考译文】这种地形范围与热带湿气相结合,维持了极高的生物多样性和高度的特有种比例,可能是世界上温带地区植物学上最丰富的地区。[46]该省可能有17000种高等植物,其中估计有2500种是特有种。据说该省的开花植物多样性“与北半球其他地区的总和相当”。[8][需要完整引文]

Yunnan has less than 4% of the land of China, yet the province harbors around 42.6% of all protected plant species and 72.5% of all protected wild animals in the country, of which 15% are strictly endemic to Yunnan.[48] Yunnan is home to, most notably, the southeast Asian gaur, a giant forest-dwelling bovine, the Indochinese tiger and the Asian elephant.[49] Other extremely rare species are the Yunnan box turtle[50] and the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey.[51] It is feared that the Yunnan lar gibbon, another moribund species, has already gone extinct.[52] Yunnan province has 11 national and regional nature reserves. In total, the covered protected area in China is about 510,000 hectares.[53]
【参考译文】云南拥有中国不到4%的土地,却拥有全国约42.6%的所有受保护植物物种和72.5%的所有受保护野生动物物种,其中15%严格来说仅分布于云南。[48]云南是东南亚野牛、印支虎和亚洲象等动物的栖息地。[49]其他极为稀有的物种包括云南闭壳龟[50]和云南仰鼻猴。[51]人们担心,另一种濒危物种——云南懒猴可能已经灭绝。[52]云南省有11个国家和地方自然保护区。在中国,受保护区域总面积约为51万公顷。[53]

The freshwater fish fauna is highly diverse with about 620 species, including more than 580 natives (the remaining are introduced).[54] This equals almost 40% of the freshwater fish species in China. Of the Yunnan natives, more than 250 are endemic to the province and many of these are threatened.[54] Several species that are restricted to single lakes (notably Dian, Erhai, Fuxian and Yilong) are likely already are extinct.[55] By far, the most diverse order in Yunnan are Cypriniformes, both in total species number and number of endemics.[54]
【参考译文】淡水鱼类多样性极高,约有620种,其中580多种为本土鱼类(其余为引进种)。[54]这几乎占了中国淡水鱼类物种的40%。在云南本土鱼类中,有250多种是云南特有种,其中许多都受到威胁。[54]一些仅分布于单个湖泊(尤其是滇池、洱海、抚仙湖和异龙湖)的物种可能已经灭绝。[55]到目前为止,云南的鲤形目鱼类在总物种数量和特有种数量上都是最多的。[54]

The unique Sinopyrophorus bioluminescent beetles were described from Yunnan in 2019.[56]
【参考译文】2019年,在云南发现了独特的发光昆虫——滇南萤火虫。[56]

2.7 自然资源 | Natural resources

A main source of wealth lies in its vast mineral resources; indeed, mining is the leading industry in Yunnan. Yunnan has proven deposits of 86 kinds of minerals in 2,700 places. Some 13% of the proved deposits of minerals are the largest of their kind in China, and two-thirds of the deposits are among the largest of their kind in the Yangtze River valley and in south China. Yunnan ranks first in the country in deposits of zinc, lead, tin, cadmium, indium, thallium and crocidolite. Other deposits include iron, coal, copper, gold, mercury, silver, antimony and sulfur. More than 150 kinds of minerals have been discovered in the province. The potential value of the proven deposits in Yunnan is 3 trillion yuan, 40% of which come from fuel minerals, 7.3% from metallic minerals and 52.7% from nonmetallic minerals.
【参考译文】云南财富的一个主要来源在于其丰富的矿产资源;事实上,采矿业是云南的主要产业。云南在2700个地点探明有86种矿产储量。其中,约13%的已探明矿产储量居全国之首,三分之二的储量在长江流域和中国南方位居前列。云南的锌、铅、锡、镉、铟、铊和青石棉储量居全国第一。其他矿藏包括铁、煤、铜、金、汞、银、锑和硫。该省已发现150多种矿物。云南已探明矿产储量的潜在价值为3万亿元,其中40%来自燃料矿产,7.3%来自金属矿产,52.7%来自非金属矿产。

云南矿产资源共有9大类:黑色金属矿产、能源矿产、有色金属及贵金属矿产、化工非金属矿产、稀有及稀土矿产、特种非金属矿 产、冶金辅助原料矿产、建材非金属矿产及彩石矿产等。云南矿产具有种类多、品种全、分布相对集中、富矿优质矿储量所占比重较大、共生伴生组份多等特点。[32]

Yunnan has sufficient rainfall and many rivers and lakes. The annual water flow originating in the province is 200 cubic kilometres, three times that of the Yellow River. The rivers flowing into the province from outside add 160 cubic kilometres, which means there are more than ten thousand cubic metres of water for each person in the province. This is four times the average in the country. The rich water resources offer abundant hydro-energy. China is constructing a series of dams on the Mekong to develop it as a waterway and source of power; the first was completed at Manwan in 1993.
【参考译文】云南降雨充沛,河流湖泊众多。该省年径流量为200立方千米,是黄河的三倍。从省外流入该省的河流又增加了160立方千米的水量,这意味着该省每人拥有超过一万立方米的水量。这是全国平均水平的四倍。丰富的水资源提供了充足的水能。中国正在湄公河上建造一系列水坝,以开发其作为航道和能源的功能;第一座水坝于1993年在漫湾建成。

中国大陆第一座水电站——石龙坝水电站即于1910年代初建设在昆明。

2.8 称号 | Designation

Yunnan has been designated:
【参考译文】云南已被称为:

  • “Center of Plant Diversity” (IUCN/WWF: Davis et al. 1995)
    【参考译文】“植物多样性中心”(国际自然保护联盟/世界自然基金会:戴维斯等人,1995年)
  • “Global 200 List Priority Ecoregion” for biodiversity conservation (WWF: Olsen and Dinerstein 1998)
    【参考译文】生物多样性保护的“全球200个生态区优先保护区”(世界自然基金会:奥尔森和戴纳斯坦,1998年)
  • “Endemic Bird Area” (Birdlife International: Bibby, C. et al. 1992) and
    【参考译文】“特有种鸟类区域”(国际鸟盟:比比,C.等人,1992年)
  • “Global Biodiversity Hotspot”, as a part of the Hengduan Mountain Ecosystem (Conservation International: Mittermeier and Mittermeier 1997)
    【参考译文】以及作为横断山生态系统的一部分的“全球生物多样性热点”(国际保护组织:米特迈尔和米特迈尔,1997年)

3. 治理 | Governance

3.1 行政区划 | Administrative divisions

Main articles: List of administrative divisions of Yunnan and List of township-level divisions of Yunnan
【主要条目:云南省行政区划列表和云南省乡镇级行政区划列表】

云南省现辖8个地级市、8个自治州,下设17个市辖区、18个县级市、65个、29个自治县

自治州:楚雄彝族自治州红河哈尼族彝族自治州文山壮族苗族自治州西双版纳傣族自治州大理白族自治州德宏傣族景颇族自治州怒江傈僳族自治州迪庆藏族自治州

地级市:昆明市曲靖市玉溪市保山市昭通市丽江市普洱市临沧市

表内注1:土地面积为第二次全国土地调查结果数据。
表内注2:常住人口为2020年第七次全国人口普查数据。

These 16 prefecture-level divisions are in turn subdivided into 129 county-level divisions (17 districts, 18 county-level cities, 65 counties, and 29 autonomous counties). At the end of the year 2021, the total population is 48.01 million.[1]
【参考译文】这16个地级行政单位又被细分为129个县级行政单位(17个市辖区、18个县级市、65个县和29个自治县)。截至2021年底,总人口为4801万。[1]

3.2 政治 | Politics

Further information: List of provincial leaders of the People’s Republic of China
【更多信息:中华人民共和国省级领导人名单】

主条目:中国共产党云南省委员会云南行政长官列表

Secretaries of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) Yunnan Committee: The Secretary of the CCP is the highest ranking and most important position in Yunnan.[65]
【参考译文】中国共产党云南省委员会书记:中国共产党云南省委员会书记是云南省最高级别且最为重要的职位。[65]

