{"id":1505,"date":"2023-10-03T23:58:24","date_gmt":"2023-10-03T15:58:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/?p=1505"},"modified":"2024-05-21T22:55:59","modified_gmt":"2024-05-21T14:55:59","slug":"galileo-satellite-navigation-zhen","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/2023\/10\/03\/galileo-satellite-navigation-zhen\/","title":{"rendered":"\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u5b9a\u4f4d\u7cfb\u7edf \/ Galileo (satellite navigation) – \uff08\u5168\u6587\uff09\u4e2d\u82f1\u6587\u8bcd\u6761\u878d\u5408"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\n

\u4e2d\u6587\u8bcd\u6761\u539f\u6587\u94fe\u63a5\uff08\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ece\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u8bbf\u95ee\uff09\uff1a\u70b9\u51fb\u8fd9\u91cc\u8bbf\u95ee<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u82f1\u6587\u8bcd\u6761\u539f\u6587\u94fe\u63a5\uff08\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ece\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u8bbf\u95ee\uff09\uff1a\u70b9\u51fb\u8fd9\u91cc\u8bbf\u95ee<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u672c\u6587\u57fa\u4e8e\u82f1\u6587<\/strong>\u8bcd\u6761\u7684\u7ebf\u7d22\uff0c\u5e76\u8865\u5145\u90e8\u5206\u6765\u81ea\u4e2d\u6587<\/strong>\u8bcd\u6761\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff08\u5728\u4e8c\u8005\u51b2\u7a81\u65f6\uff0c\u4ee5\u66f4\u665a\u66f4\u65b0\u8005\u4e3a\u51c6\uff09\u3002\u8fbd\u89c2\u642c\u8fd0\u65f6\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u5408\u89c4\u5316\u5904\u7406\uff0c\u4ee5\u4f7f\u5176\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u4e0a\u4f20\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\uff08Wikipedia\uff09\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u7ef4\u57fa\u5a92\u4f53\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u7684\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u767e\u79d1\u9879\u76ee\uff08\u70b9\u51fb\u8fd9\u91cc\u4e86\u89e3\u66f4\u591a\uff09<\/a>\uff0c\u5176\u5185\u5bb9\u53ef\u80fd\u53d7\u5230\u7acb\u573a\u3001\u4fe1\u606f\u6765\u6e90\u7b49\u56e0\u7d20\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u8bf7\u5ba2\u89c2\u770b\u5f85\u3002\u6b63\u6587\u5185\u5bb9\u4e0d\u4ee3\u8868\u8bd1\u8005\u89c2\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8fbd\u89c2\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4ec5\u4f9b\u53c2\u8003\u3002\u6587\u4e2d\u53ef\u80fd\u5305\u542b\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ece\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u8bbf\u95ee<\/strong>\u7684\u94fe\u63a5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8fbd\u89c2\u6240\u642c\u8fd0\u7684\u8bcd\u6761\u6587\u672c\u4e0e\u539f\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\u8bcd\u6761\u540c\u6837\u9075\u5faaCC-BY-SA 4.0\u534f\u8bae<\/a>\uff0c\u5728\u7b26\u5408\u534f\u8bae\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u60a8\u53ef\u4ee5\u514d\u8d39\u4f7f\u7528\u5176\u5185\u5bb9\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u5546\u7528\uff09\u3002\u6587\u4e2d\u7684\u56fe\u7247\u53ef\u80fd\u9075\u5faa\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5171\u4eab\u534f\u8bae\uff1a\u672c\u6587\u6d89\u53ca\u5230\u7684\u5171\u4eab\u534f\u8bae<\/a><\/p>\n\u5c01\u9762\u56fe\u7247\uff1aLogo<\/a> des Galileo Satellitennavigationsprojekts<\/a>\uff08Galileo\u536b\u661f\u5bfc\u822a\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u6807\u5fd7\uff09\u539f\u56fe\u94fe\u63a5<\/a> \u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u5c5e\u4e8e\u516c\u5171\u9886\u57df<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

0. \u6982\u8ff0<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
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\u8fbd\u89c2\u6ce8\uff1a\u6b64\u6807\u9898\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u642c\u8fd0\u3001\u6574\u5408\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u6dfb\u52a0\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Galileo<\/strong> is a global navigation satellite system<\/a> (GNSS) that went live in 2016,[5]<\/a> created by the European Union<\/a> through the European Space Agency<\/a> (ESA), operated by the European Union Agency for the Space Programme<\/a> (EUSPA),[6]<\/a> headquartered in Prague<\/a>, Czechia<\/a>,[7]<\/a> with two ground operations centres in Fucino<\/a>, Italy<\/a>, and Oberpfaffenhofen<\/a>, Germany<\/a>. The \u20ac10 billion project[4]<\/a>[8]<\/a> is named after the Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei<\/a>. One of the aims of Galileo is to provide an independent high-precision positioning system so European political and military authorities do not have to rely on the US GPS<\/a>, or the Russian GLONASS<\/a> systems, which could be disabled or degraded by their operators at any time.[9]<\/a> The use of basic (lower-precision) Galileo services is free and open to everyone. A fully encrypted higher-precision service is available for free to government-authorized users.[10]<\/a>[11]<\/a> Galileo is intended to provide horizontal and vertical position measurements within 1 m precision. Galileo is also to provide a new global search and rescue<\/a> (SAR) function as part of the MEOSAR system<\/a>.
\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1aGalileo\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5168\u7403\u536b\u661f\u5bfc\u822a\u7cfb\u7edf\uff08GNSS\uff09\uff0c\u4e8e2016\u5e74\u5f00\u59cb\u8fd0\u884c\uff0c\u7531\u6b27\u6d32\u8054\u76df\u901a\u8fc7\u6b27\u6d32\u822a\u5929\u5c40\uff08ESA\uff09\u521b\u5efa\uff0c\u7531\u6b27\u6d32\u7a7a\u95f4\u8ba1\u5212\u673a\u6784\uff08EUSPA\uff09\u8fd0\u8425\uff0c\u603b\u90e8\u4f4d\u4e8e\u6377\u514b\u5e03\u62c9\u683c\uff0c\u5728\u610f\u5927\u5229Fucino\u548c\u5fb7\u56fdOberpfaffenhofen\u8bbe\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u5730\u9762\u8fd0\u8425\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8017\u8d44100\u4ebf\u6b27\u5143\u7684\u9879\u76ee\u4ee5\u610f\u5927\u5229\u5929\u6587\u5b66\u5bb6\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u00b7\u4f3d\u5229\u83b1\u547d\u540d\u3002Galileo\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u4e2a\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u9ad8\u7cbe\u5ea6\u5b9a\u4f4d\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u4f7f\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u519b\u4e8b\u673a\u6784\u4e0d\u5fc5\u4f9d\u8d56\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684GPS\u6216\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u7684GLONASS\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7cfb\u7edf\u53ef\u80fd\u968f\u65f6\u88ab\u5176\u8fd0\u8425\u5546\u7981\u7528\u6216\u964d\u7ea7\u3002\u57fa\u672c\u7684Galileo\u670d\u52a1\u662f\u514d\u8d39\u5bf9\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u5f00\u653e\u7684\u3002\u5b8c\u5168\u52a0\u5bc6\u7684\u9ad8\u7cbe\u5ea6\u670d\u52a1\u5219\u53ea\u5bf9\u7ecf\u653f\u5e9c\u6388\u6743\u7684\u7528\u6237\u514d\u8d39\u63d0\u4f9b\u3002Galileo\u65e8\u5728\u63d0\u4f9b1\u7c73\u7cbe\u5ea6\u7684\u6c34\u5e73\u548c\u5782\u76f4\u4f4d\u7f6e\u6d4b\u91cf\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0cGalileo\u8fd8\u5c06\u4f5c\u4e3aMEOSAR\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u63d0\u4f9b\u5168\u7403\u641c\u7d22\u548c\u6551\u63f4\uff08SAR\uff09\u529f\u80fd\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u7cfb\u7edf\u662f\u4e2d\u5730\u7403\u8f68\u9053\u641c\u6551\u536b\u661f\u7cfb\u7edf<\/a>\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u53ef\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u7684\u5168\u7403\u641c\u6551\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u536b\u661f\u5b89\u88c5\u6709\u8f6c\u53d1\u5668\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u628a\u6c42\u6551\u4fe1\u53f7\u4ece\u4e8b\u6545\u5730\u70b9\u53d1\u9001\u5230\u6551\u63f4\u534f\u8c03\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u6551\u63f4\u534f\u8c03\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5c31\u4f1a\u5f00\u59cb\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6551\u63f4\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u8be5\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fd8\u4f1a\u53d1\u5c04\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fd4\u56de\u4fe1\u53f7\u5230\u4e8b\u6545\u5730\u70b9\u5904\uff0c\u901a\u77e5\u6c42\u6551\u4eba\u5458\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u4fe1\u53f7\u5df2\u88ab\u6536\u5230\uff0c\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u6551\u63f4\u4e5f\u6b63\u5728\u5c55\u5f00\u3002\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u5168\u7403\u536b\u661f\u641c\u6551\u7cfb\u7edf<\/a>\u662f\u4e0d\u5177\u5907\u53cd\u9988\u4fe1\u53f7\u529f\u80fd\u7684\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fd9\u4e2a\u53d1\u6d88\u606f\u529f\u80fd\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u5bf9\u5168\u7403\u536b\u661f\u641c\u6551\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u5347\u7ea7\u3002[6]<\/a>2014\u5e74\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u5bf9\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u641c\u6551\u529f\u80fd\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u6d4b\u8bd5\uff0c\u8be5\u7cfb\u7edf\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u5168\u7403\u536b\u661f\u641c\u6551\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\uff0c\u6d4b\u8bd5\u7ed3\u679c\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u8be5\u7cfb\u7edf\u5bf977%\u7684\u6a21\u62df\u6c42\u6551\u4f4d\u7f6e\u5b9a\u4f4d\u7cbe\u5ea6\u57282\u5343\u7c73\u4ee5\u5185\uff0c95%\u7684\u6c42\u6551\u4f4d\u7f6e\u5b9a\u4f4d\u7cbe\u5ea6\u57285\u5343\u7c73\u4ee5\u5185\u3002[7]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first Galileo test satellite, the GIOVE-A<\/a>, was launched 28 December 2005, while the first satellite<\/a> to be part of the operational system was launched on 21 October 2011. By July 2018, 26 of the planned 30 active satellites (including spares) were in orbit.[12]<\/a>[13]<\/a> Galileo started offering Early Operational Capability (EOC) on 15 December 2016,[1]<\/a> providing initial services with a weak signal, and was expected to reach Full Operational Capability (FOC) in 2022.[14]<\/a> The full Galileo constellation will consist of 24 active satellites,[15]<\/a> which is expected by 2021.[16]<\/a> It is expected that the next generation of satellites will begin to become operational after 2025 to replace older equipment, which can then be used for backup capabilities.
\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e00\u9897Galileo\u6d4b\u8bd5\u536b\u661fGIOVE-A\u4e8e2005\u5e7412\u670828\u65e5\u53d1\u5c04\uff0c\u800c\u7b2c\u4e00\u9897\u4f5c\u4e3a\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u536b\u661f\u4e8e2011\u5e7410\u670821\u65e5\u53d1\u5c04\u3002\u622a\u81f32018\u5e747\u6708\uff0c\u8ba1\u5212\u4e2d\u768430\u9897\u6d3b\u52a8\u536b\u661f\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u5907\u7528\u536b\u661f\uff09\u4e2d\u670926\u9897\u5df2\u7ecf\u8fdb\u5165\u8f68\u9053\u3002Galileo\u4e8e2016\u5e7412\u670815\u65e5\u5f00\u59cb\u63d0\u4f9b\u521d\u6b65\u8fd0\u884c\u80fd\u529b\uff08EOC\uff09\uff0c\u63d0\u4f9b\u5f31\u4fe1\u53f7\u7684\u521d\u59cb\u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u5e76\u9884\u8ba1\u57282022\u5e74\u8fbe\u5230\u5168\u9762\u8fd0\u884c\u80fd\u529b\uff08FOC\uff09\u3002\u5b8c\u6574\u7684Galileo\u661f\u5ea7\u5c06\u5305\u62ec24\u9897\u6d3b\u52a8\u536b\u661f\uff0c\u9884\u8ba1\u5c06\u57282021\u5e74\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002\u9884\u8ba1\u4e0b\u4e00\u4ee3\u536b\u661f\u5c06\u57282025\u5e74\u540e\u5f00\u59cb\u6295\u5165\u8fd0\u884c\uff0c\u4ee5\u53d6\u4ee3\u8001\u65e7\u8bbe\u5907\uff0c\u800c\u8001\u65e7\u8bbe\u5907\u5219\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e8e\u5907\u4efd\u80fd\u529b\u3002

