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【消歧义提示】关于该短视频平台的中国大陆版本，请见“抖音”
目录
- 0. 概述
- 1. 公司结构 | Corporate structure
- 2. 历史 | History
- 3. 特点 | Features
- 4. 内容 | Content
- 5. 使用情况 | Usage
- 6. 隐私和安全问题 | Privacy and security concerns
- 7. 争议 | Controversies
- 8. 限制与封锁 | Restrictions and bans
- 9. 合作伙伴关系 | Partnerships
- 参见、参考文献、 外部链接
0. 概述
辽观注：此标题是我们在搬运、整合过程中添加的。
TikTok是一个短视频分享平台，由中国大陆互联网公司字节跳动所有，为抖音的海外版本，面向中国大陆及香港特别行政区以外的地区运营，可通过移动应用程序或网站访问。用户可在该平台上传及分享长度为3秒至60秒不等的短视频[2]。同时，TikTok利用推荐算法将内容创作者和新用户快速联系起来[3]。
TikTok自发布上线以来，已成为全球用户量居前列的社交媒体平台之一。2020年4月，TikTok移动应用程序在全球的下载量突破20亿次[4]。2021年，TikTok超越Google搜索，被Cloudflare评为全球最受欢迎的网站[5]。TikTok的内容能够形成病毒式传播，影响饮食、时尚、音乐等领域的流行趋势，其全球文化影响力亦不断提高[6][7]。
TikTok has come under scrutiny due to data privacy violations, mental health concerns, misinformation, offensive content, and its role during the Gaza war.[11][12] Countries have fined, banned, or attempted to restrict TikTok to protect children or out of national security concerns over possible user data collection by the government of China through ByteDance.[11][13]
0.2 概况表格
辽观注：此标题是我们在搬运、整合过程中添加的。
表1：TikTok（APP）
| 开发者 | TikTok Inc.（隶属于字节跳动） TikTok Pte. Ltd（隶属于字节跳动） |
|---|---|
| 首次发布 | 2017年5月，7年前 |
| 操作系统 | iOS 11或更高 iPadOS Android Android TV visionOS |
| 前任 | musical.ly live.ly |
| 语言 | 40种语言[1] 阿拉伯语 孟加拉语 保加利亚语 缅甸语 宿务语 中文（繁体和简体） 克罗地亚语 捷克语 荷兰语 英语 菲律宾语 法语 德语 希腊语 古吉拉特语 印地语 匈牙利语 印度尼西亚语 意大利语 日语 爪哇语 卡纳达语 哈萨克语 高棉语 韩语 拉脱维亚语 立陶宛语 马来语 马拉雅拉姆语 马拉地语 奥里亚语 波兰语 葡萄牙语 旁遮普语 罗马尼亚语 俄语 西班牙语 瑞典语 泰米尔语 泰卢固语 泰语 土耳其语 乌克兰语 乌孜别克语 越南语 |
| 类型 | 视频分享 |
| 许可协议 | 专有 |
| 网站 | tiktok.com |
表2：TikTok私人有限公司（开曼群岛）
| 商业名称 | TikTok Pte. Ltd. |
|---|---|
| 原文名称 | TikTok Pte. Ltd. |
| 公司类型 | 私人公司（字节跳动全资子公司） |
| 成立 | 2017年 |
| 创办人 | 张一鸣 |
| 代表人物 | 周受资（CEO） |
| 总部 |  新加坡莱佛士码头1号 开曼群岛（注册地） |
| 标语口号 | Make Your Days |
| 业务范围 |  全世界 |
| 母公司 | 字节跳动有限公司 |
| 网站 | www.tiktok.com |
1. 公司结构 | Corporate structure
TikTok Ltd was incorporated in the Cayman Islands in the Caribbean and is based in both Singapore and Los Angeles.[14] It owns four entities which are based respectively in the United States, Australia (which also runs the New Zealand business), United Kingdom (also owns subsidiaries in the European Union), and Singapore (owns operations in Southeast Asia and India).[15][16]
【参考译文】TikTok Ltd是在加勒比海地区的开曼群岛注册成立的，其总部设在新加坡和洛杉矶。[14]它拥有四个实体，分别位于美国、澳大利亚（同时还经营新西兰的业务）、英国（还拥有欧盟的子公司）和新加坡（拥有东南亚和印度的业务）。[15][16]
Its parent company, Beijing-based ByteDance, is owned by founders and Chinese investors, other global investors, and employees.[17] One of ByteDance’s main domestic subsidiaries is owned by Chinese state funds and entities through a 1% golden share.[18][19][20] Employees have reported that multiple overlaps exist between TikTok and ByteDance in terms of personnel management and product development.[21][22][23][24] TikTok says that since 2020, its US-based CEO is responsible for making important decisions, and has downplayed its China connection.[24]
【参考译文】其母公司字节跳动（ByteDance）总部位于北京，由创始人、中国投资者、其他全球投资者和员工共同拥有。[17]字节跳动的一家主要国内子公司通过1%的黄金股由中国国家基金和实体所持有。[18][19][20]员工报告称，TikTok和字节跳动在人员管理和产品开发方面存在多处重叠。[21][22][23][24]TikTok表示，自2020年以来，其美国首席执行官负责做出重要决策，并淡化了其与中国的联系。[24]
2. 历史 | History
2.1 抖音（中国大陆版）| Douyin
“Douyin” redirects here; not to be confused with doujin.
【参考译文】“Douyin”跳转至此；请勿与同人志（doujin）混淆。
Douyin was launched by ByteDance in September 2016, originally under the name A.me, before rebranding to Douyin (抖音) in December 2016.[25][26] Douyin was developed in 200 days and within a year had 100 million users, with more than one billion videos viewed every day.[27][28]
【参考译文】2016年9月，字节跳动推出了名为A.me的抖音国际版的前身，后于2016年12月更名为抖音（Douyin）。[25][26]抖音在200天内开发完成，并在一年内拥有了1亿用户，每天的视频观看量超过10亿次。[27][28]
While TikTok and Douyin share a similar user interface, the platforms operate separately.[29][4][30] Douyin includes an in-video search feature that can search by people’s faces for more videos of them, along with other features such as buying, booking hotels, and making geo-tagged reviews.[31]
【参考译文】虽然TikTok和抖音的用户界面相似，但这两个平台是独立运营的。[29][4][30]抖音内置了视频内搜索功能，可以通过搜索人脸来查找更多该人物的视频，此外还具有购物、预订酒店和发表带地理位置标签的评论等其他功能。[31]
2.2 TikTok（海外版）| TikTok
ByteDance planned on Douyin expanding overseas. The founder of ByteDance, Zhang Yiming, stated that “China is home to only one-fifth of Internet users globally. If we don’t expand on a global scale, we are bound to lose to peers eyeing the four-fifths. So, going global is a must.”[32]
【参考译文】字节跳动计划将抖音拓展至海外市场。字节跳动的创始人张一鸣表示：“中国只占全球互联网用户的五分之一。如果我们不在全球范围内扩张，就必然会输给那些盯着剩下五分之四市场的同行。因此，全球化是必经之路。”[32]
ByteDance created TikTok as an overseas version of Douyin. TikTok was launched in the international market in September 2017.[33] On 9 November 2017, ByteDance spent nearly $1 billion to purchase Musical.ly, a startup headquartered in Shanghai with an overseas office in Santa Monica, California.[34][35] Musical.ly was a social media video platform that allowed users to create short lip-sync and comedy videos, initially released in August 2014. TikTok merged with Musical.ly on 2 August 2018 with existing accounts and data consolidated into one app, keeping the title TikTok.[36][35][37][38]
【参考译文】字节跳动创建了TikTok作为抖音的海外版。TikTok于2017年9月在国际市场推出。[33]2017年11月9日，字节跳动斥资近10亿美元收购了总部位于上海、在加利福尼亚州圣莫尼卡设有海外办公室的初创公司Musical.ly。[34][35]Musical.ly是一个社交媒体视频平台，允许用户创作短小的对口型和喜剧视频，该平台最初于2014年8月发布。2018年8月2日，TikTok与Musical.ly合并，将现有账户和数据整合到一个应用中，并保留了TikTok的名称。[36][35][37][38]
On 23 January 2018, the TikTok app ranked first among free application downloads on app stores in Thailand and other countries.[39] TikTok has been downloaded more than 130 million times in the United States and has reached 2 billion downloads worldwide,[7] according to data from mobile research firm Sensor Tower (those numbers exclude Android users in China).[40]
【参考译文】2018年1月23日，TikTok应用在泰国等国家的应用商店免费应用下载量中排名第一。[39]据移动研究机构Sensor Tower的数据显示（该数据不包括中国的安卓用户），TikTok在美国的下载量已超过1.3亿次，全球下载量已达到20亿次。[7][40]
In the United States, Jimmy Fallon, Tony Hawk, and other celebrities began using the app in 2018.[41][42] Other celebrities like Jennifer Lopez, Jessica Alba, Will Smith, and Justin Bieber joined TikTok.[43] In January 2019, TikTok allowed creators to embed merchandise sale links into their videos.[44] On 3 September 2019, TikTok and the U.S. National Football League (NFL) announced a multi-year partnership.[45] The agreement came just two days before the NFL’s 100th season kick-off at Soldier Field in Chicago where TikTok hosted activities for fans in honor of the deal. The partnership entails the launch of an official NFL TikTok account, which is to bring about new marketing opportunities such as sponsored videos and hashtag challenges. In July 2020, TikTok, excluding Douyin, reported close to 800 million monthly active users worldwide after less than four years of existence.[46]
【参考译文】在美国，吉米·法伦、托尼·霍克等名人于2018年开始使用该应用。[41][42]其他名人如詹妮弗·洛佩兹、杰西卡·阿尔芭、威尔·史密斯和贾斯汀·比伯也加入了TikTok。[43]2019年1月，TikTok允许创作者在他们的视频中嵌入商品销售链接。[44]2019年9月3日，TikTok和美国国家橄榄球联盟（NFL）宣布达成一项多年合作协议。[45]该协议是在美国国家橄榄球联盟第100赛季于芝加哥士兵球场开幕前两天达成的，TikTok在那里为球迷举办了活动以庆祝这一合作。该合作包括推出一个官方的NFL TikTok账号，这将带来新的营销机会，如赞助视频和主题标签挑战。2020年7月，TikTok（不包括抖音）在成立不到四年的时间里，全球月活跃用户数量已接近8亿。[46]
In May 2021, TikTok appointed Shou Zi Chew as their new CEO[47] who assumed the position from interim CEO Vanessa Pappas, following the resignation of Kevin A. Mayer on 27 August 2020.[48][49][50] In September 2021, TikTok reported that it had reached 1 billion users.[51] In 2021, TikTok earned $4 billion in advertising revenue.[52]
【参考译文】2021年5月，TikTok任命周受资为其新任首席执行官[47]，接替于2020年8月27日辞职的凯文·梅耶尔（Kevin A. Mayer）留下的空缺，此前该职位一直由临时首席执行官凡妮莎·帕帕斯（Vanessa Pappas）担任。[48][49][50]2021年9月，TikTok报告称，其用户数量已达到10亿。[51]2021年，TikTok的广告收入为40亿美元。[52]
In October 2022, TikTok was reported to be planning an expansion into the e-commerce market in the US, following the launch of TikTok Shop in the United Kingdom. The company posted job listings for staff for a series of order fulfillment centers in the U.S. and is reportedly planning to start the new live shopping business before the end of the year.[53] The Financial Times reported that TikTok will launch a video gaming channel, but the report was denied in a statement to Digiday, with TikTok instead aiming to be a social hub for the gaming community.[54][55] According to data from app analytics group Sensor Tower, advertising on TikTok in the U.S. grew by 11% in March 2023, with companies including Pepsi, DoorDash, Amazon, and Apple among the top spenders. According to estimates from research group Insider Intelligence, TikTok is projected to generate $14.15 billion in revenue in 2023, up from $9.89 billion in 2022.[56] In March 2024, The Wall Street Journal reported that TikTok’s growth in the U.S. had stagnated.[57]
【参考译文】2022年10月，据报道，TikTok继在英国推出TikTok Shop后，正计划将其业务拓展至美国电子商务市场。该公司在美国的一系列订单履行中心发布了招聘启事，并据称计划在今年年底前启动新的直播购物业务。[53]据《金融时报》报道，TikTok将推出一个视频游戏频道，但TikTok在向Digiday发表的一份声明中否认了这一报道，并称其目标是成为游戏社区的社交中心。[54][55]据应用分析机构Sensor Tower的数据显示，2023年3月，TikTok在美国的广告业务增长了11%，其中百事可乐、DoorDash、亚马逊和苹果等公司位居广告支出前列。据研究机构Insider Intelligence的估算，TikTok在2023年的收入预计将达到141.5亿美元，高于2022年的98.9亿美元。[56]2024年3月，《华尔街日报》报道称，TikTok在美国的增长已经停滞。[57]
Since at least 2020, following calls to ban TikTok in the country, the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS) has been investigating the company’s 2017 merger with Musical.ly but has not finalized any of its negotiations with TikTok, such as the Project Texas proposal, waiting instead for Congress to act.[58]
【参考译文】自2020年至少开始，在美国国内要求禁止TikTok的呼声下，美国外国投资委员会（CFIUS）一直在调查该公司2017年与Musical.ly的合并案，但尚未与TikTok就任何谈判（如得克萨斯州计划提案）达成最终协议，而是等待国会采取行动。[58]
2023年7月，TikTok表示，随着社交媒体巨头之间的竞争加剧，它将提供纯文本发布功能，从而为用户提供另一种表达方式。[20][21]
In January 2025, Chinese officials began preliminary talks about potentially selling TikTok’s U.S. operations to Elon Musk if the app faced an impending ban due to national security concerns. While Beijing preferred TikTok remain under ByteDance’s control, the sale could happen through a competitive process or with U.S. government involvement. One possibility involved Musk’s platform, X, taking over TikTok’s U.S. business. The move came ahead of a Supreme Court case that upheld the constitutionality of a law that would force a sale or ban of TikTok in the U.S. by 19 January 2025, due to national security concerns regarding its ties to China.[59][60] Other potential buyers included Project Liberty’s “The People’s Bid For TikTok” consortium[61] of billionaire real estate mogul Frank McCourt with Shark Tank investor Kevin O’Leary; former Trump Treasury Secretary Steve Mnuchin; YouTuber Jimmy Donaldson (MrBeast)[62] and former Activision Blizzard CEO Bobby Kotick; the seriousness of these potential buyers was unclear.[63] The day before the impending ban, California-based conversational search engine company Perplexity AI submitted a bid for a merger with TikTok US.[64][65][66][67]
【参考译文】2025年1月，中国官员开始初步谈判，讨论如果TikTok因国家安全担忧而面临即将被禁的局面，可能会将其美国业务出售给埃隆·马斯克。虽然北京方面更倾向于TikTok留在字节跳动公司的控制之下，但出售可能会通过竞标流程进行，也可能会有美国政府的参与。其中一种可能性是马斯克的平台X接管TikTok的美国业务。此举发生在最高法院审理一起案件之前，该案维护了一项法律的合宪性，该法律要求由于TikTok与中国的关系引发的国家安全担忧，必须在2025年1月19日之前强制出售或禁止TikTok在美国的运营。[59][60]其他潜在买家包括Project Liberty的“人民竞购TikTok”联盟[61]，其中包括亿万富翁房地产大亨弗兰克·麦考特和《鲨鱼坦克》投资人凯文·奥莱利；前特朗普政府财政部部长史蒂夫·姆努钦；YouTube博主吉米·唐纳森（MrBeast）[62]和前动视暴雪公司首席执行官鲍比·科蒂克；但这些潜在买家的认真程度尚不清楚。[63]在禁令即将实施的前一天，总部位于加利福尼亚州的对话式搜索引擎公司Perplexity AI提交了对TikTok美国的合并竞购。[64][65][66][67]
当地时间2025年1月18日晚，TikTok公司通知美国用户，由于美官方禁令19日起生效，TikTok软件将暂时对用户停止服务[22]。
2025年美国东部时间1月18日晚上22点30分（北京时间1月19日上午11点30分），字节跳动终止了TikTok对美国用户的服务，美国用户无法在TikTok上阅览短视频。除非使用特别技术手段外，大多数美国用户在打开TikTok时会和香港及印度用户一样看见停止服务的提示。TikTok停止服务的提示在提及TikTok停止服务的同时还提及到美国后任总统特朗普可能会与TikTok合作解决TikTok问题的事宜。同时TikTok从App Store和Google play的美国区下架。[23][24]但在美国西部时间1月19日早上9点30分（北京时间1月20日凌晨1点30分），在美国后任总统特朗普对TikTok的美国业务涉事公司合法运营做出必要的澄清和法律保证后不久，TikTok又恢复了对美国用户的服务。TikTok方面对特朗普的保证表示感谢。[25]
2.3 在其他市场的扩张 | Expansion in other markets
TikTok was downloaded over 104 million times on Apple’s App Store during the first half of 2018, according to data provided to CNBC by Sensor Tower.[68]
After merging with musical.ly in August, downloads increased and TikTok became the most downloaded app in the U.S. in October 2018, which musical.ly had done once before.[27] In February 2019, TikTok, together with Douyin, hit one billion downloads globally, excluding Android installs in China.[69] In 2019, media outlets cited TikTok as the 7th-most-downloaded mobile app of the decade, from 2010 to 2019.[70] It was also the most-downloaded app on Apple’s App Store in 2018 and 2019, surpassing Facebook, YouTube and Instagram.[68][71] In September 2020, a deal was confirmed between ByteDance and Oracle in which the latter will serve as a partner to provide cloud hosting.[72][73] In November 2020, TikTok signed a licensing deal with Sony Music.[74] In December 2020, Warner Music Group signed a licensing deal with TikTok.[75][76]
【参考译文】据应用分析机构Sensor Tower向CNBC提供的数据显示，2018年上半年，TikTok在苹果应用商店的下载量超过1.04亿次。[68]2018年8月与musical.ly合并后，下载量有所增加，TikTok在2018年10月成为美国下载量最高的应用，而musical.ly此前也曾取得过这一成绩。[27]2019年2月，TikTok（不含中国安卓端安装量）与抖音在全球的下载量突破10亿次。[69]2019年，媒体将TikTok列为2010年至2019年这十年间下载量第七高的移动应用。[70]它还在2018年和2019年成为苹果应用商店下载量最高的应用，超过了Facebook、YouTube和Instagram。[68][71]2020年9月，字节跳动与甲骨文之间达成了一项协议，后者将作为合作伙伴提供云托管服务。[72][73]2020年11月，TikTok与索尼音乐签订了一项许可协议。[74]2020年12月，华纳音乐集团与TikTok签订了一项许可协议。[75][76]
The advertising revenue of short video clips is lower than other social media: while users spend more time, American audience is monetized at a rate of $0.31 per hour, a third the rate of Facebook and a fifth the rate of Instagram, $67 per year while Instagram will make more than $200.[77] In July 2023, Iranian Mehr News Agency reported “experts from Douyin” will meet Iranian business in Tehran to enable Iranian exports to China.[78]
【参考译文】短视频的广告收入低于其他社交媒体：尽管用户花费了更多时间，但美国受众的货币化率仅为每小时0.31美元，只有Facebook的三分之一，Instagram的五分之一，每年67美元，而Instagram的收入将超过200美元。[77]2023年7月，伊朗梅尔通讯社报道，“抖音专家”将在德黑兰与伊朗商界会面，以促进伊朗对华出口。[78]
In 2023, several high-level executives transferred from ByteDance to TikTok to focus on moneymaking operations. Some moved from Beijing to the US. According to sources for The Wall Street Journal, the personnel move led to concerns from some TikTok employees and was reported to the office of U.S. Senator Ted Cruz for further investigation.[79][80] In December 2023, TikTok invested $1.5 billion in GoTo’s Indonesian e-commerce business, Tokopedia.[81] In March 2024, The Information reported that it is an open secret among investors that TikTok loses billions of dollar annually.[82]
【参考译文】2023年，几位高层管理人员从字节跳动调至TikTok，专注于盈利业务。一些人从北京搬到了美国。据《华尔街日报》的消息人士称，此次人事变动引起了一些TikTok员工的担忧，并已上报给美国参议员特德·克鲁兹的办公室进行进一步调查。[79][80]2023年12月，TikTok向GoTo的印尼电子商务平台Tokopedia投资了15亿美元。[81]2024年3月，《The Information》报道称，TikTok每年亏损数十亿美元，这在投资者中已是公开的秘密。[82]
2.4 与其他平台的竞争 | Competition with other platforms
Although the size of its user base falls short of that of Facebook, Instagram, or YouTube, TikTok reached 1 billion active monthly users faster than any of them.[83] Competition from TikTok prompted Instagram, which is owned by Facebook, to spend $120 million as of 2022 to entice more content creators to its Reels service, although engagement level remained low.[84] Snapchat had likewise paid out $250 million in 2021 to its creators.[85] Many platforms and services, including YouTube Shorts, began to imitate TikTok’s format and recommendation page. Those changes caused a backlash from users of Instagram, Spotify, and Twitter.[83]
【参考译文】尽管TikTok的用户基数规模尚不及Facebook、Instagram或YouTube，但它却比这三者中的任何一个都更快地达到了10亿月活跃用户。[83]TikTok带来的竞争促使Facebook旗下的Instagram在2022年之前花费了1.2亿美元，以吸引更多内容创作者使用其Reels服务，尽管用户的参与度仍然很低。[84]Snapchat在2021年同样向其创作者支付了2.5亿美元。[85]包括YouTube Shorts在内的许多平台和服务开始模仿TikTok的格式和推荐页面。这些变化引发了Instagram、Spotify和Twitter用户的不满。[83]
In March 2022, The Washington Post reported that Facebook’s owner Meta Platforms paid Targeted Victory—a consulting firm backed by supporters of the U.S. Republican Party—to coordinate lobbying and media campaigns against TikTok and portray it as “a danger to American children and society”. Its efforts included asking local reporters to serve as “back channels” of anti-TikTok messages, writing opinion articles and letters to the editor, including one in the name of a concerned parent, amplifying stories about TikTok trends, such as “devious licks” and “Slap a Teacher”, that actually originated on Facebook, and promoting Facebook’s own corporate initiatives. Ties to Meta were not disclosed to the other parties involved. Targeted Victory said that it is “proud of the work”. A Meta spokesperson said that all platforms, including TikTok, should face scrutiny.[86]