  1. Song Renqiong (宋任穷): 1950–1952【宋任穷:1950年至1952年】
  2. Xie Fuzhi (谢富治): July 1952 – August 1959【谢富治:1952年7月至1959年8月】
  3. Yan Hongyan (阎红彦): August 1959 – January 1967【阎红彦:1959年8月至1967年1月】
  4. Zhou Xing (周兴): June 1971 – October 1975【周兴:1971年6月至1975年10月】
  5. Jia Qiyun (贾启允): October 1975 – February 1977【贾启允:1975年10月至1977年2月】
  6. An Pingsheng (安平生): February 1977 – July 1985【安平生:1977年2月至1985年7月】
  7. Pu Chaozhu (普朝柱): July 1985 – June 1995【普朝柱:1985年7月至1995年6月】
  8. Gao Yan (高严): June 1995 – August 1997【高严:1995年6月至1997年8月】
  9. Linghu An (令狐安): August 1997 – October 2001【令狐安:1997年8月至2001年10月】
  10. Bai Enpei (白恩培): October 2001 – August 2011[65]【白恩培:2001年10月至2011年8月[65]】
  11. Qin Guangrong (秦光荣): August 2011 – October 2014【秦光荣:2011年8月至2014年10月】
  12. Li Jiheng (李纪恒): October 2014 – August 2016【李纪恒:2014年10月至2016年8月】
  13. Chen Hao (陈豪): August 2016 – November 2020【陈豪:2016年8月至2020年11月】
  14. Ruan Chengfa (阮成发): November 2020 – October 2021【阮成发:2020年11月至2021年10月】
  15. Wang Ning (王宁): October 2021 – present【王宁:2021年10月至今】

Governors of Yunnan: The Governor is the second highest office in Yunnan, after the Secretary of the CCP Yunnan Committee.[65] The Governor, who is elected by the Yunnan Provincial People’s Congress, is responsible for all economic, environmental, political, personnel and foreign affairs issues concerning Yunnan.[65]
【参考译文】云南省省长:云南省省长是云南省的第二高职位,仅次于中国共产党云南省委员会书记。[65]省长由云南省人民代表大会选举产生,负责云南省所有经济、环境、政治、人事和外交事务。[65]

  1. Chen Geng (陈赓): March 1950 – February 1955【陈赓:1950年3月至1955年2月】
  2. Guo Yingqiu (郭影秋): February 1955 – November 1958【郭影秋:1955年2月至1958年11月】
  3. Ding Yichuan (丁一川): November 1958 – January 1965【丁一川:1958年11月至1965年1月】
  4. Zhou Xing (周兴): January 1965 – 1966【周兴:1965年1月至1966年】
  5. Tan Furen (谭甫仁): August 1968 – October 1970【谭甫仁:1968年8月至1970年10月】
  6. Zhou Xing: October 1970 – October 1975【周兴:1970年10月至1975年10月】
  7. Jia Qiyun (贾启允): October 1975 – February 1977【贾启允:1975年10月至1977年2月】
  8. An Pingsheng (安平生): February 1977 – December 1979【安平生:1977年2月至1979年12月】
  9. Liu Minghui (刘明辉): December 1979 – April 1983【刘明辉:1979年12月至1983年4月】
  10. Pu Chaozhu (普朝柱): April 1983 – August 1985【普朝柱:1983年4月至1985年8月】
  11. He Zhiqiang (和志强): August 1985 – January 1998【和志强:1985年8月至1998年1月】
  12. Li Jiating (李嘉廷): January 1998 – June 2001【李嘉廷:1998年1月至2001年6月】
  13. Xu Rongkai (徐荣凯): June 2001 – November 2006【徐荣凯:2001年6月至2006年11月】
  14. Qin Guangrong (秦光荣): January 2007 – August 2011[65]【秦光荣:2007年1月至2011年8月[65]】
  15. Li Jiheng (李纪恒): August 2011 – October 2014【李纪恒:2011年8月至2014年10月】
  16. Chen Hao (陈豪): October 2014 – December 2016【陈豪:2014年10月至2016年12月】
  17. Ruan Chengfa (阮成发): December 2016 – November 2020【阮成发:2016年12月至2020年11月】
  18. Wang Yubo (王予波): November 2020 – present【王予波:2020年11月至今】

4. 人口 | Demographics

According to Yunnan government statistics, there are approximately 2.5 million overseas Chinese whose ancestral homeland is Yunnan province.
【参考译文】据云南省政府统计,祖籍云南省的海外华侨大约有250万人。

Year【年份】Pop.【人口数量】±%
1912[66]9,468,000—    
1928[67]13,821,000+46.0%
1936–37[68]12,042,000−12.9%
1947[69]9,066,000−24.7%
1954[70]17,472,737+92.7%
1964[71]20,509,525+17.4%
1982[72]32,553,817+58.7%
1990[73]36,972,610+13.6%
2000[74]42,360,089+14.6%
2010[75]45,966,239+8.5%
2020[76]47,209,277+2.7%

4.1 民族 | Ethnicity

参见云南省民族构成列表以获取更详尽的列表。

云南省有25个人口超过6,000人的世居少数民族,是中国世居少数民族最多的省份,其中白族哈尼族傣族傈僳族佤族拉祜族纳西族景颇族布朗族普米族怒族德昂族独龙族阿昌族基诺族15个民族为云南省特有民族[“云南省特有民族”指该民族80%以上的人口分布在云南省。][39]。根据第七次人口普查的结果,云南省少数民族人口为1,563.6万人,占总人口的33.12%[34]。人口在100万以上的少数民族有6个,分别是彝族(占全省少数民族人口的32.43%)、哈尼族(占10.44%)、白族(占10.26%)、傣族(占8.05%)、苗族(占8.02%)、壮族(占7.74%)[40]。按少数民族人口绝数算,云南少数民族人口总量仅次于广西居全国第二位;按少数民族所占人口总数的比重衡量,在省级行政区中仅次于西藏新疆青海广西贵州宁夏居第七位。云南的少数民族与汉族杂居为主,主要集中分布于8个自治州、29个自治县和152个民族乡(其中含一个民族镇)。

Several other groups are represented, but they live neither in compact settlements nor do they reach the required threshold of five thousand to be awarded the official status of being present in the province. Some groups, such as the Mosuo, who are officially recognised as part of the Naxi, have in the past claimed official status as a national minority, and are now recognised with the status of Mosuo people.
【参考译文】还有其他几个民族也有代表,但他们既不住在聚居地,也没有达到五千人的门槛,因此不被正式承认为该省的民族。有些民族,如摩梭人,过去曾要求被承认为一个少数民族,他们现在被正式承认为纳西族的一部分,但也被承认为摩梭人。

Ethnic groups are widely distributed in the province. Some twenty-five minorities live in compact communities, each of which has a population of more than five thousand. Ten ethnic minorities living in border areas and river valleys include the Hui, Manchus, Bai, Naxi, Mongols, Zhuang, Dai, Achang, Buyei and Shui, with a combined population of 4.5 million; those in low mountainous areas are the Hani, Yao, Lahu, Va, Jingpo, Blang and Jino, with a combined population of 5 million; and those in high mountainous areas are Miao, Lisu, Tibetan, Pumi and Drung, with a total population of four million.
【参考译文】该省的民族分布广泛。大约有25个少数民族生活在聚居地,每个聚居地的人口都超过五千人。居住在边境地区和河谷的十个少数民族包括回族、满族、白族、纳西族、蒙古族、壮族、傣族、阿昌族、布依族和水族,总人口为450万;居住在低山地区的民族有哈尼族、瑶族、拉祜族、瓦族、景颇族、布朗族和基诺族,总人口为500万;居住在高山地区的民族有苗族、傈僳族、藏族、普米族和德昂族,总人口为400万。

超过5,000人的少数民族见下表:

民族人口[人口为七普数据,来自《中国人口普查年鉴·2020》[1]。]聚居地所属语系
彝族507.10万云南东部和中部各州市,包括红河哈尼族彝族自治州楚雄彝族自治州藏缅语族
哈尼族163.30万南部红河哈尼族彝族自治州藏缅语族
白族160.37万大理白族自治州藏缅语族
傣族125.94万西南部中缅边境的德宏傣族景颇族自治州西双版纳傣族自治州侗台语族
苗族125.33万东部文山壮族苗族自治州红河哈尼族彝族自治州昭通市等地的山顶地带苗瑶语族
壮族120.98万云南东南部文山壮族苗族自治州侗台语族
回族73.75万遍布全省
傈僳族70.52万西北部的怒江傈僳族自治州、丽江、迪庆藏缅语族
拉祜族46.93万藏缅语族
佤族38.36万临沧西盟佤族自治县南亚语系
纳西族30.42万西北部的丽江市以及迪庆藏缅语族
瑶族21.88万红河哈尼族彝族自治州、文山苗瑶语族
藏族14.79万西北部的迪庆藏族自治州藏缅语族
景颇族14.64万西部的德宏傣族景颇族自治州藏缅语族
布朗族11.98万西双版纳傣族自治州南亚语系
布依族6.81万侗台语族
普米族4.31万西北部丽江、怒江藏缅语族
阿昌族4.00万德宏傣族景颇族自治州藏缅语族
怒族3.43万西北部怒江傈僳族自治州碧江、福贡、贡山3县的怒江大峡谷藏缅语族
基诺族2.53万西双版纳傣族自治州藏缅语族
蒙古族2.52万玉溪市通海县兴蒙蒙古族自治乡
土家族2.38万藏缅语族
德昂族2.08万德宏傣族景颇族自治州潞西市三台山和临沧市镇康县军弄南亚语系
满族1.96万
水族0.98万侗台语族
侗族0.83万侗台语族
独龙族0.67万西北角怒江傈僳族自治州贡山县独龙江流域藏缅语族