As of May 2023, there are 23 launched satellites<\/a> that operate in the constellation. The two GIOVE prototype satellites were retired in 2012, one satellite is not available, and four satellites are currently not usable.[17]<\/a> Out of 23 active satellites, three were from the IOV (In-Orbit Validation) types and 20 of the FOC types. The first pair of FOC satellites are orbiting the Earth in eccentric incorrect orbits whose orientation changes with respect to other Galileo orbital planes.[18]<\/a>[19]<\/a> The Galileo system has a greater accuracy than GPS<\/a>, having an accuracy of less than 1 m when using broadcast ephemeris (GPS: 3 m)[20]<\/a> and a signal-in-space ranging error (SISRE) of 1.6 cm (GPS: 2.3 cm, GLONASS and BeiDou: 4\u20136 cm) when using real-time corrections for satellite orbits and clocks.[21]<\/a>[22]<\/a>
\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u622a\u81f32023\u5e745\u6708\uff0cGalileo\u661f\u5ea7\u4e2d\u670923\u9897\u536b\u661f\u6b63\u5728\u8fd0\u884c\u3002\u4e24\u9897GIOVE\u539f\u578b\u536b\u661f\u4e8e2012\u5e74\u9000\u5f79\uff0c\u4e00\u9897\u536b\u661f\u4e0d\u53ef\u7528\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u56db\u9897\u536b\u661f\u76ee\u524d\u65e0\u6cd5\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\u5728\u8fd923\u9897\u6d3b\u52a8\u536b\u661f\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e09\u9897\u662fIOV\uff08\u5728\u8f68\u9a8c\u8bc1\uff09\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c20\u9897\u662fFOC\uff08\u5168\u9762\u8fd0\u884c\u80fd\u529b\uff09\u7c7b\u578b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u5bf9FOC\u536b\u661f\u6b63\u5728\u7ed5\u5730\u7403\u8fd0\u884c\uff0c\u5176\u8f68\u9053\u9ad8\u5ea6\u4e0d\u6b63\u786e\u4e14\u79bb\u5fc3\u7387\u4e0d\u6b63\u5e38\uff0c\u5176\u65b9\u5411\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6Galileo\u8f68\u9053\u5e73\u9762\u6709\u6240\u53d8\u5316\u3002Galileo\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7cbe\u5ea6\u6bd4GPS\u66f4\u9ad8\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u5e7f\u64ad\u661f\u5386\u65f6\u7684\u7cbe\u5ea6\u5c0f\u4e8e1\u7c73\uff08GPS\uff1a3\u7c73\uff09\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u5b9e\u65f6\u4fee\u6b63\u7684\u536b\u661f\u8f68\u9053\u548c\u949f\u5dee\u65f6\uff0c\u4fe1\u53f7\u5728\u7a7a\u95f4\u8ddd\u79bb\u6d4b\u91cf\u4e2d\u7684\u8bef\u5dee\u4e3a1.6\u5398\u7c73\uff08GPS\uff1a2.3\u5398\u7c73\uff0cGLONASS\u548cBeiDou\uff1a4-6\u5398\u7c73\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u57fa\u672c\u4fe1\u606f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u56fd\u5bb6\u6216\u5730\u533a<\/td>\u6b27\u76df<\/td><\/tr>
\u8fd0\u884c\u7ec4\u7ec7<\/td>\u6b27\u6d32\u5bfc\u822a\u536b\u661f\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ba1\u7406\u5c40(EUSPA)
\u6b27\u6d32\u7a7a\u95f4\u5c40(ESA)<\/td><\/tr>
\u7c7b\u578b<\/td>\u6c11\u7528\uff0c\u5546\u7528<\/td><\/tr>
\u72b6\u6001<\/td>\u5df2\u6fc0\u6d3b<\/td><\/tr>
\u8986\u76d6\u8303\u56f4<\/td>\u5168\u7403<\/td><\/tr>
\u7cbe\u5ea6<\/td>20 cm (public since 24 January 2023)
20cm(2023\u5e741\u670824\u65e5\u516c\u5f00)<\/td><\/tr>
\u9020\u4ef7<\/td>100\u4ebf\u6b27\u5143[2]<\/td><\/tr>
\u7f51\u7ad9 | Website<\/td>gsc-europa.eu (European GNSS Service Centre)
gsc-europa\u3002\u6b27\u6d32\u5168\u7403\u5bfc\u822a\u536b\u661f\u7cfb\u7edf\u670d\u52a1\u4e2d\u5fc3<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u536b\u661f\u661f\u5ea7\u89c4\u6a21 | Constellation size<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u536b\u661f\u603b\u6570<\/td>30<\/td><\/tr>
\u5728\u8f68\u536b\u661f\u6570\u91cf<\/td>23 usable, 1 not available, 4 not usable (09\/2022)[2]
23\u4e2a\u53ef\u7528\uff0c1\u4e2a\u4e0d\u53ef\u7528\uff0c4\u4e2a\u4e0d\u53ef\u7528(09\/2022)<\/td><\/tr>
\u9996\u6b21\u53d1\u5c04<\/td>2011<\/td><\/tr>
\u5df2\u53d1\u5c04\u6570\u91cf<\/td>28\uff0c\u4e0d\u5305\u62ec2\u679a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u536b\u661f\uff082023\u5e745\u6708\uff09[1]<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u8f68\u9053\u7279\u5f81 | Orbital characteristics<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8f68\u9053\u6784\u578b | Regime(s)<\/td>3\u4e2a \u4e2d\u5730\u7403\u8f68\u9053 \u5e73\u9762 | 3 \u00d7 MEO planes<\/td><\/tr>
\u8f68\u9053\u9ad8\u5ea6 | Orbital height<\/td>23222 km<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

1. \u5386\u53f2 | History<\/h2>\n\n\n
\n
\"\"\/
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u9075\u5faaCC BY-SA 4.0\u534f\u8bae<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
\n

\u56fe\u7247\u9898\u6ce8\uff1aThe headquarters of the EUSPA, which operates the Galileo system, in Prague\uff08\u6b27\u6d32\u7a7a\u95f4\u8ba1\u5212\u673a\u6784\uff08EUSPA\uff09\u8d1f\u8d23\u8fd0\u8425Galileo\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u5176\u603b\u90e8\u4f4d\u4e8e\u5e03\u62c9\u683c\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n\u56fe\u7247\u4f5c\u8005\uff1aMirkoS18<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

1.1 \u4e3b\u8981\u76ee\u6807 | Main objectives<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7684\u4e09\u5927\u6295\u8d44\u65b9\uff08\u5fb7\u56fd\u3001\u6cd5\u56fd\u548c\u610f\u5927\u5229\uff09[11]<\/a>\u5bf9\u8be5\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u30021999\u5e74\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u76ee\u6807\u88ab\u8fd9\u4e09\u56fd\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u8054\u5408\u5c0f\u7ec4\u7cbe\u7b80\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u30022003\u5e745\u670826\u65e5\uff0c\u6b27\u76df<\/a>\u548c\u6b27\u6d32\u7a7a\u95f4\u5c40<\/a>\u6b63\u5f0f\u6279\u51c6\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u9636\u6bb5\u8ba1\u5212\u3002\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e3b\u8981\u7528\u4e8e\u6c11\u7528\uff0c\u800c\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u5168\u7403\u5b9a\u4f4d\u7cfb\u7edf\u3001\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u7684\u683c\u6d1b\u7eb3\u65af\u7cfb\u7edf\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5317\u6597\u7cfb\u7edf\u66f4\u52a0\u504f\u5411\u519b\u4e8b\u7528\u9014\u3002\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u7cfb\u7edf\u4ec5\u4ec5\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u6781\u7aef\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u624d\u4f1a\u56e0\u4e3a\u519b\u4e8b\u76ee\u7684\u800c\u5173\u95ed\uff08\u6bd4\u5982\u6b66\u88c5\u51b2\u7a81[12]<\/a>\uff09\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u519b\u7528\u548c\u6c11\u7528\u7ec8\u7aef\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u8be5\u7cfb\u7edf\u90fd\u63d0\u4f9b\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u5b9a\u4f4d\u7cbe\u5ea6\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Italy and Germany led the development of the first generation of the Galileo program,[25]<\/a> while France is playing a more prominent role in the development of the Galileo Second Generation (G2G).[26]<\/a>[27]<\/a>[28]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u610f\u5927\u5229\u548c\u5fb7\u56fd\u4e3b\u5bfc\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e00\u4ee3Galileo\u8ba1\u5212\u7684\u5f00\u53d1\uff0c\u800c\u6cd5\u56fd\u5728Galileo\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4ee3\uff08G2G\uff09\u7684\u5f00\u53d1\u4e2d\u53d1\u6325\u4e86\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.2 \u8d44\u91d1\u6765\u6e90 | Funding<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

