{"id":1189,"date":"2023-09-13T20:45:38","date_gmt":"2023-09-13T12:45:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/?p=1189"},"modified":"2024-05-21T23:02:38","modified_gmt":"2024-05-21T15:02:38","slug":"beijing-zhangjiakou-railway-zh","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/2023\/09\/13\/beijing-zhangjiakou-railway-zh\/","title":{"rendered":"\u4eac\u5f20\u94c1\u8def Beijing\u2013Zhangjiakou Railway – \u4e2d\u6587\u8bcd\u6761"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\n

\u4e2d\u6587\u8bcd\u6761\u53c2\u89c1\u94fe\u63a5\uff08\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ece\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u8bbf\u95ee\uff09\uff1a\u70b9\u51fb\u8fd9\u91cc\u8bbf\u95ee<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\uff08Wikipedia\uff09\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u7ef4\u57fa\u5a92\u4f53\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u7684\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u767e\u79d1\u9879\u76ee\uff0c\u5176\u5185\u5bb9\u53ef\u80fd\u53d7\u5230\u7acb\u573a\u3001\u4fe1\u606f\u6765\u6e90\u7b49\u56e0\u7d20\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u8bf7\u5ba2\u89c2\u770b\u5f85\u3002\u6b63\u6587\u5185\u5bb9\u4e0d\u4ee3\u8868\u8bd1\u8005\u89c2\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u4e00\u3001\u6b63\u6587<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

0. \u5e8f\u8a00\u548c\u6982\u89c8<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\n

\u642c\u8fd0\u8005\u6ce8\uff1a\u6b64\u6807\u9898\u662f\u642c\u8fd0\u8005\u52a0\u7684\u3002 <\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

\u6b64\u6761\u76ee\u4ecb\u7ecd\u7684\u662f\u4eac\u5f20\u94c1\u8def\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u3002 \u5173\u4e8e\u73b0\u5728\u8fd0\u8425\u7684\u94c1\u8def\uff0c\u8bf7\u89c1\u201c\u4eac\u5305\u94c1\u8def\u201d\u3002 \u5173\u4e8e\u6765\u5f80\u5317\u4eac\u548c\u5f20\u5bb6\u53e3\u7684\u9ad8\u901f\u94c1\u8def\uff0c\u8bf7\u89c1\u201c\u4eac\u5f20\u57ce\u9645\u94c1\u8def\u201d\u3002 <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Beijing\u2013Zhangjiakou Railway<\/strong> or Jingzhang Railway<\/strong> (simplified Chinese: \u4eac\u5f20\u94c1\u8def; pinyin: J\u012bngzh\u0101ng Ti\u011bl\u00f9<\/em>), also known as the Imperial Peking\u2013Kalgan Railway<\/strong>, is China<\/a>\u2019s first railway that has been designed and built solely by Chinese, situated in the nation\u2019s capital Beijing<\/a> and Zhangjiakou<\/a> City in Hebei Province. It was built in 1905\u20131909 under the proposal of Viceroy of Zhili<\/a>Yuan Shikai<\/a> (\u8881\u4e16\u51ef) and Assistant Director-General of Railways Hu Yufen (\u80e1\u71cf\u68fb), with Zhan Tianyou<\/a> (\u8a79\u5929\u4f51) or Jeme Tien Yow as engineer-in-chief. When building the railway, Zhan reduced the length of Badaling Tunnel by using a switchback\u2014<\/em>or \u201c\u4eba\u201d-shaped rail track called in China as the shape of it resembles the Chinese character \u201c\u4eba\u201d (pinyin: r\u00e9n<\/em>; literally: people); he also used vertical shafts to facilitate the excavation of the tunnel.
\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u5317\u4eac-\u5f20\u5bb6\u53e3\u94c1\u8def\uff0c\u53c8\u79f0\u4eac\u5f20\u94c1\u8def\uff0c\u4ea6\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c<\/em>Imperial Peking\u2013Kalgan Railway\u201d<\/em><\/strong>[1]<\/a><\/sup>\uff0c\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u7b2c\u4e00\u6761\u5b8c\u5168\u7531\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u8bbe\u8ba1\u548c\u5efa\u9020\u7684\u94c1\u8def\uff0c\u4f4d\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u9996\u90fd\u5317\u4eac\u548c\u6cb3\u5317\u7701\u5f20\u5bb6\u53e3\u5e02\u3002\u8be5\u94c1\u8def\u5efa\u4e8e1905\u5e74\u81f31909\u5e74\uff0c\u7531\u76f4\u96b6\u603b\u7763<\/a>\u8881\u4e16\u51ef\u548c\u94c1\u8def\u526f\u603b\u88c1\uff08\u4f1a\u529e\u5927\u81e3\uff09\u80e1\u71cf\u68fb\u63d0\u8bae\uff0c\u5e76\u7531\u8a79\u5929\u4f51\uff08Jeme Tien Yow\uff09\u62c5\u4efb\u9996\u5e2d\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u3002\u5728\u5efa\u8bbe\u94c1\u8def\u65f6\uff0c\u8a79\u91c7\u7528\u4e86\u201c\u4eba\u201d\u5b57\u5f62\u7684\u56de\u65cb\u9053\u8f68\u5236\uff0c\u5c06\u516b\u8fbe\u5cad\u96a7\u9053<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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1909\u5e74<\/a>\uff0c\u4eac\u5f20\u94c1\u8def\u6b63\u5f0f\u901a\u8f66\uff0c\u5168\u7ebf\u4ece\u4e30\u53f0\u67f3\u6751<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u6982\u89c8<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u8fd0\u8425\u4fe1\u606f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5f00\u901a\u8fd0\u8425<\/th>1909\u5e74[1]:12<\/strong><\/th><\/tr>
\u8fd0\u8425\u8005<\/strong><\/td>\u4e2d\u56fd\u94c1\u8def\u603b\u516c\u53f8<\/a><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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\u7ebf\u8def\u56fe<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

1. \u5386\u53f2<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

1.1 \u80cc\u666f<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

19\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u671f\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u94c1\u8def\u4fee\u7b51\u6743\u548c\u77ff\u5c71\u5f00\u91c7\u6743\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u897f\u65b9\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u652b\u53d6\u5bf9\u8c61\u30021895\u5e74\uff0c\u5149\u7eea\u5e1d<\/a>\u4e0b\u8bcf\u79f0\u8981\u201c\u529b\u884c\u5b9e\u653f\u201d\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4fee\u94c1\u8def\u88ab\u5217\u4e3a\u9996\u4f4d\u3002\u6b64\u540e\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd<\/a>\u548c\u4fc4\u56fd<\/a>\u4e89\u593a\u4e2d\u56fd\u5317\u65b9\u7684\u7b51\u8def\u6743\uff0c\u4f46\u6700\u7ec8\u88ab\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u4e8e1898\u5e74\u56de\u7edd\u30021899\u5e74\u524d\u540e\uff0c\u5c71\u6d77\u5173\u5185\u5916\u94c1\u8def\u603b\u5de5\u7a0b\u53f8\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u91d1\u8fbe<\/a>\u8349\u6d4b\u4e86\u5317\u4eac\u5230\u5f20\u5bb6\u53e3\u7684\u94c1\u8def\u3002\u8fd9\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86\u82f1\u56fd\u548c\u4fc4\u56fd\u5bf9\u5185\u8499\u53e4\u5730\u533a\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u6743\u7684\u4e89\u593a\u3002\u4fc4\u56fd\u5411\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u8981\u6c42\u5efa\u9020\u5317\u4eac\u5230\u5f20\u5bb6\u53e3<\/a>\u7684\u94c1\u8def\uff0c\u4f46\u672a\u88ab\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u5141\u8bb8[2]<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1899\u5e746\u67081\u65e5\uff0c\u4fc4\u56fd\u5f3a\u8feb\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u7b54\u5e94\u5317\u4eac\u4ee5\u5317\u6216\u4e1c\u5317\u5730\u533a\u4fee\u5efa\u94c1\u8def\u65f6\uff0c\u82e5\u6709\u6765\u81ea\u9664\u4e2d\u56fd\u548c\u4fc4\u56fd\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u516c\u53f8\u53c2\u4e0e\u5efa\u9020\uff0c\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u5fc5\u987b\u5148\u4e0e\u4fc4\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u6216\u516c\u53f8\u5546\u8bae\u76f8\u5173\u4e8b\u5b9c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

