{"id":1531,"date":"2023-10-10T11:57:59","date_gmt":"2023-10-10T03:57:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/?p=1531"},"modified":"2023-12-08T16:43:43","modified_gmt":"2023-12-08T08:43:43","slug":"prism-zhen","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/2023\/10\/10\/prism-zhen\/","title":{"rendered":"\u68f1\u955c\u9879\u76ee \/ PRISM – \uff08\u5168\u6587\uff09\u4e2d\u82f1\u6587\u8bcd\u6761\u878d\u5408"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\n

\u4e2d\u6587\u8bcd\u6761\u539f\u6587\u94fe\u63a5\uff08\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ece\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u8bbf\u95ee\uff09\uff1a\u70b9\u51fb\u8fd9\u91cc\u8bbf\u95ee<\/a>\u3002
\u82f1\u6587\u8bcd\u6761\u539f\u6587\u94fe\u63a5\uff08\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ece\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u8bbf\u95ee\uff09\uff1a\u70b9\u51fb\u8fd9\u91cc\u8bbf\u95ee<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u672c\u6587\u57fa\u4e8e\u82f1\u6587<\/strong>\u8bcd\u6761\u7684\u7ebf\u7d22\uff0c\u5e76\u8865\u5145\u90e8\u5206\u6765\u81ea\u4e2d\u6587<\/strong>\u8bcd\u6761\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u8fbd\u89c2\u642c\u8fd0\u65f6\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u5408\u89c4\u5316\u5904\u7406\uff0c\u4ee5\u4f7f\u5176\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u4e0a\u4f20\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\uff08Wikipedia\uff09\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u7ef4\u57fa\u5a92\u4f53\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u7684\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u767e\u79d1\u9879\u76ee\uff08\u70b9\u51fb\u8fd9\u91cc\u4e86\u89e3\u66f4\u591a\uff09<\/a>\uff0c\u5176\u5185\u5bb9\u53ef\u80fd\u53d7\u5230\u7acb\u573a\u3001\u4fe1\u606f\u6765\u6e90\u7b49\u56e0\u7d20\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u8bf7\u5ba2\u89c2\u770b\u5f85\u3002\u6b63\u6587\u5185\u5bb9\u4e0d\u4ee3\u8868\u8bd1\u8005\u89c2\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8fbd\u89c2\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4ec5\u4f9b\u53c2\u8003\u3002\u6587\u4e2d\u53ef\u80fd\u5305\u542b\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ece\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u8bbf\u95ee<\/strong>\u7684\u94fe\u63a5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8fbd\u89c2\u6240\u642c\u8fd0\u7684\u8bcd\u6761\u4e0e\u539f\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\u8bcd\u6761\u540c\u6837\u9075\u5faaCC-BY-SA 4.0\u534f\u8bae<\/a>\uff0c\u5728\u7b26\u5408\u534f\u8bae\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u60a8\u53ef\u4ee5\u514d\u8d39\u4f7f\u7528\u5176\u5185\u5bb9\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u5546\u7528\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\u5c01\u9762\u56fe\u7247\uff1aPRISM\u8ba1\u5212\u7684\u6807\u5fd7\u3002\u56fe\u7247\u6765\u6e90\uff1aNSA, US government; prism photograph:Adam Hart-Davis<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u5e73\u53f0\u53d1\u5e03\u7684\u90e8\u5206<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff1a\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u4eca\u65e5\u5934\u6761<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7b2c\u4e8c\u90e8\u5206\uff1a\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u4eca\u65e5\u5934\u6761<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7b2c\u4e09\u90e8\u5206\uff1a\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u767e\u5ea6\u767e\u5bb6\u53f7<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

0. \u6982\u8ff0<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