云南各民族的立体分布非常明显:其中有10个民族住在河谷平坝:白族纳西族傣族阿昌族、壮族、布依族、水族、满族、蒙古族和回族,共计450万人口;住在低山地区的有彝族哈尼族、瑶族、拉祜族佤族景颇族、布朗族和基诺族,共有500万人口;住在高寒山区的有苗族傈僳族藏族普米族怒族独龙族,人口共计400万。

4.2 语言

云南各族人民通用云南话(属于汉语西南官话),与邻近的四川贵州西南官话比较接近。清代以后,云南话受到来自四川、贵州以及湖北的西南官话强烈的影响[41]。另外在部分接近越南的边境亦有如河口广话等粤语方言岛分布。

Most dialects of the Chinese language spoken in Yunnan belong to the southwestern subdivision of the Mandarin group, and are therefore very similar to the dialects of neighboring Sichuan and Guizhou provinces. Notable features found in many Yunnan dialects include the partial or complete loss of distinction between finals /n/ and /ŋ/, as well as the lack of /y/. In addition to the local dialects, most people also speak Standard Chinese (Putonghua, commonly called “Mandarin”), which is used in the media, by the government, and as the language of instruction in education.
【参考译文】云南地区使用的汉语方言大多属于官话方言的西南次方言,因此与邻近的四川和贵州两省的方言非常相似。云南许多方言的显著特点包括韵尾/n/和/ŋ/的区别部分或完全丧失,以及缺乏/y/音。除了当地方言外,大多数人还会说普通话(又称“国语”),普通话是媒体用语、政府用语,也是教育用语。

Yunnan’s ethnic diversity is reflected in its linguistic diversity. Languages spoken in Yunnan include Tibeto-Burman languages such as Bai, Yi, Tibetan, Hani, Jingpo, Lisu, Lahu, Naxi; Tai languages like Zhuang, Bouyei, Dong, Shui, Tai Lü and Tai Nüa; as well as Hmong–Mien languages.
【参考译文】云南的民族多样性也体现在语言多样性上。云南使用的语言包括藏缅语族的白语、彝语、藏语、哈尼语、景颇语、傈僳语、拉祜语、纳西语;侗台语族的壮语、布依语、侗语、水语、傣勒语和傣那语;以及苗瑶语族的语言。

The Naxi, in particular, use the Dongba script, which is the only pictographic writing system in use in the world today. The Dongba script was mainly used to provide the Dongba priests with instructions on how to carry out their rituals: today the Dongba script features more as a tourist attraction. Perhaps the best known Western Dongba scholar was Joseph Rock.
【参考译文】纳西族尤为特别,他们使用东巴文,这是当今世界唯一仍在使用的象形文字体系。东巴文主要为东巴祭司提供举行仪式的指导:如今,东巴文更多地作为一种旅游景观出现。也许最著名的西方东巴学者是约瑟夫·洛克。

4.3 识字率 | Literacy

By the end of 1998, among the province’s population, 419,800 had received college education or above, 2.11 million senior middle school education, 8.3 million junior middle school education, 18.25 million primary school education, and 8.25 million aged 15 or above were illiterate or semi-literate.
【参考译文】到1998年底,该省人口中,接受过大学教育及以上的人口为419,800人,接受过高级中学教育的人口为211万,接受过初级中学教育的人口为830万,接受过小学教育的人口为1,825万,而15岁及以上文盲或半文盲人口为825万。

4.4 宗教 | Religion

可统计的403万信仰宗教者中,90%以上是少数民族。

  • 道教:云南省可统计的道教信徒约24万人,合法宗教场所127处[43],包括大理白族自治州巍山县的巍宝山以及昆明金殿真庆观黑龙潭等。
  • 佛教:合法宗教场所2333处,可统计的佛教信徒约256万余人[43]
  • 伊斯兰教回族穆斯林几乎遍布云南全境,共约62万余人,清真寺810处[43]。在三代,1872年杜文秀领导的云南回族穆斯林叛乱被镇压之前,穆斯林在云南总人口中曾经占有很大的比重,并控制了该省商业(马帮)。清末的云南回族穆斯林叛乱被镇压之后,许多云南的回族穆斯林迁到了缅甸泰国北部。后来由于中国改革开放后宗教自由政策和对于少数民族宽松的生育政策,云南的回族穆斯林人口有所回升。
  • 基督宗教
    • 基督新教:云南省可统计的参加官方教会基督新教信众约53万余人,合法宗教场所2050处[43]。此外还有数量庞大的信徒未被有效统计。云南省信奉基督宗教的信徒大部分集中在边缘偏僻的山区,以少数民族为主。主要的分布地包括:西北部中、缅、印边境的怒江傈僳族自治州,信徒主要是傈僳族,以及怒族独龙族;东北部昭通市、武定县等地,信徒主要是苗族以及彝族;西南部中缅边境的德宏傣族景颇族自治州,信徒主要是景颇族普洱市澜沧县(有著名的糯福教堂),信徒主要是拉祜族佤族。历史上,英美传教士对云南一些少数民族的社会文化产生过巨大影响。原有的拜物教巫术衰落,一夫一妻制取代了群婚制血缘婚酗酒赌博现象消失,创制了10种民族文字(景颇文苗文拉祜文佤文西傈僳文东傈僳文等),并创办现代学校。基督新教传入云南始于1881年,由中国内地会的传教士传入大理,次年传入昆明。2004年,昆明重建了中国内地会创立的三一圣堂(今名三一国际礼拜堂)。
    • 天主教:云南省可统计的天主教徒约6.6万余人,合法宗教场所58处[43]。天主教传入云南始于1644年。张献忠军攻占成都时,一些天主教徒前往云南盐津县避难。1658年,南明永历帝前往云南,随行人员中的天主教徒后来流落到民间。1696年云南成立代牧区,1755年并入四川,1840年恢复,主教座堂设于盐津县龙溪(普洱镇龙台村)。云南省信奉天主教的信徒较少且分散,早期大部分集中在滇东北昭通府偏僻的山区,1881年主教座堂迁至昆明后,昆明、大理等地教会有小规模发展。另外滇西北迪庆藏区也有传入。
  • 东巴教:历史上,丽江纳西族中曾普遍信仰东巴教。现在,东巴教仍存留于部分纳西族人中间。
  • 原始宗教:目前云南信仰原始宗教的人口主要集中于南部以及西部,例如佤族拉祜族哈尼族等。

5. 经济 | Economy

主条目:云南省经济

As of the mid-19th century, Yunnan exported birds, brass, tin, gemstones, musk, nuts, and peacock feathers mainly to stores in Guangzhou. They imported silk, wool, and cotton cloth, tobacco and books.[84]
【参考译文】截至19世纪中叶,云南主要向广州的商店出口鸟类、黄铜、锡、宝石、麝香、坚果和孔雀羽毛。他们进口丝绸、羊毛和棉布、烟草和书籍。[84]

It was a major recipient of China’s investment in industrial capacity during the Third Front campaign.[85]: 298 
【参考译文】在“三线建设”期间,云南是中国工业产能投资的主要接受地之一。[85]:298