inNE”>\u516b\u56fd\u8054\u519b<\/a>\u4fb5\u534e\u540e\uff0c\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0e\u82f1\u56fd\u7b7e\u8ba2\u300a\u82f1\u56fd\u4ea4\u8fd8\u5173\u5185\u5916\u94c1\u8def\u7ae0\u7a0b\u300b\u548c\u300a\u5173\u5185\u5916\u94c1\u8def\u4ea4\u8fd8\u4ee5\u540e\u7ae0\u7a0b\u300b\uff0c\u5c06\u5c71\u6d77\u5173\u5185\u591680\u82f1\u91cc\u4ee5\u5185\u548c\u4e30\u53f0\u81f3\u957f\u57ce\u5411\u5317\u7684\u94c1\u8def\u4fee\u7b51\u65b9\u9650\u5b9a\u4e8e\u82f1\u65b9\u548c\u4e2d\u65b9\u3002\u6b64\u540e\u4fc4\u56fd\u548c\u6cd5\u56fd<\/a>\u5bf9\u300a\u5173\u5185\u5916\u94c1\u8def\u4ea4\u8fd8\u4ee5\u540e\u7ae0\u7a0b\u300b\u63d0\u51fa\u4ea4\u6d89\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u786e\u5b9a\u5317\u4eac\u4ee5\u5317\u7684\u5404\u6761\u652f\u8def\uff0c\u548c\u5317\u4eac\u81f3\u5f20\u5bb6\u53e3\u7684\u94c1\u8def\u5747\u53ea\u5f97\u7531\u4e2d\u8d44\u4fee\u5efa\uff0c\u5916\u8d44\u4e0d\u5f97\u4ecb\u5165\uff0c\u4fee\u5efa\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\u94c1\u8def\u53ca\u5176\u6536\u5165\u4e0d\u5f97\u62b5\u62bc\u7ed9\u5916\u56fd[3]<\/a>:31-32\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.2 \u89c4\u5212<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