【参考译文】2022年3月，《华盛顿邮报》报道称，Facebook的所有者Meta Platforms向Targeted Victory（一家由美国共和党支持者支持的咨询公司）支付费用，以协调针对TikTok的游说和媒体宣传活动，并将其描绘为“美国儿童和社会的危险”。Meta Platforms的举措包括要求当地记者充当反TikTok信息的“幕后渠道”，撰写评论文章和致编辑的信件（包括一封以忧心忡忡的家长名义撰写的信件），放大关于TikTok趋势（如“狡猾的舔舐”和“打老师”等，这些趋势实际上起源于Facebook）的故事，并宣传Meta自己的企业倡议。Meta与其他相关方并未披露这种关系。Targeted Victory表示，它“为自己的工作感到自豪”。Meta的一位发言人表示，包括TikTok在内的所有平台都应接受审查。[86]
The Wall Street Journal reported that Silicon Valley executives met with U.S. lawmakers to build an “anti-China alliance” before TikTok CEO’s congressional hearing in March 2023.[87][88]
【参考译文】《华尔街日报》报道称，在TikTok首席执行官于2023年3月参加国会听证会之前，硅谷高管与美国议员会面，以建立一个“反中国联盟”。[87][88]
2.5 TikTok Notes
In April 2024, TikTok users started receiving notifications that their current and future picture posts would be shown on a new app called TikTok Notes. The app is not released yet; however, TikTok confirmed it is being worked on. TikTok Notes will be a direct competitor to Instagram for photo sharing. Jasmine Enberg, a principal social media analyst at eMarketer, observes that launching Notes as a separate app, instead of as a new feature in TikTok, may be done in response to regulatory and consumer scrutiny.[89][90] On 18 April, Notes first released to users in Canada and Australia for limited testing.[91]
【参考译文】2024年4月，TikTok用户开始收到通知，称他们当前和未来的图片帖子将在一个名为TikTok Notes的新应用上显示。该应用尚未发布；然而，TikTok已确认正在开发此应用。TikTok Notes将成为与Instagram直接竞争的图片分享平台。eMarketer的首席社交媒体分析师Jasmine Enberg观察到，将Notes作为独立应用推出，而不是作为TikTok的新功能，可能是为了应对监管机构和消费者的审查。[89][90]4月18日，Notes首次向加拿大和澳大利亚的用户发布，进行有限测试。[91]
3. 特点 | Features
The mobile app allows users to create short videos, which often feature music in the background and can be sped up, slowed down, or edited with a filter. They can also add their own sound on top of the background music. To create a music video with the app, users can choose background music from a wide variety of music genres, edit with a filter and record a 15-second video with speed adjustments before uploading it to share with others on TikTok or other social platforms.[92] The “For You” page on TikTok is a feed of videos that are recommended to users based on their activity on the app. Content is curated by TikTok’s artificial intelligence depending on the content a user liked, interacted with, or searched. This helps users find new content and creators reach new audiences, in contrast to other social networks that base recommendations on the interactions and relationships between users.[93][6]
【参考译文】该移动应用允许用户创建短视频，这些视频通常配有背景音乐，并可以加快、减慢速度或使用滤镜进行编辑。用户还可以在背景音乐之上添加自己的声音。要使用该应用创建音乐视频，用户可以从多种音乐类型中选择背景音乐，使用滤镜进行编辑，然后以调整后的速度录制15秒的视频，再上传分享到TikTok或其他社交平台。[92]TikTok上的“为你推荐”页面是根据用户在应用上的活动向用户推荐的视频流。内容会根据用户喜欢、互动或搜索的内容，由TikTok的人工智能进行策划。这有助于用户发现新的内容，也有助于创作者接触新的观众群体，这与基于用户间互动和关系进行推荐的其他社交网络不同。[93][6]
TikTok’s algorithm, recognized by The New York Times in 2020 as one of the most advanced for shaping user experiences and social interactions,[94] stands out from traditional social media. While typical platforms focus on active user actions like likes, clicks, or follows, TikTok monitors a wider array of behaviors during video viewing. This comprehensive observation is then used to refine its algorithms, as noted by Wired in 2020.[95] Furthermore, The Wall Street Journal in 2021 highlighted its superiority over other social media platforms in understanding users’ preferences and emotions. TikTok’s algorithm leverages this insight to present similar content, creating an environment that users often find hard to disengage from.[96]
【参考译文】《纽约时报》在2020年将TikTok的算法评为塑造用户体验和社交互动方面最先进的算法之一，[94]该算法区别于传统社交媒体。虽然典型的平台会关注诸如点赞、点击或关注等用户的主动行为，但TikTok会监测用户在观看视频时的更广泛行为。据《连线》杂志2020年报道，这种全面的观察随后被用于改进其算法。[95]此外，《华尔街日报》在2021年强调了TikTok在理解用户偏好和情绪方面优于其他社交媒体平台。TikTok的算法利用这些见解来呈现类似的内容，从而创造出一个用户往往难以摆脱的环境。[96]
The app’s “react” feature allows users to film their reaction to a specific video, over which it is placed in a small window that is movable around the screen.[97] Its “duet” feature allows users to film a video aside from another video.[98] The “duet” feature was another trademark of musical.ly. The duet feature is also only able to be used if both parties adjust the privacy settings.[99]
【参考译文】该应用的“反应”功能允许用户拍摄他们对特定视频的反应，该视频会放置在一个可在屏幕上移动的小窗口中。[97]其“合拍”功能允许用户拍摄一个与另一个视频并排的视频。[98]“合拍”功能也是musical.ly的另一个特色。不过，只有双方都调整了隐私设置，才能使用合拍功能。[99]
Videos that users do not want to post yet can be stored in their “drafts”. The user is allowed to see their “drafts” and post when they find it fitting.[100]
【参考译文】用户暂时不想发布的视频可以保存在他们的“草稿”中。用户可以随时查看他们的“草稿”，并在认为合适时发布。[100]
The app allows users to set their accounts as “private”. When first downloading the app, the user’s account is public by default. The user can change to private in their settings. Private content remains visible to TikTok but is blocked from TikTok users who the account holder has not authorized to view their content.[101] Users can choose whether any other user, or only their “friends”, may interact with them through the app via comments, messages, or “react” or “duet” videos.[97] Users also can set specific videos to either “public”, “friends only”, or “private” regardless if the account is private or not.[101]
【参考译文】应用允许用户将账户设置为“私密”。首次下载应用时，用户的账户默认为公开。用户可以在设置中更改为私密。私密内容对TikTok可见，但被未获得账户持有人授权查看其内容的TikTok用户屏蔽。[101]用户可以选择是否允许任何其他用户或仅他们的“朋友”通过应用中的评论、消息或“反应”或“合拍”视频与他们互动。[97]无论账户是否私密，用户都可以将特定视频设置为“公开”、“仅朋友可见”或“私密”。[101]
Users may send their friends videos, emojis, and messages with direct messaging. TikTok has also included a feature to create a video based on the user’s comments. Influencers often use the “live” feature. This feature is only available for those who have at least 1,000 followers and are over 16 years old. If over 18, the user’s followers can send virtual “gifts” that can be later exchanged for money.[102][103]
【参考译文】用户可以通过直接消息向朋友发送视频、表情符号和消息。TikTok还包含了一个根据用户评论创建视频的功能。影响者经常使用“直播”功能。此功能仅适用于至少有1000个关注者且年满16岁的用户。如果用户年满18岁，他们的关注者可以发送虚拟“礼物”，这些礼物以后可以兑换成现金。[102][103]
TikTok announced a “family safety mode” in February 2020 for parents to be able to control their children’s presence on the app. There is a screen time management option, restricted mode, and the option to put a limit on direct messages.[104] The app expanded its parental controls feature called “Family Pairing” in September 2020 to provide parents and guardians with educational resources to understand what children on TikTok are exposed to. Content for the feature was created in partnership with online safety nonprofit, Internet Matters.[105]
【参考译文】TikTok于2020年2月宣布推出“家庭安全模式”，让家长能够控制孩子在应用上的活动。该模式有屏幕时间管理选项、限制模式和限制直接消息的选项。[104]该应用于2020年9月扩展了其名为“家庭配对”的家长控制功能，为家长和监护人提供教育资源，以了解孩子在TikTok上接触到的内容。该功能的内容是与在线安全非营利组织Internet Matters合作创建的。[105]
In October 2021, TikTok launched a test feature that allows users to directly tip certain creators. Accounts of users that are of age, have at least 100,000 followers and agree to the terms can activate a “Tip” button on their profile, which allows followers to tip any amount, starting from $1.[106] In December 2021, TikTok started beta-testing Live Studio, a streaming software that would let users broadcast applications open on their computers, including games. The software also launched with support for mobile and PC streaming.[107] However, a few days later, users on Twitter discovered that the software uses code from the open-source OBS Studio. OBS made a statement saying that, under the GNU GPL version 2, TikTok has to make the code of Live Studio publicly available if it wants to use any code from OBS.[108]
【参考译文】2021年10月，TikTok推出了一项测试功能，允许用户直接向某些创作者打赏。年龄达标、至少有10万关注者并同意相关条款的用户可以在其个人资料上激活“打赏”按钮，让关注者可以从1美元起进行打赏。[106]2021年12月，TikTok开始测试Live Studio，这是一款流媒体软件，可以让用户直播他们电脑上打开的应用程序，包括游戏。该软件还支持移动设备和PC流媒体。[107]然而，几天后，Twitter上的用户发现该软件使用了来自开源OBS Studio的代码。OBS发表声明称，根据GNU GPL版本2，如果TikTok想使用OBS的任何代码，就必须将Live Studio的代码公开。[108]
In May 2022, TikTok announced TikTok Pulse, an ad revenue-sharing program. It covers the “top 4% of all videos on TikTok” and is only available to creators with more than 100,000 followers. If an eligible creator’s video reaches the top 4%, they will receive a 50% share of the revenue from ads displayed with the video.[109] In July 2023, TikTok launched a new streaming service called TikTok Music, currently available only in Brazil and Indonesia.[110] This service allows users to listen to, download and share songs.[110] It is reported that TikTok Music features songs from major record companies like Universal Music Group, Sony Music and Warner Music Group.[110] On 19 July 2023, TikTok Music was expanded for select users in Australia, Mexico and Singapore.[111]
【参考译文】2022年5月，TikTok宣布推出TikTok Pulse，这是一个广告收入分成计划。该计划涵盖“TikTok上所有视频的前4%”，并且仅对拥有超过10万关注者的创作者开放。如果符合条件的创作者的视频进入前4%，他们将获得与该视频一起展示的广告收入的50%。[109]2023年7月，TikTok推出了一项名为TikTok Music的新流媒体服务，目前仅在巴西和印度尼西亚可用。[110]该服务允许用户收听、下载和分享歌曲。[110]据报道，TikTok Music拥有环球音乐集团、索尼音乐和华纳音乐集团等主要唱片公司的歌曲。[110]2023年7月19日，TikTok Music向澳大利亚、墨西哥和新加坡的部分用户扩展。[111]
After a dispute with TikTok regarding payouts for artists and regulation of AI-generated music content on the platform, Universal Music Group decided not to renew its licensing agreement with TikTok, causing its catalogue of 3 million recordings to become unavailable for usage after 31 January 2024.[112] This marked the company’s first instance of withdrawing its music from a major platform, in contrast to Warner Music, which had recently renewed its own licensing deal with TikTok.[113] In March 2024, Universal Music Publishing Group removed its catalogue of 4 million compositions from TikTok.[114] In April 2024, Taylor Swift‘s music returned to the platform.[115]
【参考译文】在与TikTok就艺术家支付和平台上人工智能生成音乐内容的监管发生争议后，环球音乐集团决定不再续签与TikTok的许可协议，导致其300万首录音作品在2024年1月31日后无法在该平台使用。[112]这是该公司首次从主要平台撤回音乐，相比之下，华纳音乐最近刚与TikTok续签了许可协议。[113]2024年3月，环球音乐出版集团将其400万首音乐作品从TikTok上移除。[114]2024年4月，泰勒·斯威夫特的音乐重回该平台。[115]
4. 内容 | Content
4.1 病毒式热潮 | Viral trends
The app has spawned numerous viral trends, Internet celebrities, and music trends around the world.[116] Duets, a feature that allows users to add their own video to an existing video with the original content’s audio, have sparked many of these trends.[117] Many stars got their start on musical.ly, which merged with TikTok on 2 August 2018. These include Loren Gray, Baby Ariel, Zach King, Lisa and Lena, Jacob Sartorius, and many others. Loren Gray remained the most-followed individual on TikTok until Charli D’Amelio surpassed her on 25 March 2020. Gray’s was the first TikTok account to reach 40 million followers on the platform. She was surpassed with 41.3 million followers. D’Amelio was the first to ever reach 50, 60, and 70 million followers. Charli D’Amelio remained the most-followed individual on the platform until she was surpassed by Khaby Lame on 23 June 2022. Other creators rose to fame after the platform merged with musical.ly on 2 August 2018.[118] TikTok also played a major part in making “Old Town Road” by Lil Nas X one of the biggest songs of 2019 and the longest-running number-one song in the history of the U.S. Billboard Hot 100.[119][120][121]
【参考译文】该应用在全球范围内催生了众多病毒式热潮、网络红人和音乐潮流。[116]其中，“合拍”功能让用户能够在保留原视频音频的基础上，将自己的视频添加到现有视频中，从而引发了诸多热潮。[117]许多明星最初都是在musical.ly上崭露头角的，而musical.ly于2018年8月2日与TikTok合并。这些明星包括洛伦·格雷（Loren Gray）、宝贝爱丽儿（Baby Ariel）、扎克·金（Zach King）、丽莎和莉娜（Lisa and Lena）、雅各布·萨尔托里斯（Jacob Sartorius）等许多人。洛伦·格雷曾是TikTok上被关注最多的个人，直到2020年3月25日被查理·达梅利奥（Charli D’Amelio）超越。格雷的TikTok账号是该平台上首个粉丝数达到4000万的账号。随后，她被查理·达梅利奥以4130万粉丝超越。而查理·达梅利奥则是首位粉丝数达到5000万、6000万和7000万的TikTok用户。查理·达梅利奥一直是该平台上被关注最多的个人，直到2022年6月23日被哈比·拉梅（Khaby Lame）超越。2018年8月2日，该平台与musical.ly合并后，其他创作者也声名鹊起。[118]TikTok还在很大程度上推动了利尔·纳斯·X（Lil Nas X）的“Old Town Road”成为2019年最受欢迎的歌曲之一，也是美国告示牌百强单曲榜（Billboard Hot 100）历史上蝉联冠军时间最长的歌曲。[119][120][121]
TikTok has allowed many music artists to gain a wider audience, often including foreign fans. For example, despite never having toured in Asia, the band Fitz and the Tantrums developed a large following in South Korea following the widespread popularity of their 2016 song “HandClap” on the platform.[122] “Any Song” by R&B and rap artist Zico became number one on the Korean music charts due to the popularity of the #anysongchallenge, where users dance to the choreography of the song.[123] The platform has also launched many songs that failed to garner initial commercial success into sleeper hits, particularly since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic.[124][125] However, it has received criticism for not paying royalties to artists whose music is used on the platform.[126]
【参考译文】TikTok使许多音乐艺术家获得了更广泛的受众，其中往往包括外国粉丝。例如，尽管从未在亚洲巡演过，但“菲茨与暴徒”（Fitz and the Tantrums）乐队凭借其2016年的歌曲“HandClap”在该平台上的广泛流行，在韩国积累了大量粉丝。[122]R&B和说唱艺术家Zico的歌曲“Any Song”因#anysongchallenge（任何歌曲挑战）的流行而在韩国音乐排行榜上位居榜首，该挑战要求用户跟着歌曲的舞蹈编排跳舞。[123]该平台还推出了许多最初未获得商业成功的歌曲，这些歌曲后来却成为了黑马热门歌曲，尤其是在新冠肺炎疫情爆发之后。[124][125]然而，它也因未向在该平台上使用其音乐的艺术家支付版权费而受到批评。[126]
Classic stars are able to connect with younger audiences born decades after a musician’s first debut and across traditional genres. In 2020, Fleetwood Mac‘s “Dreams” was used in a skating video and a recreation by Mick Fleetwood. The song re-entered Billboard Hot 100 after 43 years and topped Apple Music. In 2022, Kate Bush‘s “Running Up That Hill” went viral among fans of Stranger Things, topping the UK singles chart 37 years after its original release. In 2023 Kylie Minogue‘s “Padam Padam” entered the Radio 1 playlist after being shared by Gen Z, even though many youth radio stations had refused to play it. Other older artists with strong engagement on TikTok include Elton John and Rod Stewart.[127] In Japan, artists from the 1970s to 1990s, such as Kohmi Hirose, Yōko Oginome, Akina Nakamori, Seiko Matsuda, Momoe Yamaguchi and Saki Kubota, have become popular on TikTok during the Showa (and early Heisei) retro boom.[128][129][130][131]
【参考译文】经典明星能够与在其首次出道后数十年出生的年轻观众，以及跨越传统流派的观众建立联系。2020年，米克·弗利特伍德（Mick Fleetwood）在一段滑冰视频和一段再创作视频中使用了佛利伍麦克乐队（Fleetwood Mac）的《Dreams》。这首歌在43年后重回告示牌百强单曲榜（Billboard Hot 100），并登顶苹果音乐榜。2022年，凯特·布什（Kate Bush）的《Running Up That Hill》在《怪奇物语》（Stranger Things）粉丝中走红，在发行37年后重回英国单曲榜榜首。2023年，尽管许多青年广播电台拒绝播放，凯莉·米洛（Kylie Minogue）的《Padam Padam》在被Z世代分享后，进入了英国广播第一台（Radio 1）的播放列表。其他在TikTok上拥有高互动度的老牌艺术家还包括埃尔顿·约翰（Elton John）和罗德·斯图尔特（Rod Stewart）。[127]在日本，从20世纪70年代到90年代的艺术家，如广濑香美（Kohmi Hirose）、小野洋子（Yōko Oginome）、中森明菜（Akina Nakamori）、松田圣子（Seiko Matsuda）、山口百惠（Momoe Yamaguchi）和久保田早纪（Saki Kubota）等，在昭和（以及平成早期）复古热潮中在TikTok上走红。[128][129][130][131]
In June 2020, TikTok users and K-pop fans “claimed to have registered potentially hundreds of thousands of tickets” for President Trump’s campaign rally in Tulsa, Oklahoma through communication on TikTok,[132] contributing to “rows of empty seats”[133] at the event. Later, in October 2020, an organization called TikTok for Biden was created to support then-presidential candidate Joe Biden.[134] After the election, the organization was renamed to Gen-Z for Change.[135][136]
【参考译文】2020年6月，TikTok用户和K-pop粉丝通过TikTok上的交流，“声称已注册了数十万张”俄克拉荷马州塔尔萨市特朗普总统竞选集会的门票，[132]导致活动现场“座位空空荡荡”。[133]后来，在2020年10月，一个名为“TikTok for Biden”的组织成立，以支持当时的总统候选人乔·拜登（Joe Biden）。[134]选举结束后，该组织更名为“Gen-Z for Change”。[135][136]
On 10 August 2020, Emily Jacobssen wrote and sang “Ode to Remy”, a song praising the protagonist from Pixar’s 2007 computer-animated film Ratatouille. The song rose to popularity when musician Daniel Mertzlufft composed a backing track to the song. In response, began creating a “crowdsourced” project called Ratatouille the Musical. Since Mertzlufft’s video, many new elements including costume design, additional songs, and a playbill have been created.[137] On 1 January 2021, a full one-hour virtual presentation of Ratatouille the Musical premiered on TodayTix. It starred Titus Burgess as Remy, Wayne Brady as Django, Adam Lambert as Emile, Kevin Chamberlin as Gusteau, Andrew Barth Feldman as Linguini, Ashley Park as Colette, Priscilla Lopez as Mabel, Mary Testa as Skinner, and André De Shields as Ego.