2001\u5e7411\u6708\uff0c\u6709\u51e0\u4efd\u636e\u79f0\u662f\u8be5\u9879\u76ee\u201c\u5e74\u5ea6\u201d\u9500\u552e\u9884\u6d4b\u7684\u8868\u683c\u88ab\u63ed\u53d1\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u201c\u7d2f\u8ba1\u201d\u9500\u552e\u9884\u6d4b\uff0c\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u5e74\u9500\u552e\u989d\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u4ee5\u5f80\u5e74\u4efd\u7684\u9500\u552e\u603b\u989d\u3002\u7136\u540e\uff0c\u6b27\u76df\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a<\/a>\u5bf9\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0b\u4e00\u9636\u6bb5\u7684\u6295\u8d44\u9047\u5230\u4e86\u9ebb\u70e6\u3002\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9ad8\u8fbe\u6570\u5341\u4ebf\u6b27\u5143\u7684\u9884\u6d4b\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\uff0c\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u6b27\u76df\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u76f8\u5173\u7ec4\u7ec7\u666e\u904d\u7684\u62c5\u5fe7\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5f00\u59cb\u6000\u7591\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u7cfb\u7edf\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ea7\u751f\u4e4b\u524d\u5411\u6295\u8d44\u8005\u548c\u51b3\u7b56\u8005\u9884\u793a\u7684\u90a3\u4e48\u591a\u6536\u76ca[13]<\/a>\u30022002\u5e741\u670817\u65e5\uff0c\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u4e00\u540d\u53d1\u8a00\u4eba\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u538b\u529b\u4ee5\u53ca\u7ecf\u6d4e\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u8ba1\u5212\u201c\u63a5\u8fd1\u6b7b\u4ea1\u201d[14]<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u51e0\u4e2a\u6708\u540e\u4e8b\u60c5\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u8f6c\u673a\u3002\u6b27\u76df\u6210\u5458\u56fd\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u51b2\u7a81\u4e2d\u62e5\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u4f1a\u88ab\u7f8e\u56fd\u8f7b\u6613\u5173\u95ed\u7684\u536b\u661f\u5b9a\u4f4d\u6388\u65f6\u7cfb\u7edf\u662f\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u7684[15]<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6b27\u76df\u4e0e\u6b27\u6d32\u7a7a\u95f4\u5c40\u4e8e2002\u5e743\u6708\u540c\u610f\u4e3a\u8be5\u8ba1\u5212\u6ce8\u8d44\uff0c\u5e76\u8ba1\u5212\u4e8e2003\u5e74\u5ba1\u6838\u8be5\u62a5\u544a\uff08\u6700\u7ec8\u4e8e2003\u5e745\u670826\u65e5\u5b8c\u6210\uff09\u3002\u6309\u8ba1\u5212\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u9636\u6bb5\u6301\u7eed\u52302005\u5e74\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u7684\u521d\u59cb\u6295\u8d44\u9884\u4f30\u4e3a11\u4ebf\u6b27\u5143\u3002\u8be5\u9879\u76ee\u6240\u9700\u7684\u536b\u661f\uff08\u970030\u9897\uff09\u8ba1\u5212\u4e8e2011\u5e74\u81f32014\u5e74\u4e4b\u95f4\u53d1\u5c04\uff0c\u5e76\u5f00\u59cb\u5efa\u9020\u3001\u8fd0\u884c\u8be5\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u4e8e2019\u5e74\u8f6c\u4e3a\u6c11\u95f4\u63a7\u5236\u3002\u8fd9\u4efd\u62a5\u544a\u9884\u4f30\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u7cfb\u7edf\u6700\u7ec8\u5c06\u82b1\u8d3930\u4ebf\u6b27\u5143\uff0c\u8fd9\u5305\u62ec\u4e86\u5730\u7403\u4e0a\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u8bbe\u65bd\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5c06\u4e8e2006\u5e74\u81f32007\u5e74\u95f4\u5efa\u9020\u5b8c\u6210\u3002\u6309\u7167\u8fd9\u4efd\u6295\u8d44\u8ba1\u5212\uff0c\u4e09\u5206\u4e4b\u4e8c\u7684\u8d44\u91d1\u6765\u81ea\u79c1\u4eba\u4f01\u4e1a\u53ca\u4e2a\u4eba\u6295\u8d44\uff0c\u5269\u4e0b\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u7531\u6b27\u76df\u548c\u6b27\u6d32\u7a7a\u95f4\u5c40\u6765\u627f\u62c5\u3002\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5f00\u653e\u670d\u52a1<\/em>\u63d0\u4f9b\u7ed9\u6240\u6709\u5b89\u88c5\u6709\u7528\u6237\u514d\u8d39\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u7528\u6237\u5b89\u88c5\u4e00\u4e2a\u517c\u5bb9\u7684\u63a5\u6536\u5668\u5373\u53ef\u3002\u4ed8\u8d39\u7528\u6237\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u7ecf\u8fc7\u52a0\u5bc6\u7684\u5927\u5bbd\u5e26\u9ad8\u7cbe\u5ea6\u5546\u52a1\u670d\u52a1<\/em>\u3002\u5230\u4e862011\u5e74\u521d\uff0c\u8be5\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u82b1\u8d39\u5df2\u8d85\u51fa\u4e86\u6700\u521d\u9884\u7b97\u768450%[16]<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5fb7\u56fd\u822a\u7a7a\u822a\u5929\u4e2d\u5fc3<\/a>\u5bf9\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6ce8\u8d44\u662f\u6700\u591a\u7684\uff0c\u5b83\u4f4d\u4e8e\u8bfa\u4f0a\u65af\u7279\u96f7\u5229\u8328<\/a>\u7684\u5730\u7403\u89c2\u6d4b\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3001\u901a\u4fe1\u4e0e\u5bfc\u822a\u7814\u7a76\u9662\u5bf9\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7814\u53d1\u4e0e\u5e94\u7528\u662f\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u3002[17]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.3 \u4e0e\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u7d27\u5f20\u5173\u7cfb | Tension with the United States<\/h3>\n\n\n
\n
\"\"\/
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u5c5e\u4e8e\u516c\u5171\u9886\u57df<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
\n

\u56fe\u7247\u9898\u6ce8\uff1a\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u9632\u90e8\u526f\u90e8\u957f\u4fdd\u7f57\u00b7\u6c83\u5c14\u798f\u5a01\u8328\u4e8e2001\u5e7412\u6708\u5199\u7ed9\u6b27\u76df\u6210\u5458\u56fd\u90e8\u957f\u7684\u4e00\u5c01\u4fe1\uff0c\u8868\u8fbe\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u5bf9\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u53cd\u5bf9\u6001\u5ea6\u3002<\/p>\n\u56fe\u7247\u6765\u6e90\uff1aPaul Wolfowitz<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

\u6b27\u76df\u7684\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u7cfb\u7edf\u65e8\u5728\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u5411\u6240\u6709\u7528\u6237\u5f00\u653e\u7684\u6c11\u7528\u5168\u7403\u536b\u661f\u5bfc\u822a\u7cfb\u7edf<\/a>\u3002GPS<\/a>\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u519b\u7528\u5168\u7403\u536b\u661f\u5bfc\u822a\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u4e3a\u7f8e\u56fd\u519b\u4e8b\u7528\u6237\u63d0\u4f9b\u9ad8\u7cbe\u5ea6\u7684\u5b9a\u4f4d\u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u4e3a\u5176\u4ed6\u7528\u6237\u63d0\u4f9b\u4f4e\u7cbe\u5ea6\u5b9a\u4f4d\u670d\u52a1\u3002GPS\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u5176\u519b\u7528\u4fe1\u53f7\uff08M\u6ce2\u6bb5\uff09\u4e0d\u88ab\u5e72\u6270\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u5173\u95ed\u6c11\u7528\u4fe1\u53f7\u3002\u5efa\u9020\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u521d\u8877\u4fbf\u662f\u6b27\u76df\u62c5\u5fc3\u7f8e\u56fd\u4f1a\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u51b2\u7a81\u4e2d\u7981\u6b62\u5176\u4ed6\u7528\u6237\u4f7f\u7528GPS\u4fe1\u53f7\u3002[15]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u4e3a\u6240\u6709\u7528\u6237\u63d0\u4f9b\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u9ad8\u7684\u5b9a\u4f4d\u7cbe\u5ea6\uff08\u6bd4GPS\u8fd8\u9ad8\uff09\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u62c5\u5fc3\u5176\u654c\u4eba\u4f1a\u5229\u7528\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u4fe1\u53f7\u5bf9\u7f8e\u56fd\u53ca\u5176\u76df\u53cb\u8fdb\u884c\u519b\u4e8b\u6253\u51fb\uff08\u4e00\u4e9b\u6b66\u5668\u4f7f\u7528\u536b\u661f\u5bfc\u822a\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fdb\u884c\u5236\u5bfc\uff09\u3002\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u7cfb\u7edf\u6700\u521d\u9009\u7528\u7684\u9891\u7387\u4f7f\u5f97\u7f8e\u56fd\u65e0\u6cd5\u5728\u4e0d\u5e72\u6270GPS\u4fe1\u53f7\u7684\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u5c4f\u853d\u6389\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u6253\u7b97\u5728\u963b\u6b62\u654c\u4eba\u4f7f\u7528\u536b\u661f\u5bfc\u822a\u7cfb\u7edf\uff08GNSS\uff09\u7684\u540c\u65f6\u81ea\u5df1\u4f9d\u7136\u80fd\u4f7f\u7528GPS\u3002\u5f53\u6709\u62a5\u9053\u6307\u51fa\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bf9\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e5f\u5f88\u6709\u5174\u8da3\u540e\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5b98\u65b9\u5bf9\u6b64\u66f4\u662f\u62c5\u5fe7\u3002[18]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e00\u540d\u4e0d\u613f\u900f\u9732\u59d3\u540d\u7684\u6b27\u76df\u5b98\u5458\u79f0\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5b98\u5458\u6697\u793a\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u654c\u4eba\u5728\u51b2\u7a81\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u88c5\u5907\u4e86\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6b66\u5668\u653b\u51fb\u7f8e\u519b\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e5f\u8bb8\u4f1a\u8003\u8651\u51fb\u843d\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u536b\u661f[19]<\/a>\u3002\u6b27\u76df\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u662f\uff0c\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u5b9a\u4f4d\u7cfb\u7edf\u662f\u4e2d\u7acb\u7684\u6280\u672f\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u4efb\u4f55\u56fd\u5bb6\u3001\u4e2a\u4eba\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\u5f00\u59cb\u65f6\uff0c\u6b27\u76df\u5b98\u65b9\u5e76\u4e0d\u60f3\u6539\u53d8\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u8ba1\u5212\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6700\u7ec8\u8fd8\u662f\u8fbe\u6210\u4e86\u59a5\u534f\uff0c\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u7cfb\u7edf\u6539\u7528\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u9891\u7387\u3002\u8fd9\u5c06\u4f7f\u5f97\u5bf9\u4e00\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5c4f\u853d\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\uff08\u5c4f\u853d\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u540c\u65f6\u4e0d\u5f71\u54cdGPS\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5c4f\u853dGPS\u4e0d\u5f71\u54cd\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f7f\u5f97\u7f8e\u56fd\u5728\u51b2\u7a81\u4e2d\u62e5\u6709\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u4f18\u52bf\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u7535\u5b50\u6218<\/a>\u80fd\u529b\u5360\u4f18\u52bf[20]<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.4 GPS\u548c\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u7cfb\u7edf\u6bd4\u8f83 | GPS and Galileo<\/h3>\n\n\n
\n
\"\"<\/a>
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u9075\u5faaCC BY-SA 3.0\u534f\u8bae\u548cGFDL 1.3\u534f\u8bae<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
\n

