古羌人 / Qiang (historical people) – 中英文维基百科词条融合

By cathayvista中国地域和民系, 民族、族群

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本文基于英文词条的线索，并补充部分来自中文词条的内容（在二者冲突时，以更晚更新者为准）。 辽观搬运时进行了必要的合规化处理，以使其能够在中国内地上传。部分文字采用汉语拼音方式代替，音节后的数字表示汉语拼音规则中的声调。

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1. 正文（发布于知乎专栏）

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2. 参见（维基百科的相关词条）| See also

3. 英文词条参考文献

3.1 脚注（与文中标号对应的引用列表）| Footnotes

  1. ^ Edwin G. Pulleyblank (1983). “Chapter 14 – The Chinese and Their Neighbors in Prehistoric and Early Historic Times”. In David Keightley (ed.). The Origins of Chinese Civilization. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-04229-8.
  2. ^ Sigfried J. de Laet, Joachim Herrmann: History of Humanity: From the seventh century B.C. to the seventh century A.D. UNESCO, 1996, page 501.
  3. ^ Sanping Chen: Multicultural China in the Early Middle Ages. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012.
  4. ^ Patricia Buckley Ebrey: The Cambridge Illustrated History of China, Cambridge University Press, 2010, page 69.
  5. ^ Henry Luce Foundation Professor of East Asian Studies Nicola Di Cosmo, Nicola Di Cosmo, Don J Wyatt. Political Frontiers, Ethnic Boundaries and Human Geographies in Chinese History. Routledge, 2005, page 87.
  6. ^ Bradley Mayhew, Korina Miller, Alex English: South-West China. 2002. Northern Síchuan – Around Wénchuan, page 517.
  7. ^ Wicky W. K. Tse (27 June 2018). The Collapse of China’s Later Han Dynasty, 25-220 CE: The Northwest Borderlands and the Edge of Empire. Routledge. ISBN 9781315532318.
  8. ^ Shouwen Original text: 羌：西戎牧羊人也。从人从羊，羊亦聲。
  9. ^ Baxter, William H. and Laurent Sagart. 2014. Old Chinese: A New Reconstruction. Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-994537-5.
  10. ^ Beckwith, Christopher I. (16 March 2009). Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton University Press. pp. 375–376. ISBN 978-14008-29941. Retrieved 30 December 2014.
  11. ^ “Qiang among China’s ancients”. archive.shine.cn. 7 September 2014. Retrieved 2018-11-15.
  12. ^ The Creation of the Qiang Ethnicity, its Relation to the Rme People and the Preservation of Rme Language, p.56-63
  13. ^ Shi Jing, Sacrificial Odes of Shang, Yin Wu. 《詩經·商頌·殷武》: “昔有成湯，自彼氐羌，莫敢不來享，莫敢不來王”。
  14. ^ Nicola Di Cosmo (13 March 1999). “The Northern Frontier in Pre-Imperial China”. In Michael Loewe, Edward L. Shaughness (ed.). The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 B.C. Cambridge University Press. p. 908. ISBN 0-521-47030-7.
  15. ^ Chen Qingying, Tibetan History, 五洲传播出版社, 2003. page 7.
  16. ^ Fei Xiaotong (1999). The Pluralistic and Unified Structure of Chinese Ethnic Groups. The Central Ethnic University Publishing. p. 28.
  17. ^ Shiji 武王曰：「嗟！我有國冢君，司徒、司馬、司空，亞旅、師氏，千夫長、百夫長，及庸、蜀、羌、髳、微、纑、彭、濮人，稱爾戈，比爾干，立爾矛，予其誓。」
  18. ^ Beckwith, Christopher I. (16 March 2009). Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton University Press. p. 44. ISBN 978-14008-29941. Retrieved 30 December 2014.
  19. ^ Kleeman, Terry F. (1998). Great Perfection: Religion and Ethnicity in a Chinese Millennial Kingdom. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 54–58. ISBN 0824818008. Retrieved 31 December 2014.