Yunnan is one of China’s relatively undeveloped provinces with more poverty-stricken counties than the other provinces. In 1994, about 7 million people lived below the poverty line of less than an annual average income of 300 yuan per capita. They were distributed in the province’s 73 counties mainly and financially supported by the central government. With an input of 3.15 billion yuan in 2002, the absolutely poor rural population in the province has been reduced from 4.05 million in 2000 to 2.86 million. The poverty alleviation plan includes five large projects aimed at improving infrastructure facilities. They involve planned attempts at soil improvement, water conservation, electric power, roads, and “green belt” building. Upon the completion of the projects, the province hopes this will alleviate the shortages of grain, water, electric power and roads.
【参考译文】云南是中国相对欠发达的省份之一,贫困县数量多于其他省份。1994年,约有700万人生活在人均年收入低于300元的贫困线以下。他们主要分布在全省的73个县,并由中央政府提供财政支持。2002年投入31.5亿元,使该省的绝对贫困人口从2000年的405万减少到286万。扶贫计划包括旨在改善基础设施的五大工程。这些工程涉及土壤改良、节水、电力、道路和“绿化带”建设的计划尝试。项目完成后,该省希望这能缓解粮食、水、电力和道路的短缺。

Yunnan lags behind the east coast of China in relation to socio-economic development. However, because of its geographic location the province has comparative advantages in regional and border trade with Southeast Asian countries. The Lancang River (upper reaches of Mekong River) is the waterway to southeast Asia. In recent years land transportation has been improved to strengthen economic and trade co-operation among countries in the Greater Mekong Subregion. Yunnan’s abundance in resources determines that the province’s pillar industries are: agriculture, tobacco, mining, hydro-electric power, and tourism. In general, the province still depends on the natural resources. The secondary sector is currently the largest industrial tier in Yunnan, contributing more than 45 percent of GDP. The tertiary sector contributes 40 percent and agriculture 15 percent. Investment is the key driver of Yunnan’s economic growth, especially in construction.
【参考译文】云南在社会经济发展方面落后于中国东海岸。然而,由于其地理位置,该省在与东南亚国家的区域和边境贸易方面具有比较优势。澜沧江(湄公河上游)是通往东南亚的水道。近年来,云南改善了陆地交通,以加强大湄公河次区域各国的经济和贸易合作。云南资源丰富,决定了该省的支柱产业为:农业、烟草、矿业、水电和旅游业。总的来说,该省仍然依赖自然资源。第二产业目前是云南最大的产业类型,对GDP的贡献率超过45%。第三产业贡献率为40%,农业为15%。投资是云南经济增长的关键驱动力,尤其是在建筑业方面。

The main challenge that Yunnan faces is its lack of major development. Its low productivity and competitiveness restrict the rapid development of the province. The province also faces great challenges in social issues such as environmental protection, poverty elimination, illegal migration, drug trafficking and HIV/AIDS.
【参考译文】云南面临的主要挑战是缺乏重大发展。其生产力和竞争力低下限制了该省的快速发展。该省在环境保护、消除贫困、非法移民、毒品贩运和艾滋病等社会问题方面也面临巨大挑战。

Yunnan’s four pillar industries include tobacco, agriculture/biology, mining, and tourism. The main manufacturing industries are iron and steel production and copper-smelting, commercial vehicles, chemicals, fertilizers, textiles, and optical instruments.[83] Yunnan has trade contacts with more than seventy countries and regions in the world. Yunnan established the Muse border trade zone (located in Ruili) along its border with Burma.[86] Yunnan mainly exports tobacco, machinery and electrical equipment, chemical and agricultural products, and non-ferrous metals. In 2008, its total two-way trade (imports and exports) reached US$9.6 billion. The province signed foreign direct investment contracts involving US$1.69 billion, of which US$777 million were actually utilized during the year.
【参考译文】云南的四大支柱产业包括烟草、农业/生物产业、矿业和旅游业。主要的制造业有钢铁生产、铜冶炼、商用车、化工、化肥、纺织和光学仪器。[83]云南与世界70多个国家和地区有贸易往来。云南在与缅甸接壤的瑞丽建立了姐告边境贸易区。[86]云南主要出口烟草、机械和电气设备、化工和农产品以及有色金属。2008年,其进出口总额达到96亿美元。该省签订了涉及16.9亿美元的外国直接投资合同,其中7.77亿美元在当年得到实际利用。

Yunnan’s employment rate remain stable. The total number of newly entered-employee were 49.35 thousand people. The unemployment rate at the end of 2020 was 3.92%. Yunnan’s nominal GDP in 2020 was 24521.9 billion Yuan( US$3850.92 billion), an annual growth rate of 4.0%. Its per capita GDP was 50,299 Yuan ( US$7,898.96). The share of GDP of Yunnan’s primary, secondary and tertiary industries were 3598.91 billion Yuan, 8287.54 billion Yuan, and 12635.45 billion Yuan respectively.[87]
【参考译文】云南的就业率保持稳定。新增就业人数4.935万人。2020年底失业率为3.92%。2020年,云南名义GDP为245219亿元(38509.2亿美元),年增长率为4.0%。人均GDP为50299元(7898.96美元)。云南第一、二、三产业GDP占比分别为35989.1亿元、82875.4亿元和126354.5亿元。[87]

Yunnan is one of the major production bases of copper, lead, zinc, tin and aluminum in China. Gejiu is well known as “the Kingdom of Zinc” with the reserves ranked first in the country. The Yunxi brand refined tin is one of the main products in Gejiu, which is registered on the London Metal Exchange (LME). Besides, reserves of germanium, indium, zirconium, platinum, rock salt, sylvite, nickel, phosphate, mirabilite, arsenic and blue asbestos are also high. Significant copper deposits are found at Dongchuan, iron ore at Wuding, and coal at Xuanwei and Kaiyuan. Economic policy to locate new industry in interior areas with substantial mineral wealth, led to major industrial development in Yunnan, especially in the Kunming area.
【参考译文】云南是中国铜、铅、锌、锡、铝的主要生产基地之一。个旧被誉为“锌都”,其储量居全国之首。云锡牌精锡是个旧的主要产品之一,已在伦敦金属交易所(LME)注册。此外,锗、铟、锆、铂、岩盐、钾镁盐、镍、磷矿、芒硝、砷和蓝石棉的储量也很高。东川发现大量铜矿,武定发现铁矿,宣威和开远发现煤矿。将新产业落户于矿产资源丰富的内陆地区的经济政策,推动了云南,尤其是昆明地区的主要工业发展。

The electricity industry is another important economic pillar of Yunnan, which plays a key role in the “West-East Electricity Transmission Project”. The electricity produced in Yunnan is mainly transported to Guangdong.
【参考译文】电力行业是云南的另一个重要经济支柱,在“西电东送”工程中发挥着关键作用。云南生产的电力主要输送到广东。

5.1 农业 | Agriculture

The region maintains a strong agricultural focus. Agriculture is restricted to the few upland plains, open valleys, and terraced hillsides. Level land for agriculture is extremely scarce and only about 5 percent of the province is under cultivation. Rice is the main crop; corn, barley, wheat, rapeseed, sweet potatoes, soybeans (as a food crop), tea, sugarcane, tobacco, and cotton are also grown. On the steep slopes in the west livestock is raised and timber, a valuable resource, is cut (teak in the southwest).
【参考译文】该地区仍然以农业为主。农业仅限于少数高地平原、开阔的山谷和梯田山坡。可用于耕种的平坦土地极其稀缺,该省只有大约5%的土地得到耕种。水稻是主要作物;此外还种植玉米、大麦、小麦、油菜籽、红薯、大豆(作为粮食作物)、茶叶、甘蔗、烟草和棉花。西部陡峭的山坡上饲养牲畜,并砍伐珍贵的木材资源(西南部种植有柚木)。

Yunnan produces most of coffee grown in China (although there are also much smaller plantations in Fujian and Hainan). Large-scale coffee cultivation started in Yunnan in 1988. The most commonly grown variety in the province is catimor.[80]
【参考译文】云南生产了中国种植的大部分咖啡(尽管福建和海南也有规模更小的种植园)。云南大规模种植咖啡始于1988年。该省种植最广泛的品种是卡蒂姆。[80]

Yunnan province is famous for its quality teas. Most notably Yunnan tea. Yunnan black tea, also known as ‘Dianhong’ (‘Dian’ is the short name for Yunnan province, ‘hong’ meaning red after the deep, red liquor of the brewed tea) is a fully oxidised tea grown high in the mountainous regions between approximately 1000 metres to 2000 metres above sea level. Its unique earthy flavour makes it a highly sought after tea.[81][82]
【参考译文】云南省以其优质的茶叶而闻名。最著名的是云南茶。云南红茶,又称“滇红”(“滇”是云南省的简称,“红”指冲泡后茶汤深红),是一种在高海拔山区(海拔约1000米至2000米)种植的全发酵茶。其独特的土香使其成为备受追捧的茶叶。[81][82]