\u56fe\u7247\u9898\u6ce8\uff1aOrbit size comparison of GPS<\/a>, GLONASS<\/a>, Galileo<\/a>, BeiDou-2<\/a>, and Iridium<\/a> constellations, the International Space Station<\/a>, the Hubble Space Telescope<\/a>, and geostationary orbit<\/a> (and its graveyard orbit<\/a>), with the Van Allen radiation belts<\/a> and the Earth<\/a> to scale.[a]<\/a><\/sup> The Moon<\/a>‘s orbit is around 9 times as large as geostationary orbit.[b]<\/a><\/sup> (In the\u00a0SVG\u00a0file,<\/a> hover over an orbit or its label to highlight it; click to load its article.)
\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1aGPS\u3001GLONASS\u3001Galileo\u3001BeiDou-2\u548cIridium\u661f\u5ea7\u7684\u8f68\u9053\u5927\u5c0f\u6bd4\u8f83\uff0c\u56fd\u9645\u7a7a\u95f4\u7ad9\u3001\u54c8\u52c3\u592a\u7a7a\u671b\u8fdc\u955c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5730\u7403\u540c\u6b65\u8f68\u9053\uff08\u53ca\u5176\u5893\u5730\u8f68\u9053\uff09\u4e0e\u8303\u827e\u4f26\u8f90\u5c04\u5e26\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u5c3a\u3002[a]\u6708\u7403\u7684\u8f68\u9053\u5927\u7ea6\u662f\u5730\u7403\u540c\u6b65\u8f68\u9053\u76849\u500d\u3002[b]\uff08\u5728SVG\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c06\u9f20\u6807\u60ac\u505c\u5728\u8f68\u9053\u6216\u5176\u6807\u7b7e\u4e0a\u4ee5\u7a81\u51fa\u663e\u793a\uff1b\u70b9\u51fb\u52a0\u8f7d\u5176\u6587\u7ae0\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n\u56fe\u7247\u4f5c\u8005\uff1acmglee<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

\u5e94\u7f8e\u56fd\u519b\u65b9\u7684\u8981\u6c42\uff0cGPS\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u9009\u62e9\u53ef\u7528\u6027\u673a\u5236<\/a>\uff0c\u5176\u5b9a\u4f4d\u4fe1\u606f\u88ab\u6545\u610f\u52a0\u5165\u4e86\u8bef\u5dee\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u6b27\u76df\u610f\u56fe\u72ec\u7acb\u53d1\u5c55\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u539f\u56e0\u3002GPS\u5728\u5168\u7403\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7528\u4e8e\u6c11\u7528\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u98de\u673a\u5bfc\u822a\u548c\u7740\u9646\u8bbe\u5907\uff0c\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u652f\u6301\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6c11\u7528\u8bbe\u65bd\u4e0d\u80fd\u5b8c\u5168\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u6f0f\u6d1e\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2000\u5e745\u67082\u65e5\uff0c\u65f6\u4efb\u7f8e\u56fd\u603b\u7edf\u6bd4\u5c14\u00b7\u514b\u6797\u987f<\/a>\u505c\u6b62\u4e86GPS\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u53ef\u7528\u6027\u673a\u5236\u30022001\u5e74\u5e95\uff0c\u7ba1\u7406GPS\u7684\u673a\u6784\u8bc1\u5b9e\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c06\u4e0d\u518d\u542f\u7528\u9009\u62e9\u53ef\u7528\u6027\u673a\u5236[21]<\/a>\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u65f6\u7684GPS\u7cfb\u7edf\u4ecd\u7136\u5177\u5907\u9009\u62e9\u53ef\u7528\u6027\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u52302007\u5e749\u670819\u65e5\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u9632\u90e8\u5ba3\u5e03\uff0c\u65b0\u7684GPS\u536b\u661f\u4e0d\u518d\u5177\u5907\u5b9e\u65bd\u9009\u62e9\u53ef\u7528\u6027\u673a\u5236\u7684\u80fd\u529b[22]<\/a>\uff1b\u58f0\u660e\u79f0\uff0c\u5c06\u4e8e2009\u5e74\u53d1\u5c04\u7684Block IIF\u7cfb\u5217\u536b\u661f\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u540e\u7eed\u7684\u6240\u6709GPS\u536b\u661f\u90fd\u4e0d\u652f\u6301\u9009\u62e9\u53ef\u7528\u6027\u673a\u5236\u3002\u6240\u6709\u7684\u8001\u5f0f\u536b\u661f\u5c06\u5728Block IIIA<\/a>\u8ba1\u5212\u4e2d\u88ab\u66ff\u6362\u6389\uff0c\u5c4a\u65f6\uff0cGPS\u5c06\u518d\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u5b9e\u65bd\u9009\u62e9\u53ef\u7528\u6027\u673a\u5236\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u7684\u9879\u76ee\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u6807\u51c6\u5316\u7684\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u7b2c\u4e09\u4ee3GPS\u80fd\u548c\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u7cfb\u7edf\u5408\u4f5c\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u5229\u7528\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6807\u51c6\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f00\u53d1\u51fa\u540c\u65f6\u4f7f\u7528GPS\u548c\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5b9a\u4f4d\u7ec8\u7aef\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c06\u6784\u5efa\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u52a0\u7cbe\u786e\u7684\u5168\u7403\u536b\u661f\u5bfc\u822a\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the reasons given for developing Galileo as an independent system was that position information from GPS can be made significantly inaccurate by the deliberate application of universal selective availability<\/a> (SA) by the US military. GPS is widely used worldwide for civilian applications; Galileo’s proponents argued that civil infrastructure, including aircraft navigation and landing, should not rely solely upon a system with this vulnerability.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u5f00\u53d1\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u4e4b\u4e00\u662f\uff0c\u7f8e\u519b\u6545\u610f\u5e94\u7528\u666e\u904d\u9009\u62e9\u6027\u53ef\u7528\u6027\uff08SA\uff09\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7fGPS\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4fe1\u606f\u663e\u8457\u4e0d\u51c6\u786e\u3002GPS\u5728\u5168\u7403\u8303\u56f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u6c11\u7528\u5e94\u7528\uff0c\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u7684\u652f\u6301\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u6c11\u7528\u57fa\u7840\u8bbe\u65bd\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u98de\u673a\u5bfc\u822a\u548c\u7740\u9646\uff0c\u4e0d\u5e94\u4ec5\u4ec5\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b58\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u8106\u5f31\u6027\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 2 May 2000, the selective availability was disabled by the President of the United States, Bill Clinton<\/a>; in late 2001 the entity managing the GPS confirmed that it did not intend to enable selective availability ever again.[38]<\/a> Though Selective Availability capability still exists, on 19 September 2007 the US Department of Defense announced that newer GPS satellites would not be capable of implementing Selective Availability;[39]<\/a> the wave of Block IIF<\/a> satellites launched in 2009, and all subsequent GPS satellites, are stated not to support selective availability. As old satellites are replaced in the GPS Block III<\/a> programme, selective availability will cease to be an option.[40]<\/a> The modernisation programme also contains standardised features that allow GPS III and Galileo systems to inter-operate, allowing receivers to be developed to utilise GPS and Galileo together to create an even more accurate GNSS.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a2000\u5e745\u67082\u65e5\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u603b\u7edf\u6bd4\u5c14\u00b7\u514b\u6797\u987f\u505c\u7528\u4e86\u666e\u904d\u9009\u62e9\u6027\u53ef\u7528\u6027\u30022001\u5e74\u672b\uff0c\u8d1f\u8d23\u7ba1\u7406GPS\u7684\u673a\u6784\u786e\u8ba4\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u518d\u6253\u7b97\u518d\u6b21\u542f\u7528\u666e\u904d\u9009\u62e9\u6027\u53ef\u7528\u6027\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u666e\u904d\u9009\u62e9\u6027\u53ef\u7528\u6027\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u4ecd\u7136\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u4f462007\u5e749\u670819\u65e5\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u9632\u90e8\u5ba3\u5e03\u65b0\u7684GPS\u536b\u661f\u5c06\u4e0d\u518d\u5177\u5907\u5b9e\u65bd\u666e\u904d\u9009\u62e9\u6027\u53ef\u7528\u6027\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u30022009\u5e74\u5f00\u59cb\u53d1\u5c04\u7684Block IIF\u536b\u661f\u53ca\u5176\u540e\u7eedGPS\u536b\u661f\u90fd\u4e0d\u652f\u6301\u666e\u904d\u9009\u62e9\u6027\u53ef\u7528\u6027\u3002\u968f\u7740GPS Block III\u8ba1\u5212\u4e2d\u65e7\u536b\u661f\u7684\u66ff\u6362\uff0c\u666e\u904d\u9009\u62e9\u6027\u53ef\u7528\u6027\u5c06\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u9009\u9879\u3002\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u8ba1\u5212\u8fd8\u5305\u62ec\u6807\u51c6\u5316\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u5141\u8bb8GPS III\u548c\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fdb\u884c\u4e92\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u4f7f\u63a5\u6536\u5668\u80fd\u591f\u540c\u65f6\u5229\u7528GPS\u548c\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u6765\u521b\u5efa\u66f4\u7cbe\u786e\u7684\u5168\u7403\u5bfc\u822a\u536b\u661f\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.5 \u4e0e\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u5408\u4f5c | Cooperation with the United States<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