【参考译文】2020年8月10日，艾米丽·雅各布森（Emily Jacobssen）创作并演唱了歌曲《献给雷米的颂歌》（Ode to Remy），这首歌赞美了皮克斯2007年电脑动画电影《料理鼠王》（Ratatouille）中的主人公。当音乐家丹尼尔·默茨鲁夫特（Daniel Mertzlufft）为这首歌创作了伴奏后，这首歌开始走红。作为回应，他们开始创建一个名为《料理鼠王音乐剧》（Ratatouille the Musical）的“众包”项目。自默茨鲁夫特（Mertzlufft）的视频发布以来，已创作了许多新元素，包括服装设计、附加歌曲和演出单。[137]2021年1月1日，一部完整的《料理鼠王音乐剧》一小时虚拟演出在TodayTix上首播。剧中，提图斯·伯吉斯（Titus Burgess）饰演雷米（Remy），韦恩·布雷迪（Wayne Brady）饰演吉昂戈（Django），亚当·兰伯特（Adam Lambert）饰演艾米尔（Emile），凯文·张伯伦（Kevin Chamberlin）饰演古斯塔夫（Gusteau），安德鲁·巴特·费尔德曼（Andrew Barth Feldman）饰演小林（Linguini），阿什莉·朴（Ashley Park）饰演柯莱特（Colette），普里西拉·洛佩兹（Priscilla Lopez）饰演梅布尔（Mabel），玛丽·特斯塔（Mary Testa）饰演斯金纳（Skinner），安德烈·德·希尔兹（André De Shields）饰演艾格（Ego）。
A viral TikTok trend known as “devious licks” involves students vandalizing or stealing school property and posting videos of the action on the platform. The trend has led to increasing school vandalism and subsequent measures taken by some schools to prevent damage. Some students have been arrested for participating in the trend.[138][139] TikTok has taken measures to remove and prevent access to content displaying the trend.[140] Another TikTok trend known as the Kia Challenge involves users stealing certain models of Kia and Hyundai cars manufactured without immobilizers, which was a standard feature at the time, between 2010 and 2021.[141] As of February 2023, it had resulted in at least 14 crashes and eight deaths according to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.[142] In May, Kia and Hyundai settled a $200-million class-action lawsuit by agreeing to provide software updates to affected vehicles and over 26,000 steering wheel locks.[143] In 2023, a trend emerged where streamers acted as if they were video-game characters following prompts from their viewers.[144]
【参考译文】TikTok上有一个被称为“狡猾的舔舐”（devious licks）的病毒式传播趋势，涉及学生破坏或偷窃学校财产，并在该平台上发布行动视频。这一趋势导致学校破坏事件增多，随后一些学校采取了防止破坏的措施。一些学生因参与这一趋势而被捕。[138][139]TikTok已采取措施删除和阻止访问展示这一趋势的内容。[140]另一个TikTok趋势被称为“起亚挑战”（Kia Challenge），涉及用户偷窃2010年至2021年期间生产的没有安装防盗器的某些型号的起亚和现代汽车（当时这是标准配置）。[141]截至2023年2月，根据美国国家公路交通安全管理局（National Highway Traffic Safety Administration）的数据，这一趋势已导致至少14起撞车和8人死亡。[142]5月，起亚和现代解决了2亿美元的集体诉讼，同意为受影响车辆提供软件更新和超过26,000个方向盘锁。[143]2023年，出现了一个新趋势，主播们根据观众的提示扮演视频游戏中的角色。[144]
On Douyin, the Chinese version of TikTok, some celebrities who had garnered large followings as of August 2019 include Dilraba Dilmurat, Angelababy, Luo Zhixiang, Ouyang Nana, and Pan Changjiang.[145] In the 2022 FIFA World Cup, a Qatari teenage royal became an Internet celebrity after his angry expressions were recorded in Qatar’s opening match loss to Ecuador;[146] he amassed more than 15 million followers in less than a week after creating a Douyin account.[147]
【参考译文】在抖音（TikTok的中国版）上，截至2019年8月，一些拥有大量粉丝的明星包括迪丽热巴·迪力木拉提（Dilraba Dilmurat）、杨颖（Angelababy）、罗志祥（Luo Zhixiang）、欧阳娜娜（Ouyang Nana）和潘长江（Pan Changjiang）。[145]在2022年国际足联世界杯（FIFA World Cup）上，一名卡塔尔王室青少年在卡塔尔对阵厄瓜多尔的揭幕战失利时录下了他愤怒的表情，从而成为了一名网红；[146]他在创建抖音账号后不到一周就积累了超过1500万粉丝。[147]
4.1.1 美食与食谱 | Food and recipes
This section is an excerpt from TikTok food trends.
【本节内容摘自词条“TikTok美食趋势”】
TikTok food trends refer to popular recipes and food-related fads on the social media platform TikTok.[148] These trends amassed popularity in 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic, as many people spent more time cooking at home while engaging with social media for entertainment.[148]
【参考译文】TikTok美食趋势指的是在该社交媒体平台上流行的食谱和与食物相关的风尚。[148]2020年新冠肺炎疫情期间，由于许多人花更多时间在家做饭，同时利用社交媒体进行娱乐，这些趋势开始流行起来。[148]
Food-related content on TikTok is often categorized under the hashtags #TikTokFood and #FoodTok.[148] These hashtags have amassed 4.6 million and 4.5 million posts, respectively, according to the platform. Some TikTok users share personal recipes and dietary habits, while others use step-by-step cooking videos to grow their online presence.[149]
【参考译文】TikTok上与食物相关的内容通常被归类在#TikTokFood和#FoodTok这两个标签下。[148]据该平台统计，这两个标签分别积累了460万和450万条帖子。一些TikTok用户分享个人食谱和饮食习惯，而其他人则通过发布分步烹饪视频来增加自己的网络知名度。[149]
The widespread popularity of these trends has influenced various aspects of society, including interest in cooking among younger generations, discussions about body image, the marketing of food products on social media, and temporary food shortages.[149][150][151][152] Several TikTok content creators, such as Eitan Bernath, Jeron Combs, and Emily Mariko, have gained recognition through their recipes and content. Some of the most notable TikTok food trends include the leftover salmon bowl, baked feta cheese pasta, and pesto eggs.[153][154][155]
【参考译文】这些趋势的广泛流行影响了社会的各个方面，包括年轻一代对烹饪的兴趣、对身体形象的讨论、社交媒体上的食品营销以及临时性的食品短缺。[149][150][151][152]几位TikTok内容创作者，如伊坦·伯纳特（Eitan Bernath）、杰龙·康布斯（Jeron Combs）和艾米丽·玛丽科（Emily Mariko），凭借他们的食谱和内容获得了认可。一些最著名的TikTok美食趋势包括剩鲑鱼碗、烤羊乳酪意大利面和青酱蛋。[153][154][155]
4.1.2 时尚与身材尺寸 | Fashion and body size
Further information: Model (people) § Types【更多信息：“模特（人物）”词条的“类型”章节】
“Midsize” fashion gained greater exposure on TikTok after many creators opened up about not able to find clothing sizes that fit them well. Women’s apparel can roughly be divided into petite, straight, and plus sizes, leaving gaps in between. Realistic videos about how differently pieces of garment fit on a model compared to how they fit on a typical consumer resonated with many who had believed that they were alone in their struggle.[156][157][158]
【参考译文】在许多创作者坦露自己难以找到合身的衣服尺码后，“中码”时尚在TikTok上获得了更多关注。女装大致可分为小号、均码和大号，但其中存在尺码空缺。关于衣服在模特身上与在普通消费者身上穿着效果差异的现实视频，引起了许多同样为此苦恼并曾以为自己孤立无援的人的共鸣。[156][157][158]
4.1.3 整形手术 | Cosmetic surgery
Content promoting cosmetic surgery is popular on TikTok and has spawned several viral trends on the platform. In December 2021, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, the journal of the American Society of Plastic Surgeons, published an article about the popularity of some plastic surgeons on TikTok. In the article, it was noted that plastic surgeons were some of the earliest adopters of social media in the medical field and many had been recognized as influencers on the platform. The article published stats about the most popular plastic surgeons on TikTok up to February 2021 and at the time, five different plastic surgeons had surpassed 1 million followers on the platform.[159][160]
【参考译文】在TikTok上，推广整形手术的内容颇受欢迎，并催生了该平台上的多个病毒式传播趋势。2021年12月，《美国整形外科医师学会杂志》（Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery）发表了一篇文章，探讨了一些整形外科医生在TikTok上的受欢迎程度。文章指出，整形外科医生是医学领域中最早采用社交媒体的人之一，其中许多人在该平台上被认可为意见领袖。文章公布了截至2021年2月TikTok上最受欢迎整形外科医生的统计数据，当时已有五位不同的整形外科医生在该平台上拥有超过100万粉丝。[159][160]
In 2021, it was reported that a trend known as the #NoseJobCheck trend was going viral on TikTok. TikTok content creators used a specific audio on their videos while showing how their noses looked before and after having their rhinoplasty surgeries. By January 2021, the hashtag #nosejob had accumulated 1.6 billion views, #nosejobcheck had accumulated 1 billion views, and the audio used in the #NoseJobCheck trend had been used in 120,000 videos.[161] In 2020, Charli D’Amelio, the most-followed person on TikTok at the time, also made a #NoseJobCheck video to show the results of her surgery to repair a broken nose.[162] In April 2022, NBC News reported that surgeons were giving influencers on the platform discounted or free cosmetic surgeries in order to advertise the procedures to their audiences. They also reported that facilities that offered these surgeries were also posting about them on TikTok. TikTok has banned the advertising of cosmetic surgeries on the platform but cosmetic surgeons are still able to reach large audiences using unpaid photo and video posts. NBC reported that videos using the hashtags ‘#plasticsurgery’ and ‘#lipfiller’ had amassed a combined 26 billion views on the platform.[163]
【参考译文】2021年据报道，名为#NoseJobCheck的趋势在TikTok上迅速走红。TikTok内容创作者在视频中使用特定的音频，同时展示他们接受鼻整形手术前后的鼻子外观。截至2021年1月，#nosejob标签已累计获得16亿次观看，#nosejobcheck标签已累计获得10亿次观看，而#NoseJobCheck趋势中使用的音频已被用于12万个视频中。[161]2020年，当时TikTok上粉丝最多的人查莉·达梅利奥（Charli D’Amelio）也发布了一段#NoseJobCheck视频，展示了她修复断裂鼻子的手术结果。[162]2022年4月，美国全国广播公司新闻（NBC News）报道称，为了向观众宣传这些手术，一些医生正在向平台上的网红提供折扣或免费的整形手术。他们还报道称，提供这些手术的机构也在TikTok上发布相关内容。TikTok已禁止在该平台上宣传整形手术，但整形外科医生仍然可以通过发布免费的照片和视频帖子来吸引大量观众。NBC报道称，使用#plasticsurgery和#lipfiller标签的视频在该平台上已累计获得260亿次观看。[163]
In December 2022, it was reported that a cosmetic surgery procedure known as buccal fat removal was going viral on the platform. The procedure involves surgically removing fat from the cheeks in order to give the face a slimmer and more chiseled appearance. Videos using hashtags related to buccal fat removal had collectively amassed over 180 million views. Some TikTok users criticized the trend for promoting an unobtainable beauty standard.[164][165][166]
【参考译文】2022年12月据报道，一种名为颊脂垫去除术的整形手术在TikTok上走红。该手术涉及通过手术从脸颊中去除脂肪，以使面部看起来更瘦削、更有轮廓感。使用与颊脂垫去除术相关的标签的视频已累计获得超过1.8亿次观看。一些TikTok用户批评这一趋势是在推广一种无法实现的审美标准。[164][165][166]
4.1.4 电影评论 | Film criticism
A significant number of users on TikTok, such as Juju Green, create content surrounding Film criticism and Easter eggs. However, as reported by The New York Times, these people often do not see themselves necessarily as film critics.[167] These creators would often attend red carpet premieres of movies and interview the celebrities in attendance, which was the subject of significant debate as some considered the questions the creators asked to be disrespectful.[168] By 2022, TikTok released a Showbiz List, highlighting individuals who were having a larger impact on the film industry.[169]
【参考译文】TikTok上有大量用户，如朱朱·格林（Juju Green），创作关于电影评论和彩蛋的内容。然而，据《纽约时报》报道，这些人往往不认为自己一定是电影评论家。[167]这些创作者经常参加电影的首映红毯活动，并采访出席的明星，这引发了激烈的争论，因为一些人认为创作者提出的问题不够尊重。[168]到2022年，TikTok发布了一份娱乐业名单（Showbiz List），重点介绍了对电影产业产生较大影响的人物。[169]
During the 2023 SAG-AFTRA strike, such influencers were told that they would be denied future entry into the union if they partnered with struck studios. This led many creators to stop creating new content which they were not already contractually obligated to create.[170] Creators who posted saying that they would not be changing their content, such as Green, were met with significant criticism.[171]
【参考译文】在2023年美国演员工会-美国广播电视艺术家联合会罢工（SAG-AFTRA strike）期间，这些网红被告知，如果他们与罢工的制片厂合作，未来将不得加入工会。这导致许多创作者停止创作他们本没有合同义务创作的新内容。[170]像格林这样发帖表示不会改变内容的创作者，遭到了大量批评。[171]
4.2 STEM 内容推送 | STEM feed
In March 2023, TikTok introduced a dedicated feed for science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) content. It works with Common Sense Networks to check for safety and age appropriateness and with the Poynter Institute for reliability of information.[172][173]
【参考译文】2023年3月，TikTok推出了一个专注于科学、技术、工程和数学（STEM）内容的专属推送。它与Common Sense Networks合作，检查内容的安全性和适宜年龄段，并与Poynter Institute合作，确保信息的可靠性。[172][173]
4.3 加热机制 | Heating
In January 2023, Forbes reported that a “heating” tool allows TikTok to manually promote certain videos, comprising 1–2% of daily views. The practice began as a way to grow and diversify content and influencers that were not automatically picked up by the recommendation algorithm. It was also used to promote brands, artists, and NGOs, such as the FIFA World Cup and Taylor Swift.[174] However, some employees have abused it to promote their own accounts or those of their spouses, while others have felt that their guidelines leave too much room for discretion. TikTok said only a few individuals can approve heating in the U.S. and the promoted videos take up less than 0.002% of user feeds. To address concerns of Chinese influence, the company is negotiating with the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS) such that future heating could only be performed by vetted security personnel in the U.S. and the process would be audited by third-parties such as Oracle.[175]
【参考译文】2023年1月，《福布斯》报道称，TikTok的“加热”工具可以手动推广某些视频，这些视频占每日观看量的1%至2%。这种做法最初是为了发展和多元化那些未被推荐算法自动选中的内容和网红。它也被用来推广品牌、艺术家和非政府组织，如国际足联世界杯和泰勒·斯威夫特。[174]然而，一些员工滥用这一机制来推广自己的账户或配偶的账户，而另一些人则认为他们的指导原则留下了太多自由裁量的空间。TikTok表示，在美国，只有少数人可以批准加热机制，并且被推广的视频在用户推送中占比不到0.002%。为了解决对中国影响力的担忧，该公司正在与美国外国投资委员会（CFIUS）进行谈判，以便未来的加热操作只能由美国经过审查的安全人员执行，并且该过程将由甲骨文等第三方进行审计。[175]
4.4 审查和审核 | Censorship and moderation
Main article: Censorship by TikTok【主条目：TikTok 的审查】
TikTok’s and Douyin’s censorship policies have been criticized as non-transparent. Internal guidelines against the promotion of violence, separatism, and “demonization of countries” could be used to prohibit content related to the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre, Falun Gong, human rights in Tibet, Taiwan, Chechnya, Northern Ireland, the Cambodian genocide, the 1998 Indonesian riots, Kurdish nationalism, ethnic conflicts between blacks and whites, or between different Islamic sects. A more specific list banned criticisms against world leaders, including past and present ones from Russia, the United States, Japan, North and South Korea, India, Indonesia, and Turkey.[176][177] In 2019, The Guardian reported that TikTok had censored videos of topics not favored by the Chinese government.[176] That year, TikTok took down a video about human rights abuses in the Xinjiang internment camps against Uyghurs but restored it after 50 minutes as well as the creator’s account, saying that the action was a mistake and triggered by a brief “satirical” image of Osama bin Laden in another post.[178][179] Other human rights activists have also said that their TikTok videos discussing human rights violations of the Uyghurs have been taken down.[180]
【参考译文】TikTok和抖音的审查政策因其不透明性而受到批评。内部指南反对暴力、分裂主义和“诋毁国家”的行为，这些规定可能被用来禁止与1989年天安门广场抗议和屠杀、法轮功、西藏、台湾、车臣、北爱尔兰、柬埔寨种族灭绝、1998年印度尼西亚骚乱、库尔德民族主义、黑人与白人之间的种族冲突或不同伊斯兰教派之间的冲突有关的内容。更具体的一份清单禁止批评世界各国领导人，包括来自俄罗斯、美国、日本、朝鲜、韩国、印度、印度尼西亚和土耳其的现任和前任领导人。2019年，《卫报》报道TikTok已经审查了中国当局不赞成的话题的视频。那一年，TikTok删除了一段关于新疆针对维吾尔族人的侵犯人权行为的视频，但50分钟后恢复了该视频和创作者的账户，称该行动是一个错误，是由另一篇帖子中短暂出现的奥萨马·本·拉登的“讽刺”图像触发的。其他人权活动家也表示，他们讨论维吾尔族人遭受人权侵犯的TikTok视频被删除了。
TikTok moderators were instructed to suppress posts from “For You” recommendations if the users shown were deemed “too ugly, poor, or disabled”.[181][182] The consumption of alcohol, full or partial nudity, LGBT, and intersex contents were restricted even in places where they are legal.[183] TikTok has since apologized and instituted a ban against anti-LGBTQ ideology, but censorship continues on Douyin due to regulations in China.[184][185] Douyin guidelines also forbid live broadcasting by unregistered foreigners, “feudal superstition”, “money worship”, smoking and drinking, competitive eating by the “already obese”, “toxic” slime, “pornographic” ASMR such as ear-licking, and female anchors wearing revealing clothes.[177]
【参考译文】TikTok的审核人员被指示，如果用户被认为“太丑、太穷或残疾”，则应抑制其帖子进入“推荐”页面。即使在这些内容合法的地方，饮酒、全裸或部分裸露、LGBT和双性恋内容也受到限制。TikTok随后道歉并实施了禁止反LGBTQ意识形态的规定，但由于中国的规定，抖音上的审查仍在继续。抖音指南还禁止未注册的外国人进行直播、“封建迷信”、“金钱崇拜”、吸烟和饮酒、肥胖者之间的大胃王比赛、“有毒”粘液、“色情”ASMR（如耳舔）和女性主播穿着暴露的服装。
ByteDance said its early guidelines were global and aimed at reducing online harassment and divisiveness when its platforms were still growing. They have been replaced by versions customized by local teams for users in different regions.[186] A March 2021 study by the Citizen Lab found that TikTok did not censor searches politically but was inconclusive about whether posts are.[4][187] A 2023 paper by the Internet Governance Project at Georgia Institute of Technology concluded that TikTok is “not exporting censorship, either directly by blocking material, or indirectly via its recommendation algorithm.”[188]
【参考译文】字节跳动表示，在其平台尚处于发展阶段时，其早期的准则具有全球性，旨在减少网络骚扰和分裂行为。后来，这些准则已被各地区本地团队为用户定制的版本所取代。[186]公民实验室2021年3月的一项研究发现，TikTok在政治层面不对搜索内容进行审查，但对于帖子内容是否受到审查则没有得出明确结论。[4][187]佐治亚理工学院互联网治理项目2023年的一篇论文得出结论，TikTok“既不会通过直接屏蔽内容，也不会通过其推荐算法间接地进行审查出口”。[188]
After increased scrutiny, TikTok said it is granting some outside experts access to the platform’s anonymized data sets and protocols, including filters, keywords, criteria for heating, and source code.[189][190] A December 2023 study by the Network Contagion Research Institute (NCRI) found a “strong possibility that content on TikTok is either amplified or suppressed based on its alignment with the interests of the Chinese government.”[191] According to its director, the NCRI is an independent non-profit research organization funded by Rutgers University, the British government, and private donors.[192] The New York Times commented that “[a]lready, there is evidence that China uses TikTok as a propaganda tool. Posts related to subjects that the Chinese government wants to suppress — like Hong Kong protests and Tibet — are strangely missing from the platform.”[193] TikTok subsequently restricted the number of hashtags that can be searched under its Creative Center, saying it was “misused to draw inaccurate conclusions”.[194][195]
【参考译文】经过加强审查后，TikTok 表示正在允许一些外部专家访问该平台的匿名数据集和协议，包括过滤器、关键词、加热标准和源代码。[189][190] 网络传染研究所 (NCRI) 于 2023 年 12 月进行的一项研究发现，“TikTok 上的内容很有可能根据其与中国政府的利益一致而被放大或压制”。[191] 据其主任介绍，NCRI 是一个独立的非营利研究机构，由罗格斯大学、英国政府和私人捐助者资助。[192] 《纽约时报》评论称，“已有证据表明中国将 TikTok 用作宣传工具。奇怪的是，该平台上缺少与中国政府想要压制的主题相关的帖子——例如香港抗议活动和西藏。”[193] TikTok 随后限制了其创意中心下可搜索的主题标签数量，称其“被滥用来得出不准确的结论”。[194][195]
【英文词条原注a】Strictly legal explainers are still available on topics such as same-sex marriage.