1903\u5e74\uff0c\u5546\u4eba\u674e\u660e\u548c<\/a>\u5411\u94c1\u8def\u77ff\u7269\u603b\u5c40<\/a>\u63d0\u8bf7\u4fee\u7b51\u5317\u4eac\u5230\u5f20\u5bb6\u53e3\u7684\u94c1\u8def\uff0c\u968f\u540e\u5546\u4eba\u674e\u6625<\/a>\u4e5f\u63d0\u8bf7\u540c\u6837\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9c\uff0c\u4f46\u4e8c\u4eba\u5747\u65e0\u6cd5\u5982\u5b9e\u62a5\u544a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8d44\u91d1\u591a\u5c11\u548c\u8d44\u91d1\u6765\u6e90\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u4e8c\u4eba\u7684\u63d0\u8bf7\u5747\u88ab\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u9a73\u56de\u3002\u5f53\u5e749\u6708\uff0c\u5fa1\u53f2\u745e\u741b<\/a>\u63d0\u8bae\u5546\u529e\u4eac\u5f20\u94c1\u8def\uff0c\u8be5\u63d0\u8bae\u518d\u6b21\u88ab\u9a73\u56de\u3002\u9274\u4e8e\u4ee5\u4e0a\u63d0\u8bf7\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u6e05\u5fb7\u5b97\u4e0b\u4ee4\u5b98\u529e\u4eac\u5f20\u94c1\u8def\uff0c\u6c11\u95f4\u4e0d\u5f97\u518d\u63d0\u51fa\u4efb\u4f55\u5546\u529e\u7684\u8bf7\u6c42[4]<\/a>:911-913[3]<\/a>:32\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1905\u5e74\uff0c\u76f4\u96b6\u603b\u7763\u8881\u4e16\u51ef<\/a>\u548c\u4f1a\u529e\u5927\u81e3\u80e1\u71cf\u68fb<\/a>\u594f\u51c6\u7b79\u529e\u4eac\u5f20\u94c1\u8def\uff0c\u9884\u7b97\u7ecf\u8d39500\u4e07\u4e24\u767d\u94f6\uff0c\u9884\u8ba1\u8017\u65f64\u5e74\uff0c\u5e76\u7531\u5173\u5185\u5916\u94c1\u8def<\/a>\u7684\u76c8\u4f59\u4e2d\u6bcf\u5e74\u63d0100\u4e07\u4e24\u767d\u94f6\u6295\u5165\u5efa\u8bbe\uff0c\u76c8\u4f59\u63d0\u53d6\u4e4b\u540e\u53ef\u4ece\u5e9a\u5b50\u8d54\u6b3e<\/a>\u4e2d\u8865\u507f80\u4e07\u4e24\u7ed9\u5173\u5185\u5916\u94c1\u8def[5]<\/a>:271\uff0c\u8be5\u594f\u672c\u4e8e\u5f53\u5e742\u6708\u6279\u590d\u540c\u610f[3]<\/a>:32-33;410\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5bf9\u4e8e\u603b\u5de5\u7a0b\u53f8\u7684\u4eba\u9009\uff0c\u6881\u6566\u5f66<\/a>\u5411\u8881\u4e16\u51ef\u63a8\u8350\u8a79\u5929\u4f51<\/a>\uff0c\u8881\u4e16\u51ef\u4e5f\u91c7\u7eb3\u4e86\u8be5\u5efa\u8bae[6]<\/a>\u3002\u540c\u5e745\u6708\u521d\uff0c\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u4efb\u547d\u9648\u662d\u5e38<\/a>\u4e3a\u4eac\u5f20\u94c1\u8def\u603b\u529e\uff0c\u4efb\u547d\u8a79\u5929\u4f51\u4e3a\u4f1a\u529e\u517c\u603b\u5de5\u7a0b\u53f8\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u5929\u6d25\u8bbe\u7acb\u4eac\u5f20\u94c1\u8def\u603b\u5c40\uff0c\u5728\u5317\u4eac\u961c\u6210\u95e8\u5185\u8bbe\u7acb\u4eac\u5f20\u94c1\u8def\u5206\u5c40[3]<\/a>:32-33;410\u3002\u8a79\u5929\u4f51\u968f\u5373\u5e26\u9886\u4e2d\u56fd\u5de5\u7a0b\u5b66\u5458\u5f90\u6587\u6d04<\/a>\u548c\u5f20\u9e3f\u8bf0<\/a>\u4ece\u4e30\u53f0\u4e1c\u7684\u67f3\u6751\u5f00\u59cb\u5b9e\u5730\u52d8\u6d4b\u7ebf\u8def[7]<\/a>:205\uff0c\u7ecf\u5357\u53e3\u8fc7\u5173\u6c9f\u81f3\u516b\u8fbe\u5cad\uff0c5\u670831\u65e5\u52d8\u6d4b\u81f3\u5f20\u5bb6\u53e3\uff0c\u5e76\u521d\u9009\u5f20\u5bb6\u53e3\u7ad9\u7ad9\u5740\u3002\u8a79\u5929\u4f51\u968f\u540e\u8d70\u8bbf\u5f20\u5bb6\u53e3\u5f53\u5730\u90fd\u7edf\u6ea5\u4ef2\u9c81<\/a>\u7b49\u5b98\u5458\uff0c\u5e76\u786e\u5b9a\u4e86\u5f20\u5bb6\u53e3\u7ad9\u7684\u786e\u5207\u9009\u5740\u4f4d\u7f6e[8]<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6\u67083\u65e5\uff0c\u8a79\u5929\u4f51\u5e26\u9886\u4e24\u540d\u961f\u5458\u8fdb\u884c\u7ebf\u8def\u56de\u6d4b\uff0c\u76f8\u6bd4\u521d\u6d4b\uff0c\u672c\u6b21\u56de\u6d4b\u8def\u7a0b\u66f4\u8fdc\uff0c\u4e14\u672a\u80fd\u964d\u4f4e\u5761\u5ea6\uff0c\u5efa\u8bbe\u6210\u672c\u9ad8\u4e8e\u521d\u6d4b\u7ebf\u8def\uff0c\u8fd9\u6761\u56de\u6d4b\u7ebf\u8def\u5728\u5f53\u65f6\u4ec5\u88ab\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u6761\u6bd4\u8f83\u7ebf\u8def[2]<\/a><\/sup>\u30026\u670823\u65e5\uff0c\u8a79\u5929\u4f51\u8fd8\u66fe\u5e26\u961f\u7531\u9752\u9f99\u6865\u7ed5\u9ec4\u571f\u5cad\u62b5\u8fbe\u5c0f\u5f20\u5bb6\u53e3\uff0c\u8fd9\u6761\u8def\u7ebf\u56e0\u9020\u4ef7\u95ee\u9898\u4e5f\u88ab\u820d\u5f03\u30026\u6708\u5e95\uff0c\u8a79\u5929\u4f51\u56de\u5230\u4eac\u5f20\u94c1\u8def\u603b\u5c40\uff0c\u5e76\u5236\u5b9a\u5173\u6c9f\u6bb5\u7684\u7ebf\u8def\u65bd\u5de5\u65b9\u6848\uff0c\u5de5\u671f\u786e\u5b9a\u4e3a4\u5e74\uff0c\u5e76\u89c4\u5212\u4e86\u4eac\u5f20\u94c1\u8def\u53ef\u627f\u53d7\u7684\u5ba2\u8d27\u8fd0\u91cf\u53ca\u76f8\u5e94\u7968\u4ef7\u3001\u7528\u7164\u7b49\u8fd0\u884c\u65b9\u6848\u3002\u540c\u65f6\u8a79\u5929\u4f51\u8fd8\u63d0\u62a5\u4e86\u4eac\u5f20\u94c1\u8def\u7684\u65bd\u5de5\u9884\u7b97\uff0c\u5171\u8ba17,291,860\u4e24\u767d\u94f6\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e00\u9884\u7b97\u56e0\u4e0e\u5148\u524d\u594f\u6298\u51fa\u5165\u592a\u5927\u800c\u88ab\u8881\u4e16\u51ef\u8981\u6c42\u91cd\u7b97\u3002\u8881\u4e16\u51ef\u8981\u6c42\u8a79\u5929\u4f51\u5c06\u9884\u7b97\u538b\u7f29\u81f3600\u4e07\u4e24\u767d\u94f6\u4ee5\u5185\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u673a\u8f66\u3001\u8f66\u8f86\u8d39\u7528\u53e6\u884c\u594f\u8bf7\uff0c\u603b\u52a1\u8d39\u7528\u7b49\u4e30\u53f0\u81f3\u5357\u53e3\u6bb5\u5b8c\u5de5\u8425\u4e1a\u540e\u518d\u89e3\u51b3\u3002\u968f\u540e\u8a79\u5929\u4f51\u5c06\u4e0a\u62a5\u9884\u7b97\u51cf\u81f35,724,160\u4e24\u767d\u94f6[8]<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

8\u67083\u65e5\uff0c\u4eac\u5f20\u94c1\u8def\u6b63\u5f0f\u5f00\u59cb\u5b9a\u6d4b\uff0c8\u670830\u65e5\u5b9a\u6d4b\u5b8c\u6210\u30029\u6708\uff0c\u4eac\u5f20\u94c1\u8def\u5de5\u7a0b\u5c40\u4e8e\u5317\u4eac\u961c\u6210\u95e8\u5916\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u8a79\u5929\u4f51\u7ee7\u7eed\u62c5\u4efb\u4f1a\u529e\u517c\u603b\u5de5\u7a0b\u53f8\u30021907\u5e74\u65f6\uff0c\u4eac\u5f20\u94c1\u8def\u603b\u5c40\u8fc1\u5165\u961c\u6210\u95e8\u5185\u4eac\u5f20\u94c1\u8def\u5206\u5c40\u5185\uff0c\u5206\u5c40\u53d6\u6d88\u3002\u540c\u5e74\u9648\u662d\u5e38\u8c03\u4efb\u5409\u6797\u5de1\u629a\uff0c\u8a79\u5929\u4f51\u5347\u4efb\u603b\u529e\uff0c\u5173\u5195\u94a7<\/a>\u63a5\u4efb\u4eac\u5f20\u94c1\u8def\u603b\u5c40\u4f1a\u529e[8]<\/a>\u3002\u5173\u5195\u94a7\u968f\u5373\u7740\u624b\u5236\u5b9a\u5305\u62ec\u884c\u8f66\u3001\u6307\u6325\u7b49\u64cd\u4f5c\u5728\u5185\u7684\u6240\u6709\u4eac\u5f20\u94c1\u8def\u8fd0\u884c\u76f8\u5173\u5b88\u5219[3]<\/a>:33-34;410;424\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.3 \u4fee\u5efa<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