Tobacco is the main (export) product and makes up a big part of the provincial GDP.[83] Furthermore, Yunnan has a strong competitive potential in the fruit and vegetable industries, especially in low value-added commodities such as fresh and dried vegetables and fresh apples.
【参考译文】烟草是主要的(出口)产品,占该省国内生产总值(GDP)的很大一部分。[83]此外,云南在水果和蔬菜产业方面具有很强的竞争潜力,尤其是在新鲜和干制蔬菜以及新鲜苹果等低附加值商品方面。

Yunnan is one of the regions in the world with the most abundant resources of wild edible mushrooms. In China, there are 938 kinds of edible mushrooms, and over 800 varieties can be found in Yunnan. In 2004, around 7,744 tons of wild edible mushrooms were exported, making up for 70% of the total export of this product in China. The so-called ‘pine mushroom’ is the main product in Yunnan and is exported to Japan in large quantities.
【参考译文】云南是世界上野生食用菌资源最丰富的地区之一。在中国,有938种食用菌,而云南就有800多种。2004年,云南出口野生食用菌约7744吨,占中国该类产品出口总量的70%。所谓的“松茸”是云南的主要产品,大量出口到日本。

Due to China’s growing consumption of dairy products, Yunnan’s dairy industry is also developing very rapidly and is also aiming to export to its ASEAN neighbors.
【参考译文】随着中国乳制品消费量的不断增长,云南的乳制品业也发展得非常迅速,并且也计划出口到东盟邻国。

The flower industry in Yunnan province started to develop towards the end of the 1980s. Yunnan province accounts for 50% of China’s total cut flower production. The size of the planting area for cut flowers in Yunnan province amounts to 4000 hectares. In 2003, the output totaled 2.3 billion stems. In 2002 the flower industry in Yunnan had a total output of RMB 3.4 billion. Export amounted to US$18 million. Apart from sales on the domestic market, Yunnan also exports to a number of foreign countries and regions such as Japan, Korea, Hong Kong, Thailand and Singapore. [citation needed]
【参考译文】云南省的花卉产业始于20世纪80年代末。云南省的鲜切花产量占全国总产量的50%。云南省鲜切花种植面积达4000公顷。2003年,总产量达到23亿支。2002年,云南省花卉产业总产值达到34亿元人民币,出口额为1800万美元。除了在国内市场销售外,云南还向日本、韩国、香港、泰国和新加坡等多个国家和地区出口。[需要引证]

5.2 经济和技术开发区 | Economic and Technological Development Zones

  • Kunming Economic and Technological Development Zone
    【昆明经济和技术开发区】
    • First established in 1992, Kunming Economic & Technology Development Zone is a national-level zone approved by the State Council. Kunming is located in east-central Yunnan province with preferential location. After several years’ development, the zone has formed its pillar industries, which include tobacco processing, machinery manufacturing, electronic information, and biotechnology.[88]
      【参考译文】昆明经济和技术开发区成立于1992年,是经国务院批准设立的国家级开发区。昆明位于云南省中东部,地理位置优越。经过多年的发展,开发区已形成了烟草加工、机械制造、电子信息和生物技术等支柱产业。[88]
    • The Kunming High-tech Industrial Development Zone (KMHNZ), is a state-level high-tech industrial zone established in 1992 in Northwest Kunming. It is administratively under Kunming Prefecture. It has covers an area of 9 km2 (3.5 sq mi). KMHNZ is located in the northwest part of Kunming city, 4 kilometers from Kunming Railway Station, 5 kilometers from Kunming International Airport.[89]
      【参考译文】昆明高新技术产业开发区(KMHNZ)是1992年在昆明西北部设立的国家级高新技术产业开发区,行政上隶属于昆明市,面积9平方公里(3.5平方英里)。KMHNZ位于昆明市西北部,距昆明火车站4公里,距昆明国际机场5公里。[89]
  • Kunming Dianchi Tourism & Vacation Zone
    【昆明滇池旅游度假区】
  • Kunming Airport Economic Zone
    【昆明空港经济区】
  • Ruili Border Trade Economic Cooperation Zone
    【瑞丽边境贸易经济合作区】
    • Ruili Border Economic Cooperation Zone (RLBECZ) is a Chinese State Council-approved Industrial Park based in Ruili, Dehong Prefecture, founded in 1992 and was established to promote trade between China and Burma. The area’s import and export trade include the processing industry, local agriculture and biological resources are very promising. Sino-Burmese business is growing fast. Burma is now one of Yunnan’s biggest foreign trade partners. In 1999, Sino-Burmese trade accounted for 77.4% of Yunnan’s foreign trade. In the same year, exports for electromechanical equipments came up to US$55.28 million. Main exports here include fiber cloth, cotton yarn, ceresin wax, mechanical equipments, fruits, rice seeds, fiber yarn and tobacco.[90]
      【参考译文】瑞丽边境经济合作区(RLBECZ)是国务院批准设立的工业园区,位于德宏州瑞丽市,成立于1992年,旨在促进中缅贸易。该地区的进出口贸易包括加工业、当地农业和生物资源,具有广阔的发展前景。中缅商务合作快速发展,缅甸现已成为云南省最大的外贸合作伙伴之一。1999年,中缅贸易占云南省外贸总额的77.4%。同年,机电产品出口达到5528万美元。主要出口产品包括纤维布、棉纱、地蜡、机械设备、水果、稻种、纤维纱和烟草。[90]
  • Wanding Border Economic Cooperation Zone
    【畹町边境经济合作区】
    • Wanding Border Economic Cooperation Zone (WTBECZ) is a Chinese State Council-approved Industrial Park based in Wanding Town, Ruili, Dehong, founded in 1992 and was established to promote trade between China and Burma. The zone spans 6 km2 (2.3 sq mi) and is focused on developing trading, processing, agriculture resources and tourism.[91]
      【参考译文】畹町边境经济合作区(WTBECZ)是国务院批准设立的工业园区,位于德宏州瑞丽市畹町镇,成立于1992年,旨在促进中缅贸易。该合作区占地6平方公里(2.3平方英里),重点发展贸易、加工、农业资源和旅游业。[91]
  • Qujing Economic and Technological Development Zone
    【曲靖经济和技术开发区】
    • Qujing Economic and Technological Development Zone (QETDZ) is a provincial development zone approved by Yunnan Provincial Government in August 1992. It is located in the east of urban Qujing, the second largest city in Yunnan in terms of economic strengths. The location of the development zone is the economic, political and cultural center of Qujing. As an agency under Qujing municipal Party committee and municipal government, the administrative commission of QETDZ functions as an economy supervising body at the prefecture level and an administration body at the county level. It has 106 km2 (41 sq mi) under its jurisdiction. It shoulders the task of building a new 40-square-kilometer city area and providing service for a population of 400,000 in the upcoming 10 years.[92]
      【参考译文】曲靖经济和技术开发区(QETDZ)是1992年8月经云南省政府批准的省级开发区,位于曲靖市区东部,是云南省经济实力第二大城市的经济、政治和文化中心。开发区管委会是曲靖市委、市政府的派出机构,具有地市级经济管理职能和县区级行政管理职能,管辖面积106平方公里(41平方英里)。未来10年,开发区将承担建设40平方公里新城区和为40万人口提供服务的任务。[92]
  • Yuxi Economic and Technological Development Zone
    【玉溪经济和技术开发区】
  • Dali Economic and Technological Development Zone
    【大理经济和技术开发区】
  • Chuxiong Economic and Technological Development Zone
    【楚雄经济和技术开发区】
    • Chuxiong Economic Development Zone is an important zone in Yunnan. Now the zone has attracted a number of investment projects. It is an important industry for the development of new-type industry platform. The zone covers an area of 12 km2 (4.6 sq mi), composed of four parks.[93]
      【参考译文】楚雄经济开发区是云南省的重要开发区,现已吸引了一批投资项目,是发展新型产业平台的重要基地。开发区面积12平方公里(4.6平方英里),由四个园区组成。[93]
  • Songming Yanglin Experimental Zone for County & Township Industries
    【嵩明县乡工业杨林实验区】
  • Hekou Border Economic Cooperation Zone
    【河口边境经济合作区】
    • First established in 1992, Hekou Border Economic Cooperation Zone is a border zone approved by State Council to promote Sino-Vietnamese trade. It has a planned area of 4.02 km2 (1.55 sq mi). The zone implemented several policies to serve its clients in China from various industries and sectors including investment, trade, finance, taxation, immigration, etc.[94]
      【参考译文】河口边境经济合作区成立于1992年,是经国务院批准设立的边境合作区,旨在促进中越贸易。该合作区规划面积4.02平方公里(1.55平方英里)。合作区实施了多项政策,为来自中国各行业和部门的客户提供投资、贸易、金融、税收、移民等方面的服务。[94]
  • Jiegao Border Trade Economic Zone
    【姐告边境贸易经济区】
  • Lijiang Yulong Snow Mountain Tourism Zone
    【丽江玉龙雪山旅游区】
  • Cang Mountain & Erhai Lake Tourism and Vacation Zone at Dali
    【大理苍山洱海旅游度假区】
  • Xishuangbanna Tourism and Vacation Zone
    【西双版纳旅游度假区】
  • Tengchong Tourism and Vacation Zone
    【腾冲旅游度假区】
  • Yangzonghai Lake Tourism and Vacation Zone
    【阳宗海旅游度假区】
  • Fuxian Lake Tourism and Vacation Zone
    【抚仙湖旅游度假区】