【参考译文】对于同性婚姻等话题，仍然可以得到严格的法律解释。
A historian from the Cato Institute said that there were “basic errors” in the Rutgers University study and criticized the uncritical news coverage that followed. The study compares data from before TikTok even existed to show the app has fewer hashtags about historically sensitive topics, distorting the findings.[196][194]
【参考译文】来自卡托研究所的一位历史学家表示，罗格斯大学的研究中存在“基本错误”，并批评了随后出现的未经核实的新闻报道。该研究将TikTok出现之前的数据与之后的数据进行比较，以显示该应用在历史敏感话题上的标签较少，从而扭曲了研究结果。[196][194]
In August 2024, the NCRI released a subsequent report based on user journey data from 24 accounts that they created across TikTok, Instagram, and YouTube.[192][197] By searching for four keywords—Uyghur, Xinjiang, Tibet, and Tiananmen, the researchers found that TikTok returned a higher percentage of positive, neutral, or irrelevant content related to human rights in China. For example, more than 25% of results for “Tiananmen” on TikTok were considered pro-China by the researchers, compared to 16% on Instagram and 8% on YouTube. In other cases, however, Instagram and YouTube showed higher rates of pro-China content than TikTok. For example, 50% of searches about “Uyghur” and “Xinjiang” on YouTube were considered positive, compared to less than 25% on TikTok. The researchers said this is because some YouTube accounts are linked to state actors.[192] According to their survey, people who use TikTok more than three hours daily are significantly more positive about China’s human rights record compared to those who do not use the app. TikTok pushed back against the NCRI, saying that making “accounts that interact with the app in a prescribed manner” is not the same as the experience of real users and some of the events being compared happened before TikTok existed.[192]
【参考译文】2024 年 8 月，NCRI 发布了一份后续报告，该报告基于他们在 TikTok、Instagram 和 YouTube 上创建的 24 个账户的用户旅程数据。[192][197] 通过搜索四个关键词——维吾尔、新疆、西藏和天安门，研究人员发现，TikTok 返回的与中国人权相关的正面、中立或不相关内容的比例更高。例如，TikTok 上超过 25% 的“天安门”搜索结果被研究人员认为是亲华的，而 Instagram 上这一比例为 16%，YouTube 上为 8%。然而，在其他情况下，Instagram 和 YouTube 显示的亲华内容比例高于 TikTok。例如，YouTube 上关于“维吾尔”和“新疆”的搜索中有 50% 被认为是正面的，而 TikTok 上这一比例不到 25%。研究人员表示，这是因为一些 YouTube 账户与国家行为者有关。[192]根据他们的调查，每天使用 TikTok 超过三小时的人对中国人权记录的看法明显比不使用该应用程序的人更为积极。TikTok 反驳了 NCRI 的说法，称创建“以规定的方式与应用程序互动的账户”与真实用户的体验并不相同，而且一些被比较的事件发生在 TikTok 出现之前。[192]
4.5 极端主义与仇恨言论 | Extremism and hate
Concerns have been voiced regarding content relating to, and the promotion and spreading of, hate speech and far-right extremism, such as antisemitism, islamophobia, racism, and xenophobia. Some videos were shown to expressly promote Holocaust denial and told viewers to take up arms and fight in the name of white supremacy and the swastika.[198] As TikTok has gained popularity among young children,[199] and the popularity of extremist and hateful content is growing, calls for tighter restrictions on their flexible boundaries have been made. TikTok has since released tougher parental controls to filter out inappropriate content and to ensure they can provide sufficient protection and security.[200]
【参考译文】有人对与仇恨言论和极右翼极端主义（如反犹太主义、伊斯兰恐惧症、种族主义和仇外心理）相关的内容及其宣传和传播表示担忧。一些视频公然宣扬否认大屠杀，并煽动观众以白人至上和纳粹万字符的名义拿起武器进行战斗。[198]随着TikTok在儿童中越来越受欢迎，[199]极端主义和仇恨内容的流行度也在上升，因此有人呼吁对其灵活的界限实施更严格的限制。为此，TikTok推出了更严格的家长控制功能，以过滤掉不适当的内容，并确保能够为儿童提供足够的保护和安全保障。[200]
In October 2019, TikTok removed about two dozen accounts that were responsible for posting ISIL propaganda and execution videos on the app.[201][202] In Malaysia, TikTok is used by some users to engage in hate speech against race and religion especially mentioning the 13 May incident after the 2022 election. TikTok responded by taking down videos with content that violated their community guidelines.[203]
【参考译文】2019年10月，TikTok删除了约二十个在该应用上发布伊斯兰国（ISIL）宣传和执行视频的账号。[201][202]在马来西亚，一些TikTok用户利用该平台发表针对种族和宗教的仇恨言论，特别是提及2022年选举后5月13日发生的事件。TikTok对此的反应是删除违反其社区准则的视频内容。[203]
In March 2023, The Jewish Chronicle reported that TikTok still hosted videos that promoted the neo-Nazi propaganda film Europa: The Last Battle, despite having been alerted to the issue four months prior. TikTok said it removed and would continue to remove the content and associated accounts and has blocked the search term as well.[204] In July 2024, the Institute for Strategic Dialogue reported that an organized neo-Nazi TikTok network promoting neo-Nazi propaganda, including Europa: The Last Battle, was receiving millions of views.[205] In September 2024, Sky News reported that clips of Adolf Hitler‘s speeches with added music were attracting high levels of engagement on TikTok. Although they were removed by TikTok after the report, mixing audio remains an effective way to evade content moderation on many platforms.[206]
【参考译文】2023年3月，《犹太纪事报》报道称，尽管四个月前就已接到相关警示，但TikTok上仍存在宣扬新纳粹宣传电影《欧罗巴：最后的战斗》的视频。TikTok表示，其已删除并将继续删除相关内容及相关账号，并已屏蔽相关搜索词。[204]2024年7月，战略对话研究所报告称，一个宣扬新纳粹宣传（包括《欧罗巴：最后的战斗》）的有组织的新纳粹TikTok网络获得了数百万次的观看量。[205]2024年9月，天空新闻报道称，配有音乐的阿道夫·希特勒演讲片段在TikTok上获得了高度关注。尽管TikTok在报道后删除了这些片段，但混音仍然是许多平台逃避内容审核的有效手段。[206]
4.6 血腥内容 | Graphic content
In June 2021, TikTok made an apology after a shock video, showing a girl dancing which then cuts to a graphic scene of a man being beheaded by a saw, went viral. The video has now been sent to TikTok’s blacklist, which automatically detects it before being uploaded.[207] TikTok has previously worked to remove graphic content from its platform, including the suicide video that was circulating in September 2020, which had appeared within the recommended clips of TikTok’s For You section.[208][209]
【参考译文】2021年6月，一段令人震惊的视频在TikTok上疯传，视频中一名女孩正在跳舞，随后画面突然切换至一名男子被锯子斩首的血腥场景。事后，TikTok对此表示道歉。目前，该视频已被列入TikTok的黑名单，在上传前就会被系统自动检测到。[207]TikTok此前也曾努力从其平台上删除血腥内容，包括2020年9月在TikTok的“为你推荐”部分流传的一段自杀视频。[208][209]
4.7 虚假信息 | Misinformation
See also: COVID-19 misinformation【参见：新冠肺炎疫情虚假信息】
TikTok has banned Holocaust denial, but other conspiracy theories have become popular on the platform, such as Pizzagate and QAnon (two conspiracy theories popular among the U.S. alt-right) whose hashtags reached almost 80 million views and 50 million views respectively by June 2020.[210] The platform has also been used to spread misinformation about the COVID-19 pandemic, such as clips from Plandemic.[210] TikTok removed some of these videos and has generally added links to accurate COVID-19 information on videos with tags related to the pandemic.[211]
【参考译文】TikTok已禁止否认大屠杀的内容，但其他阴谋论在该平台上却颇为流行，如“披萨门”和“QAnon”（这两个阴谋论在美国另类右翼群体中颇受欢迎），到2020年6月，它们的标签分别获得了近8000万次和5000万次的观看量。[210]该平台还被用于传播有关新冠肺炎疫情的虚假信息，如《大疫情》的片段。[210]TikTok删除了部分此类视频，并在与疫情相关的标签视频中普遍添加了指向准确的新冠肺炎信息的链接。[211]
In January 2020, left-leaning media watchdog Media Matters for America said that TikTok hosted misinformation related to the COVID-19 pandemic despite a recent policy against misinformation.[212] In April 2020, the government of India asked TikTok to remove users posting misinformation related to the COVID-19 pandemic.[213] There were also multiple conspiracy theories that the government is involved with the spread of the pandemic.[214] It reported that in the second half of 2020, over 340,000 videos in the U.S. about election misinformation and 50,000 videos of COVID-19 misinformation were removed.[215]
【参考译文】2020年1月，左翼媒体监督机构“美国媒体事务”（Media Matters for America）表示，尽管TikTok最近出台了反对虚假信息的政策，但平台上仍存在与新冠肺炎疫情相关的虚假信息。[212]2020年4月，印度政府要求TikTok删除发布与新冠肺炎疫情相关虚假信息的用户。[213]当时还流传着多种阴谋论，称政府参与了疫情的传播。[214]据报道，2020年下半年，美国有超过34万个选举虚假信息视频和5万个新冠肺炎疫情虚假信息视频被删除。[215]
To combat misinformation in the 2022 midterm election in the US, TikTok announced a midterms Elections Center available in-app to users in 40 different languages. TikTok partnered with the National Association of Secretaries of State to give accurate local information to users.[216] In September 2022, NewsGuard Technologies reported that among the TikTok searches it had conducted and analyzed from the U.S., 19.4% surfaced misinformation such as questionable or harmful content about COVID-19 vaccines, homemade remedies, the 2020 U.S. elections, the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the Robb Elementary School shooting, and abortion. NewsGuard suggested that in contrast, results from Google were of higher quality.[217] Mashable‘s own test from Australia found innocuous results after searching for “getting my COVID vaccine” but suggestions such as “climate change is a myth” after typing in “climate change”.[215]
【参考译文】为打击2022年美国中期选举中的虚假信息，TikTok宣布推出中期选举中心，该中心以40种不同的语言向用户提供服务。TikTok与国家州务卿协会合作，为用户提供准确的当地信息。[216]2022年9月，NewsGuard Technologies报告称，在其对美国进行的TikTok搜索和分析中，有19.4%的内容涉及虚假信息，如关于新冠肺炎疫苗、自制疗法、2020年美国大选、俄罗斯入侵乌克兰、罗布小学枪击案和堕胎等可疑或有害的内容。NewsGuard建议，相比之下，谷歌的搜索结果质量更高。[217]Mashable在澳大利亚的测试发现，搜索“接种新冠疫苗”后得出的结果是无害的，但输入“气候变化”后却出现了“气候变化是虚构的”等建议。[215]
In November 2023, Singaporean Law and Home Affairs Minister K. Shanmugam applied for court orders requiring TikTok to provide information on the identity of three users that he accuses of spreading false and defamatory information about him. The users had shared on TikTok an article published by celebscritic.com alleging that K. Shanmugam was involved in an extra-marital affair.[218]
【参考译文】2023年11月，新加坡法律和内政部长K·尚穆根（K. Shanmugam）申请法院命令，要求TikTok提供三名用户的信息，他指控这三名用户在TikTok上散布关于他的虚假和诽谤信息。这些用户在TikTok上分享了一篇由celebscritic.com发布的文章，文章声称K·尚穆根卷入了一场婚外情。[218]
4.7.1 俄乌战争 | Russian invasion of Ukraine
Further information: Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine
【进一步信息：俄乌战争期间的虚假信息】
As of 2022, TikTok is the 10th most popular app in Russia.[219] After a new set of Russian war censorship laws was installed in March 2022, the company announced a series of restrictions on Russian and non-Russian posts and livestreams.[220][221] Tracking Exposed, a user data rights group, learned of what was likely a technical glitch that became exploited by pro-Russia posters. It stated that although this and other loopholes were patched by TikTok before the end of March, the initial failure to correctly implement the restrictions, in addition to the effects from Kremlin’s “fake news” laws, contributed to the formation of a “splInternet … dominated by pro-war content” in Russia.[222][219] TikTok said that it had removed 204 accounts for swaying public opinion about the war while obscuring their origins and that its fact checkers had removed 41,191 videos for violating its misinformation policies.[223][224]
【参考译文】截至2022年，TikTok已成为俄罗斯第十大最受欢迎的应用程序。[219]2022年3月，俄罗斯实施了一系列新的战争审查法律后，该公司宣布对俄罗斯和非俄罗斯用户的帖子和直播实施了一系列限制。[220][221]用户数据权利组织“追踪曝光”（Tracking Exposed）了解到，一个很可能是技术故障的问题被亲俄海报制作者所利用。该组织表示，尽管TikTok在3月底前修复了这一漏洞和其他漏洞，但最初未能正确实施限制措施，再加上克里姆林宫“假新闻”法律的影响，共同促成了俄罗斯“分裂互联网……被亲战内容主导”的形成。[222][219]TikTok表示，已删除204个试图左右公众对战争看法的账号，同时掩盖了这些账号的来源，其事实核查人员还删除了41191个违反其虚假信息政策的视频。[223][224]
In December 2023, BBC News reported that it had discovered nearly 800 fake TikTok accounts promoting Russian propaganda and disinformation. TikTok’s own investigation found more than 12,000 fake accounts, including ones using additional languages such as English and Italian.[225]
【参考译文】2023年12月，英国广播公司（BBC）新闻报道称，其发现了近800个虚假的TikTok账号在宣传俄罗斯的宣传内容和虚假信息。TikTok自己的调查发现，有12000多个虚假账号，其中包括使用英语和意大利语等其他语言的账号。[225]
In September 2024, TikTok removed the accounts of Russian state media outlets RT and Sputnik.[226]
【参考译文】2024年9月，TikTok删除了俄罗斯国家媒体机构俄罗斯今日电视台（RT）和卫星通讯社（Sputnik）的账号。[226]
4.8 女性主义 | Feminism
The growth of popularity and access to TikTok has contributed to a growth in popularity of digital feminist movements and discourse originating from the platform.[227][228] Digital spaces like TikTok enable marginalized communities and activists, such as feminists, to feel safer and have an easier place to engage in discussion and dialogue or build an identity which might otherwise be impossible due to circumstances.[229] The momentum of digital feminist movements through platforms like TikTok have additionally encouraged many social media agents and marketing campaigns around the world to adopt some degree of feminism as a part of their online image or personal brand.[230] TikTok’s unique platform organization, of spontaneous peer-peer information sharing, has enabled its utilization for community-engaged, digital knowledge mobilization and exchange between social justice communities.[231] However inversely enabled by the platform’s organic potential, both feminist challenges and anti-feminist reinforcement of dominant social, hierarchical, and gender values are widespread and instigated through TikTok, and content labeled as anti-feminist is itself popularized on TikTok.[227]
【参考译文】TikTok的普及和易获取性促进了源自该平台的数字女权主义运动和话语的流行。[227][228]TikTok等数字空间使边缘化群体和激进主义者（如女权主义者）能够在一个更安全、更便捷的环境中参与讨论和对话，或构建可能在其他情况下因环境限制而无法实现的身份。[229]通过TikTok等平台推动的数字女权主义运动，还鼓励了世界各地的许多社交媒体代理和营销活动在一定程度上采用女权主义作为其在线形象或个人品牌的一部分。[230]TikTok独特的平台组织形式——自发的点对点信息共享，使其能够被用于社会正义群体之间的社区参与、数字知识动员和交流。[231]然而，该平台固有的潜力也反向导致了另一种情况：TikTok上既存在女权主义的挑战，也存在反女权主义对主流社会、等级制度和性别价值观的强化，这些现象广泛存在且被TikTok所煽动，而反女权主义的内容本身也在TikTok上得到了普及。[227]
5. 使用情况 | Usage
5.1 用户群体 | Demographics
See also: List of most-followed TikTok accounts【另见：粉丝最多的TikTok账号列表】
TikTok tends to appeal to younger users, as 41% of its users are between the ages of 16 and 24. As of 2021, these individuals are considered Generation Z.[93] Among these TikTok users, 90% said they used the app daily.[232] TikTok’s geographical use in 2019 has shown that 43% of new users were from India before the social platform was banned in the country.[233] But adults have also seen growth on TikTok. The share of U.S. adults who regularly get news from TikTok hit 14% in 2023.[234]
【参考译文】TikTok主要吸引年轻用户，其41%的用户年龄在16至24岁之间。截至2021年，这些用户被视为Z世代。[93]在这些TikTok用户中，90%表示他们每天使用该应用。[232]2019年TikTok的地理使用数据显示，在该社交平台被印度封禁之前，43%的新用户来自印度。[233]但TikTok上的成年人用户也在增长。2023年，定期从TikTok获取新闻的美国成年人比例达到了14%。[234]
By July 2023, TikTok has become the primary news source for British teenagers on social media, with 28% of 12 to 15-year-olds relying on the platform, while traditional sources like BBC One/Two are more trusted at 82%, according to a report by UK regulator Ofcom.[235] As of the first quarter of 2022, there were over 100 million monthly active users in the United States and 23 million in the UK. The average user, daily, was spending 1 hour and 25 minutes on the app and opening TikTok 17 times.[236] Out of TikTok’s top 100 male creators, a 2022 analysis reported 67% were white, with 54% having near-perfect facial symmetry.[237]
【参考译文】截至2023年7月，TikTok已成为英国青少年在社交媒体上的主要新闻来源，英国监管机构Ofcom的一份报告显示，12至15岁的青少年中有28%依赖该平台获取新闻，而像BBC One/Two这样的传统新闻来源的信任度更高，达到82%。[235]截至2022年第一季度，TikTok在美国的月活跃用户超过1亿，在英国有2300万。TikTok用户的平均每日使用时长达1小时25分钟，并且每天打开TikTok应用17次。[236]2022年的一项分析显示，在TikTok上排名前100的男性创作者中，67%为白人，54%拥有近乎完美的面部对称性。[237]
5.1.1 青少年模式 | Teenage mode
China heavily regulates how Douyin is used by minors in the country, especially after 2018.[238] Under government pressure, ByteDance introduced parental controls and a “teenage mode” that shows only whitelisted content, such as knowledge sharing, and bans pranks, superstition, dance clubs, and pro-LGBT content.[a][184] A mandatory screen time limit was put in place for users under the age of 14 and a requirement to link accounts to a real identity to prevent minors from lying about their age or using an adult’s account. The differences between Douyin and TikTok have led some U.S. politicians and commentators to accuse the company or the Chinese government of malicious intent.[238][239] In March 2023, TikTok announced default screen time limits for users under the age of 18. Those under the age of 13 would need a passcode from their parents to extend their time.[238]