1905\u5e7410\u67082\u65e5\uff0c\u4eac\u5f20\u94c1\u8def\u6b63\u5f0f\u5f00\u5de5[9]<\/a>:17\u3002\u5de5\u7a0b\u5206\u4e09\u6bb5\u8fdb\u884c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.3.1 \u7b2c\u4e00\u6bb5\uff1a\u4e30\u53f0\u81f3\u5357\u53e3<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"\/
\u5efa\u6210\u521d\u671f\u7684\u4eac\u5f20\u94c1\u8def\u5e7f\u5b89\u95e8\u7ad9\uff0c\u8be5\u7ad9\u73b0\u88ab\u7f16\u4e3a\u4eac\u4e5d\u94c1\u8def\u3002
\u56fe\u7247\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a\u8c2d\u666f\u68e0 (Tan Jingtang, 1876\uff0d1915) \u3002
\u56fe\u7247\u6765\u6e90\uff1a\u4e2d\u534e\u4eba\u6c11\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u56fd\u5bb6\u6863\u6848\u5c40 \u300a\u4eac\u5f20\u8def\u5de5\u6444\u5f71\u300bhttp:\/\/smyx.fj-archives.org.cn\/Csmyx\/danganyichan\/905.Html<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

\u5168\u957f55\u516c\u91cc\uff0c\u8d77\u70b9\u4f4d\u4e8e\u4e30\u53f0\u7ad9<\/a>\u4e1c\u4fa7\u7684\u67f3\u675160\u53f7\u6865\u3002\u4fee\u5efa\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5de5\u7a0b\u9700\u8981\u501f\u7528\u5173\u5185\u5916\u94c1\u8def<\/a>\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u573a\u5730\u548c\u8bbe\u65bd\uff0c\u7ecf\u8c08\u5224\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4eac\u5f20\u94c1\u8def\u6bcf\u5e74\u987b\u5411\u5173\u5185\u5916\u94c1\u8def\u652f\u4ed8200\u4e24\u767d\u94f6\u7684\u79df\u501f\u8d39\u7528\u30021906\u5e749\u670830\u65e5\uff0c\u8be5\u6bb5\u7ebf\u8def\u5efa\u6210\u901a\u8f66[3]<\/a>:38\u3002\u671f\u95f4\u7531\u4eac\u5f20\u94c1\u8def\u603b\u5c40\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u897f\u76f4\u95e8\u7ad9<\/a>\u4e8e1905\u5e74\u5f00\u5efa\uff0c\u5e76\u4e8e1906\u5e74\u5efa\u6210[10]<\/a>:483\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.3.2 \u7b2c\u4e8c\u6bb5\uff1a\u5357\u53e3\u81f3\u5c94\u9053\u57ce<\/a>\u6bb5<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5168\u957f16.5\u516c\u91cc\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5173\u6c9f\u6bb5\u4e3a\u65bd\u5de5\u6700\u96be\u7684\u5730\u6bb5\u3002\u8a79\u5929\u4f51\u4e3a\u65b9\u4fbf\u6307\u6325\u65bd\u5de5\uff0c\u800c\u7279\u5730\u5c06\u603b\u5de5\u7a0b\u53f8\u529e\u4e8b\u5904\u642c\u5230\u4e86\u5357\u53e3[3]<\/a>:38\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u914d\u5408\u94c1\u8def\u5efa\u8bbe\uff0c1906\u5e74\uff0c\u5357\u53e3\u5730\u533a\u5f00\u59cb\u751f\u4ea7\u77f3\u78b4[3]<\/a><\/sup>\uff0c\u540c\u5e74\u76f8\u914d\u5957\u7684\u673a\u8f66\u5236\u9020\u5382\u201c\u4eac\u5f20\u5236\u9020\u5382\u201d\u6b63\u5f0f\u5efa\u5382[4]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u5728\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7a7f\u8fc7\u519b\u90fd\u5c71\u7684\u94c1\u8def\u7ebf\u8def\u65f6\uff0c\u8a79\u5929\u4f51\u91c7\u7528\u4e86\u4eba\u5b57\u5f62\u5c55\u7ebf[5]<\/a><\/sup>\uff0c\u5e76\u91c7\u752833\u2030\u5927\u5761\u5ea6\u8d8a\u5cad\u3002\u8be5\u8bbe\u8ba1\u6210\u529f\u5c06\u516b\u8fbe\u5cad\u96a7\u9053\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u957f\u5ea6\u4ece1800\u7c73\u7f29\u77ed\u81f3\u7b26\u5408\u5f53\u65f6\u65bd\u5de5\u80fd\u529b\u76841090.5\u7c73[7]<\/a>:205-206[3]<\/a>:241\u3002\u5728\u5f00\u51ff\u516b\u8fbe\u5cad\u96a7\u9053\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u4eba\u96e8\u5bab\u656c\u6b21\u90ce<\/a>\u548c\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u91d1\u8fbe\u90fd\u66fe\u4ee5\u96a7\u9053\u5f00\u51ff\u96be\u5ea6\u8fc7\u5927\u4e3a\u7531\u5411\u8a79\u5929\u4f51\u63a8\u8350\u5916\u56fd\u673a\u68b0\u548c\u627f\u5305\u5546\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u5de5\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u8a79\u5929\u4f51\u4f9d\u7136\u91c7\u7528\u5168\u534e\u73ed\u4eba\u5de5\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u5728\u5f00\u51ff\u65f6\u9664\u53bb\u5c71\u4f53\u4e24\u7aef\u7684\u5f00\u51ff\u9762\u5916\uff0c\u8a79\u5929\u4f51\u8fd8\u5728\u5c71\u9876\u9009\u51ff\u4e86\u5927\u5c0f\u4e24\u4e2a\u7ad6\u4e95\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4ece\u96a7\u9053\u5185\u4fa7\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u56db\u4e2a\u5f00\u51ff\u9762\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5927\u7ad6\u4e95\u6df1\u8fbe33\u7c73\uff0c\u76f4\u5f843.05\u7c73\uff0c\u6bcf\u65e5\u6316\u63980.9\u7c73\u3002\u7ad6\u4e95\u5728\u6b64\u540e\u914d\u4ee5\u9f13\u98ce\u673a\uff0c\u89e3\u51b3\u4e86\u96a7\u9053\u5185\u7684\u901a\u98ce\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u96a7\u9053\u6253\u901a\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4e24\u4e2a\u7ad6\u4e95\u88ab\u6539\u9020\u6210\u4e86\u901a\u98ce\u697c\uff0c\u89e3\u51b3\u4e86\u706b\u8f66\u7ecf\u8fc7\u7684\u6392\u70df\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u52a0\u5feb\u65bd\u5de5\u8fdb\u5ea6\uff0c\u5f00\u51ff\u516b\u8fbe\u5cad\u96a7\u9053\u65f6\u65bd\u5de5\u4eba\u5458\u91c7\u53d6\u8f6e\u73ed\u5236\uff0c60\u4eba\u4e3a\u4e00\u73ed\uff0c40\u4eba\u8d1f\u8d23\u5f00\u51ff\u548c\u7206\u7834\uff0c20\u4eba\u8d1f\u8d23\u8fd0\u8f93[3]<\/a>:38-39\u3002\u5728\u5c45\u5eb8\u5173\u4e00\u6bb5\uff0c\u4e3a\u907f\u514d\u62c6\u6bc1\u6c11\u623f\uff0c\u8a79\u5929\u4f51\u7684\u89c4\u5212\u7ebf\u8def\u9009\u62e9\u5728\u9644\u8fd1\u5c71\u4f53\u7a7f\u51ff\u96a7\u9053[12]<\/a>\u3002\u5728\u5f00\u51ff\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u65bd\u5de5\u4eba\u5458\u7591\u4f3c\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u65e9\u5e74\u4ed6\u4eba\u5835\u585e\u4f4f\u7684\u4e00\u6761\u5c71\u5ce1\uff0c\u52a0\u4e4b\u571f\u77f3\u677e\u8106\uff0c\u65bd\u5de5\u96be\u5ea6\u8f83\u5927[3]<\/a>:39-40\u30021907\u5e74\u65f6\uff0c\u6e05\u5ef7\u8fd8\u4e0b\u4ee4\u8981\u6c42\u4eac\u5f20\u94c1\u8def\u5c40\u5728\u94c1\u8def\u4e24\u4fa7\u79cd\u690d\u6811\u6728[13]<\/a>:149\u30021908\u5e744\u670814\u65e5\uff0c\u5168\u957f367\u7c73\u7684\u5c45\u5eb8\u5173\u96a7\u9053<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8d2f\u901a\u30025\u670822\u65e5\uff0c\u5168\u957f1090.5\u7c73\u7684\u516b\u8fbe\u5cad\u96a7\u9053\u8d2f\u901a\uff0c\u5728\u6b64\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u957f141\u7c73\u7684\u77f3\u4f5b\u5bfa\u96a7\u9053\u300146\u7c73\u7684\u4e94\u6842\u5934\u96a7\u9053\u5747\u5df2\u51ff\u901a[3]<\/a>:39-40\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.3.3 \u7b2c\u4e09\u6bb5\uff1a\u5c94\u9053\u57ce\u7ecf\u6000\u6765\u5230\u5f20\u5bb6\u53e3<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5168\u957f129.7\u516c\u91cc\u3002\u8be5\u6bb5\u5de5\u7a0b\u5728\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6bb5\u5de5\u7a0b\u5efa\u8bbe\u671f\u95f4\u5c31\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f00\u5de5\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6bb5\u5b8c\u5de5\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5927\u91cf\u65bd\u5de5\u6750\u6599\u7ecf\u7531\u94c1\u8def\u8fd0\u9001\u81f3\u5de5\u5730\uff0c\u52a0\u5feb\u4e86\u65bd\u5de5\u8fdb\u5ea6\u3002\u8be5\u6bb5\u94c1\u8def\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ee5\u6000\u6765\u6cb3\u5927\u6865\u548c\u9e21\u9e23\u5c71\u81f3\u54cd\u6c34\u94fa\u6bb5\u7ebf\u8def\u4e3a\u65bd\u5de5\u5173\u952e\u70b9\u3002\u524d\u8005\u7ecf\u8a79\u5929\u4f51\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e3a\u4e00\u5ea7\u4e03\u5b54\u94a2\u6841\u6881\u6865\uff0c\u57fa\u7840\u4e3a\u6728\u6869\uff0c\u58a9\u53f0\u4e3a\u6df7\u51dd\u571f\uff1b\u540e\u8005\u5730\u5f62\u4e25\u91cd\u9650\u5236\u94c1\u8def\u94fa\u8f68\uff0c\u52a0\u4e4b\u5bb9\u6613\u88ab\u6d2a\u6c34\u51b2\u57ae\u8def\u57fa\uff0c\u65bd\u5de5\u65f6\u5c06\u6cb3\u5e8a\u57ab\u9ad8\u5e76\u52a0\u4ee5\u6c34\u6ce5\u62a4\u5761\u4ee5\u4fdd\u8bc1\u94c1\u8def\u5b89\u5168\u3002\u94c1\u8def\u4e0e7\u67084\u65e5\u6b63\u5f0f\u94fa\u8bbe\u81f3\u5f20\u5bb6\u53e3\u7ad9[3]<\/a>:39-40\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.3.4 \u901a\u8f66<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/a>
\u8def\u57fa\u88ab\u51b2\u6bc1\u7684\u539f\u4e94\u6842\u5934\u96a7\u9053\u3002\u56fe\u7247\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a\u9727\u5cf6\u8056<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