5.3 旅游

云南的旅游资源相当丰富,以其美丽的自然风景、多彩的民族风俗和宜人的气候成为重要的旅游目的地。全省已经建有上千个以高山峡谷、现代冰川、高原湖泊、石林、喀斯特洞穴、火山地热、原始森林、花卉、文物古迹、传统园林及少数民族风情等为特色的旅游景区与景点,其中国家级A级以上景区有474个,列为国家级风景名胜区的有石林大理西双版纳三江并流昆明滇池丽江玉龙雪山腾冲地热火山瑞丽江-大盈江宜良九乡建水普者黑阿庐12处,列为省级风景名胜区的有陆良彩色沙林禄劝轿子雪山等53处[50]。有昆明大理丽江建水巍山会泽通海剑川8座国家历史文化名城,有腾冲威信保山广南石屏漾濞孟连香格里拉8座省级历史文化名城,有11个中国历史文化名镇、15个省级历史文化名镇、11个中国历史文化名村、27个省级历史文化名村、1个中国历史文化街区、34个省级历史文化街区[51][52]丽江古城(1997年7月)、红河哈尼梯田(2013年6月)被列入世界文化遗产名录,三江并流(2003年7月)、石林(2007年6月)、澄江化石地(2012年7月)被列入世界自然遗产名录,丽江纳西东巴古籍文献被列入世界记忆遗产名录[50]

5.3.1 旅游业开发

In 2004, tourism revenues amounted to 37 billion RMB, and thus accounting for 12.6% of the provincial GDP. Another fact indicating the importance of tourism in Yunnan Province is capital Kunming hosting the China International Travel Mart every two years. This tourism trade fair is the largest of its kind in Asia and serves as an important platform for professionals in the sector. More than 80 countries and regions were present during the 2005 edition.
【参考译文】2004年,旅游收入达到370亿元人民币,占该省国内生产总值的12.6%。另一个表明旅游业在云南省重要性的事实是,省会昆明每两年举办一次中国国际旅游交易会。这个旅游交易会是亚洲同类展会中规模最大的,是旅游行业专业人士的重要交流平台。2005年的交易会上有来自80多个国家和地区的代表参加。

Tourism is expected to grow further. In 2010, the province welcomed over 2.3 million overseas tourists and the Yunnan Provincial Tourism Bureau aims to draw 4.3 million overseas arrivals under the 12th Five-Year Tourism Development Plan. Kunming city is expected to add 11 new mid- to high-end hotels with an inventory of under 4,000 rooms between 2012 and 2016.[105]
【参考译文】预计旅游业将进一步增长。2010年,该省接待了超过230万名海外游客,根据《第十二个五年旅游发展计划》,云南省旅游局的目标是吸引430万名海外游客。预计昆明市将在2012年至2016年间新增11家客房数量在4000间以下的中高端酒店。[105]

The Nature Conservancy and the Chinese government came together to form a partnership and explore the possibility of bringing adventure tourism onto the rivers of Southwest China. A two-month white-water expedition Archived 2019-07-02 at the Wayback Machine explored from the Mekong River’s Moon Gorge to Yangze River’s Great Bend. The expedition provided valuable information to the partnership, encouraging them to take into account the safety, culture, economics, and conservation of the Yunnan Province. Creating an adventure tourism sector would bring valuable economic resources to the economically struggling population, who had once relied on logging as income prior to it being banned due to deforestation.
【参考译文】自然保护协会与中国政府携手合作,共同探索在中国西南地区河流上开展探险旅游的可能性。一支为期两个月的白水探险队(存档于2019年7月2日,Wayback Machine)从湄公河的月亮峡谷探索至扬子江的大拐弯。这次探险为双方合作提供了宝贵的信息,鼓励他们考虑到云南省的安全、文化、经济和生态保护。创建一个探险旅游部门将为经济困难的人口带来宝贵的经济资源,这些人口在伐木被禁止以遏制滥伐之前曾以此为生。

Tourist centres in Yunnan include:
【参考译文】云南的旅游中心包括:

  • Dali, the historic center of the Nanzhao and Dali kingdoms.
    【参考译文】大理,南诏国和大理国的历史中心。
  • Chuxiong, the first stop on the way to Dali and Lijiang. Home of the Yi ethnic minority and their respective ancient town.
    【参考译文】楚雄,前往大理和丽江途中的第一站。这里是彝族少数民族及其古镇的故乡。
  • Jinghong, the center and prefectural capital of the Xishuangbanna Dai minority autonomous prefecture.
    【参考译文】景洪,西双版纳傣族自治州的中心和州府所在地。
  • Lijiang, a Naxi minority city. It has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1997.
    【参考译文】丽江,一个纳西族聚居的城市。自1997年起,它就被列为联合国教科文组织世界遗产。
  • Xamgyi’nyilha County (also known as Shangri-La and formerly Zhongdian), an ethnic Tibetan township and county set high in Yunnan’s northwestern mountains.
    【参考译文】香格里拉县(又称香格里拉,原名中甸),一个位于云南西北部高山上的藏族乡镇和县。
  • Shilin (Stone Forest), a series of karst outcrops east of Kunming.
    【参考译文】石林(石林风景区),位于昆明东部的一系列喀斯特地貌。
  • Yuanyang, a Hani minority settlement with vast rice-terraced mountains.
    【参考译文】元阳,一个哈尼族聚居地,拥有广阔的梯田山脉。
  • Xishuangbanna, a national scenic resort, noted for its natural and cultural attractions.
    【参考译文】西双版纳,一个国家级风景名胜区,以其自然和文化景观而著称。

5.3.2 名胜地点 | Places of interest

6. 交通 | Transport

Main article: Transport in Yunnan【主条目:云南的交通】

6.1 铁路

主条目:云南铁路

云南的第一条铁路不是通往中国其他省份,而是由昆明通往越南港口城市海防滇越铁路,这是一条由法国工程师设计的窄轨铁路,1910年通车,是中国的第一条国际铁路。此后,“铁路不通国内通国外”曾经长期被列为“云南十八怪”之一。直到1960年代中国开始三线建设后,云南省才陆续修建了贵昆铁路(1966年通车)、成昆铁路(1970年通车),与全国铁路网相连。

Due in part to difficult terrain both locally and in surrounding provinces and the shortage of capital for rail construction, Yunnan remained outside of China’s domestic rail network until 1966 when the Guiyang–Kunming Railway was completed. The line would not enter into operation until 1970, the same year that the Chengdu-Kunming was completed. The Nanning–Kunming Railway to Guangxi was completed in 1997, followed by the Neijiang–Kunming Railway in 2001. The Panxi Railway, originally built in 1975 to draw coal from neighboring Guizhou, was electrified in 2001 and adds to eastern Yunnan’s outbound rail transport capacity.
【参考译文】由于当地及周边省份地形复杂,加之铁路建设资金短缺,云南直到1966年贵阳至昆明铁路建成后才纳入中国国内铁路网。但这条线路直到1970年才投入运营,同年成都至昆明的铁路也建成通车。1997年,连接广西的南宁至昆明铁路竣工,随后2001年内江至昆明铁路也建成。攀西铁路原建于1975年,用于从邻近的贵州开采煤炭,2001年实现电气化,增强了云南东部的对外铁路运输能力。