【参考译文】中国对国内未成年人使用抖音（Douyin）的行为进行了严格监管，尤其是在2018年之后。[238]在政府压力下，字节跳动推出了家长控制和“青少年模式”，该模式仅显示白名单内容，如知识分享，并禁止恶作剧、迷信、夜店舞蹈和支持LGBT的内容。[a][184]对于14岁以下用户，实行了强制性的屏幕使用时间限制，并要求将账户与真实身份关联，以防止未成年人谎报年龄或使用成人账户。抖音（Douyin）和TikTok之间的差异导致一些美国政客和评论员指责该公司或中国政府存在恶意。[238][239]2023年3月，TikTok宣布对18岁以下用户实行默认的屏幕使用时间限制。13岁以下用户需要父母的密码才能延长使用时间。[238]
5.1.2 未成年用户 | Underage users
As with other platforms popular with children, underage users may inadvertently reveal their daily routine and whereabouts, raising concerns of potential misuse by sexual predators.[240][241] At the time of reporting (2018), TikTok had only two privacy settings, either private or completely public, without any middle ground.[242] Comment sections of “sexy” videos, such as young girls dancing in revealing clothes, were found to contain requests for nude pictures. TikTok itself forbids direct messaging of videos and photos, which meant follow-up interactions, if any, would have to take place in some other form.[243][244] In recent years, the U.S. has charged and sentenced sexual predators for illegal activities on TikTok against underage girls.[245][246][247][248]
【参考译文】与其他受儿童欢迎的平台一样，未成年用户可能会在无意识中透露自己的日常活动和行踪，这引发了性侵犯者可能滥用这些信息的担忧。[240][241]在报告时（2018年），TikTok仅提供两种隐私设置：私密或完全公开，没有中间地带。[242]在一些“性感”视频的评论区，如穿着暴露的年轻女孩跳舞的视频，有人要求提供裸照。TikTok本身禁止直接通过私信发送视频和照片，这意味着如果有任何后续互动，将不得不以其他形式进行。[243][244]近年来，美国已对在TikTok上对未成年女孩进行非法活动的性侵犯者提起诉讼并判刑。[245][246][247][248]
On 22 January 2021, the Italian Data Protection Authority demanded that TikTok temporarily suspend Italian users whose age could not be established.[249] The order came after the death of a 10-year-old Sicilian girl involved in an Internet challenge. TikTok asked its users in Italy to confirm again that they were over 13 years old. By May, over 500,000 accounts had been removed for failing the age check.[250]
【参考译文】2021年1月22日，意大利数据保护局要求TikTok暂时暂停无法确定年龄的意大利用户的使用。[249]这一命令是在一名参与网络挑战的10岁西西里女孩死亡后发出的。TikTok要求其在意大利的用户再次确认自己年满13岁。到5月份，已有超过50万个账户因未通过年龄检查而被删除。[250]
In July 2021, the Dutch Data Protection Authority fined TikTok €750,000 for offering privacy statements only in English but not in Dutch. It noted that TikTok had implemented positive measures, such as forbidding direct messaging for users younger than 16 and allowing their parents to manage privacy settings directly through a paired family account, but the risk of children pretending to be older when creating their account remains.[251][252] TikTok raised the minimum age for livestreaming from 16 to 18 after a BBC News investigation found hundreds of accounts going live from Syrian refugee camps. Thirty of them showed children begging for digital donation. TikTok reportedly made as much as a 70% commission on some of them, a figure that the company disputed.[253]
【参考译文】2021年7月，荷兰数据保护局因TikTok仅提供英文隐私声明而未提供荷兰文版本，对其处以75万欧元罚款。该机构指出，TikTok已采取积极措施，如禁止16岁以下用户直接发送私信，并允许其父母通过配对的家庭账户直接管理隐私设置，但儿童在创建账户时仍可能谎报年龄。[251][252]在BBC新闻的一项调查发现数百个账户从叙利亚难民营进行直播后，TikTok将直播的最低年龄从16岁提高到18岁。其中30个账户显示儿童在乞求数字捐赠。据报道，TikTok从其中一些捐赠中抽取了高达70%的佣金，但该公司对此数字表示异议。[253]
In March 2024, the Italian Competition Authority fined TikTok €10 million for not protecting underage users adequately from harmful content such as the “French scar” challenge, which left heavy pinch marks on a person’s cheeks.[254] On December 30, 2024, Venezuela’s Supreme Court fined TikTok $10 million over viral challenges that authorities say led to the deaths of three children. The court cited TikTok’s negligence in failing to implement “necessary and adequate measures” to prevent the viral video challenges.[255][256]
【参考译文】2024年3月，意大利竞争管理局因TikTok未能充分保护未成年用户免受有害内容（如“法国疤痕”挑战，该挑战会在人的脸颊上留下严重的掐痕）的侵害，对其处以1000万欧元罚款。[254]2024年12月30日，委内瑞拉最高法院因TikTok上流行的挑战导致三名儿童死亡，对TikTok处以1000万美元罚款。法院指出，TikTok未能采取“必要和充分措施”来阻止这些病毒式传播的视频挑战，存在疏忽。[255][256]
5.2 网红营销 | Influencer marketing
TikTok has provided a platform for users to create content not only for fun but also for money. As the platform has grown significantly over the past few years, it has allowed companies to advertise and rapidly reach their intended demographic through influencer marketing.[257] The platform’s algorithm also contributes to the influencer marketing potential, as it picks out content according to the user’s preference.[258] Sponsored content is not as prevalent on the platform as it is on other social media apps, but brands and influencers still can make as much as they would if not more in comparison to other platforms.[258] Influencers on the platform who earn money through engagement, such as likes and comments, are referred to as “meme machines”.[257]
【参考译文】TikTok不仅为用户提供了一个创作娱乐内容的平台，还为他们提供了赚钱的机会。随着该平台在过去几年的显著增长，它使公司能够通过网红营销快速触达其目标受众。[257]该平台的算法也有助于网红营销的潜力，因为它会根据用户的偏好挑选内容。[258]与其他社交媒体应用相比，赞助内容在该平台上并不那么普遍，但品牌和网红仍然可以获得与其他平台相当甚至更多的收入。[258]在该平台上通过互动（如点赞和评论）赚钱的网红被称为“梗机”。[257]
In 2021, The New York Times reported that viral TikTok videos by young people relating the emotional impact of books on them, tagged with the label “BookTok“, significantly drove sales of literature. Publishers were increasingly using the platform as a venue for influencer marketing.[259]
【参考译文】2021年，《纽约时报》报道称，年轻人发布的带有“BookTok”（书籍Tok）标签的TikTok病毒式视频讲述了书籍对他们的情感影响，极大地推动了文学作品的销售。出版商越来越多地利用该平台作为网红营销的场所。[259]
In December 2022, NBC News reported in a television segment that some TikTok and YouTube influencers were being given free and discounted cosmetic surgeries in order for them to advertise the surgeries to users of the platforms.[260] In 2022, it was reported that a trend called “de-influencing” had become popular on the platform as a backlash to influencer marketing. TikTok creators participating in this trend made videos criticizing products promoted by influencers and asked their audiences not to buy products they did not need. However, some creators participating in the trend started promoting alternative products to their audiences and earning commission from sales made through their affiliate links in the same manner as the influencers they were originally criticizing.[261][262]
【参考译文】2022年12月，NBC新闻在一段电视节目中报道，一些TikTok和YouTube网红免费获得整形手术或享受折扣，以便他们在平台上为这些手术做广告。[260]2022年，据报道，一种名为“反网红营销”的趋势在该平台上流行起来，作为对网红营销的反击。参与这一趋势的TikTok创作者制作视频批评网红推广的产品，并呼吁观众不要购买他们不需要的产品。然而，一些参与这一趋势的创作者开始向观众推广替代产品，并通过他们的联盟链接从销售中获得佣金，这与他们最初批评的网红营销方式如出一辙。[261][262]
In June 2022, NBC News reported that some of the influencers paid by FeetFinder, a website that sells foot fetish content, did not disclose their videos were ads. FeetFinder said that it has suggested to influencers to be upfront about who was funding them. Existing sellers on FeetFinder said that the videos often misrepresented how “easy” it is to make money from posting feet pictures. Other TikTok creators have spoken out against accepting sponsorship deals indiscriminately and criticized those who posted undisclosed FeetFinder ads.[263]
【参考译文】2022年6月，NBC新闻报道称，一些由销售恋足内容的网站FeetFinder付费的网红没有透露他们的视频是广告。FeetFinder表示，它已建议网红明确说明是谁资助了他们。FeetFinder上的现有卖家表示，这些视频往往歪曲了发布脚部照片赚钱的“容易”程度。其他TikTok创作者则公开反对不加选择地接受赞助交易，并批评那些发布未披露的FeetFinder广告的人。[263]
5.3 商业应用 | Businesses
In October 2020, the e-commerce platform Shopify added TikTok to its portfolio of social media platforms, allowing online merchants to sell their products directly to consumers on TikTok.[264] Some small businesses have used TikTok to advertise and to reach an audience wider than the geographical region they would normally serve. The viral response to many small business TikTok videos has been attributed to TikTok’s algorithm, which shows content that viewers at large are drawn to, but which they are unlikely to actively search for (such as videos on unconventional types of businesses, like beekeeping and logging).[265]
【参考译文】2020年10月，电子商务平台Shopify将其社交媒体平台组合中增加了TikTok，允许在线商家直接在TikTok上向消费者销售产品。[264]一些小型企业利用TikTok进行广告宣传，并触达了比其通常服务的地理区域更广泛的受众。许多小型企业TikTok视频的病毒式传播被归因于TikTok的算法，该算法展示观众群体所吸引的内容，但观众不太可能主动搜索这些内容（例如，关于非传统类型业务（如养蜂和伐木）的视频）。[265]
In 2020, digital media companies such as Group Nine Media and Global used TikTok increasingly, focusing on tactics such as brokering partnerships with TikTok influencers and developing branded content campaigns.[266] Notable collaborations between larger brands and top TikTok influencers have included Chipotle‘s partnership with David Dobrik in May 2019[267] and Dunkin’ Donuts‘ partnership with Charli D’Amelio in September 2020.[268]
【参考译文】2020年，Group Nine Media和Global等数字媒体公司越来越多地使用TikTok，专注于与TikTok网红合作和开展品牌内容活动等策略。[266]大品牌与顶级TikTok网红之间的著名合作包括Chipotle于2019年5月与David Dobrik的合作[267]，以及Dunkin’ Donuts于2020年9月与Charli D’Amelio的合作。[268]
5.4 性工作者 | Sex workers
TikTok is regularly used by sex workers to promote pornographic content sold on platforms such as OnlyFans.[269] One porn actor posted a viral song referring to himself as an “accountant”, starting a trend.[270] In 2020, TikTok updated their terms of service to ban content that promotes “premium sexual content”, impacting a large number of adult content creators.[271] In response, they began substituting words in their captions and videos and using filters to censor explicit images.[272][273] Some adult content creators have found a way to game TikTok’s recommendation algorithm by posting riddles, attracting a large number of viewers that struggled to solve them. This increased potential Web traffic linked to the riddle posters’ accounts on OnlyFans.[274]
【参考译文】性工作者经常使用 TikTok 来推广在 OnlyFans 等平台上出售的色情内容。[269] 一名色情演员发布了一首病毒式传播的歌曲，称自己为“会计师”，引发了一股潮流。[270] 2020 年，TikTok 更新了其服务条款，禁止宣传“优质性内容”的内容，影响了大量成人内容创作者。[271] 作为回应，他们开始在字幕和视频中替换文字，并使用过滤器审查露骨的图片。[272][273] 一些成人内容创作者找到了一种通过发布谜语来玩弄 TikTok 推荐算法的方法，吸引了大量难以解答的观众。这增加了与 OnlyFans 上谜语发布者的账户相关的潜在网络流量。[274]
5.5 政治 | Political
The Israeli Defense Force actively recruits influencers on TikTok and other social media platforms.[275][276] In 2021 the IDF awarded a TikTokker who was one of its military police officers for promoting Israel. She had more followers than the IDF spokesperson or the prime minister.[277]
【参考译文】以色列国防军积极在 TikTok 和其他社交媒体平台上招募网红。[275][276] 2021 年，以色列国防军授予一名 TikTokker 奖，以表彰其宣传以色列的行为。她的粉丝比以色列国防军发言人或总理还多。[277]
Since 2021, TikTok has created “election centres” on its platform leading up to European Parliament elections. About 30% of EP lawmakers use TikTok to get their messages across and to dispel misinformation.[278]
【参考译文】自 2021 年以来，TikTok 在其平台上创建了“选举中心”，以迎接欧洲议会选举。约 30% 的欧洲议会议员使用 TikTok 来传达他们的信息并消除错误信息。[278]
In February 2024, the re-election campaign for U.S. President Joe Biden announced that it had opened a TikTok account while taking “advanced safety precautions”. Biden posted his first video during Super Bowl LVIII.[279] The move was criticized by a number of lawmakers over security concerns. Since 2022, the Biden administration has been briefing TikTokers on news items such as the Russian invasion of Ukraine and student debt relief in America.[280][281]
【参考译文】2024 年 2 月，美国总统乔·拜登的连任竞选团队宣布已开设 TikTok 账户，同时采取了“先进的安全预防措施”。拜登在超级碗 LVIII 期间发布了他的第一个视频。[279] 此举因安全问题受到一些议员的批评。自 2022 年以来，拜登政府一直在向 TikTokers 介绍俄罗斯入侵乌克兰和美国学生债务减免等新闻。[280][281]
5.6 慈善机构 | Charities
Many charities use TikTok for fundraising and education, especially with younger audiences, charities using TikTok include; Oregon Zoo, Shelter, Battersea Dogs and Cats Home, British Red Cross, American Heart Association, United Way, Catskill Animal Sanctuary and the Black Country Living Museum.[282][283] Some TikTok influencers run their own events to raise money for charitable causes e.g. Mercury Stardust runs the TikTok-A-Thon for Trans Healthcare.[284][285][286] ‘TikTok For Good’ was created by TikTok to support fundraising on the platform.[287]
【参考译文】许多慈善机构利用TikTok进行筹款和教育活动，特别是针对年轻受众。使用TikTok的慈善机构包括俄勒冈动物园、Shelter、Battersea Dogs and Cats Home（巴特西猫狗之家）、英国红十字会、美国心脏协会、联合之路、Catskill Animal Sanctuary（卡茨基尔动物保护区）和黑乡生活博物馆等。[282][283]一些TikTok网红还会举办自己的活动来为慈善事业筹集资金，例如Mercury Stardust就举办了TikTok-A-Thon活动，旨在为跨性别医疗筹集资金。[284][285][286]TikTok创建了“TikTok For Good”（TikTok向善）项目，以支持在该平台上进行筹款活动。[287]
In 2019, TikTok announced the #EduTok Mentorship program,[288] a live workshop series in the Indian states of Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Rajasthan, Jharkhand and Jammu inspired by the hashtag #EduTok, in which video creators present factually for purposes of education. In 2022 TikTok banned fundraising for political accounts.[289]
【参考译文】2019年，TikTok宣布推出#EduTok导师计划，[288]该计划是在印度比哈尔邦、安得拉邦、特伦甘纳邦、拉贾斯坦邦、恰尔肯德邦和查谟邦举办的一系列现场研讨会，受#EduTok话题启发，视频创作者会出于教育目的呈现事实。2022年，TikTok禁止为政治账户筹集资金。[289]
6. 隐私和安全问题 | Privacy and security concerns
国际版TikTok虽在西方诸国流行，但其个资管理的安全性与中国政府对TikTok的掌控程度已多次受到质疑，而当前已有TikTok雇员违规泄漏西方用户敏感信息的案件发生，并有前雇员检举其保护个人资料措施不当后[26]，更加强了此层顾虑[27][28][29][30]。
Privacy concerns have been brought up regarding the app.[290][291] TikTok’s privacy policy lists that the app collects usage information, IP addresses, a user’s mobile carrier, unique device identifiers, keystroke patterns, and location data, among other data.[292] Other information collected includes users inferred interests based on the content they view as well as content created by users.[24] TikTok can share data with its corporate group, including ByteDance. The company says that it employs access control and approval process overseen by a U.S.-based team.[24] In June 2021, TikTok updated its privacy policy to include potential collection of biometric data, including “faceprints and voiceprints”, for special effects and other purposes. The terms said that user authorization would be requested if local law demands such.[293] Experts considered them to be “vague” and their implications “problematic” for the United States due to the country’s general lack of robust data privacy laws.[294] In a November 2022 update to its European privacy policy, TikTok stated that its global corporate group employees from China and other countries could gain remote access to the user information of accounts from Europe based on “demonstrated need”.[295]
【参考译文】关于这款应用，人们提出了隐私方面的担忧。[290][291]TikTok的隐私政策列出，该应用会收集使用信息、IP地址、用户移动运营商、唯一设备标识符、击键模式和位置数据等其他数据。[292]收集的其他信息还包括根据用户查看的内容推断出的用户兴趣以及用户创建的内容。[24]TikTok可以与其企业集团（包括字节跳动）共享数据。该公司表示，它采用由美国团队监督的访问控制和审批流程。[24]2021年6月，TikTok更新了其隐私政策，包括为特效和其他目的可能收集的生物识别数据，如“面部特征”和“声音特征”。条款中提到，如果当地法律有此要求，将请求用户授权。[293]鉴于美国普遍缺乏强有力的数据隐私法律，专家认为这些条款“含糊不清”，其影响对美国而言“成问题”。[294]在2022年11月对其欧洲隐私政策的更新中，TikTok表示，其全球企业集团中来自中国和其他国家的员工可以基于“已证明的需求”远程访问欧洲账户的用户信息。[295]
A March 2021 study by the Citizen Lab found that TikTok did not collect data beyond the industry norms, what its policy stated, or without additional user permission.[187] In May 2023, The Wall Street Journal reported that former employees complained about TikTok tracking users who had viewed LGBT-related content. The company said its algorithm tracks interests not identity, and non-LGBT users also view such content.[296]