\u5728\u4fee\u9020\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u8a79\u5929\u4f51\u5168\u7a0b\u4eb2\u81ea\u67e5\u9a8c\u5de5\u7a0b\u8d28\u91cf[14]<\/a>\u30021907\u5e74\uff0c\u5e7f\u4e1c\u603b\u7763\u5c91\u6625\u714a<\/a>\u5411\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u7533\u8bf7\u8ba9\u8a79\u5929\u4f51\u79bb\u5f00\u4eac\u5f20\u94c1\u8def\uff0c\u6539\u4e3a\u534f\u52a9\u4fee\u5efa\u7ca4\u6c49\u94c1\u8def<\/a>\u3002\u8be5\u7533\u8bf7\u906d\u5230\u8881\u4e16\u51ef\u7684\u6781\u529b\u53cd\u5bf9\uff0c\u5c91\u6625\u714a\u7684\u8bf7\u6c42\u4e5f\u6700\u7ec8\u672a\u88ab\u540c\u610f[15]<\/a>[4]<\/a>:916-917\u30021909\u5e748\u670811\u65e5\uff0c\u5168\u90e8\u6536\u5c3e\u5de5\u4f5c\u5b8c\u6210\uff0c\u5de5\u7a0b\u7ae3\u5de5\u30029\u670819\u65e5\uff0c\u90ae\u4f20\u90e8\u5c1a\u4e66<\/a>\u5f90\u4e16\u660c<\/a>\u7387\u603b\u529e\u8a79\u5929\u4f51\u3001\u4f1a\u529e\u5173\u5195\u94a7<\/a>\u7b49\u4eba\u4e58\u5750\u706b\u8f66\u9010\u6bb5\u9a8c\u6536\u4eac\u5f20\u94c1\u8def\uff0c\u5e76\u4e8e9\u670821\u65e5\u5728\u5f20\u5bb6\u53e3\u4e3e\u529e\u9a8c\u6536\u901a\u8f66\u8336\u4f1a\u30029\u670824\u65e5\uff0c\u4eac\u5f20\u94c1\u8def\u5168\u7ebf\u901a\u8f66\u300210\u67082\u65e5\u4e0a\u53488\u70b9\uff0c\u5357\u53e3\u7ad9\u4e3e\u884c\u901a\u8f66\u5178\u793c[1]<\/a>:12;894\uff0c\u51fa\u5e2d\u7684\u5404\u65b9\u4eba\u5458\u5305\u62ec\u5404\u56fd\u9a7b\u4eac\u6d25\u4f7f\u8282\u3001\u5317\u6d0b\u5927\u81e3<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee3\u8868\u3001\u90ae\u4f20\u90e8\u5802\u5baa\u7b49\uff0c\u5230\u4f1a\u8005\u7ea6\u4e00\u4e07\u4f59\u4eba\u3002\u5f90\u4e16\u660c\u3001\u8a79\u5929\u4f51\u548c\u6731\u541b\u6dc7<\/a>\u7b49\u4eba\u5728\u5e86\u795d\u901a\u8f66\u4eea\u5f0f\u4e0a\u53d1\u8868\u6f14\u8bf4[3]<\/a>:40-43\u3002\u4eac\u5f20\u94c1\u8def\u5168\u957f\u5171\u8ba1201.2\u516c\u91cc\uff0c\u5de5\u7a0b\u603b\u8017\u8d39\u6bd4729\u4e07\u4e24\u7684\u539f\u9884\u7b97\u8282\u7ea6\u4e8628.9\u4e07\u4e24\uff0c\u5e73\u5747\u6bcf\u516c\u91cc\u9020\u4ef73.45\u4e07\u4e24\uff0c\u4e3a\u5f53\u65f6\u5168\u56fd\u5e73\u5747\u9020\u4ef7\u6700\u4f4e\u94c1\u8def\u3002\u540c\u65f6\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u6e05\u671d\u5e74\u95f4\u7b2c\u4e00\u6761\u4e5f\u662f\u4ec5\u6709\u7684\u4e00\u6761\u7531\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u81ea\u884c\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5efa\u9020\u5e76\u5236\u5b9a\u89c4\u7ae0\u7684\u94c1\u8def[3]<\/a>:40;423\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4eac\u5f20\u94c1\u8def\u5efa\u6210\u4e4b\u540e\u627f\u63a5\u4e86\u591a\u9879\u4e1a\u52a1\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u4ece\u4e30\u53f0\u5230\u5f20\u5bb6\u53e3\u7684\u90ae\u4ef6\u8fd0\u9001[16]<\/a>:211\u3002\u800c\u6e05\u6cb3\u7ad9\u7684\u5ba2\u8fd0\u548c\u8d27\u8fd0\u4e1a\u52a1\u57fa\u672c\u53d6\u4ee3\u4e86\u539f\u6709\u7684\u6e05\u6cb3\u6c34\u9053<\/a>\u7684\u4e1a\u52a1[9]<\/a>:659[17]<\/a>:847\u3002\u94c1\u8def\u901a\u8f66\u540e\uff0c\u76f8\u914d\u5957\u7684\u77f3\u78b4\u7b49\u5efa\u6750\u751f\u4ea7\u5730\u4e5f\u5168\u90e8\u505c\u4ea7[11]<\/a>:357\uff0c\u800c\u4eac\u5f20\u5236\u9020\u5382\u5219\u5728\u539f\u6765\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u6269\u5927\u4e86\u751f\u4ea7\u89c4\u6a21[10]<\/a>:372\u3002\u5728\u5eb7\u5e84\u7ad9\u5efa\u6210\u540e\uff0c\u5176\u4e0e\u5ef6\u5e86\u5dde\u57ce\u7684\u9053\u8def\u4e5f\u968f\u5373\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u6574\u4fee[18]<\/a>:308\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.4 \u5efa\u6210\u540e<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u89c1\uff1a\u4eac\u5305\u94c1\u8def<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/a>
\u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\u89c6\u5bdf\u4eac\u5f20\u94c1\u8def\u65f6\u4e0e\u6b22\u8fce\u4eba\u5458\u5728\u5f20\u5bb6\u53e3\u8f66\u7ad9\u5408\u5f71.
\u56fe\u7247\u6765\u6e90\uff1a http:\/\/www.chnmuseum.cn\/Portals\/0\/web\/zt\/20161108sun-yat-sen\/index.html<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