2004\u5e746\u6708\uff0c\u6b27\u76df\u4e0e\u7f8e\u56fd\u7b7e\u7f72\u4e86\u534f\u8bae\uff0c\u540c\u610f\u5728\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u201c\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u504f\u7f6e\u8f7d\u9891<\/a>1.1\u201d\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u5c31\u6b64GPS\u548c\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e92\u76f8\u517c\u5bb9\u5408\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u4f7f\u5f97\u4eba\u4eec\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u5c06\u6765\u540c\u65f6\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fdb\u884c\u5b9a\u4f4d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The European Union also agreed to address the “mutual concerns related to the protection of allied and US national security capabilities”.[24]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u6b27\u76df\u8fd8\u540c\u610f\u89e3\u51b3\u4e0e”\u4fdd\u62a4\u76df\u56fd\u548c\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u5bb6\u5b89\u5168\u80fd\u529b\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u5171\u540c\u5173\u5207”\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.6 \u9996\u6279\u8bd5\u9a8c\u536b\u661f | First experimental satellites: GIOVE-A and GIOVE-B<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u9897\u8bd5\u9a8c\u536b\u661fGIOVE-A<\/a>\u4e8e2005\u5e7412\u6708\u53d1\u5c04\uff0c\u968f\u540e\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u9897\u6d4b\u8bd5\u536b\u661fGIOVE-B<\/a>\u4e8e2008\u5e744\u6708\u53d1\u5c04\u3002\u5728\u8f68\u9a8c\u8bc1\u9636\u6bb5\u5b8c\u6210\u540e\uff0c\u6709\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u536b\u661f\u88ab\u53d1\u5c04\u5347\u7a7a\u30022007\u5e7411\u670830\u65e5\uff0c\u6765\u81ea\u6b27\u76df\u6210\u5458\u56fd\u768427\u4e2a\u4ea4\u901a\u90e8\u957f\u8fbe\u6210\u534f\u8bae\uff0c\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u7cfb\u7edf\u5c06\u57282013\u5e74\u6295\u5165\u8fd0\u8425[23]<\/a>\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4f1a\u540e\u7684\u65b0\u95fb\u7a3f\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5b83\u5c06\u88ab\u63a8\u8fdf\u52302014\u5e74[24]<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.7 \u518d\u6b21\u8d44\u52a9\uff0c\u53ca\u7ba1\u7406\u95ee\u9898 | Funding again, governance issues<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

2006\u5e74\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e3a\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u7cfb\u7edf\u6ce8\u8d44\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u793e\u4f1a\u8d44\u672c\u5171\u540c\u4f53<\/a>\u74e6\u89e3\uff0c\u6b27\u76df\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u51b3\u5b9a\u5c06\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u7cfb\u7edf\u56fd\u6709\u5316[25]<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2007\u5e74\u5e74\u521d\uff0c\u6b27\u76df\u8fd8\u672a\u51b3\u5b9a\u5982\u4f55\u8d1f\u62c5\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u7ecf\u8d39\uff0c\u636e\u8bf4\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u7cfb\u7edf\u7531\u4e8e\u7f3a\u4e4f\u516c\u5171\u7ecf\u8d39\u652f\u6301\u9677\u5165\u4e86\u201c\u6df1\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u5371\u673a\u201d\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u9897\u6d4b\u8bd5\u536b\u661f\u88ab\u53d1\u5c04\u5347\u7a7a\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u4ea4\u901a\u90e8\u957fWolfgang Tiefensee\u7279\u522b\u62c5\u5fe7\u8d22\u56e2\u5728\u4e89\u8bba\u4e2d\u7ed3\u675f\u8be5\u9879\u76ee[26]<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2007\u5e746\u670813\u65e5\uff0c\u6b27\u76df\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b9\u6848\uff0c\u5728\u4e0b\u4e00\u5e74\u4ece\u76f8\u4e92\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u7ecf\u8d39\u4e2d\u524a\u51cf\u51fa\u4e94\u4ebf\u56db\u5343\u516b\u767e\u4e07\u6b27\u5143\u6765\u7528\u5230\u5176\u4ed6\u8d22\u653f\u9879\u76ee\u4e0a[27]<\/a>\uff0c\u6b64\u4e3e\u5c06\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u90e8\u5206\u6ee1\u8db3\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u5bfc\u822a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5f00\u652f\u3002\u6b27\u76df\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e0e\u5f00\u53d1\u8ba1\u5212\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u56e0\u4e3a\u7ecf\u8d39\u77ed\u7f3a\u800c\u88ab\u7ec8\u6b62\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2007\u5e7411\u6708\uff0c\u6b27\u76df\u540c\u610f\u5c06\u4ece\u519c\u4e1a\u548c\u884c\u653f\u9884\u7b97\u4e2d\u91cd\u65b0\u5206\u914d\u8d44\u91d1[28]<\/a>\uff0c\u4ee5\u964d\u4f4e\u62db\u6807\u6807\u51c6\u6765\u9080\u8bf7\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u4f01\u4e1a\u6765\u6295\u8d44\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u7cfb\u7edf[29]<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2008\u5e744\u6708\uff0c\u6b27\u76df\u7684\u4ea4\u901a\u90e8\u957f\u6279\u51c6\u4e86\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u7cfb\u7edf\u5b9e\u65bd\u6761\u4f8b\u3002\u8fd9\u4f7f\u5f97\u6b27\u76df\u4ece\u519c\u4e1a\u548c\u884c\u653f\u9884\u7b97\u4e2d\u62e8\u6b3e34\u4ebf\u6b27\u5143\u7528\u6765\u62db\u6807[30]<\/a>\uff0c\u4ee5\u542f\u52a8\u5730\u9762\u7ad9\u548c\u536b\u661f\u7684\u5efa\u8bbe\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2009\u5e746\u6708\uff0c\u6b27\u6d32\u5ba1\u8ba1\u9662<\/a>\u53d1\u5e03\u7684\u4e00\u4efd\u62a5\u544a\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u7ba1\u7406\u4e0d\u529b\u3001\u4e25\u91cd\u62d6\u5ef6\u548c\u9884\u7b97\u8d85\u652f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u9879\u76ee\u4e8e2007\u5e74\u505c\u6446\uff0c\u5e76\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u5ef6\u8fdf\u548c\u5931\u8d25[31]<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In October 2009, the European Commission cut the number of satellites definitively planned from 28 to 22, with plans to order the remaining six at a later time. It also announced that the first OS, PRS and SoL signal would be available in 2013, and the CS and SOL some time later. The \u20ac3.4 billion budget for the 2006\u20132013 period was considered insufficient.[50]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u57282009\u5e7410\u6708\uff0c\u6b27\u6d32\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u51b3\u5b9a\u5c06\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u7cfb\u7edf\u8ba1\u5212\u7684\u536b\u661f\u6570\u91cf\u4ece28\u9897\u51cf\u5c11\u523022\u9897\uff0c\u5e76\u8ba1\u5212\u5728\u4ee5\u540e\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u91cc\u8ba2\u8d2d\u5269\u4f59\u7684\u516d\u9897\u536b\u661f\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5ba3\u5e03\u7b2c\u4e00\u6279\u8fd0\u8425\u4fe1\u53f7\u5305\u62ec\u5f00\u653e\u670d\u52a1\uff08OS\uff09\u3001\u516c\u5171\u76d1\u63a7\u670d\u52a1\uff08PRS\uff09\u548c\u641c\u7d22\u4e0e\u6551\u63f4\u4fe1\u53f7\uff08SoL\uff09\u5c06\u57282013\u5e74\u53ef\u7528\uff0c\u5546\u4e1a\u670d\u52a1\uff08CS\uff09\u548c\u5b89\u5168\u670d\u52a1\uff08SoL\uff09\u7a0d\u540e\u63a8\u51fa\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u9884\u7b97\u4e3a2006\u5e74\u81f32013\u5e74\u671f\u95f4\u768434\u4ebf\u6b27\u5143\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u4e0d\u8db3\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2010\u5e74\uff0c\u667a\u5e93\u201c\u5f00\u653e\u6b27\u6d32<\/a>\u201d\u4f30\u8ba1\uff0c\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u7cfb\u7edf\u4ece\u542f\u52a8\u5230\u5efa\u6210\u540e20\u5e74\u7684\u82b1\u8d39\u5171\u8ba1222\u4ebf\u6b27\u5143\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7ecf\u8d39\u5c06\u5b8c\u5168\u7531\u7eb3\u7a0e\u4eba\u6765\u627f\u62c5\u3002\u6839\u636e\u539f\u5148\u57282000\u5e74\u505a\u51fa\u7684\u4f30\u7b97\uff0c\u8be5\u7cfb\u7edf\u5c06\u82b1\u8d3977\u4ebf\u6b27\u5143\uff0c\u7eb3\u7a0e\u4eba\u627f\u62c5\u5176\u4e2d\u768426\u4ebf\uff0c\u5176\u4f59\u7531\u79c1\u4eba\u6295\u8d44\u8005\u627f\u62c5[32]<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November 2009, a ground station for Galileo was inaugurated near Kourou<\/a> (French Guiana<\/a>).[52]<\/a> The launch of the first four in-orbit validation (IOV) satellites was planned for the second half of 2011, and the launch of full operational capability (FOC) satellites was planned to start in late 2012.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a \u57282009\u5e7411\u6708\uff0c\u4f4d\u4e8e\u5e93\u9c81\uff08\u6cd5\u5c5e\u572d\u4e9a\u90a3\uff09\u9644\u8fd1\u7684\u4e00\u5ea7\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u5730\u9762\u7ad9\u6b63\u5f0f\u63ed\u5e55\u3002\u9996\u6279\u56db\u9897\u8f68\u9053\u9a8c\u8bc1\uff08IOV\uff09\u536b\u661f\u8ba1\u5212\u4e8e2011\u5e74\u4e0b\u534a\u5e74\u53d1\u5c04\uff0c\u5168\u9762\u8fd0\u884c\u80fd\u529b\uff08FOC\uff09\u536b\u661f\u8ba1\u5212\u4e8e2012\u5e74\u5e95\u5f00\u59cb\u53d1\u5c04\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6309\u8ba1\u5212\uff0c\u524d\u56db\u9897\u201c\u5728\u8f68\u9a8c\u8bc1\u536b\u661f\u201d\uff08IOV\uff09\u5c06\u4e8e2011\u5e74\u4e0b\u534a\u5e74\u53d1\u5c04\uff0c\u201c\u5b8c\u5168\u8fd0\u884c\u80fd\u529b\u536b\u661f\u201d\uff08FOC\uff09\u5c06\u4e8e2012\u5e74\u5e74\u672b\u53d1\u5c04\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2010\u5e743\u6708\uff0c\u636e\u8bc1\u5b9e\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7ecf\u8d39\u6709\u9650\uff0c\u52302014\u5e74\u6700\u591a\u80fd\u63d0\u4f9b4\u9897\u201c\u5728\u8f68\u9a8c\u8bc1\u536b\u661f\u201d\u548c14\u9897\u201c\u5b8c\u5168\u80fd\u529b\u536b\u661f\u201d\u3002\u6709\u4eba\u63d0\u8bae\u5c31\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd918\u9897\u536b\u661f\u7ec4\u7f51\uff0c\u5bf9\u6b64\uff0c\u6b27\u76df\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u536b\u661f\u5bfc\u822a\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u4e3b\u7ba1Paul Verhoef\u4e3e\u4e86\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u6765\u8bf4\u660e\u7ecf\u8d39\u77ed\u7f3a\u7684\u540e\u679c\u6709\u591a\u4e25\u91cd\uff1a\u201c\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u8bf4\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e00\u5e74\u4e2d\u5c06\u67093\u4e2a\u661f\u671f\u6ca1\u6709\u5bfc\u822a\u4fe1\u53f7\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2010\u5e747\u6708\uff0c\u6b27\u76df\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u8bc4\u4f30\uff0c\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u989d\u5916\u8d39\u7528\u5c06\u4e0a\u5347\u523015\u4ebf\u81f317\u4ebf\u6b27\u5143\uff0c\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u5efa\u6210\u65e5\u671f\u8981\u63a8\u8fdf\u52302018\u5e74\u3002\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u7cfb\u7edf\u5efa\u6210\u540e\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u6bcf\u5e74\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u8865\u8d347.5\u4ebf\u6b27\u5143[34]<\/a>\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u970019\u4ebf\u6b27\u5143\u5c06\u536b\u661f\u6570\u91cf\u8865\u5145\u523030\u9897\uff0827\u9897\u5de5\u4f5c\u536b\u661f\uff0c3\u9897\u5907\u7528\u536b\u661f\uff09[16]<\/a>[35]<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2010\u5e7412\u6708\uff0c\u6b27\u76df\u90e8\u957f\u5728\u5e03\u9c81\u585e\u5c14\u4e3e\u884c\u6295\u7968\uff0c\u5c06\u6377\u514b\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u7684\u5e03\u62c9\u683c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u603b\u90e8[36]<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2011\u5e741\u6708\uff0c\u636e\u4f30\u8ba1\uff0c\u622a\u6b622020\u5e74\u5404\u9879\u57fa\u7840\u8bbe\u65bd\u7684\u82b1\u8d39\u5c06\u8fbe\u523053\u4ebf\u6b27\u5143\u3002\u5c31\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6708\uff0c\u7ef4\u57fa\u89e3\u5bc6<\/a>\u900f\u9732\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u536b\u661f\u516c\u53f8OHB-System<\/a>\u7684CEO\uff0cBerry Smutny\u8bf4\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u7cfb\u7edf\u201c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3b\u8981\u670d\u52a1\u6cd5\u56fd\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u611a\u8822\u8ba1\u5212\u201d[37]<\/a>\u3002BBC\u83b7\u6089\uff0c2011\u5e74\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u7cfb\u7edf\u5c06\u83b7\u5f975\u4ebf\u6b27\u5143\u7528\u4e8e\u91c7\u8d2d\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u6570\u5e74\u65f6\u95f4\u5c0618\u9897\u5de5\u4f5c\u536b\u661f\u589e\u52a0\u4e3a24\u9897[38]<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2011\u5e7410\u670821\u65e5\uff0c\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u7684\u524d\u4e24\u9897\u5728\u8f68\u9a8c\u8bc1\u536b\u661f\u7531\u8054\u76dfST-B<\/a>\u706b\u7bad\u5728\u572d\u4e9a\u90a3\u822a\u5929\u4e2d\u5fc3<\/a>\u53d1\u5c04[39]<\/a> \uff0c\u53e6\u5916\u4e24\u9897\u4e8e2012\u5e7410\u670812\u65e5\u53d1\u5c04\u3002[40]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53e6\u591622\u9897\u201c\u5b8c\u5168\u80fd\u529b\u536b\u661f\u201d\u4ece2012\u5e74\u5f00\u59cb\u91c7\u8d2d\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u524d\u56db\u5bf9\u536b\u661f\u5206\u522b\u4e8e2014\u5e748\u670822\u65e5\uff0c2015\u5e743\u670827\u65e5\uff0c2015\u5e749\u670811\u65e5\uff0c2015\u5e7412\u670817\u65e5\u53d1\u5c04[41]<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"\/
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u9075\u5faaCC BY 2.0\u534f\u8bae<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
\n