【参考译文】2021年3月，公民实验室（Citizen Lab）的一项研究发现，TikTok没有收集超出行业标准、其政策所述范围或未经用户额外授权的数据。[187]2023年5月，《华尔街日报》报道称，前员工抱怨TikTok追踪了查看过与LGBT相关内容的用户。该公司表示，其算法追踪的是兴趣而非身份，非LGBT用户也会查看此类内容。[296]
6.1 中国政府可能收集数据 | Potential data collection by the Chinese government
Concerns have been raised about the potential control and influence of the Chinese government over TikTok’s owner, ByteDance,[297] in particular the extraterritorial implications of China’s 2017 National Intelligence Law.[298][299] An article in the law insists that all organizations and citizens shall “support, assist and cooperate with national intelligence efforts.”[300][301] Analysts differ in their assessments of the data collection risks. Jim Lewis of the Center for Strategic and International Studies said TikTok would have no right to appeal requests for data made by the Chinese government.[24] Some cybersecurity experts say individual users are not at risk.[302] The United States has not offered any evidence of TikTok sharing such information with Chinese authorities.[303] Keeping user data within the United States became the motivation behind TikTok’s Project Texas.[24]
【参考译文】有人担心中国政府可能对 TikTok 所有者字节跳动进行控制和影响，[297] 尤其是中国 2017 年《国家情报法》的域外影响。[298][299] 该法律的一条规定要求所有组织和公民“支持、协助和配合国家情报工作”。[300][301] 分析师对数据收集风险的评估各不相同。战略与国际研究中心的吉姆·刘易斯 (Jim Lewis) 表示，TikTok 无权对中国政府提出的数据请求提出上诉。[24] 一些网络安全专家表示，个人用户没有风险。[302] 美国没有提供任何证据表明 TikTok 与中国当局分享此类信息。[303] 将用户数据保留在美国境内成为 TikTok 德克萨斯计划的动机。[24]
6.1.1 中国访问和美国回应 | Access from China and United States response
In October 2021, following the 2021 Facebook leak and controversies about social media ethics, a bipartisan group of United States lawmakers also pressed TikTok, YouTube, and Snapchat on questions of data privacy and moderation for age-appropriate content. Lawmakers also “hammered” TikTok about whether consumer data could be turned over to the Chinese government through ByteDance, its parent company in China.[304] TikTok said it does not give information to China’s government and “U.S. user data” is stored within the country with backups in Singapore.[305]
【参考译文】2021 年 10 月，继 2021 年 Facebook 泄密事件和社交媒体道德争议之后，美国两党议员还就数据隐私和适龄内容审核问题向 TikTok、YouTube 和 Snapchat 施压。议员们还“严厉批评”TikTok，询问其是否可以通过其在中国的母公司字节跳动将消费者数据移交给中国政府。[304] TikTok 表示，它不会向中国政府提供信息，“美国用户数据”存储在美国境内，备份在新加坡。[305]
In June 2022, BuzzFeed News reported that leaked audio recordings of internal TikTok meetings reveal employees in China had access to overseas data, including a “master admin” who could see “everything”. Some of the recordings were made during consultations with Booz Allen Hamilton, a U.S. government contractor. A spokesperson of the contractor said some of the report’s information was inaccurate but would neither confirm nor deny whether TikTok was one of its clients.[306] As a consequence, the Senate Intelligence Committee including U.S. lawmakers Mark Warner and Marco Rubio called for the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to investigate ByteDance and whether TikTok had misled them.[307][308] Following the reports, TikTok confirmed that employees in China could have access to U.S. data.[309] It also announced that U.S. user traffic would now be routed through Oracle Cloud and that backup copies would be deleted from other servers.[310]
【参考译文】2022 年 6 月，BuzzFeed 新闻报道称，泄露的 TikTok 内部会议录音显示，中国员工可以访问海外数据，其中包括一名可以看到“一切”的“主管理员”。其中一些录音是在与美国政府承包商博思艾伦汉密尔顿 (Booz Allen Hamilton) 磋商时录制的。承包商的一位发言人表示，报告中的一些信息不准确，但既不确认也不否认 TikTok 是否是其客户之一。[306] 因此，包括美国议员马克·沃纳 (Mark Warner) 和马可·卢比奥 (Marco Rubio) 在内的参议院情报委员会呼吁联邦通信委员会 (FCC) 调查字节跳动，以及 TikTok 是否误导了他们。[307][308] 报道发布后，TikTok 证实中国员工可以访问美国数据。[309] 它还宣布，美国用户流量现在将通过 Oracle Cloud 路由，并将从其他服务器中删除备份副本。[310]
In June 2022, FCC Commissioner Brendan Carr called for Google and Apple to remove TikTok from their app stores, saying sensitive data were being accessed from Beijing[311][312] and ByteDance would be “required by law to comply with [Chinese government] surveillance demands.”[311] In November 2022, Christopher A. Wray, director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), said the Chinese government could use TikTok for influence operations on its users.[313] In May 2023, a former ByteDance employee filed a wrongful termination lawsuit alleging that Hong Kong users’ device information and communications, particularly those of demonstrators in the 2019–2020 Hong Kong protests, were accessed by Chinese Communist Party members in 2018.[314][315][316] ByteDance denied the claims, saying the employee worked on a defunct project and that TikTok was pulled out of Hong Kong in 2020.[315] The whistleblower claimed in a sworn court statement that his father in mainland China had been detained by the authorities in retaliation for his speaking to the media about alleged censorship by TikTok.[317]
【参考译文】2022 年 6 月，FCC 专员布伦丹·卡尔 (Brendan Carr) 呼吁谷歌和苹果将 TikTok 从其应用商店中移除，称敏感数据正被北京访问[311][312]，字节跳动将“依法被要求遵守 [中国政府] 的监控要求”。[311] 2022 年 11 月，联邦调查局 (FBI) 局长克里斯托弗·A·雷 (Christopher A. Wray) 表示，中国政府可能会利用 TikTok 对其用户进行影响行动。[313] 2023 年 5 月，一名前字节跳动员工提起不当解雇诉讼，指控香港用户的设备信息和通信，特别是 2019-2020 年香港抗议活动中示威者的信息和通信，在 2018 年被中国共产党成员访问。[314][315][316] 字节跳动否认了这些指控，称该员工从事一个已经停止的项目，TikTok 已于 2020 年撤出香港。[315]该举报人在一份宣誓的法庭声明中声称，他的父亲在中国大陆因向媒体谈论 TikTok 所谓的审查制度而被当局拘留，以报复他。[317]
In June 2023, TikTok confirmed that some financial information, such as tax forms and Social Security numbers, of American content creators are stored in China. This applies to those signing contracts with and receiving payment transactions from ByteDance. Whether similar information will remain exempt from being treated as “protected user data” is being negotiated with Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS).[318] A 2024 unclassified threat assessment by the Director of National Intelligence said “TikTok accounts run by a [Chinese] propaganda arm reportedly targeted candidates” during the 2022 United States elections.[319]
【参考译文】2023 年 6 月，TikTok 证实，美国内容创作者的部分财务信息（例如税表和社会安全号码）存储在中国。这适用于与字节跳动签订合同和从字节跳动接收付款交易的人。类似信息是否仍将免于被视为“受保护的用户数据”，目前正在与美国外国投资委员会 (CFIUS) 进行谈判。[318] 美国国家情报总监 2024 年发布的一份非机密威胁评估称，“据报道，[中国]宣传机构运营的 TikTok 账户在 2022 年美国大选期间针对了候选人”。[319]
In April 2024, it was discovered that former employee Zen Goziker—allegedly the source of various leaks about TikTok to The Washington Post, Forbes, and Buzzfeed News—had made improbable claims. He has also spoken with law enforcement agencies and lawmakers hostile to TikTok. He has accused not only his former employer but also the Attorney General, the Director of National Intelligence, and the Department of Homeland Security for getting him fired.[320]
【参考译文】2024 年 4 月，人们发现前雇员 Zen Goziker（据称是向《华盛顿邮报》、《福布斯》和 Buzzfeed News 泄露有关 TikTok 消息的人）发表了令人难以置信的言论。他还与对 TikTok 怀有敌意的执法机构和立法者进行了交谈。他不仅指责他的前雇主，还指责司法部长、国家情报总监和国土安全部让他被解雇。[320]
6.2 德克萨斯计划 | Project Texas
In response to security concerns of the United States government, TikTok has been working to silo privileged user data within the United States under oversight from the U.S. government or a third party such as Oracle.[321] Named Project Texas, the initiative focuses on unauthorized access, state influence, and software security. A new subsidiary, TikTok U.S. Data Security Inc. (USDS), was created to manage user data, software code, back-end systems, and content moderation. It would report to the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS), not ByteDance or TikTok, even for hiring practices. Oracle would review and spot check the data flows through USDS. It would also digitally sign software code, approve updates, and oversee content moderation and recommendation. Physical locations would be established so that Oracle and the U.S. government could conduct their own reviews.[322] The company has been engaged in confidential negotiations over the project with CFIUS since 2021 and submitted its proposal but received little response from the panel afterward.[323]
【参考译文】为了应对美国政府的安全担忧，TikTok 一直在努力在美国政府或甲骨文等第三方的监督下，在美国境内存储特权用户数据。[321] 该计划名为德克萨斯计划，重点关注未经授权的访问、国家影响和软件安全。 TikTok 成立了一家新子公司 TikTok 美国数据安全公司 (USDS)，负责管理用户数据、软件代码、后端系统和内容审核。 它将向美国外国投资委员会 (CFIUS) 报告，而不是字节跳动或 TikTok，甚至在招聘方面也是如此。 Oracle 将审查和抽查通过 USDS 的数据流。 它还将对软件代码进行数字签名、批准更新并监督内容审核和推荐。 将建立实际位置，以便 Oracle 和美国政府可以进行自己的审查。[322]该公司自 2021 年以来一直就该项目与 CFIUS 进行秘密谈判，并提交了提案，但此后几乎没有收到该委员会的回应。[323]
In March 2023, a former employee of the company said Project Texas did not go far enough and that a complete “re-engineering” would be needed. TikTok responded by saying that Project Texas already is a re-engineering of the app and that the former employee left in 2022 before the project specifications were finalized.[324] Other former employees had their own takes on the situation. A data scientist said U.S. user data were emailed to ByteDance workers in China to identify viewer interests. A manager recounted that there was a lot more separation on the technical side between TikTok and ByteDance by the time he left. Another said TikTok had to employ better data collection practices than Meta or Google due to the scrutiny it received.[22]
【参考译文】2023 年 3 月，该公司的一名前员工表示，德克萨斯项目进展不够，需要进行彻底的“重新设计”。TikTok 回应称，德克萨斯项目已经是对该应用程序的重新设计，该前员工于 2022 年在项目规范最终确定之前离职。[324] 其他前员工对此事有自己的看法。一位数据科学家说，美国用户数据已通过电子邮件发送给字节跳动在中国的员工，以确定观众的兴趣。一位经理回忆说，在他离开时，TikTok 和字节跳动在技术方面的分歧已经大得多。另一位经理表示，由于受到严格审查，TikTok 不得不采用比 Meta 或谷歌更好的数据收集方法。[22]
6.3 三叶草计划 | Project Clover
TikTok has faced criticism for transferring European user data to servers in the United States. It is holding discussions with UK’s National Cyber Security Centre about a “Project Clover” for storing European information locally. The company plans to build two data centers in Ireland and one more in Norway. A third party will oversee the cybersecurity policies, data flows, and personnel access independently of TikTok.[325][326][17]
【参考译文】TikTok因将欧洲用户数据转移到美国服务器而面临批评。该公司正在与英国国家网络安全中心就一项名为“三叶草计划（Project Clover）”的倡议进行讨论，旨在将欧洲信息本地化存储。TikTok计划在爱尔兰建设两个数据中心，并在挪威再建设一个。一个第三方机构将独立于TikTok，对网络安全政策、数据流和人员访问进行监督。[325][326][17]
6.3+1 记者监视丑闻 | Journalist spying scandal
In October 2022, Forbes reported that a team at ByteDance planned to surveil certain U.S. citizens for undisclosed reasons. TikTok said that the tracking method suggested by the report would not be feasible because precise GPS information is not collected by the platform.[327][328] In December 2022, ByteDance confirmed after internal investigation that the data of two journalists and their close contacts had been accessed by its employees from China and the United States. It was intended to uncover sources of leaks who might have met with the journalists from Forbes and the Financial Times. The data included IP addresses, which can be used to approximate a user’s location. ByteDance stated that it fired four employees in response.[329]
【参考译文】2022 年 10 月，《福布斯》报道称，字节跳动的一个团队计划出于未公开的原因监视某些美国公民。TikTok 表示，报告建议的跟踪方法不可行，因为该平台没有收集精确的 GPS 信息。[327][328] 2022 年 12 月，字节跳动在内部调查后证实，其来自中国和美国的员工访问了两名记者及其密切接触者的数据。此举旨在发现可能与《福布斯》和《金融时报》记者会面的泄密者。这些数据包括 IP 地址，可用于估算用户的位置。字节跳动表示，作为回应，它解雇了四名员工。[329]
The incident is being investigated by the U.S. Department of Justice and FBI.[330][331][321] The U.S. Attorney for the Eastern District of Virginia reportedly subpoenaed information from ByteDance regarding its surveillance of journalists on TikTok.[332] In December 2023, the United States House Select Committee on Strategic Competition between the United States and the Chinese Communist Party inquired the FBI about the status of the case.[333]
【参考译文】美国司法部和联邦调查局正在调查此事。[330][331][321]据报道，美国弗吉尼亚东区检察官已向字节跳动索取有关其在 TikTok 上监视记者的信息。[332] 2023 年 12 月，美国众议院美国与中国共产党战略竞争特别委员会向联邦调查局询问了此案的进展情况。[333]
6.5 软件代码 | Software code
In January 2020, Check Point Research discovered a vulnerability through which a hacker could spoof TikTok’s official SMS messages and replace them with malicious links to gain access to user accounts. It was later patched by TikTok.[334] In August 2020, The Wall Street Journal reported that TikTok tracked Android user data, including MAC addresses and IMEIs, with a tactic in violation of Google’s policies.[335][336]
【参考译文】2020年1月，Check Point Research发现了一项漏洞，黑客可以利用该漏洞伪造TikTok的官方短信，并将其替换为恶意链接，从而获取用户账户的访问权限。后来，TikTok修复了这个漏洞。[334]2020年8月，《华尔街日报》报道称，TikTok通过违反谷歌政策的手法跟踪安卓用户数据，包括MAC地址和国际移动设备身份码（IMEI）。[335][336]
In August 2022, software engineer and security researcher Felix Krause found that in-app browsers from TikTok and other platforms contained codes for keylogger functionality but did not have the means to further investigate whether any data was tracked or recorded. TikTok said that the code is disabled.[337]
【参考译文】2022年8月，软件工程师和安全研究员Felix Krause发现，TikTok和其他平台的内置浏览器包含用于键盘记录器功能的代码，但没有进一步调查是否有任何数据被跟踪或记录的手段。TikTok表示，该代码已被禁用。[337]
6.6 监管行动 | Regulatory actions
6.6.1 美国联邦贸易委员会 | U.S. Federal Trade Commission
On 27 February 2019, the United States Federal Trade Commission (FTC) reached a consent decree with ByteDance, fining it U.S.$5.7 million for collecting information from minors under the age of 13 in violation of the Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA).[338] ByteDance responded by adding a kids-only mode to TikTok which blocks the upload of videos, the building of user profiles, direct messaging, and commenting on others’ videos, while still allowing the viewing and recording of content.[339] In May 2020, an advocacy group filed a complaint with the FTC saying that TikTok had violated the terms of the February 2019 consent decree with the FTC, which sparked subsequent congressional calls for a renewed FTC investigation.[340][341][342] In March 2022, following a class action lawsuit for violations of COPPA, TikTok settled for US$1.1 million.[343][344] In March 2024, it was reported that the FTC continues to investigate TikTok.[345] In August 2024, the FTC and U.S. Department of Justice filed a joint lawsuit alleging violations of the 2019 consent decree.[346]
【参考译文】2019 年 2 月 27 日，美国联邦贸易委员会 (FTC) 与字节跳动达成和解协议，对字节跳动处以 570 万美元罚款，原因是该公司收集了 13 岁以下未成年人的信息，违反了《儿童网络隐私保护法》(COPPA)。[338] 字节跳动的回应是，在 TikTok 中增加了儿童专用模式，该模式阻止上传视频、建立用户个人资料、直接发送消息和评论他人的视频，但仍允许查看和录制内容。[339] 2020 年 5 月，一个倡导组织向联邦贸易委员会提出申诉，称 TikTok 违反了 2019 年 2 月与联邦贸易委员会达成的和解协议的条款，这引发了国会随后要求联邦贸易委员会重新展开调查。[340][341][342] 2022 年 3 月，在因违反 COPPA 而提起的集体诉讼后，TikTok 以 110 万美元达成和解。[343][344] 2024 年 3 月，据报道，联邦贸易委员会继续调查 TikTok。[345] 2024 年 8 月，联邦贸易委员会和美国司法部提起联合诉讼，指控其违反了 2019 年的同意令。[346]
6.6.2 数据保护委员会（欧洲）| Data Protection Commission (Europe)
In September 2021, the Ireland Data Protection Commission (DPC) launched investigations into TikTok concerning the protection of minors’ data and transfers of personal data to China.[347][348] The Irish DPC became the lead agency to handle such matters after TikTok established an office in the country, taking over investigations started by Dutch and Italian authorities.[349][251] In September 2023, the DPC fined TikTok €345 million for violations of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) vis-à-vis the mishandling of children data.[350][351]
【参考译文】2021年9月，爱尔兰数据保护委员会（DPC）针对TikTok展开了调查，主要关注未成年人数据的保护以及个人数据向中国传输的问题。[347][348]在TikTok在该国设立办公室后，爱尔兰DPC成为了处理此类事务的主导机构，并接管了由荷兰和意大利当局开始的调查。[349][251]2023年9月，DPC因TikTok违反《通用数据保护条例》（GDPR），在处理儿童数据方面存在不当行为，对其处以3.45亿欧元罚款。[350][351]