1910\u5e74\uff0c\u4eac\u5f20\u94c1\u8def\u5de5\u7a0b\u5c40\u8fc1\u5740\u5f20\u5bb6\u53e3\uff0c\u66f4\u540d\u4e3a\u5f20\u7ee5\u94c1\u8def\u5de5\u7a0b\u5c40\uff0c\u4ee5\u914d\u5408\u5f20\u7ee5\u94c1\u8def\u7684\u4fee\u5efa\u30021912\u5e749\u6708\uff0c\u5378\u4efb\u4e34\u65f6\u5927\u603b\u7edf\u804c\u52a1\u540e\u7684\u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71<\/a>\u6709\u610f\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u56fd\u94c1\u8def\u4e8b\u4e1a\uff0c\u5728\u5317\u4eac\u4e0e\u8881\u4e16\u51ef<\/a>\u4f1a\u9762\u540e\uff0c\u4e58\u706b\u8f66\u524d\u5f80\u5f20\u5bb6\u53e3\uff0c\u89c6\u5bdf\u4eac\u5f20\u94c1\u8def\u30021916\u5e74\uff0c\u4eac\u5f20\u94c1\u8def\u7ba1\u7406\u5c40\u4e0e\u5f20\u7ee5\u94c1\u8def\u7ba1\u7406\u5c40\u5408\u5e76\uff0c\u79f0\u4eac\u7ee5\u94c1\u8def\u7ba1\u7406\u5c40\uff0c\u4eac\u5f20\u94c1\u8def\u6210\u4e3a\u4eac\u7ee5\u94c1\u8def\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u30021921\u5e744\u6708\uff0c\u94c1\u8def\u5411\u897f\u5ef6\u4f38\u81f3\u7ee5\u8fdc\u57ce<\/a>\u30021923\u5e741\u6708\uff0c\u94c1\u8def\u5411\u897f\u5ef6\u4f38\u81f3\u5305\u5934<\/a>\u30021928\u5e74\uff0c\u4eac\u7ee5\u94c1\u8def\u66f4\u540d\u4e3a\u5e73\u7ee5\u94c1\u8def\u3002\u4e2d\u534e\u4eba\u6c11\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u6210\u7acb\u540e\uff0c\u5168\u7ebf\u6b63\u5f0f\u6539\u79f0\u4eac\u5305\u94c1\u8def<\/a>\uff0c\u539f\u4eac\u5f20\u94c1\u8def\u6210\u4e3a\u4eac\u5305\u94c1\u8def\u7684\u4e00\u6bb5[3]<\/a>:10;44-45;399\u30021924\u5e74\uff0c\u4e0b\u82b1\u56ed\u7ad9\u5468\u8fb9\u56e0\u6c34\u60a3\u800c\u6539\u7ebf6\u516c\u91cc\u3002\u6297\u65e5\u6218\u4e89\u7206\u53d1\u540e\uff0c\u94c1\u8def\u843d\u5165\u65e5\u519b\u4e4b\u624b\u30021939\u5e747\u670825\u65e5\uff0c\u539f\u4eac\u5f20\u94c1\u8def\u6bb5\u56e0\u6c34\u5bb3\u800c\u5728\u6000\u6765\u6bb5\u6539\u7ebf10\u516c\u91cc\uff0c\u4e94\u6842\u5934\u96a7\u9053\u548c\u77f3\u4f5b\u5bfa\u96a7\u9053\u4e5f\u56e0\u88ab\u5927\u6c34\u51b2\u6bc1\u8def\u57fa\u88ab\u8feb\u5e9f\u5f03\u30021940\u5e74\uff0c\u65b0\u4fee\u76844\u5ea7\u96a7\u9053\u548c5\u5ea7\u6865\u6881\u6b63\u5f0f\u6295\u5165\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u9650\u5236\u5761\u5ea6\u88ab\u4ece33.3\u2030\u63d0\u5347\u5230\u4e8635.8\u2030[3]<\/a>:10;44-45\u3002\u4e2d\u534e\u4eba\u6c11\u5171\u548c\u56fd<\/a>\u6210\u7acb\u540e\uff0c1953\u5e74\uff0c\u5eb7\u5e84\u81f3\u72fc\u5c71\u6bb5\u94c1\u8def\u6539\u7ebf\uff0c\u539f\u6000\u6765\u7ad9\u88ab\u5e9f\u5f03\uff0c\u65b0\u5efa\u4e1c\u82b1\u56ed\u7ad9<\/a>[3]<\/a>:44-47\u30021960\u5e74\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u914d\u5408\u6e05\u534e\u5927\u5b66\u6269\u5efa\uff0c\u6e05\u534e\u56ed\u8f66\u7ad9\u7ad9\u5317\u94c1\u8def\u6539\u4e3a\u5411\u4e1c\u7ed5\u884c\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u539f\u7ad9\u5357\u4fa7\u4fee\u5efa\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u7ad9\u623f\uff0c\u539f\u5740\u6539\u4e3a\u8d27\u573a[9]<\/a>:658\u30021968\u5e74\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u89e3\u51b3\u5e02\u5185\u4ea4\u901a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5e7f\u5b89\u95e8\u5230\u897f\u76f4\u95e8\u7684\u4eac\u5f20\u94c1\u8def\u88ab\u5168\u90e8\u62c6\u9664\uff0c\u67f3\u6751\u81f3\u5e7f\u5b89\u95e8\u6bb5\u94c1\u8def\uff08\u5ba2\u8fd0\u8fd0\u4ef7\u91cc\u7a0b\u8868\u79f0\u4e30\u5e7f\u7ebf<\/a>\uff09\u8fd8\u5728\u6b63\u5e38\u8fd0\u8425[3]<\/a>:48\u30022016\u5e74\uff0c\u4e3a\u914d\u5408\u4eac\u5f20\u57ce\u9645\u94c1\u8def<\/a>\u5efa\u8bbe\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\u4e94\u73af\u5185\u7684\u539f\u4eac\u5f20\u94c1\u8def\u88ab\u5168\u90e8\u62c6\u9664\uff0c\u6e05\u534e\u56ed\u7ad9\u4e5f\u88ab\u6c38\u4e45\u5173\u95ed[19]<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/a>
\u4f4d\u4e8e\u67f3\u6751\u7684\u4eac\u5f20\u94c1\u8def\u96f6\u516c\u91cc\u70b9\u73b0\u72b6\uff082020\u5e7410\u6708\uff09.\u56fe\u7247\u4f5c\u8005\uff1aN509FZ<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