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\u8fbd\u89c2\u6ce8\uff1a\u6b64\u6807\u9898\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u642c\u8fd0\u3001\u6574\u5408\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u6dfb\u52a0\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

\u68f1\u955c\u8ba1\u5212<\/strong>\uff08\u82f1\u8bed\uff1aPRISM\uff09\u662f\u4e00\u9879\u7531\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u5bb6\u5b89\u5168\u5c40<\/a>\u81ea2007\u5e74\u5f00\u59cb\u5b9e\u65bd\u7684\u7edd\u5bc6\u7ea7<\/a>\u7f51\u7edc\u76d1\u63a7<\/a>\u76d1\u542c<\/a>\u8ba1\u5212\u3002[1]<\/a>[2]<\/a>\u8be5\u8ba1\u5212\u7684\u6b63\u5f0f\u540d\u79f0\u4e3a\u201cUS-984XN\u201d\u3002[3]<\/a>[4]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6839\u636e\u62a5\u5bfc\uff0c\u6cc4\u9732\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u63cf\u8ff0PRISM\u8ba1\u5212\u80fd\u591f\u5bf9\u5373\u65f6\u901a\u4fe1\u548c\u65e2\u5b58\u8d44\u6599\u8fdb\u884c\u6df1\u5ea6\u7684\u76d1\u542c\u3002[5]<\/a>\u8bb8\u53ef\u7684\u76d1\u542c\u5bf9\u8c61\u5305\u62ec\u4efb\u4f55\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd<\/a>\u4ee5\u5916\u5730\u533a\u4f7f\u7528\u53c2\u4e0e\u8ba1\u5212\u516c\u53f8\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u5ba2\u6237\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u4efb\u4f55\u4e0e\u56fd\u5916\u4eba\u58eb\u901a\u4fe1\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u516c\u6c11<\/a>\u3002[5]<\/a>\u56fd\u5bb6\u5b89\u5168\u5c40\u5728PRISM\u8ba1\u5212\u4e2d\u53ef\u4ee5\u83b7\u5f97\u7535\u5b50\u90ae\u4ef6\u3001\u89c6\u9891\u548c\u8bed\u97f3\u4ea4\u8c08\u3001\u5f71\u7247\u3001\u7167\u7247\u3001VoIP<\/a>\u4ea4\u8c08\u5185\u5bb9\u3001\u6587\u4ef6\u4f20\u8f93\u3001\u767b\u5f55\u901a\u77e5\u7684\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u793e\u4ea4\u7f51\u7edc<\/a>\u7ec6\u8282\uff0c\u5e76\u900f\u8fc7\u5404\u79cd\u8054\u7f51\u8bbe\u5907\uff0c\u5982\u667a\u80fd\u624b\u673a\u3001\u7535\u5b50\u5f0f\u624b\u8868\u7b49\u5404\u5f0f\u8054\u7f51\u8bbe\u5907\u5bf9\u7279\u5b9a\u76ee\u6807\u8fdb\u884c\u653b\u51fb\u3002[5]<\/a>\u7efc\u5408\u60c5\u62a5\u6587\u4ef6\u300a\u603b\u7edf\u6bcf\u65e5\u7b80\u62a5<\/a>\u300b\u4e2d\u57282012\u5e74\u4e2d\u76841,477\u4e2a\u8ba1\u5212\u91cc\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u6765\u81ea\u68f1\u955c\u8ba1\u5212\u7684\u8d44\u6599\u3002[6]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5173\u4e8ePRISM\u7684\u62a5\u9053\uff0c\u662f\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u6301\u7eed\u79d8\u5bc6\u8981\u6c42\u5a01\u8baf<\/a>\u5411\u56fd\u5bb6\u5b89\u5168\u5c40\u63d0\u4f9b\u6240\u6709\u5ba2\u6237\u6bcf\u65e5\u7535\u8bdd\u8bb0\u5f55\u7684\u6d88\u606f\u66dd\u5149\u540e\u4e0d\u4e45\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u3002[7]<\/a>[2]<\/a>\u6cc4\u9732\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7edd\u5bc6\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u5b89\u5168\u5c40\u5408\u7ea6\u5916\u5305\u5546\u5458\u5de5\u7231\u5fb7\u534e\u00b7\u65af\u8bfa\u767b<\/a>\uff0c\u4e8e2013\u5e746\u67086\u65e5\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\u300a\u536b\u62a5<\/a>\u300b\u548c\u7f8e\u56fd\u300a\u534e\u76db\u987f\u90ae\u62a5<\/a>\u300b\u516c\u5f00\u3002[8]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"\/
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u9002\u7528CC0\u5206\u4eab\u534f\u8bae\u3002\u8fbd\u89c2\u4e0a\u4f20\u65f6\u5bf9\u56fe\u7247\u90e8\u5206\u533a\u57df\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u906e\u6321\u3002<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
\n

\u56fe\u7247\u9898\u6ce8\uff1aRecreation of boundless information global heat map of data collection from its snapshot from 2007 data. The color scheme ranges from green (least subjected to surveillance by the NSA) through yellow and orange to red (most surveillance by the NSA).