6.6.3 英国欧洲信息专员办公室 | UK Information Commissioner’s Office
In February 2019, the United Kingdom’s Information Commissioner’s Office (ICO) launched an investigation of TikTok following the fine ByteDance received from the United States Federal Trade Commission (FTC). Speaking to a parliamentary committee, Information Commissioner Elizabeth Denham said that the investigation focuses on the issues of private data collection, the kind of videos collected and shared by children online, as well as the platform’s open messaging system which allows any adult to message any child. She noted that the company was potentially violating the GDPR which requires the company to provide different services and different protections for children.[352] In April 2023, the ICO imposed a £12.7 million fine on TikTok for misusing children’s data.[353][354] In March 2025, the ICO opened another investigation into TikTok concerning its use of children’s personal information to recommend content to them.[355]
【参考译文】2019年2月，在美国联邦贸易委员会（FTC）对字节跳动处以罚款后，信息专员办公室（ICO）开始对TikTok进行调查。信息专员伊丽莎白·德纳姆在向议会委员会发言时表示，此次调查的重点在于私人数据收集、儿童在网上收集和分享的视频类型，以及该平台开放的消息系统（允许任何成年人向任何儿童发送消息）等问题。她指出，该公司可能违反了《通用数据保护条例》（GDPR），该条例要求公司为儿童提供不同的服务和不同的保护。[352]2023年4月，ICO因TikTok滥用儿童数据而对其处以1270万英镑的罚款。[353][354]2025年3月，ICO针对TikTok利用儿童个人信息向他们推荐内容的行为展开了另一项调查。[355]
6.7 待调查案件 | Pending investigations
6.7.1 德克萨斯州 | Texas
In February 2022, Texas Attorney General Ken Paxton initiated an investigation into TikTok for alleged violations of children’s privacy and facilitation of human trafficking.[356][357] Paxton claimed that the Texas Department of Public Safety gathered several pieces of content showing the attempted recruitment of teenagers to smuggle people or goods across the Mexico–United States border. He claimed the evidence may prove the company’s involvement in “human smuggling, sex trafficking and drug trafficking”. The company claimed that no illegal activity of any kind is supported on the platform.[358]
【参考译文】2022年2月，德克萨斯州总检察长肯·帕克斯顿（Ken Paxton）对TikTok发起了一项调查，指控其涉嫌侵犯儿童隐私并助长人口贩卖。[356][357]帕克斯顿声称，德克萨斯州公共安全部收集到多段内容，显示有人试图招募青少年越过墨西哥-美国边境走私人员或货物。他声称这些证据可能证明该公司参与了“人口走私、性贩卖和毒品贩卖”。而该公司则声称，其平台上不支持任何形式的非法活动。[358]
6.7.2 土耳其 | Turkey
In 2022, Turkey’s Financial Crimes Investigation Board (MASAK) initiated a probe into TikTok in relation to millions of dollars in fund transfers involving TikTok accounts that were suspected of money laundering or terrorism financing.[359]
【参考译文】2022年，土耳其金融犯罪调查局（MASAK）对TikTok发起了一项调查，涉及数百万美元的资金转移，这些资金转移与涉嫌洗钱或资助恐怖主义的TikTok账户有关。[359]
6.7.3 加拿大隐私专员 | Privacy Commissioner of Canada
In February 2023, the Privacy Commissioner of Canada, along with its counterparts in Alberta, British Columbia, and Quebec, launched an investigation into TikTok’s data collection practices.[360]
【参考译文】2023年2月，加拿大隐私专员与阿尔伯塔省、不列颠哥伦比亚省和魁北克省的隐私专员一同对TikTok的数据收集行为展开了调查。[360]
6.7.4 欧盟委员会 | European Commission
In February 2024, the European Commission launched an investigation into TikTok for potential violations of the Digital Services Act (DSA), involving content aiming at children and advertising transparency.[361] In April 2024, the European Commission opened a second investigation into TikTok to assess whether it broke EU law.[362] In October 2024, the European Commission requested additional information from TikTok relating to its algorithm and risks around elections, mental health, and protection of minors.[363] In December 2024, the European Commission announced an investigation into TikTok over accusations of Russian interference in the 2024 Romanian presidential election.[364]
【参考译文】2024年2月，欧盟委员会对TikTok展开了调查，指控其可能违反了《数字服务法案》（DSA），涉及针对儿童的内容和广告透明度问题。[361]2024年4月，欧盟委员会对TikTok展开了第二项调查，以评估其是否违反了欧盟法律。[362]2024年10月，欧盟委员会要求TikTok提供有关其算法以及选举、心理健康和未成年人保护方面风险的额外信息。[363]2024年12月，欧盟委员会宣布对TikTok展开调查，指控俄罗斯干预2024年罗马尼亚总统选举。[364]
6.7.5 澳大利亚信息专员调查 | Australian Information Commissioner inquiry
In December 2023, the Office of the Australian Information Commissioner announced an inquiry into TikTok’s data harvesting of Australian citizens amid allegations that it contravened Australian privacy law.[365]
【参考译文】2023年12月，澳大利亚信息专员办公室宣布对TikTok收集澳大利亚公民数据的行为进行调查，指控其违反了澳大利亚隐私法。[365]
7. 争议 | Controversies
主条目：TikTok相关争议
Further information: Lawsuits involving TikTok【更多信息：涉及 TikTok 的诉讼】
7.1 网络欺凌 | Cyberbullying
Further information: Problematic social media use【更多信息：社交媒体使用不当】
Vox noted in 2018 that bullies and trolls were relatively rare on TikTok compared to other platforms.[244] Nonetheless, several users have reported cyberbullying via features such as Duet or React, which is used to interact with followers.[366] A trend making fun of autism eventually created a huge backlash, even on the platform itself, and the company ended up removing the hashtag altogether.[367][368] Parents filming how their children reacted to people with disability, often in terror, led to criticisms of ableism.[369] In December 2019, following a report by German digital rights group netzpolitik.org, TikTok admitted that it had suppressed videos by disabled users as well as LGBTQ+ users in a purported temporary effort to limit cyberbullying.[370][181]
【参考译文】Vox在2018年指出，与其他平台相比，TikTok上的欺凌者和网络喷子相对较少。[244]然而，仍有一些用户报告称，他们通过Duet或React等功能（用于与粉丝互动）遭遇了网络欺凌。[366]一种嘲笑自闭症的趋势最终引发了强烈的反噬，甚至在TikTok平台上也是如此，该公司最终完全删除了相关话题标签。[367][368]家长们拍摄孩子们对残疾人（通常表现出恐惧）的反应，这种做法招致了对歧视残疾人的批评。[369]2019年12月，根据德国数字权利组织netzpolitik.org的一份报告，TikTok承认，它曾暂时压制残疾用户和LGBTQ+用户的视频，据称这是为了限制网络欺凌。[370][181]
7.2 成瘾和心理健康 | Addiction and mental health
Further information: Digital media use and mental health and Social media and suicide
【更多信息：数字媒体使用与心理健康、社交媒体与自杀】
There are concerns that some users may find it hard to stop using TikTok.[371] Internal TikTok research has documented the addiction potential of the app.[372] In April 2018, an addiction-reduction feature was added to Douyin.[371] This encouraged users to take a break every 90 minutes.[371] Later in 2018, the feature was rolled out to the TikTok app. TikTok uses popular influencers to encourage viewers to stop using the app and take a break.[373]
【参考译文】有人担心，一些用户可能难以停止使用TikTok。[371]TikTok的内部研究已经记录了这款应用的成瘾潜力。[372]2018年4月，抖音（国内版TikTok）增加了一个减少成瘾的功能。[371]该功能鼓励用户每90分钟休息一下。[371]2018年末，该功能被推广到TikTok应用。TikTok利用知名网红鼓励观众停止使用该应用并休息一下。[373]
Many were also concerned with the app affecting users’ attention spans due to the short-form nature of the content. This is a concern as many of TikTok’s audience are younger children, whose brains are still developing.[374] TikTok executives and representatives have noted and made aware to advertisers on the platform that users have poor attention spans. The company’s survey reported that nearly 50% of social media users find it stressful to watch a video longer than a minute and a third of users watch videos at double speed. Their short attention spans posed a challenge for TikTok to pivot towards longer content formats.[236] TikTok has also received criticism for enabling children to purchase coins which they can send to other users.[375]
【参考译文】许多人还担心，由于内容形式简短，该应用会影响用户的注意力持续时间。这是一个令人担忧的问题，因为TikTok的许多受众都是大脑仍在发育的年幼儿童。[374]TikTok的高管和代表已经注意到并向平台上的广告商指出，用户的注意力持续时间很短。该公司的调查显示，近50%的社交媒体用户觉得观看超过一分钟的视频很有压力，三分之一的用户会倍速观看视频。他们短暂的注意力持续时间对TikTok转向更长内容格式构成了挑战。[236]TikTok还因允许儿童购买可以发送给其他用户的硬币而受到批评。[375]
Daily hours of entertainment screen media (Social Medias) may displace healthy behaviors such as socializing face to face, chores, hobbies, homework, family meals time, exercise, and sufficient sleep. Insomnia is considered a strong mediator between screen media time and mental health symptoms which implies that engaging in screen time pushes out adequate sleep and leads to decreased mental health.[376]
【参考译文】每天花费在娱乐屏幕媒体（社交媒体）上的小时数可能会取代健康行为，如面对面社交、做家务、爱好、做作业、家庭用餐时间、锻炼和充足睡眠。失眠被认为是屏幕媒体时间与心理健康症状之间的强烈中介因素，这意味着屏幕时间挤占了充足睡眠的时间，从而导致心理健康状况下降。[376]
In February 2022, The Wall Street Journal reported that “Mental-health professionals around the country are growing increasingly concerned about the effects on teen girls of posting sexualized TikTok videos.”[377] In March 2022, a coalition of U.S. state attorneys general launched an investigation into TikTok’s effect on children’s mental health.[378] In June 2022, TikTok introduced the ability to set a maximum uninterrupted screen time allowance, after which the app blocks off the ability to navigate the feed. The block only lifts after the app is exited and left unused for a set period of time. Additionally, the app features a dashboard with statistics on how often the app is opened, how much time is spent browsing it and when the browsing occurs.[379]
【参考译文】2022年2月，《华尔街日报》报道称，“全国各地的心理健康专家越来越担心，发布性感TikTok视频对少女的影响”。[377]2022年3月，美国各州总检察长联盟对TikTok对儿童心理健康的影响展开了调查。[378]2022年6月，TikTok推出了设置最长不间断屏幕时间的功能，达到该时间后，应用会阻止用户浏览动态。只有在退出应用并闲置一段时间后，封锁才会解除。此外，该应用还提供了一个仪表板，显示打开应用的频率、浏览应用所花费的时间以及浏览发生的时间。[379]
Since 2021, it has been reported that accounts engaging with contents related to suicide, self-harm, or eating disorder were shown more similar videos. Some users were able to circumvent TikTok filters by writing in code or using unconventional spelling. The company has faced multiple lawsuits pertaining to wrongful deaths. TikTok said it is working to break up these “rabbit holes” of similar recommendations. U.S. searches for eating disorder receive a prompt that offers mental health resources.[380][381][382]
【参考译文】自2021年以来，据报道，浏览与自杀、自残或进食障碍相关内容账户的用户会看到更多类似视频。一些用户能够通过使用暗语或非传统拼写来规避TikTok的过滤器。该公司已面临多起因不当死亡而提起的诉讼。TikTok表示，正在努力打破这些类似的推荐“信息茧房”。在美国，搜索进食障碍时会收到一个提示，提供心理健康资源。[380][381][382]
In 2021, the platform revealed that it will be introducing a feature that will prevent teenagers from receiving notifications past their bedtime. The company will no longer send push notifications after 9 pm to users aged between 13 and 15. For 16 to 17 year olds, notifications will not be sent after 10 pm.[383] In March 2023, TikTok announced default screen time limits for users under the age of 18.[384] The Wall Street Journal has reported that doctors experienced a surge in reported cases of tics, tied to an increasing number of TikTok videos from content creators with Tourette syndrome. Doctors suggested that the cause may be a social one as users who consumed content showcasing various tics would sometimes develop tics of their own,[385] akin to mass psychogenic illness.[386][387]
【参考译文】2021年，该平台透露将推出一项功能，该功能将阻止青少年在就寝时间后收到通知。对于13至15岁的用户，公司晚上9点后将不再发送推送通知。对于16至17岁的用户，晚上10点后不会发送通知。[383]2023年3月，TikTok宣布将为18岁以下用户设置默认的屏幕时间限制。[384]据《华尔街日报》报道，医生报告称，与抽动症相关的TikTok视频数量越来越多，导致报告出现抽动的病例激增。这些视频来自患有抽动秽语综合征的内容创作者。医生认为，这可能是社会因素造成的，因为浏览展示各种抽动的用户有时会自己也出现抽动，[385]类似于群体性心因性疾病。[386][387]
In May 2024, the Nebraska Attorney General filed a lawsuit against TikTok for allegedly harming minors’ mental health through an algorithm designed to be cultivate compulsive behavior.[388] In October 2024, U.S. senators Richard Blumenthal and Marsha Blackburn requested that TikTok turn over “all documents and information” related to child safety disclosures that were uncovered by NPR and Kentucky Public Radio.[389]
【参考译文】2024年5月，内布拉斯加州总检察长对TikTok提起诉讼，指控其通过旨在培养强迫行为的算法损害未成年人心理健康。[388]2024年10月，美国参议员理查德·布卢门撒尔和马莎·布莱克本要求TikTok交出美国国家公共电台和肯塔基州公共广播电台发现的与儿童安全披露相关的“所有文件和信息”。[389]
7.3 2022年药物短缺 | 2022 medication shortage
In November 2022, Australia’s medical regulatory agency, the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) reported that there was a global shortage of the diabetes medication Ozempic. According to the TGA, the rise in demand was caused by an increase in off-label prescription of the drug for weight loss purposes.[390] In December 2022, with the United States experiencing a shortage as well, it was reported that the huge increase in demand for the medicine was caused by a weight loss trend on TikTok, where videos about the drug exceeded 360 million views.[391][392][393] Wegovy, a drug that has been specifically approved for treating obesity, also became popular on the platform after Elon Musk credited it for helping him lose weight.[394][395]
【参考译文】2022年11月，澳大利亚医疗监管机构——澳大利亚药品管理局（TGA）报告称，全球糖尿病治疗药物Ozempic出现短缺。TGA表示，该药物需求激增的原因是未经批准（超说明书使用）的减重处方数量增加。[390]2022年12月，美国也出现该药物短缺，据报道，这是因为TikTok上兴起了一股减重风潮，关于该药物的视频观看量超过3.6亿次，导致药物需求大幅增加。[391][392][393]另一种专门获批用于治疗肥胖的药物Wegovy，在埃隆·马斯克（Elon Musk）称赞其帮助自己减重后，也在该平台上流行起来。[394][395]
7.4 工作环境 | Workplace conditions
See also: Overwork【另见：过度劳累】
Several former employees of the company have claimed of poor workplace conditions, including the start of the workweek on Sunday to cooperate with Chinese timezones and excessive workload. Employees claimed they averaged 85 hours of meetings per week and would frequently stay up all night in order to complete tasks. Some employees claimed the workplace’s schedule operated similarly to the 996 schedule. The company has a stated policy of working from 10 AM to 7 PM five days per week (63 hours per week), but employees noted that it was encouraged for employees to work after hours. One female worker complained that the company did not allow her adequate time to change her feminine hygiene product because of back-to-back meetings. Another employee noted that working at the company caused her to seek marriage therapy and lose an unhealthy amount of weight.[396] In response to the allegations, the company noted that they were committed to allowing employees “support and flexibility”.[397][398]
【参考译文】该公司的多名前员工声称工作环境恶劣，包括为配合中国时区而将工作周从周日开始，以及工作量过大。员工们表示，他们平均每周要参加85个小时的会议，并经常需要熬夜以完成任务。一些员工称，他们的工作时间安排与“996”工作制类似（即每周工作6天，从早上9点至晚上9点，每天工作12小时以上，每周工作72小时以上，且经常加班）。公司明文规定的工作时间是每周工作五天，从上午10点至晚上7点（每周63小时），但员工们指出，公司鼓励员工加班。一名女性员工抱怨说，由于会议一个接一个，公司没有给她足够的时间更换女性卫生用品。另一名员工则表示，在这家公司工作导致她寻求婚姻咨询，并且体重不健康地下降。[396]针对这些指控，公司表示，他们致力于为员工提供“支持和灵活性”。[397][398]
In September 2023, two former ByteDance employees filed a formal complaint with the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) asking the EEOC to investigate TikTok’s practice of retaliation against workers who complain about discrimination.[399]
【参考译文】2023年9月，两名前字节跳动员工向美国平等就业机会委员会（EEOC）提出正式投诉，要求EEOC调查TikTok对投诉歧视的员工进行报复的行为。[399]
7.5 巴以冲突 | Israeli–Palestinian conflict
Further information: Israeli–Palestinian conflict and Israel–Hamas war
【更多信息：以巴冲突和以哈马斯战争】
With reports that Palestinians resorted to TikTok for promoting their cause after platforms like Facebook and Twitter blocked their content,[400] Israeli analyst Yoni Ben-Menachem called the app a “tool of dangerous influence” inciting violence against Israelis.[401][402] According to Ynet, the Palestinian militant group Lion’s Den gained much of their popularity through TikTok.[403] In February 2023, Otzma Yehudit politician Almog Cohen advocated blocking TikTok for all of East Jerusalem.[404] U.S. lawmakers wanting to ban TikTok accused the platform of pushing pro-Hamas and pro-Palestine content.[405][406]
【参考译文】据报道，在 Facebook 和 Twitter 等平台屏蔽了巴勒斯坦人的内容后，巴勒斯坦人开始使用 TikTok 来宣传他们的事业，[400] 以色列分析师 Yoni Ben-Menachem 称该应用是一种“危险影响工具”，煽动对以色列人的暴力行为。[401][402] 据 Ynet 报道，巴勒斯坦激进组织 Lion’s Den 的大部分人气都是通过 TikTok 获得的。[403] 2023 年 2 月，Otzma Yehudit 政治家 Almog Cohen 主张在整个东耶路撒冷封锁 TikTok。[404] 希望禁止 TikTok 的美国立法者指责该平台推动亲哈马斯和亲巴勒斯坦的内容。[405][406]