1990年代以后,又陆续修筑了通往省外的南昆铁路(886公里)和内昆铁路,以及省内的昆玉铁路(昆明到玉溪,1993年货运通车,1998年客运通车)、广大铁路(1998年通车,213公里,将昆明和大理连接起来)、大丽铁路(2009年9月通车,将来继续延伸滇藏铁路)、玉蒙铁路(玉溪到蒙自北,77.84公里,2013年通车)及蒙河铁路(蒙自北至河口北,2014年12月通车)。2016年12月28日,沪昆客运专线南昆客运专线全线开通,结束云南不通高速铁路的历史,亦打通了云南去往华东地区和南方沿海地区的快速通道。2018年7月1日,昆楚大铁路全线开通,结束滇西不通动车的历史。2021年12月3日,玉磨铁路作为中老铁路在中国的一部分正式通车,打通了连接老挝首都万象泰国首都曼谷的快速通道。

6.2 公路

公路是云南省省内交通的主要方式。所有县城均有通往昆明的全天候公路,所有乡镇均通公路(最后一个通公路的是贡山县独龙江乡,每年中有半年能够通车)。2007年末,该省的公路总里程达到200333公里,居中国各省前列,其中高等级公路7400公里,高速公路2508公里,包括昆明经过大理到瑞丽、昆明到磨憨、昆明到曲靖、昆明到石林、昆明到中越边境城市河口。计划到2020年使全省的高速公路总里程达到6000公里,完成通往周边国家缅甸、老挝、越南和泰国的高速公路网。[53]

6.2.1 滇缅公路 | Burma Road

The Burma Road was a highway extending about 1,100 km (680 mi) through mountainous terrain from Lashio, northeast Burma northeastward to Kunming, China. Undertaken by the Chinese after the start of the Sino-Japanese War in 1937 and completed in 1938, it was a vital transportation route for wartime supplies to the Chinese government from Rangoon and shipped by railroad to Lashio from 1938 to 1946. An extension runs east through China from Kunming, then north to Chongqing. This traffic increased in importance to China after the Japanese took effective control of the Chinese coast and of Indochina. It was seized by the Japanese in 1942 and reopened when it was connected to the Stilwell Road from India. The Ledo Road (later called the Stilwell Road) from Ledo, India, into Burma was begun in December 1942. In 1944 the Ledo Road reached Myitkyina and was joined to the Burma Road. Both roads have lost their former importance and are in a state of disrepair. The Burma Road’s importance diminished after World War II, but it has remained a link in a 3,400-km road system from Yangon, Burma, to Chongqing.
【参考译文】滇缅公路是一条长约1100公里(680英里)的公路,从中国缅甸东北部的腊戍出发,穿过山地地形,向东北延伸至中国的昆明。这条路于1937年中日战争爆发后由中国修建,1938年完工。它是战时中国政府从仰光获取物资的重要运输路线,这些物资从1938年至1946年从仰光通过铁路运至腊戍。这条路从昆明向东延伸穿过中国,然后向北到达重庆。在日本有效控制了中国海岸和印度支那以后,这条运输线路对中国的重要性日益增加。1942年,这条路被日本占领,后来与从印度修入的史迪威公路接通后又重新开放。从印度利多进入缅甸的利多公路(后来被称为史迪威公路)于1942年12月开始修建。1944年,利多公路到达密支那,并与滇缅公路相连。这两条公路都失去了往日的重要性,目前处于失修状态。滇缅公路在二战后的重要性有所降低,但它仍然是缅甸仰光至中国重庆的3400公里公路系统的一部分。

6.2.2 现代公路 | Highways

Road construction in Yunnan continues unabated: over the last years the province has added more new roads than any other province.[citation needed] Today expressways link Kunming through Dali to Baoshan, Kunming to Mojiang (on the way to Jinghong), Kunming to Qujing, Kunming to Shilin (Stone Forest). The official plan is to connect all major towns and neighbouring capitals with expressways by 2010, and to complete a high-speed road network by 2020.
【参考译文】云南的公路建设持续不断:近年来,该省新建公路的数量超过其他任何省份。[需要引文]如今,高速公路将昆明经大理与保山、昆明与墨江(前往景洪途中)、昆明与曲靖、昆明与石林(石林风景区)相连。官方计划是在2010年前将所有主要城镇和邻近省会城市用高速公路连接起来,并在2020年前完成高速公路网的建设。

All county towns are now accessible by paved, all-weather roads from Kunming, all townships have a road connection (the last to be connected was Yangla, in the far north, but Dulongjiang remains cut off for about six months every year), and about half of all villages have road access.
【参考译文】现在,从昆明出发,所有县城均可通过全天候铺装公路到达,所有乡镇都有公路连接(最后一个通公路的是最北部的杨拉乡,但独龙江每年仍有约六个月的时间与外界隔绝),大约一半的村庄都通公路。

Second-level national highways stretch 958 km (595 mi), third-level highways, 7,571 km (4,704 mi) and fourth-level highways, 52,248 km (32,465 mi). The province has formed a network of communication lines radiating from Kunming to Sichuan and Guizhou provinces and Guangxi and Tibet autonomous regions, and further on to Burma, Laos, Vietnam and Thailand.
【参考译文】二级国道长达958公里(595英里),三级公路7571公里(4704英里),四级公路52248公里(32465英里)。云南省已经形成了以昆明为中心,辐射四川、贵州两省以及广西、西藏自治区的交通网,并进一步延伸至缅甸、老挝、越南和泰国。

National highways running through Yunnan province are:
【参考译文】贯穿云南省的国道有:

After the opening of the Suolongsi to Pingyuanjie section, Luofu expressway, the first between Yunnan and Guangxi Province, opened in October 2007. It has made material and passenger transportation between the two provinces much more convenient. Moreover, Luofu Expressway has also become the main road from Yunnan to Guangxi and the coastal ports. Luofu Expressway begins from the crossroads of Luo Village between Yunnan and Guangxi Provinces and ends at Funing County of Wenshan State. The total length of the expressway is 79.3 kilometers which has shortened the commute between Yunnan and Guangxi from the previous 3 and half hours to just 50 minutes.
【参考译文】索龙寺至平远街段罗富高速公路(云南省与广西壮族自治区之间的首条高速公路)于2007年10月开通后,两省之间的物资和客运变得更加便捷。此外,罗富高速公路也成为云南通往广西及沿海港口的主要道路。罗富高速公路起于云南省与广西壮族自治区交界处的罗村交叉口,止于文山州富宁县,全长79.3公里,将云南与广西之间的通勤时间从之前的3个半小时缩短至仅50分钟。

Expressways running through Yunnan province are:
【参考译文】贯穿云南省的高速公路有:

6.3 水路 | Waterways

总体而言,云南境内的河流绝大多数不适合航行。五级以上等级航道仅有506公里,而且大部分集中在内陆湖泊,极少有长距离航线。1995年,云南省投资开辟澜沧江航线。[来源请求]

Generally, rivers are obstacles to transport in Yunnan. Only very small parts of Yunnan’s river systems are navigable. However, China is constructing a series of dams on the Mekong to develop it as a waterway and source of power; the first was completed at Manwan in 1993.
【参考译文】通常来说,河流是云南交通的障碍。云南的河流系统只有很小一部分是可以通航的。然而,中国正在湄公河上建造一系列大坝,以开发其作为航道和水力发电资源;第一座大坝于1993年在漫湾建成。

In 1995, the province put an investment of 171 million yuan to add another 807 km (501 mi) of navigation lines. It built two wharfs with an annual handling capacity of 300,000 to 400,000 tons each and four wharfs with an annual handling capacity of 100,000 tons each. The annual volume of goods transported was two million tons and that of passengers transported, two million.
【参考译文】1995年,该省投资1.71亿元,新增807公里(501英里)的航线。建造了两个年吞吐量分别为30万至40万吨的码头和四个年吞吐量为10万吨的码头。货物运输量每年为200万吨,客运量每年为200万人次。

6.3+1 机场

昆明长水国际机场,定位为云南面向南亚东南亚和连接欧亚的国家门户枢纽机场,已于2012年6月28日建成投入使用,从而取代使用达90年历史的昆明巫家坝国际机场。巫家坝机场位于昆明市区东南,距离市中心仅有3公里,建于1922年,是中国历史上的第二座民用机场。此外,云南省还有以下机场:西双版纳(景洪)丽江大理香格里拉德宏芒市保山思茅昭通腾冲临沧文山宁蒗泸沽湖蒙自机场(民航尚未通航)。