1.5 \u51ac\u5965\u4f1a\u706b\u70ac\u4f20\u64ad<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

2022\u5e742\u67083\u65e5\uff0c\u4e24\u68d2\u706b\u70ac\u901a\u8fc7\u767e\u5e74\u4eac\u5f20\u94c1\u8def\u8001\u94c1\u8f68\u4e0a\u884c\u9a76\u7684\u5c0f\u706b\u8f66\u8fdb\u884c\u4f20\u9012\u3002[20]<\/a>2\u670823\u65e5\uff0c\u4eac\u5f20\u94c1\u8def\uff08\u5f20\u5bb6\u53e3\uff09\u89c2\u5149\u7ebf\u9879\u76ee\u201c\u5c0f\u706b\u8f66\u201d\u8bd5\u8fd0\u884c\uff0c\u8be5\u9879\u76ee\u9014\u5f84\u51ac\u5965\u4f1a\u706b\u70ac\u94c1\u8def\u7ebf\u4f20\u9012150\u7c73\u8def\u7ebf\u3002[21]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. \u7ebf\u8def<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

2.1 \u4e3b\u7ebf<\/h4>\n\n\n
\n
\"\"<\/a>
\u4eac\u5f20\u94c1\u8def\u5357\u53e3\u6bb5\u81f3\u516b\u8fbe\u5cad\u6bb5\uff08\u5168\u56fd\u91cd\u70b9\u6587\u7269\u4fdd\u62a4\u5355\u4f4d\uff09\u3002\u56fe\u7247\u4f5c\u8005\uff1aN509FZ<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