According to The Times of Israel, antisemitism at the company was “rampant” after the 2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel, allowing anti-Jewish and anti-Israel content to increase on the platform.[407] Prominent Jewish individuals such as Sacha Baron Cohen, Debra Messing, Amy Schumer, and TikTok creator Miriam Ezagui raised the issue with Adam Presser, TikTok’s head of operations, and Seth Melnick, its global head of user operations, both also Jewish.[408]
【参考译文】据《以色列时报》报道，在 2023 年哈马斯领导的对以色列的袭击之后，该公司的反犹太主义“猖獗”，导致反犹太和反以色列的内容在该平台上增加。[407] 萨莎·拜伦·科恩、黛布拉·梅辛、艾米·舒默和 TikTok 创始人米里亚姆·埃扎吉等著名犹太人向 TikTok 运营主管亚当·普雷瑟和全球用户运营主管塞思·梅尔尼克提出了这个问题，两人也是犹太人。[408]
TikTok said that a significant proportion of its userbase comes from non-US regions such as the Middle East and Southeast Asia and that hashtags should not be cherry-picked due to differences in the number of views per post and the age of a post or tag. The popularity of pro-Palestine content has also been explained by the app’s younger user base, which has shifted its sympathy away from Israel towards the Palestinians.[405][406]
【参考译文】TikTok 表示，其用户群中有相当一部分来自中东和东南亚等非美国地区，并且由于每个帖子的浏览量和帖子或标签的年龄不同，因此不应挑选标签。亲巴勒斯坦内容的受欢迎程度也由该应用程序的年轻用户群来解释，他们已经将同情心从以色列转向巴勒斯坦人。[405][406]
The Jewish Federations of North America expressed support for TikTok to be banned, while Israel’s critics denounced the “criminalisation of pro-Palestinian voices,” including on TikTok, which has been used to condemn “Israel’s atrocities“, according to The New Arab.[409] TikTok was also accused by Malaysia’s minister of communications, Fahmi Fadzil of suppressing pro-Palestinian content. The company stated it banned praising Hamas and removed more than 775,000 videos and 14,000 livestreams.[410][411]
【参考译文】据《新阿拉伯报》报道，北美犹太人联合会表示支持禁止TikTok，而以色列的批评者则谴责包括TikTok在内的平台“将支持巴勒斯坦的声音刑事化”，这些声音被用来谴责“以色列的暴行”。[409]马来西亚通信部长法赫米·法兹尔也指责TikTok压制支持巴勒斯坦的内容。TikTok公司表示，它禁止赞美哈马斯的内容，并删除了超过77.5万个视频和1.4万个直播。[410][411]
In November 2023, Osama bin Laden’s 2002 “Letter to the American people” went viral on TikTok and other social media. In the letter, he denounced the U.S. and its support for Israel, and supported al-Qaeda‘s war against the U.S. as a defensive struggle. Numerous social media users, including Americans, expressed their opposition to U.S. foreign policy by sharing the resurfaced copies of the letter and its contents. The Guardian website removed the letter after displaying it for more than 20 years, and TikTok began issuing takedowns of videos featuring the letter.[412] Reporting in The Washington Post suggested that the virality of the letter had been limited prior to media coverage, having never trended on TikTok. Many of the TikTok videos covering the letter were critical of bin Laden, and media coverage had exaggerated its significance while elevating the virality of the letter.[413]
【参考译文】2023年11月，本·拉登2002年的“致美国人民书”在TikTok和其他社交媒体上疯传。在信中，他谴责美国及其对以色列的支持，并支持基地组织对美国的战争，认为这是一场防御性斗争。包括美国人在内的众多社交媒体用户通过分享这封信及其内容的重新浮出水面，表达了对美国外交政策的不满。在展示了20多年后，《卫报》网站删除了这封信，而TikTok也开始删除包含这封信的视频。[412]据《华盛顿邮报》报道，在媒体报道之前，这封信的病毒式传播是有限的，从未在TikTok上成为热门话题。许多TikTok上关于这封信的视频都在批评本·拉登，而媒体报道夸大了这封信的重要性，同时也提升了它的病毒式传播。[413]
7.6 肯尼亚的儿童剥削问题 | Child exploitation in Kenya
An investigation in 2025 found that TikTok was profiting from sexual livestreams in Kenya involving minors, with teenagers as young as 15 using the platform to solicit explicit content. Women in Kenya reported earning money through TikTok Lives, where coded sexual slang and emoji gifts facilitated transactions, with explicit content often delivered via other platforms. TikTok takes a 70% cut of these livestream earnings and has been aware of child exploitation since at least 2022. Many moderators say the company’s content policies are ineffective, and digital pimps exploit underage users on the large. Despite government concerns, Kenya lacks adequate moderation, and TikTok denies any sort of wrongdoing.[414]
【参考译文】2025年的一项调查发现，TikTok从肯尼亚涉及未成年人的色情直播中获利，其中一些青少年年仅15岁，就利用该平台招揽色情内容。肯尼亚的女性报告说，她们通过TikTok直播赚钱，直播中使用隐晦的性暗示语言和表情符号礼物促成交易，而色情内容通常通过其他平台传送。TikTok从这些直播收入中抽取高达70%的分成，并且至少从2022年起就知道存在儿童剥削问题。许多内容审核员表示，该公司的内容政策形同虚设，大量的数字皮条客在平台上利用未成年用户。尽管政府表示担忧，但肯尼亚缺乏足够的监管措施，而TikTok则否认有任何不当行为。[414]
8. 限制与封锁 | Restrictions and bans
Main article: Censorship of TikTok / 主条目：对TikTok的审查
图片来源：A09
TikTok移动应用程序目前采用电话（SIM）卡、设备（Device）定位、网协（网络协议，IP）地址等方式来检测用户是否处于被官方屏蔽的地区（如中国大陆与香港），其中又以电话卡为默认方式。当用户将来自被屏蔽地区的电话卡设为默认拨号（短信和移动数据则无影响）用卡或启用双卡双待虽未设置默认拨号用卡但一号卡（通知栏中信号显示于较左侧的卡）来自被屏蔽地区时，应用将拒绝联网，不论定位与网协为何。若电话卡检测通过或该方式不可用（如移动设备本身不支持或支持但未启用），应用则会转而采用定位和网协，其中任何一者在被屏蔽地区时亦将拒绝联网。
8.1 阿尔巴尼亚 | Albania
On 21 December 2024, Albanian Prime Minister Edi Rama announced that the Albanian government will shut down TikTok in 2025 for at least a year, following a deadly incident in November 2024 in which a teenager fatally stabbed another teen after a dispute that began on the platform.[415][416][417] On 7 March 2025, the shutdown was officially enacted after the Albanian Cabinet cited concerns over the app’s role in promoting violence and bullying among children.[418]
【参考译文】2024年12月21日，阿尔巴尼亚总理埃迪·拉马宣布，阿尔巴尼亚政府将在2025年至少关闭TikTok一年。此前，在2024年11月发生的一起致死事件中，一名青少年在TikTok平台上发生争执后，将另一名青少年刺死。[415][416][417]2025年3月7日，阿尔巴尼亚内阁以担忧该应用在助长儿童暴力和欺凌行为为由，正式实施了关闭TikTok的决定。[418]
8.2 加拿大 | Canada
On November 6, 2024, Canada ordered TikTok to shut down its offices and subsidiary company (TikTok Technology Canada, Inc.) in the country due to national security concerns, but access to the app was not banned.[419][420] Users will still be able to access the video app and upload content to it.[419][420]
【参考译文】2024年11月6日，加拿大出于国家安全考虑，要求TikTok关闭其在加拿大的办公室和子公司（TikTok Technology Canada, Inc.），但未禁止访问该应用程序。[419][420]用户仍然可以访问该视频应用程序并上传内容。[419][420]
8.3 欧洲联盟 | European Union
In February 2023, the European Parliament, the European Commission, and the Council of the European Union, have all banned TikTok on staff devices, citing cybersecurity concerns.[421][422]
【参考译文】2023年2月，欧洲议会、欧洲委员会和欧盟理事会均以网络安全为由，禁止员工在其设备上使用TikTok。[421][422]
8.4 印度 | India
In 2020, TikTok was banned indefinitely in India after the country had a border clash with China.[423]
【参考译文】2020年，印度在与中国发生边境冲突后，无限期禁止了TikTok。[423]
2020年4月3日，印度马德拉斯高级法院发布了要求TikTok从应用商店下架的命令，原因是让儿童暴露于色情内容和网络霸凌之中。4月16日晚间，谷歌和苹果将短视频应用TikTok从印度应用商店下架。
8.5 巴基斯坦
辽观注：此标题是我们在搬运、整合过程中添加的。
2020年10月9日，巴基斯坦电信管理局首次宣布封禁TikTok，理由是存在不道德和不雅内容。2021年3月11日再度封禁TikTok，同年7月2日、7月21日，第三次（2天）、第四次封禁TikTok[67]，同年11月20日，在TikTok保证遏制不当内容的前提下，巴基斯坦解除对TikTok的禁令[68][69]。
8.6 美国 | United States
Main article: Restrictions on TikTok in the United States【主条目：美国对TikTok的限制】
In January 2020, the United States Army and Navy banned TikTok on government devices after the Defense Department labeled it a security risk. Recruiters had been using the app to help fill quotas, and some continue to maintain a level of engagement through their personal accounts.[424][425][426]
【参考译文】2020年1月，在国防部将TikTok列为安全风险后，美国陆军和海军在政府设备上禁止了TikTok。此前，征兵人员一直在使用该应用程序来帮助完成征兵配额，一些人至今仍通过他们的个人账户保持一定程度的参与度。[424][425][426]
According to a 2020 article in The New York Times, Central Intelligence Agency analysts determined that while it is possible the Chinese government could obtain user information from the app, there was no evidence it had done so.[427]
【参考译文】据《纽约时报》2020年的一篇报道，中央情报局的分析人员确定，虽然中国政府有可能从该应用程序中获得用户信息，但没有证据表明它已经这样做了。[427]
8.6.1 联邦层级 | Federal level
On 6 August 2020, U.S. President Donald Trump signed an order[428][429] which would ban TikTok transactions in 45 days if it was not sold by ByteDance.[430][431] On 14 August 2020, Trump issued another order[432] giving ByteDance 90 days to sell or spin off its U.S. TikTok business.[433] In the order, Trump said that there is “credible evidence” that leads him to believe that ByteDance “might take action that threatens to impair the national security of the United States”.[434]
【参考译文】2020年8月6日，美国总统唐纳德·特朗普签署了一项行政令[428][429]，如果字节跳动公司（ByteDance）不在45天内出售TikTok，将禁止TikTok的交易。[430][431]2020年8月14日，特朗普又发布了一项行政令[432]，给予字节跳动90天的时间出售或剥离其美国TikTok业务。[433]在该行政令中，特朗普表示，有“可信的证据”让他相信字节跳动“可能会采取损害美国国家安全的行动”。[434]
In June 2021, U.S. President Joe Biden signed an executive order revoking the Trump administration ban on TikTok, and instead ordered the Secretary of Commerce to investigate the app to determine if it poses a threat to U.S. national security.[435] On 27 December 2022, the Chief Administrative Officer of the United States House of Representatives banned TikTok from all devices managed by the House of Representatives.[436] On 30 December 2022, President Joe Biden signed the No TikTok on Government Devices Act, prohibiting the use of the app on devices owned by the federal government, with some exceptions.[437]
【参考译文】2021年6月，美国总统乔·拜登签署了一项行政令，撤销了特朗普政府对TikTok的禁令，并命令商务部长对该应用程序进行调查，以确定其是否对美国国家安全构成威胁。[435]2022年12月27日，美国众议院首席行政官禁止在所有由众议院管理的设备上使用TikTok。[436]2022年12月30日，拜登总统签署了《政府设备禁用TikTok法案》，禁止在联邦政府拥有的设备上使用该应用程序，但有一些例外情况。[437]
On 13 March 2024, the United States House of Representatives passed H.R. 7521, which would ban TikTok completely unless it is divested from ByteDance.[438] In April, the House of Representatives included a modified version of the bill in a foreign aid package which was passed by the Senate on 23 April 2024, and signed the next day by Biden.[439][440][441] The law was challenged in TikTok, Inc. v. Garland but upheld by the courts as constitutional, while many users signed up for an “alternative” Chinese app Xiaohongshu, known internationally as REDnote.[442] On 18 January 2025, hours before the bill went into effect, TikTok became unavailable across the country.[443][444] The next day, TikTok restored access to their service after re-elected U.S. President Donald Trump assured TikTok he would not enforce the law.[445][60] President Donald Trump signed an executive order on 20 January 2025, delaying the enforcement of the TikTok ban by 75 days.[446][447]
【参考译文】2024年3月13日，美国众议院通过了H.R. 7521法案，该法案将完全禁止TikTok，除非它从字节跳动公司剥离出来。[438]4月，众议院将法案的修改版本纳入了一个外国援助方案，该方案于2024年4月23日由参议院通过，并于次日由拜登签署。[439][440][441]TikTok公司对此提出了法律挑战，即TikTok, Inc. v. Garland案，但法院维持了该法案的合宪性，同时许多用户注册了名为“小红书”的“替代”中国应用程序，该应用在国际上被称为REDnote。[442]2025年1月18日，在该法案生效前的几个小时，TikTok在美国全国范围内无法使用。[443][444]次日，TikTok恢复了服务访问，因为重新当选的美国总统特朗普向TikTok保证他不会执行该法律。[445][60]2025年1月20日，特朗普总统签署了一项行政令，将TikTok禁令的执行推迟了75天。[446][447]
8.6.2 州层级 | State level
As of February 2023, at least 32 (of 50) states have announced or enacted bans on state government agencies, employees, and contractors using TikTok on government-issued devices. State bans only affect government employees and do not prohibit civilians from having or using the app on their personal devices.[448][449]
【参考译文】截至2023年2月，在50个州中，至少有32个州已宣布或制定了禁止州政府机构、员工和承包商在政府发放的设备上使用TikTok的禁令。各州的禁令仅影响政府员工，并不禁止平民在个人设备上拥有或使用该应用程序。[448][449]
8.6.3 观察与评论 | Observations
Critics say the United States itself surveils individuals abroad via tech companies under FISA laws.[450] Data collected by TikTok and other social networks can already be purchased through other means.[450][451] Some theorize that, if passed, H.R. 7521 could “embolden authoritarian censorship” of American Internet companies and affect U.S. interests, reputation, and online speech.[452] They have also labeled a potential ban on the app an assault on freedom of speech, including Republican congressmen Rand Paul and Thomas Massie.[453][454]
【参考译文】批评者指出，美国本身也通过《外国情报监视法》（FISA）利用科技公司监视国外个人。[450]TikTok和其他社交网络收集的数据已经可以通过其他方式购买。[450][451]一些理论认为，如果H.R. 7521法案通过，可能会“助长对美国互联网公司的独裁审查”，并影响美国的利益、声誉和网络言论。[452]包括共和党国会议员兰德·保罗（Rand Paul）和托马斯·马西（Thomas Massie）在内的批评者还将对该应用程序的潜在禁令贴上了言论自由攻击的标签。[453][454]
Observers have argued that the national security concerns raised are largely hypothetical.[455][456][457] There is insufficient public evidence to show that American user data has been accessed by or shared with the PRC government,[458][459][460] with some claims reportedly exaggerated.[461] Biden himself was on TikTok as the president, while Trump has reversed his previous position.[462] According to computer security specialist Bruce Schneier, which company owns TikTok may not matter, as Russia had interfered in the 2016 US elections using Facebook without owning it.[463]
【参考译文】观察人士认为，提出的国家安全担忧在很大程度上是假设性的。[455][456][457]没有足够的公开证据表明美国用户数据已被中国政府访问或与中国政府共享，[458][459][460]而且据说有些说法被夸大了。[461]拜登总统本人也曾使用过TikTok，而特朗普则改变了之前的立场。[462]据计算机安全专家布鲁斯·施奈尔（Bruce Schneier）称，哪家公司拥有TikTok可能并不重要，因为俄罗斯曾在没有拥有Facebook的情况下，利用该平台进行了2016年美国大选干预。[463]
8.7 中国香港
2020年7月7日，在《港版国安法》正式颁布实施一周后，TikTok母公司字节跳动发表英文版声明，宣布在未来数日内TikTok将正式撤出香港市场，这也是该法实施后首个撤出香港的互联网巨头[64]，但抖音仍会继续服务香港，并由抖音中国内地版接手运营。中国内地版于2021年8月底在港区的Google Play商店[65]及苹果App Store[66]上架。
9. 合作伙伴关系 | Partnerships
In April 2021, the Abu Dhabi Department of Culture and Tourism partnered with TikTok to promote tourism for the city.[464] It came following the January 2021 winter campaign with the United Arab Emirates Government Media Office.[465]
【参考译文】2021年4月，阿布扎比文化和旅游部与TikTok合作，推广该市的旅游业。[464]此举是在2021年1月与阿拉伯联合酋长国政府媒体办公室开展的冬季宣传活动之后进行的。[465]
In June 2023, The New Zealand Herald reported that TikTok, working in cooperation with both New Zealand and Australian police, deleted 340 accounts and 2,000 videos associated with criminal gangs including the Mongrel Mob, Black Power, Killer Beez, the Comancheros, Mongols, and Rebels. TikTok had earlier drawn criticism for hosting content by organized crime groups promoting the gang lifestyle and fights. A TikTok spokesperson reiterated the platform’s efforts to countering “violent” and “hateful” organizations’ content and cooperating with police. New Zealand Police Commissioner Andrew Coster praised the platform for taking a “socially-responsible stance” against gangs.[466]
【参考译文】2023年6月，《新西兰先驱报》报道称，TikTok与新西兰和澳大利亚警方合作，删除了与包括Mongrel Mob、Black Power、Killer Beez、Comancheros、Mongols和Rebels在内的犯罪团伙相关的340个账户和2000个视频。TikTok此前曾因允许有组织犯罪团体宣传帮派生活方式和打斗的内容而受到批评。TikTok的一位发言人重申了平台致力于打击“暴力”和“仇恨”组织的内容，并与警方合作。新西兰警察局长安德鲁·科斯特（Andrew Coster）赞扬了该平台在打击帮派方面采取的“具有社会责任感”的立场。[466]
TikTok has partnered with the Hispanic Heritage Foundation to support small Latino businesses, setting aside $5000 each for 40 grant recipients based on entrepreneurship.[467] After digital advertising rules for the Olympics were relaxed, TikTok and Team GB signed a sponsorship deal to help UK athletes connect with new audiences for the 2024 Summer Olympics.[468]
【参考译文】TikTok与西班牙裔美国遗产基金会合作，支持小型拉丁裔企业，基于创业精神为40名受助者各提供5000美元资助。[467]在奥运会的数字广告规则放宽后，TikTok与英国奥运代表团签署了一项赞助协议，以帮助英国运动员在2024年夏季奥运会上与新的观众群体建立联系。[468]
Starting in 2021, TikTok became the primary sponsor/partner of the English Football League club Wrexham A.F.C. located in Wrexham, Wales. A large version of the TikTok logo was emblazoned on the front of the player’s red coloured home and away uniforms below the Wrexham A.F.C. crest as well as on shirts sold by Wrexham’s brick and mortar and virtual fan stores, the partnership ended in 2023 when Wrexham was promoted to the EFL League Two after which U.S. airline United took over the partnership/sponsorship.[469][470]
【参考译文】从2021年开始，TikTok成为位于威尔士雷克瑟姆的英格兰足球联赛俱乐部雷克瑟姆足球俱乐部的主要赞助商/合作伙伴。TikTok的大型标志被印在雷克瑟姆足球俱乐部队徽下方的球员红色和客场球衣的前部，以及雷克瑟姆实体和虚拟球迷商店出售的球衣上。2023年，当雷克瑟姆升入英格兰足球联赛第二级别联赛后，该合作关系结束，随后美国航空公司联合航空接手了这一合作伙伴关系/赞助。[469][470]
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