  20. ^ Hulsewé, A. F. P. (1979). China in Central Asia: The Early Stage 125 BC – AD 23: an annotated translation of chapters 61 and 96 of the History of the Former Han Dynasty. E. Brill, Leiden. pp. 80–81. ISBN 90-04-05884-2.
  21. ^ Annotated translation of the Weilüe by John E. Hill
  22. ^ Joseph P. Yap (2009). “Chapter 9 – War with Qiang”. Wars With the Xiongnu: A Translation from Zizhi Tongjian. AuthorHouse. pp. 324–340. ISBN 978-1-4490-0605-1.
  23. ^ Song, Mengyuan; Wang, Zefei; Lyu, Qiang; Ying, Jun; Wu, Qian; Jiang, Lanrui; Wang, Fei; Zhou, Yuxiang; Song, Feng; Luo, Haibo; Hou, Yiping; Song, Xingbo; Ying, Binwu (2022-11-01). “Paternal genetic structure of the Qiang ethnic group in China revealed by high-resolution Y-chromosome STRs and SNPs”. Forensic Science International: Genetics. 61: 102774. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2022.102774. ISSN 1872-4973. PMID 36156385. S2CID 252254620. Furthermore, ancient DNA revealed genetic connections between early Di-Qiang (Di and Qiang were historically combined to be one group) and Han Chinese [5], [6].
  24. ^ Li, Jiawei; Zeng, Wen; Zhang, Ye; Ko, Albert Min-Shan; Li, Chunxiang; Zhu, Hong; Fu, Qiaomei; Zhou, Hui (2017-12-04). “Ancient DNA reveals genetic connections between early Di-Qiang and Han Chinese”. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 17 (1): 239. Bibcode:2017BMCEE..17..239L. doi:10.1186/s12862-017-1082-0. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 5716020. PMID 29202706. We identified Mogou to be the earliest ~4000 yr. BP Di-Qiang population, and genetically related to Taojiazhai in sharing up to 100% paternal (O3a) and ~60% maternal (D4, M10, F, Z) haplogroups.
  25. ^ Whiting 2002, p. 141.
  26. ^ Whiting 2002, p. 158.
  27. ^ Whiting 2002, p. 175.
  28. ^ Whiting 2002, p. 179.
  29. ^ Twitchett 2008, p. 270.
  30. ^ Crespigny 2017, p. 90.
  31. ^ Twitchett 2008, p. 421.
  32. ^ Crespigny 2007, p. 139.
  33. ^ Crespigny 2007, p. 445.
  34. ^ Cosmo 2009, p. 104.
  35. ^ Crespigny 2007, p. 723.
  36. ^ Crespigny 2007, p. 663.
  37. ^ Crespigny 2007, p. 248.
  38. ^ Crespigny 2007, p. 639.
  39. ^ “Qiang 羌 (www.chinaknowledge.de)”.
  40. ^ “Later Qin Dynasty 後秦(www.chinaknowledge.de)”.
  41. ^ “Sixteen Barbarian States Event History (www.chinaknowledge.de)”.
  42. ^ Watt, James C. Y.; Angela Falco Howard, Metropolitan Museum of Art Staff, Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York, NY., Boris Ilʹich Marshak, Su Bai, Zhao Feng, Maxwell K. Hearn, Denise Patry Leidy, Chao-Hui Jenny Lui, Valentina Ivanova Raspopova, Zhixin Sun (2004). China: Dawn of a Golden Age, 200-750 AD (illustrated ed.). Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 23. ISBN 1588391264.
  43. ^ Wagner 2008, p. 322-323.
  44. ^ Wagner 2008, p. 322.
  45. ^ Kang 2016, p. 63.
  46. ^ LaPolla 2003, p. 11.
  47. ^ Twitchett 1994, p. 181-182.
  48. ^ West 2009, p. 681-682.
  49. ^ “The inside info on China’s ancient watchtowers”.
  50. ^ LaPolla 2003, p. 12-13.
  51. ^ LaPolla 2003, p. 431.
  52. ^ West 2009, p. 681.
  53. ^ LaPolla 2003, p. 14.
  54. ^ LaPolla 2003, p. 14-15.
  55. ^ Wen 2014, pp. 70–71.