\u5168\u56fd\u91cd\u70b9\u6587\u7269\u4fdd\u62a4\u5355\u4f4d\u767b\u8bb0\u4fe1\u606f\uff1a\u4eac\u5f20\u94c1\u8def\u5357\u53e3\u6bb5\u81f3\u516b\u8fbe\u5cad\u6bb5<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6240\u5728<\/td>\u5317\u4eac\u5e02\u660c\u5e73\u533a\u3001\u5ef6\u5e86\u533a<\/td><\/tr>
\u5206\u7c7b<\/td>\u8fd1\u73b0\u4ee3\u91cd\u8981\u53f2\u8ff9\u53ca\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\u5efa\u7b51<\/td><\/tr>
\u65f6\u4ee3<\/td>\u6e05\u81f3\u6c11\u56fd<\/td><\/tr>
\u7f16\u53f7<\/td>7-1610-5-003<\/td><\/tr>
\u767b\u5f55<\/td>2013\u5e743\u6708<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u521a\u5efa\u6210\u7684\u4eac\u5f20\u94c1\u8def\u4ee5\u67f3\u6751\u7684\u4eac\u5949\u94c1\u8def<\/a>\u7b2c\u516d\u5341\u53f7\u6865\u4e3a\u8d77\u70b9\uff0c\u5411\u5317\u7ecf\u5e7f\u5b89\u95e8\u3001\u897f\u4fbf\u95e8\u3001\u897f\u76f4\u95e8\u81f3\u4e09\u624d\u5802<\/a>\uff0c\u518d\u5411\u5317\u8fc7\u6e05\u6cb3\u3001\u6c99\u6cb3\u62b5\u8fbe\u5357\u53e3\uff0c\u4ece\u5357\u53e3\u5411\u5317\u7a7f\u8fc7\u5173\u6c9f\u5185\u7684\u5c45\u5eb8\u5173\u3001\u4e94\u6842\u5934\u3001\u77f3\u4f5b\u5bfa\u548c\u516b\u8fbe\u5cad\u7b49\u56db\u6761\u96a7\u9053\u62b5\u8fbe\u5c94\u9053\u57ce\uff0c\u518d\u7531\u5c94\u9053\u57ce\u5411\u897f\u5317\u65b9\u5411\u62b5\u8fbe\u5eb7\u5e84\uff0c\u5411\u897f\u8fc7\u6000\u6765\u6cb3\uff0c\u7ecf\u4e0b\u82b1\u56ed\u3001\u5ba3\u5316\u7b49\u5730\uff0c\u62b5\u8fbe\u7ec8\u70b9\u5f20\u5bb6\u53e3\u7ad9\u3002\u5efa\u6210\u4e4b\u521d\u5168\u7ebf\u5171\u65b0\u5efa14\u5ea7\u8f66\u7ad9[22]<\/a>:30-49\uff0c\u7531\u5357\u5411\u5317\u5206\u522b\u4e3a\u897f\u76f4\u95e8\u7ad9<\/a>\uff08\u73b0\u5317\u4eac\u5317\u7ad9\uff09\u3001\u6e05\u534e\u56ed\u7ad9<\/a>\u3001\u6e05\u6cb3\u7ad9<\/a>\u3001\u6c99\u6cb3\u7ad9<\/a>\u3001\u5357\u53e3\u7ad9<\/a>\u3001\u9752\u9f99\u6865\u7ad9<\/a>\u3001\u5eb7\u5e84\u7ad9<\/a>\u3001\u571f\u6728\u7ad9<\/a>\u3001\u6c99\u57ce\u7ad9<\/a>\u3001\u65b0\u4fdd\u5b89\u7ad9<\/a>\u3001\u4e0b\u82b1\u56ed\u7ad9<\/a>\u3001\u5ba3\u5316\u7ad9<\/a>\u3001\u6c99\u5cad\u5b50\u7ad9<\/a>\u548c\u5f20\u5bb6\u53e3\u7ad9<\/a>\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u9752\u9f99\u6865\u7ad9\u662f\u4e13\u4e3a\u5217\u8f66\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4eba\u5b57\u5f62\u5c55\u7ebf\u800c\u5efa[23]<\/a>:47-67\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5168\u7ebf\u8fd8\u5efa\u6709125\u5ea7\u6865\u6881\u3001210\u5904\u6db5\u6d1e\u300111\u5ea7\u6c34\u5854\u30015\u5ea7\u673a\u8f66\u5e93\u30016\u5904\u94c1\u8f6c\u76d8\u300183\u5e62\u517b\u8def\u5de5\u623f\u300112\u5904\u5458\u5de5\u529e\u516c\u5ba4\u30011\u5ea7\u5929\u6865\u300111\u53e3\u4e95\u548c2\u4e2a\u5730\u78c5[22]<\/a>:30\u30021912\u5e74\uff0c\u5173\u6c9f\u6bb5\u65b0\u8bbe\u4e1c\u56ed\u7ad9<\/a>\u3001\u5c45\u5eb8\u5173\u7ad9<\/a>\u3001\u4e09\u5821\u7ad9<\/a>\u548c\u897f\u62e8\u5b50\u7ad9<\/a>\u7b49\u56db\u5904\u4f1a\u8ba9\u7ad9[3]<\/a>:44-45\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u5357\u53e3\u7ad9\u3001\u5c45\u5eb8\u5173\u7ad9\u3001\u9752\u9f99\u6865\u7ad9\u3001\u897f\u62e8\u5b50\u7ad9\u3001\u5eb7\u5e84\u7ad9\u7ad9\u95f4\u5b89\u88c5\u4e86\u4e13\u7528\u7684\u8c03\u5ea6\u7535\u8bdd[24]<\/a>:120\u3002\u94c1\u8def\u65c1\u8fb9\u7acb\u6709\u4e94\u79cd\u6807\u5fd7\uff0c\u5206\u522b\u4e3a\u91cc\u5fd7\u724c\u3001\u5761\u9053\u724c\u3001\u6865\u5fd7\u724c\u3001\u653e\u6c14\u724c\u548c\u9053\u62e8\u724c\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u91cc\u5fd7\u724c\u6bcf\u9694180\u4e08\u653e\u7f6e\u4e00\u5757\uff1b\u5761\u9053\u724c\u7528\u4ee5\u6807\u8bc6\u6b64\u5730\u5761\u5ea6\uff0c\u7528\u201c\u4e0a\u201d\u8868\u793a\u4e0a\u5761\uff0c\u201c\u4e0b\u201d\u8868\u793a\u4e0b\u5761\uff0c\u5177\u4f53\u5761\u5ea6\u7528\u82cf\u5dde\u7801\u5b50<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5199\u51fa\uff1b\u6865\u5fd7\u724c\u7528\u4ee5\u6807\u5fd7\u6865\u6881\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff1b\u653e\u6c7d\u724c\u8868\u793a\u53f8\u673a\u7ecf\u8fc7\u6b64\u5904\u5fc5\u987b\u653e\u6c7d\u4ee5\u8b66\u793a\u5468\u56f4\u884c\u4eba\uff1b\u9053\u62e8\u724c\u8868\u793a\u94c1\u8def\u9053\u95f8\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002\u6cbf\u94c1\u8def\u6bcf50\u91cc\u81f360\u91cc\u5efa\u9020\u4e00\u5904\u6c34\u5854\u4ee5\u4f9b\u8f66\u5934\u4f7f\u7528[22]<\/a>:58;129\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.2 \u652f\u7ebf<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u4eac\u95e8\u94c1\u8def<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1907\u5e7411\u6708\uff0c\u81ea\u897f\u76f4\u95e8\u7ad9\u63a5\u51fa\u7684\u4eac\u5f20\u94c1\u8def\u4eac\u95e8\u652f\u7ebf<\/a>\u6b63\u5f0f\u7ae3\u5de5\u901a\u8f66\uff0c\u8be5\u652f\u7ebf\u4e3b\u8981\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u4ece\u95e8\u5934\u6c9f\u5411\u5317\u4eac\u57ce\u8fd0\u7164\u3002[3]<\/a>:98\u30021915\u5e746\u6708\uff0c\u4eac\u5f20\u94c1\u8def\u73af\u57ce\u652f\u7ebf<\/a>\u6b63\u5f0f\u52a8\u5de5\uff0c\u5e76\u4e8e\u5f53\u5e7412\u6708\u5b8c\u5de5\uff0c\u6b21\u5e741\u67081\u65e5\u901a\u8f66\uff0c\u5168\u7ebf\u5171\u8bbe\u7f6e\u897f\u76f4\u95e8\u3001\u5fb7\u80dc\u95e8\u3001\u5b89\u5b9a\u95e8\u3001\u4e1c\u76f4\u95e8\u3001\u671d\u9633\u95e8\u3001\u4e1c\u4fbf\u95e86\u7ad9\uff0c\u627f\u63a5\u8d27\u8fd0\u4e1a\u52a1\u548c\u5c11\u91cf\u5ba2\u8fd0\u4e1a\u52a1[25]<\/a>:183\u30021959\u5e74\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\u7ad9<\/a>\u8fc1\u81f3\u73b0\u5740\uff0c\u4e1c\u4fbf\u95e8\u5230\u671d\u9633\u95e8\u6bb5\u7684\u94c1\u8def\u5168\u90e8\u62c6\u9664\uff0c\u5176\u4f59\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u73af\u57ce\u652f\u7ebf\u4e8e1971\u5e74\u5efa\u9020\u73af\u57ce\u5730\u94c1<\/a>\u65f6\u88ab\u62c6\u9664[3]<\/a>:116\u3002\u4eac\u95e8\u652f\u7ebf\u897f\u76f4\u95e8\u81f3\u4e94\u8def\u95f4\u6bb5\u4e5f\u7531\u4e8e\u540c\u6837\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u4e8e1972\u5e74\u88ab\u62c6\u9664[3]<\/a>:116-118\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. \u8fd0\u884c\u8f66\u578b<\/h3>\n\n\n
\n
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\u9a6c\u83b14\u578b\u84b8\u6c7d\u673a\u8f66\u3002\u56fe\u7247\u6765\u6e90\uff1ahttp:\/\/www.trainfanz.com\/series_info.aspx?Series=16&msg=816<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

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4. \u7eaa\u5ff5\u4e0e\u4fdd\u62a4<\/h3>\n\n\n
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