2011\u5e7410\u670821\u65e5\uff0c\u4e00\u679a\u7531\u8054\u76df\u53f7\u706b\u7bad\u6709\u6548\u8f7d\u8377\u7684\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u536b\u661f\u5728\u572d\u4e9a\u90a3\u822a\u5929\u4e2d\u5fc3\u53d1\u5c04\u3002<\/p>\n\u56fe\u7247\u6765\u6e90\uff1aThilo Kranz\/DLR<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

\u9996\u4e03\u6b21\u53d1\u5c04\uff08L1\u5230L7\uff09\u5747\u7531\u8054\u76dfST-B\u706b\u7bad\u6267\u884c\uff0c\u6bcf\u6b21\u53d1\u5c04\u4e24\u679a\u536b\u661f\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e09\u6b21\u53d1\u5c04\u5931\u8d25\uff0c\u536b\u661f\u672a\u6709\u8fdb\u5165\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u8f68\u9053\u3002\u4ece\u7b2c\u516b\u6b21\u4efb\u52a1\uff08L8\uff09\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u6b27\u6d32\u7a7a\u95f4\u5c40\u6539\u7528\u963f\u4e3d\u4e9a\u5a1c5\u578b\u6267\u884c\u53d1\u5c04\u4efb\u52a1\uff0c\u6bcf\u6b21\u53d1\u5c04\u56db\u679a\u536b\u661f\uff0cL8\u5230L10\u5168\u90e8\u53d1\u5c04\u6210\u529f\u3002L11\u5c06\u6539\u7528\u7814\u53d1\u4e2d\u7684\u963f\u4e3d\u4e9a\u5a1c6\u578b\u6267\u884c\uff0c\u6bcf\u6b21\u53d1\u5c04\u4e24\u679a\u536b\u661f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2011\u5e7410\u670821\u65e5\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ec4\u5b9e\u9a8c\u536b\u661fIOV PFM\u548cFM2\u53d1\u5c04\u5165\u8f68\u6210\u529f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2012\u5e7410\u670812\u65e5\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ec4\u5b9e\u9a8c\u536b\u661fIOV FM3\u548cFM4\u53d1\u5c04\u5165\u8f68\u6210\u529f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2014\u5e748\u670822\u65e5\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e09\u7ec4\u536b\u661fFOC FM1\u548cFM2\u53d1\u5c04\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u4f46\u672a\u6b63\u786e\u5165\u8f68\u3002\u536b\u661f\u53d1\u5c04\u5230\u79bb\u5730\u9762\u9ad8\u5ea625900km\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u540e\u8dcc\u81f313713km\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u536b\u661f\u4e0a\u7684\u71c3\u6599\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u5b8c\u5168\u4fee\u6b63\u8f68\u9053\uff0c\u6b27\u6d32\u7a7a\u95f4\u5c40\u53ea\u80fd\u628a\u4e24\u679a\u536b\u661f\u8c03\u6574\u5230\u534a\u5f8427977.6km\uff0c\u79bb\u5fc3\u73870.162\u7684\u692d\u5706\u5f62\u201c\u6269\u5c55\u8f68\u9053\u201d\uff0c\u7528\u4f5c\u6d4b\u8bd5\u7528\u9014\u3002\u6b63\u5e38\u7684\u8f68\u9053\u534a\u5f84\u662f29599.8km\uff0c\u79bb\u5fc3\u7387\u4e3a0\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first two Galileo In-Orbit Validation satellites were launched by Soyuz ST-B<\/a> flown from Centre Spatial Guyanais<\/a> on 21 October 2011,[59]<\/a> and the remaining two on 12 October 2012.[60]<\/a> As of 2017, the satellites are fully useful for precise positioning and geodesy with a limited usability in navigation.[61]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u9996\u6279\u4e24\u9897\u8f68\u9053\u9a8c\u8bc1\u536b\u661f\u4e8e2011\u5e7410\u670821\u65e5\u7531\u4ece\u6cd5\u5c5e\u572d\u4e9a\u90a3\u7684\u5e93\u9c81\u822a\u5929\u4e2d\u5fc3\u53d1\u5c04\u7684Soyuz ST-B\u706b\u7bad\u642d\u8f7d\u3002\u5269\u4e0b\u7684\u4e24\u9897\u536b\u661f\u4e8e2012\u5e7410\u670812\u65e5\u53d1\u5c04\u3002\u622a\u81f32017\u5e74\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u536b\u661f\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b8c\u5168\u53ef\u7528\u4e8e\u7cbe\u786e\u5b9a\u4f4d\u548c\u5927\u5730\u6d4b\u91cf\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u5bfc\u822a\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u53ef\u7528\u6027\u6709\u9650\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Twenty-two further satellites with Full Operational Capability (FOC) were on order as of 1 January 2018. The first four pairs of satellites were launched on 22 August 2014, 27 March 2015, 11 September 2015 and 17 December 2015.[62]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u622a\u81f32018\u5e741\u67081\u65e5\uff0c\u8fd8\u670922\u9897\u5168\u9762\u8fd0\u884c\u80fd\u529b\uff08FOC\uff09\u7684\u536b\u661f\u5728\u8ba2\u8d2d\u4e2d\u3002\u7b2c\u6279\u56db\u5bf9\u536b\u661f\u5206\u522b\u4e8e2014\u5e748\u670822\u65e5\u30012015\u5e743\u670827\u65e5\u30012015\u5e749\u670811\u65e5\u548c2015\u5e7412\u670817\u65e5\u53d1\u5c04\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. \u65f6\u949f\u6545\u969c | Clock failures<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