6.5 桥梁 | Bridges

Bridge-building in Yunnan date back at least 1,300 years when the Tibetan Empire built an iron chain bridge over the Yangtze to the neighboring Nanzhao Kingdom at what is today Weixi Lisu Autonomous County during the Tang dynasty. Iron chain bridges are still found across high river valleys of Yunnan. The Jinlong Bridge on the Jinsha River in Lijiang remains the oldest bridge over the Yangtze. With the expansion of the highway and railway network in Yunnan, numerous large-scale bridges have been built across the region’s myriad of rivers, including the Yangtze which has dozens of crossings in Yunnan.
【参考译文】云南的建桥历史至少可以追溯到1300年前,当时吐蕃王朝在唐王朝时期,在今天维西傈僳族自治县境内,为了与南诏国相通,在金沙江上建造了一座铁链桥。如今,在云南的高山峡谷中,铁链桥仍然随处可见。丽江金沙江上的金龙桥是长江上最古老的桥梁之一。随着云南公路和铁路网络的不断扩展,该地区众多河流上都建起了大规模的桥梁,其中仅长江在云南境内就有数十座跨江大桥。

6.6 地铁 | Metro

Kunming is the only city in Yunnan that has a metro system. As of August 2021, it has 5 lines in operation.
【参考译文】截至2021年8月,昆明是云南省唯一拥有地铁系统的城市,当时已开通运营5条地铁线路。

7. 文化 | Culture

See also: Bashu culture and Major national historical and cultural sites (Yunnan)
【另请参阅:巴蜀文化和云南主要国家历史文化遗址】

Yunnan’s cultural life is one of remarkable diversity. Archaeological findings have unearthed sacred burial structures holding elegant bronzes in Jinning, south of Kunming. In northeastern Yunnan, frescoes of the Jin dynasty (266–420) have been discovered in the city of Zhatong. Many Chinese cultural relics have been discovered in later periods. The lineage of tribal way of life of the indigenous peoples persisted uninfluenced by modernity until the mid-20th century. Tribal traditions, such as Yi slaveholding and Wa headhunting, have since been abolished. After the Cultural Revolution (1966–76), in which several minority cultural and religious practices were suppressed, Yunnan has come to celebrate its cultural diversity and subsequently many local customs and festivals have flourished.[102]
【参考译文】云南的文化生活极具多样性。考古发现,在昆明南部的晋宁,出土了神圣的墓葬结构,其中藏有精美的青铜器。在云南东北部,昭通市发现了金朝(266-420年)的壁画。后期又发现了许多中国文化遗物。当地土著部落的生活方式一直延续到20世纪中叶,未受现代文明的影响。自那以后,彝族蓄奴和佤族猎头等部落传统已被废除。在“文化大革命”(1966-1976年)期间,云南的一些少数民族文化和宗教习俗受到压制,但在此之后,云南开始庆祝其文化的多样性,随后许多地方习俗和节日蓬勃发展。[102]

7.1 云南十八怪 | Eighteen Oddities of Yunnan

Main article: Eighteen Oddities of Yunnan
【主条目:云南十八怪】

7.2 饮食 | Cuisine

Main article: Yunnan cuisine

  • 昆明:过桥米线、大救驾、鲜花饼、鸡丝凉面、豆花米线、竹虫、呈贡宝珠梨、滇池麻鸭、宜良板鸭、饵丝、官渡粑粑
  • 楚雄:野生菌、彝族菜。
  • 大理:白族三道茶乳扇、河水煮活鱼、洱海海菜、耙肉饵丝、烧饵块、弥渡卷蹄、银鱼。
  • 丽江:丽江粑粑、酥油茶、鸡豆凉粉、永胜油茶、腊排骨、螺旋藻、青刺果、纳西烤鱼、米灌肠、黄豆面、丽江三文鱼 。
  • 迪庆:酥油茶、青稞酒、藏族腌肉、奶干。
  • 西双版纳:傣族火烧干巴、鲜竹笋、蚂蚁蛋、野生菌、热带水果、傣族竹筒饭。
  • 保山:蒲缥甘蔗、腾冲“大救驾”(炒饵块)、腾冲饵丝、保山绿豆、卷粉。
  • 德宏:傣族菜、热带水果、撒撇、傣族竹筒饭、泡鲁达,芒市泡菜
  • 昭通:天麻炖鸡、昭通酱、翠华茶、油糕饵块、北闸凉粉、小草坝天麻、绿豆糕。
  • 曲靖:宣威火腿核桃、土豆(味道特别)、麻衣馓子、蒸饵丝。
  • 文山:三七炖鸡等三七系列菜肴、酸汤鸡、酸汤牛肉、野生菌、凉品宴、椒盐饼、汆肉米线、褡裢粑(富宁特有食品)、越南小卷粉、地摊狗肉、烤饵块、荞酥、花糯饭。
  • 红河:蒙自过桥米线、建水烧豆腐、开远小卷粉、建水紫陶、蒙自甜石榴、建水曲江的火烤鸭、建水汽锅鸡、河口小卷粉、石屏豆腐。
  • 玉溪:江川三道菜、抗浪鱼、澄江藕粉、铜锅鱼、大头鱼、小卷粉、凉米线、冬瓜蜜饯、油卤腐、豆沫糖、油鸡枞、木瓜水。
  • 普洱:野菜、民族菜、米干(卷粉)。
  • 临沧:稀豆粉(用磨碎的黄豆做的浓汤)、鸡肉烂饭(佤族的特色菜,用鸡肉、香草和鲜辣椒加纯鸡汤炖煮出)、滇红茶、粑粑卷。
  • 怒江:怒江鱼、拉马登石榴、丙中洛板栗、石板粑粑、巩辣。

7.3 茶 | Tea

For the tea from this region, see Yunnan tea.【关于这一地区的茶叶,请参见云南茶。】

Yunnan has several different tea growing regions.[103] One of Yunnan’s best known products is Pu-erh tea (or Puer), named after the old tea trading town of Pu-erh (Puer). The province is also known for its Yunnan Gold and other Dianhong teas, developed in the 20th century.
【参考译文】云南有多个不同的茶叶种植区。[103]云南最著名的产品之一是普洱茶(或普洱),该茶以古老的茶叶贸易小镇普洱(Puer)命名。该省还以20世纪开发的云南大叶种茶(Yunnan Gold)和其他滇红茶而闻名。

7.4 云南的音乐 | Music

Main article: Music of Yunnan【主条目:云南的音乐】

7.5 中药 | Chinese medicine

Yunnan is host to more than 19,000 species of plants, including 60 percent of the plants used in traditional Chinese medicine.[104]
【参考译文】云南拥有19,000多种植物,其中包括60%用于中药的植物。[104]

7.6 体育 | Sport

Professional sporting teams in Yunnan have included the now defunct Yunnan Bulls in the Chinese Basketball Association and Yunnan Hongta in the Chinese Jia-A League. The Yunnan Yukun football team currently competes in China League One.
【参考译文】云南的专业运动队曾包括现已不存在的中国篮球协会云南奔牛队和中国甲级A组联赛云南红塔队。云南玉昆足球队目前征战于中国足球协会甲级联赛。

云南省运动会,是云南最高级别的综合运动会,每4年举办一届。

7.7 人物

主分类:云南人

7.8 高等院校

参见云南省高等学校列表以获取更详尽的列表。

2007年,云南省有51所普通高校[45],占中国1909所普通高校的2.6%。其中本科院校18所,设在昆明市的有14所:云南大学昆明理工大学云南农业大学云南师范大学云南财经大学云南民族大学昆明理工大学津桥学院西南林业大学昆明医科大学(原昆明医学院)、云南中医学院云南警官学院云南艺术学院云南大学滇池学院昆明学院;另外在昭通保山大理蒙自曲靖玉溪普洱文山丽江楚雄各设有一所本科院校,即昭通学院保山学院大理大学红河学院曲靖师范学院玉溪师范学院普洱学院文山学院、云南大学旅游文化学院和楚雄师范学院。云南省没有教育部直属的高等院校,仅有一座高校(云南大学)被列入中国重点建设的大约100所大学(“211工程”)名单中。2018年,云南大学进入中国国家双一流大学建设名单。

7.9 有关云南的电影

在1949年以后拍摄的两千多部电影中,有关云南少数民族题材的电影达到150多部[44],其中《阿诗玛》(以石林为背景)、《五朵金花》(以大理为背景)、《孔雀公主》(以西双版纳为背景)在当时产生了很大影响。《诺玛的十七岁》(以元阳为背景)、《花腰新娘》、《好大一对羊》等影片获得大奖,而《千里走单骑》、《神话》、《无极》等影片也都选择在云南进行拍摄。

8. 友好地区

参见:云南省友好城市列表

云南省与下列地区建立了友好关系:[57][58][59]


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