3.2 来源文献 | References

  • Cosmo, Nicola Di (2002), Ancient China and Its Enemies, Cambridge University Press
  • Cosmo, Nicola di (2009), Military Culture in Imperial China, Harvard University Press
  • Crespigny, Rafe de (2007), A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms, Brill
  • Crespigny, Rafe de (2010), Imperial Warlord, Brill
  • Crespigny, Rafe de (2017), Fire Over Luoyang: A History of the Later Han Dynasty, 23-220 AD, Brill
  • LaPolla, Randy (2003), A Grammar of Qiang, Mouton Gruyter
  • Kang, Xiaofei (2016), Contesting the Yellow Dragon
  • Twitchett, Denis (1994), “The Liao”, The Cambridge History of China, Volume 6, Alien Regime and Border States, 907-1368, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 43–153, ISBN 0521243319
  • Twitchett, Denis (2008), The Cambridge History of China: Volume 1, Cambridge University Press
  • Wen, Maotao (2014). The Creation of the Qiang Ethnicity, its Relation to the Rme People and the Preservation of Rme Language (Master thesis). Duke University.
  • Wagner, Donald B. (2008), Science and Civilization in China Volume 5-11: Ferrous Metallurgy, Cambridge University Press
  • West, Barbara A. (2009), Encyclopedia of Peoples of Asia and Oceania, Facts on File
  • Whiting, Marvin C. (2002), Imperial Chinese Military History, Writers Club Press

4. 中文词条参考文献

  1. ^ Edwin G. Pulleyblank. Chapter 14 – The Chinese and Their Neighbors in Prehistoric and Early Historic Times. David Keightley (编). The Origins of Chinese Civilization. University of California Press. 1983. ISBN 0-520-04229-8.
  2. ^ Sigfried J. de Laet, Joachim Herrmann: History of Humanity: From the seventh century B.C. to the seventh century A.D. UNESCO, 1996, page 501.
  3. ^ Sanping Chen: Multicultural China in the Early Middle Ages. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012.
  4. ^ Patricia Buckley Ebrey: The Cambridge Illustrated History of China, Cambridge University Press, 2010, page 69.
  5. ^ Henry Luce Foundation Professor of East Asian Studies Nicola Di Cosmo, Nicola Di Cosmo, Don J Wyatt. Political Frontiers, Ethnic Boundaries and Human Geographies in Chinese History. Routledge, 2005, page 87.
  6. ^ Edwin G. Pulleyblank. Chapter 14 – The Chinese and Their Neighbors in Prehistoric and Early Historic Times. The Origins of Chinese Civilization. University of California Press. 1983 [2017-06-19]. ISBN 9780520042292. （原始内容存档于2020-11-21） （英语）.
  7. ^ 《诗经》〈大雅〉〈商颂〉〈殷武〉：“昔有成汤，自彼氐羌，莫敢不来享，莫敢不来王。”郑玄笺注：“氐羌，夷狄国，在西方者。”
  8. ^ 商颂：“昔有成汤，自彼氐羌，莫敢不来享，莫敢不来王。”
  9. ^ 见陆贾新语、裴骃史记集解
  10. ^ 徐中舒〈夏商之际夏民族的迁徙〉，收入李绍明、程显敏编《西南民族研究论文选》，成都：四川大学出版社，1991年。
  11. ^ 王, 明珂. 羌在汉藏之间. ISBN 9787101061673.
  12. ^ Sanping Chen: Multicultural China in the Early Middle Ages （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012.
  13. ^ Beckwith, Christopher I. Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton University Press. : 375–376. ISBN 14008-29941.
  14. ^ 岑仲勉〈楚辞中的古突厥语〉，收入《岑仲勉史学论文续集》，中华书局，2004年。
  15. ^ 王明珂《羌在汉藏之间》：“根据这些典范的羌族史，羌族的来源至少可追溯至商代。甲骨文中有“羌”,他们是商人的西方敌人。根据卜辞地理研究,“羌”大致分布于豫西、晋南或陕西东部。殷商卜辞之中常有商，或其属国，与羌之间的战争记录。卜辞中也记载，被俘的羌人被商人用在祖先祭祀中为犠牲，或成为商人的奴隶。由于羌与姜在文字上的相似，殷商之羌人又被认为与中国古史中的姜姓之族有关。”
  16. ^ 孙宏开《三个不同历史时期的“羌”人— 基于语言学、历史学、考古学、人类学的视角》

5. 外部链接

维基文库中的相关文本：

 《钦定古今图书集成·方舆汇编·边裔典·羌部》，出自陈梦雷《古今图书集成》

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