In January 2017, news agencies reported that six of the passive hydrogen masers (PHM)<\/a> and three of the rubidium<\/a> atomic clocks (RAFS)<\/a> had failed. Four of the full operational satellites have each lost at least one clock; but no satellite has lost more than two. The operation has not been affected as each satellite is launched with four clocks (2 PHM and 2 RAFS). The possibility of a systemic flaw is being considered.[63]<\/a>[64]<\/a>[65]<\/a> SpectraTime<\/a>, the Swiss producer of both on-board clock types, declined to comment.[66]<\/a> According to ESA<\/a>, they concluded with their industrial partners for the rubidium atomic clocks that some implemented testing and operational measures were required. Additionally some refurbishment is required for the rubidium atomic clocks that still have to be launched. For the passive hydrogen masers operational measures are being studied to reduce the risk of failure.[63]<\/a> China and India use the same SpectraTime-built atomic clocks in their satellite navigation systems. ESA has contacted the Indian Space Research Organisation<\/a> (ISRO) who initially reported not having experienced similar failures.[66]<\/a>[65]<\/a> However, at the end of January 2017, Indian news outlets reported that all three clocks aboard the IRNSS-1A<\/a> satellite (launched in July 2013 with a 10-year life expectancy) had failed and that a replacement satellite would be launched in the second half of 2017: these atomic clocks were said to be supplied under a four-million-euro deal.[67]<\/a>[68]<\/a>[69]<\/a>[70]<\/a>
\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u636e2017\u5e741\u6708\u7684\u65b0\u95fb\u62a5\u9053\uff0c\u67096\u53f0\u88ab\u52a8\u6c22\u8d28\u5b50\u8c10\u632f\u5668(PHM)\u548c3\u53f0\u94f7\u539f\u5b50\u949f(RAFS)\u53d1\u751f\u6545\u969c\u3002\u5176\u4e2d4\u9897\u5168\u9762\u8fd0\u884c\u7684\u536b\u661f\u4e2d\u81f3\u5c11\u6709\u4e00\u53f0\u949f\u8868\u51fa\u73b0\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4f46\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u9897\u536b\u661f\u4e22\u5931\u8d85\u8fc7\u4e24\u4e2a\u949f\u8868\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u6bcf\u9897\u536b\u661f\u53d1\u5c04\u65f6\u90fd\u643a\u5e26\u67094\u4e2a\u949f\u8868\uff082\u4e2aPHM\u548c2\u4e2aRAFS\uff09\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u8fd0\u884c\u5e76\u672a\u53d7\u5230\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u76ee\u524d\u6b63\u5728\u8003\u8651\u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728\u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u7f3a\u9677\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u745e\u58eb\u7684\u949f\u8868\u751f\u4ea7\u5546SpectraTime\u62d2\u7edd\u7f6e\u8bc4\u3002\u636e\u6b27\u6d32\u822a\u5929\u5c40\uff08ESA\uff09\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0e\u94f7\u539f\u5b50\u949f\u7684\u5de5\u4e1a\u5408\u4f5c\u4f19\u4f34\u8fbe\u6210\u4e86\u7ed3\u8bba\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u9700\u8981\u91c7\u53d6\u4e00\u4e9b\u6d4b\u8bd5\u548c\u64cd\u4f5c\u63aa\u65bd\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u4ecd\u9700\u5bf9\u5c1a\u672a\u53d1\u5c04\u7684\u94f7\u539f\u5b50\u949f\u8fdb\u884c\u4e00\u4e9b\u7ffb\u65b0\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u88ab\u52a8\u6c22\u8d28\u5b50\u8c10\u632f\u5668\uff0c\u6b63\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u91c7\u53d6\u64cd\u4f5c\u63aa\u65bd\u4ee5\u51cf\u5c11\u6545\u969c\u98ce\u9669\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u548c\u5370\u5ea6\u5728\u5176\u536b\u661f\u5bfc\u822a\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u540c\u6837\u7531SpectraTime\u5236\u9020\u7684\u539f\u5b50\u949f\u3002\u6b27\u6d32\u822a\u5929\u5c40\u5df2\u4e0e\u5ea6\u7a7a\u95f4\u7814\u7a76\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff08ISRO\uff09\u53d6\u5f97\u8054\u7cfb\uff0cISRO\u6700\u521d\u62a5\u544a\u79f0\u6ca1\u6709\u7ecf\u5386\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u6545\u969c\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u622a\u81f32017\u5e741\u6708\u5e95\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u65b0\u95fb\u5a92\u4f53\u62a5\u9053\u79f0\uff0cIRNSS-1A\u536b\u661f\u4e0a\u7684\u4e09\u4e2a\u949f\u8868\uff08\u8be5\u536b\u661f\u4e8e2013\u5e747\u6708\u53d1\u5c04\uff0c\u5bff\u547d\u4e3a10\u5e74\uff09\u5168\u90e8\u53d1\u751f\u6545\u969c\uff0c\u4e00\u9897\u66ff\u4ee3\u536b\u661f\u5c06\u57282017\u5e74\u4e0b\u534a\u5e74\u53d1\u5c04\uff1a\u636e\u79f0\u8fd9\u4e9b\u539f\u5b50\u949f\u662f\u5728\u4e00\u9879\u4ef7\u503c400\u4e07\u6b27\u5143\u7684\u4ea4\u6613\u4e2d\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In July 2017, the European Commission<\/a> reported that the main causes of the malfunctions have been identified and measures have been put in place to reduce the possibility of further malfunctions of the satellites already in space.[71]<\/a>[72]<\/a> According to European sources, ESA took measures to correct both identified sets of problems by replacing a faulty component that can cause a short circuit in the rubidium clocks and improve the passive hydrogen maser clocks as well on satellites still to be launched.[73]<\/a>
\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u6839\u636e2017\u5e747\u6708\u7684\u6b27\u6d32\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u62a5\u544a\uff0c\u5bf9\u6545\u969c\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u539f\u56e0\u5df2\u7ecf\u627e\u5230\uff0c\u5e76\u91c7\u53d6\u4e86\u63aa\u65bd\u6765\u51cf\u5c11\u5df2\u7ecf\u5728\u592a\u7a7a\u4e2d\u7684\u536b\u661f\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u53d1\u751f\u6545\u969c\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002\u6839\u636e\u6b27\u6d32\u6d88\u606f\u6765\u6e90\uff0c\u6b27\u6d32\u822a\u5929\u5c40\uff08ESA\uff09\u5df2\u7ecf\u91c7\u53d6\u4e86\u63aa\u65bd\u6765\u7ea0\u6b63\u8fd9\u4e24\u7ec4\u5df2\u7ecf\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u66f4\u6362\u53ef\u80fd\u5bfc\u81f4\u94f7\u949f\u77ed\u8def\u7684\u6545\u969c\u7ec4\u4ef6\uff0c\u5e76\u6539\u8fdb\u4e86\u5c1a\u672a\u53d1\u5c04\u7684\u88ab\u52a8\u6c22\u8d28\u5b50\u8c10\u632f\u5668\u949f\u8868\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.1 \u505c\u673a | Outages<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

2019<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

2019\u5e747\u670811\u65e5\u81f318\u65e5\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u7cfb\u7edf\u5931\u6548\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u536b\u661f\u4fe1\u53f7\u4e2d\u65ad\u3002\u5b98\u65b9\u7f51\u7ad9\u663e\u793a\u6240\u6709\u536b\u661f\u4e0d\u53ef\u7528\uff08NOT USABLE\uff09\u3002[42]<\/a>\u6d88\u606f\u6307\uff0c\u4e8b\u4ef6\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u5730\u9762\u7684\u7cbe\u786e\u8ba1\u65f6\u8bbe\u5907\u6545\u969c\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u7cfb\u7edf\u65e0\u6cd5\u8ba1\u7b97\u536b\u661f\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u53ca\u65f6\u95f4\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2020<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

2020\u5e7412\u670814\u65e5\uff0c\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u7cfb\u7edf\u53d1\u751f\u6301\u7eed6\u5c0f\u65f6\u7684\u4e25\u91cd\u6545\u969c\u3002[43]<\/a>\u4e8b\u4ef6\u8d77\u56e0\u662f\u5730\u9762\u7684\u7cbe\u786e\u8ba1\u65f6\u8bbe\u5907\u51fa\u73b0\u5f02\u5e38\uff0c\u4ee4\u5b9a\u4f4d\u8bef\u5dee\u4e0a\u5347\u81f380\u5343\u7c73\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The problem was related to an abnormal behaviour of a ground segment atomic clock in the time determination function of the system. In the parallel functioning Precise Timing Facilities in the Fucino and Oberpfaffenhofen Galileo Control Centres an issue occurred in Fucino whilst maintenance was performed on the parallel system in Oberpfaffenhofen.[79]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u8be5\u95ee\u9898\u4e0e\u5730\u9762\u6bb5\u539f\u5b50\u949f\u5728\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u786e\u5b9a\u529f\u80fd\u4e2d\u51fa\u73b0\u5f02\u5e38\u884c\u4e3a\u6709\u5173\u3002\u5728\u5bcc\u5947\u8bfa\u548c\u5965\u4f2f\u666e\u6cd5\u82ac\u970d\u82ac\u7684\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u63a7\u5236\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u5e76\u884c\u8fd0\u884c\u7684\u7cbe\u786e\u5b9a\u65f6\u8bbe\u65bd\u4e2d\uff0c\u5728\u5965\u4f2f\u666e\u6cd5\u82ac\u970d\u82ac\u8fdb\u884c\u5e76\u884c\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ef4\u62a4\u65f6\uff0c\u5bcc\u5947\u8bfa\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. \u56fd\u9645\u53c2\u4e0e | International involvement<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

2003\u5e749\u6708\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u52a0\u5165\u4e86\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u8ba1\u5212\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u4ee5\u540e\u4e3a\u8be5\u9879\u76ee\u6295\u8d442.3\u4ebf\u6b27\u5143\uff08\u7ea6\u540823.4\u4ebf\u5143\u4eba\u6c11\u5e01\uff09[44]<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2004\u5e747\u6708\uff0c\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u4e0e\u6b27\u76df\u7b7e\u8ba2\u4e86\u534f\u8bae\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\u4f19\u4f34\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2005\u5e746\u67083\u65e5\uff0c\u636e\u62a5\u9053\uff0c\u6b27\u76df\u4e0e\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u7b7e\u7f72\u4e86\u4e00\u4efd\u534f\u8bae\uff0c\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u4e5f\u52a0\u5165\u5230\u4e86\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u8ba1\u5212\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2005\u5e749\u67087\u65e5\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6<\/a>\u4e5f\u4e0e\u6b27\u76df\u7b7e\u7ea6\uff0c\u52a0\u5165\u201c\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u8ba1\u5212\u201d\uff0c\u53c2\u4e0e\u5efa\u8bbe\u57fa\u4e8e\u6b27\u6d32\u5730\u7403\u540c\u6b65\u536b\u661f\u5bfc\u822a\u589e\u5f3a\u670d\u52a1\u7cfb\u7edf<\/a>\u7684\u533a\u57df\u589e\u5f3a\u7cfb\u7edf[45]<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2005\u5e7412\u6708\uff0c\u6469\u6d1b\u54e5<\/a>\u52a0\u5165\u4e86\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u8ba1\u5212\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In mid-2006, the public\u2013private partnership fell apart and the European Commission decided to nationalise Galileo as an EU programme.[43]
\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u57282006\u5e74\u4e2d\u671f\uff0c\u516c\u79c1\u5408\u4f5c\u4f19\u4f34\u5173\u7cfb\u7834\u88c2\uff0c\u6b27\u6d32\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u51b3\u5b9a\u5c06\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u56fd\u6709\u5316\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6b27\u76df\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u8ba1\u5212\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2006\u5e749\u67089\u65e5\uff0c\u97e9\u56fd<\/a>\u540c\u6b27\u76df\u7b7e\u8ba2\u4e86\u6709\u5173\u97e9\u56fd\u53c2\u4e0e\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u8ba1\u5212\u7684\u534f\u5b9a[46]<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2006\u5e7412\u6708\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u9009\u62e9\u72ec\u7acb\u81ea\u4e3b\u5f00\u53d1\u5317\u6597\u5bfc\u822a\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002 [47]<\/a>\u65e9\u671f\uff0c\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u7cfb\u7edf\u88ab\u770b\u4f5c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u653f\u5e9c\u8d22\u653f\u53c2\u4e0e\u7684\u79c1\u8425\u9879\u76ee\uff0c\u9879\u76ee\u4e3b\u7ba1\u79ef\u6781\u9080\u8bf7\u4e2d\u56fd\u52a0\u5165\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u5728\u77ed\u671f\u5185\u53ef\u4ee5\u83b7\u5f97\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u6295\u8d44\uff0c\u4ece\u957f\u8fdc\u770b\u8fd8\u80fd\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5b9a\u4f4d\u6388\u65f6\u5e02\u573a\u83b7\u5f97\u72ec\u7279\u4f18\u52bf\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u6b27\u76df\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u4e0e\u6280\u672f\u72ec\u7acb\u6027\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u88ab\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u7cfb\u7edf\u6392\u9664\u5728\u5916\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u6295\u8d44\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u5f97\u5230\u4efb\u4f55\u56de\u62a5\u3002\u8fd9\u4fc3\u4f7f\u4e2d\u56fd\u51b3\u5b9a\u5efa\u8bbe\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5168\u7403\u5b9a\u4f4d\u7cfb\u7edf\u2014\u2014\u5317\u6597\u536b\u661f\u5bfc\u822a\u7cfb\u7edf<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2006\u5e7412\u670812\u65e5\uff0c\u6b27\u76df\u4e0e\u6469\u6d1b\u54e5<\/a>\u7b7e\u7f72\u4e86\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u8ba1\u5212\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\u534f\u8bae[48]<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2007\u5e7411\u670830\u65e5\uff0c\u6b27\u76df<\/a>\u768427\u4e2a\u6210\u5458\u56fd\u4e00\u81f4\u540c\u610f\u5c06\u63a8\u8fdb\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u5efa\u8bbe\uff0c\u8be5\u8ba1\u5212\u57fa\u4e8e\u5fb7\u56fd\u548c\u610f\u5927\u5229\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u65b9\u6848\u3002\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u8f6e\u6295\u7968\u4e2d\uff0c\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u5e76\u4e0d\u8d5e\u6210\u8be5\u65b9\u6848\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u5f53\u5929\u7684\u665a\u4e9b\u65f6\u5019\u8fd8\u662f\u6279\u51c6\u4e86\u3002\u8fd9\u6b21\u4f1a\u8bae\u5927\u5927\u63d0\u9ad8\u4e86\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u53ef\u884c\u6027\uff0c\u6b27\u76df\u6267\u884c\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u66fe\u7ecf\u8bf4\u8fc7\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u52302008\u5e741\u6708\u8fd8\u672a\u5c31\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fbe\u6210\u4efb\u4f55\u534f\u8bae\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9677\u5165\u957f\u671f\u56f0\u6270\u7684\u9879\u76ee\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5c06\u4f1a\u7ec8\u7ed3\u3002[49]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