\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u65e0\u8fb9\u754c\u4fe1\u606f\u5168\u7403\u70ed\u70b9\u56fe\u6570\u636e\u91c7\u96c6\u7684\u91cd\u73b0\uff0c\u4ee52007\u5e74\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5feb\u7167\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u989c\u8272\u4ece\u7eff\u8272\uff08\u53d7\u5230NSA\u76d1\u89c6\u6700\u5c11\uff09\u5230\u9ec4\u8272\u548c\u6a59\u8272\u518d\u5230\u7ea2\u8272\uff08\u53d7\u5230NSA\u76d1\u89c6\u6700\u591a\uff09\u3002
\u56fe\u7247\u6765\u6e90\uff1aRezonansowy<\/a>-\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1 \u672c\u6587\u4ef6\u884d\u751f\u81ea\uff1aBoundless Informant data collection – DNI.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

PRISM<\/strong> is a code name<\/a> for a program under which the United States National Security Agency<\/a>(NSA) collects internet<\/a> communications from various U.S. internet companies.[1]<\/a>[2]<\/a>[3]<\/a> The program is also known by the SIGAD<\/a> US-984XN.[4]<\/a>[5]<\/a> PRISM collects stored internet communications based on demands made to internet companies such as Google LLC<\/a> and Apple<\/a> under Section 702 of the FISA Amendments Act of 2008<\/a> to turn over any data that match court-approved search terms.[6]<\/a>Among other things, the NSA can use these PRISM requests to target communications that were encrypted when they traveled across the internet backbone<\/a>, to focus on stored data that telecommunication filtering systems discarded earlier,[7]<\/a>[8]<\/a> and to get data that is easier to handle.[9]<\/a>
\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1aPRISM\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u5bb6\u5b89\u5168\u5c40\uff08NSA\uff09\u5f00\u5c55\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u9879\u76ee\u4ee3\u53f7\uff0c\u8be5\u9879\u76ee\u901a\u8fc7\u5411\u7f8e\u56fd\u5404\u5927\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u516c\u53f8\u6536\u96c6\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u901a\u4fe1\u6570\u636e[1][2][3]\u3002\u8be5\u9879\u76ee\u8fd8\u4ee5SIGAD US-984XN\u7684\u4ee3\u53f7\u4e3a\u4eba\u6240\u77e5[4][5]\u3002PRISM\u6839\u636e\u5bf9\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u516c\u53f8\uff08\u5982Google LLC\u548cApple\uff09\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u6536\u96c6\u5b58\u50a8\u7684\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u901a\u4fe1\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e0e\u7ecf\u6cd5\u9662\u6279\u51c6\u7684\u641c\u7d22\u8bcd\u5339\u914d\u7684\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u6839\u636e2008\u5e74\u300a\u5916\u56fd\u60c5\u62a5\u76d1\u89c6\u6cd5\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u300b\u7b2c702\u6761\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u8fdb\u884c\u7684[6]\u3002\u9664\u5176\u4ed6\u7528\u9014\u5916\uff0cNSA\u53ef\u4ee5\u5229\u7528\u8fd9\u4e9bPRISM\u8bf7\u6c42\u6765\u9488\u5bf9\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u9aa8\u5e72\u4f20\u8f93\u65f6\u5df2\u52a0\u5bc6\u7684\u901a\u4fe1\u8fdb\u884c\u76d1\u63a7\uff0c\u5173\u6ce8\u4e4b\u524d\u7535\u4fe1\u8fc7\u6ee4\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e22\u5f03\u7684\u5b58\u50a8\u6570\u636e[7][8]\uff0c\u5e76\u83b7\u53d6\u66f4\u6613\u5904\u7406\u7684\u6570\u636e[9]\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