2009\u5e744\u67083\u65e5\uff0c\u632a\u5a01\u4e5f\u52a0\u5165\u4e86\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u9879\u76ee\uff0c\u627f\u8bfa\u5c06\u6295\u51656980\u4e07\u6b27\u5143\u7528\u4e8e\u5f00\u53d1\uff0c\u5e76\u5141\u8bb8\u672c\u56fd\u7684\u4f01\u4e1a\u6295\u6807\u5efa\u8bbe\u5408\u540c\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u632a\u5a01\u4e0d\u662f\u6b27\u76df\u7684\u6210\u5458\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u662f\u6b27\u7a7a\u5c40\u7684\u6210\u5458\u3002[50]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

2013\u5e7412\u670818\u65e5\uff0c\u745e\u58eb<\/a>\u7b7e\u7f72\u4e86\u4e00\u4efd\u5408\u4f5c\u534f\u8bae\uff0c\u5168\u9762\u53c2\u4e0e\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u8ba1\u5212\uff0c\u5e76\u4e3a2008\u5e74\u52302013\u5e74\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8d39\u7528\u8865\u4ea4\u4e868000\u4e07\u6b27\u5143\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6b27\u7a7a\u5c40\u7684\u6210\u5458\uff0c\u745e\u58eb\u4e4b\u524d\u5df2\u7ecf\u53c2\u4e0e\u4e86\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u9879\u76ee\uff0c\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u672c\u56fd\u6700\u5148\u8fdb\u7684\u6c22\u5fae\u6ce2\u6fc0\u5c04\u5668<\/a>\u65f6\u949f\u3002\u5728\u52a0\u5165\u6b27\u76df\u7814\u7a76\u6846\u67b6\u540e\uff0c\u745e\u58eb\u57282014\u52302020\u5e74\u4e4b\u95f4\u627f\u62c5\u7684\u8d22\u653f\u5c06\u6839\u636e\u6807\u51c6\u516c\u5f0f\u6765\u8ba1\u7b97\u3002[51]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9664\u6b64\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u4e0d\u5c11\u56fd\u5bb6\u5982\u963f\u6839\u5ef7<\/a>\u3001\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a<\/a>\u3001\u5df4\u897f<\/a>\u3001\u52a0\u62ff\u5927<\/a>\u3001\u667a\u5229<\/a>\u3001\u65e5\u672c<\/a>\u3001\u9a6c\u6765\u897f\u4e9a<\/a>\u3001\u58a8\u897f\u54e5<\/a>\u3001\u5df4\u57fa\u65af\u5766<\/a>\u3001\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af<\/a>\u7b49\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u52a0\u5165\u201c\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u8ba1\u5212\u201d\u3002[\u6765\u6e90\u8bf7\u6c42]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March 2018, the European Commission announced that the United Kingdom<\/a> may be excluded from parts of the project (especially relating to the secured service PRS) following its exit from the European Union (EU). As a result, Airbus<\/a> was to relocate work on the Ground Control Segment (GCS) from its Portsmouth<\/a> premises to an EU state.[4]<\/a> British officials have been reported to be seeking legal advice on whether they can reclaim the \u20ac1.4 billion invested by the United Kingdom, of the \u20ac10 billion spent to date.[90]<\/a> In a speech at the EU Institute for Security Studies<\/a> conference, the EU Chief Negotiator in charge of the Brexit negotiations<\/a>, Michel Barnier<\/a>, stressed the EU position that the UK had decided to leave the EU and thus all EU programmes, including Galileo.[91]<\/a> In August 2018, the UK stated that it would look into creating a competing satellite navigation system to Galileo post-Brexit.[92]<\/a> In December 2018, British Prime Minister Theresa May<\/a> announced that the UK would no longer seek to reclaim the investment, and Science Minister Sam Gyimah<\/a> resigned over the matter.[93]<\/a>
\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a2018\u5e743\u6708\uff0c\u6b27\u6d32\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u5ba3\u5e03\u82f1\u56fd\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u9000\u51fa\u6b27\u76df\u540e\u88ab\u6392\u9664\u5728\u4f3d\u7565\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u5206\uff08\u7279\u522b\u662f\u4e0e\u5b89\u5168\u670d\u52a1PRS\u6709\u5173\uff09\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7a7a\u4e2d\u5ba2\u8f66\u516c\u53f8\u5c06\u628a\u5730\u9762\u63a7\u5236\u6bb5\uff08GCS\uff09\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u4ece\u5176\u6734\u8328\u8305\u65af\u8bbe\u65bd\u8f6c\u79fb\u5230\u6b27\u76df\u6210\u5458\u56fd\u3002\u636e\u62a5\u9053\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u5b98\u5458\u4e00\u76f4\u5728\u5bfb\u6c42\u6cd5\u5f8b\u610f\u89c1\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\u5426\u53ef\u4ee5\u6536\u56de\u82f1\u56fd\u6295\u8d44\u768414\u4ebf\u6b27\u5143\uff0c\u800c\u8fc4\u4eca\u4e3a\u6b62\u5df2\u7ecf\u82b1\u8d39\u4e86100\u4ebf\u6b27\u5143\u3002\u5728\u6b27\u76df\u5b89\u5168\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e0a\u7684\u4e00\u6b21\u8bb2\u8bdd\u4e2d\uff0c\u8d1f\u8d23\u8131\u6b27\u8c08\u5224\u7684\u6b27\u76df\u9996\u5e2d\u8c08\u5224\u4ee3\u8868\u7c73\u6b47\u5c14\u00b7\u5df4\u5c3c\u8036\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\u6b27\u76df\u7684\u7acb\u573a\uff0c\u5373\u82f1\u56fd\u5df2\u7ecf\u51b3\u5b9a\u79bb\u5f00\u6b27\u76df\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5305\u62ec\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u5728\u5185\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6b27\u76df\u8ba1\u5212\u90fd\u4e0d\u518d\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u82f1\u56fd\u30022018\u5e748\u6708\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u8868\u793a\u5c06\u8003\u8651\u5728\u8131\u6b27\u540e\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0e\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u536b\u661f\u5bfc\u822a\u7cfb\u7edf\u30022018\u5e7412\u6708\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u9996\u76f8\u7279\u857e\u838e\u00b7\u6885\u5ba3\u5e03\u82f1\u56fd\u5c06\u4e0d\u518d\u5bfb\u6c42\u6536\u56de\u6295\u8d44\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u79d1\u5b66\u90e8\u957f\u8428\u59c6\u00b7\u5409\u9a6c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e8b\u8f9e\u804c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. \u7cfb\u7edf\u63cf\u8ff0 | System description<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u6bcf\u9897\u536b\u661f\u90fd\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u94f7\u539f\u5b50\u949f<\/a>\u548c\u4e24\u4e2a\u88ab\u52a8\u6c22\u539f\u5b50\u5fae\u6ce2\u6fc0\u5c04\u5668<\/a>\u65f6\u949f\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5bf9\u4e8e\u536b\u661f\u5bfc\u822a\u7cfb\u7edf\u662f\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u7684\uff0c\u53e6\u5916\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u536b\u661f\u8fd8\u5305\u62ec\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u5176\u4ed6\u7ec4\u4ef6\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65f6\u949f\u5c06\u63d0\u4f9b\u7cbe\u786e\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u4fe1\u53f7\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba1\u7b97\u51fa\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4fe1\u53f7\u4ece\u53d1\u51fa\u5230\u63a5\u6536\u82b1\u8d39\u4e86\u591a\u957f\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\u5229\u7528\u4e0d\u540c\u536b\u661f\u53d1\u5c04\u6765\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u7ed3\u5408\u4e09\u8fb9\u6d4b\u8ddd\u539f\u7406<\/a>\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba1\u7b97\u51fa\u63a5\u6536\u5668\u6240\u5728\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4.1 \u592a\u7a7a\u90e8\u5206 | Space segment<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Main article: List of Galileo satellites<\/a>\uff08\u4e3b\u6761\u76ee\uff1a\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u536b\u661f\u5217\u8868\uff09<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\u52a8\u56fe\u5c01\u9762\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Constellation visibility from a location on Earth&#39;s surface \uff08\u5730\u7403\u8868\u9762\u67d0\u4e00\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4e0a\u7684\u661f\u5ea7\u80fd\u89c1\u5ea6\uff09\u56fe\u7247\u6765\u6e90\uff1aLukas Rohr<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As of 2012,[94]<\/a> the system was scheduled to have 15 satellites operational in 2015 and reach full operation in 2020[needs update<\/a>] with the following specifications:
\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u622a\u81f32012\u5e74[94]\uff0c\u8be5\u7cfb\u7edf\u8ba1\u5212\u57282015\u5e74\u6295\u516515\u9897\u536b\u661f\u8fd0\u884c\uff0c\u5e76\u57282020\u5e74[\u9700\u8981\u66f4\u65b0]\u8fbe\u5230\u5168\u9762\u8fd0\u884c\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u4ee5\u4e0b\u89c4\u683c\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n