PRISM began in 2007 in the wake of the passage of the Protect America Act<\/a> under the Bush Administration<\/a>.[10]<\/a>[11]<\/a> The program is operated under the supervision of the U.S. Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court<\/a> (FISA Court, or FISC) pursuant to the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act<\/a> (FISA).[12]<\/a> Its existence was leaked six years later by NSA contractor Edward Snowden<\/a>, who warned that the extent of mass data collection was far greater than the public knew and included what he characterized as “dangerous” and “criminal” activities.[13]<\/a> The disclosures were published by The Guardian<\/a> and The Washington Post<\/a> on June 6, 2013. Subsequent documents have demonstrated a financial arrangement between the NSA’s Special Source Operations<\/a> (SSO) division and PRISM partners in the millions of dollars.[14]<\/a>
\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1aPRISM\u9879\u76ee\u59cb\u4e8e2007\u5e74\uff0c\u5728\u5e03\u4ec0\u653f\u5e9c\u9881\u5e03\u300a\u4fdd\u62a4\u7f8e\u56fd\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\u4e4b\u540e\u5c55\u5f00[10][11]\u3002\u8be5\u9879\u76ee\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u5916\u56fd\u60c5\u62a5\u76d1\u89c6\u6cd5\u5ead\uff08FISA\u6cd5\u9662\uff0c\u6216FISC\uff09\u7684\u76d1\u7763\u4e0b\u8fd0\u884c\uff0c\u4f9d\u636e\u5916\u56fd\u60c5\u62a5\u76d1\u89c6\u6cd5\uff08FISA\uff09[12]\u3002\u8be5\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u5728\u516d\u5e74\u540e\u88abNSA\u627f\u5305\u5546\u7231\u5fb7\u534e\u00b7\u65af\u8bfa\u767b\u6cc4\u9732\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u4ed6\u8b66\u544a\u79f0\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u6570\u636e\u6536\u96c6\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u8fdc\u8d85\u516c\u4f17\u6240\u77e5\uff0c\u5e76\u5305\u542b\u4ed6\u6240\u79f0\u7684”\u5371\u9669”\u548c”\u72af\u7f6a”\u6d3b\u52a8[13]\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u62ab\u9732\u7531\u300a\u536b\u62a5\u300b\u548c\u300a\u534e\u76db\u987f\u90ae\u62a5\u300b\u4e8e2013\u5e746\u67086\u65e5\u53d1\u5e03\u3002\u968f\u540e\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u663e\u793a\uff0cNSA\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u6765\u6e90\u884c\u52a8\uff08SSO\uff09\u90e8\u95e8\u4e0ePRISM\u5408\u4f5c\u4f19\u4f34\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u6570\u4ee5\u767e\u4e07\u7f8e\u5143\u8ba1\u7684\u8d22\u52a1\u5b89\u6392[14]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Documents indicate that PRISM is “the number one source of raw intelligence used for NSA analytic reports”, and it accounts for 91% of the NSA’s internet traffic acquired under FISA section 702 authority.”[15]<\/a>[16]<\/a> The leaked information came after the revelation that the FISA Court<\/a> had been ordering a subsidiary of telecommunications company Verizon Communications<\/a> to turn over logs tracking all of its customers’ telephone calls to the NSA.[17]<\/a>[18]<\/a>
\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u6587\u4ef6\u8868\u660e\uff0cPRISM\u662f”NSA\u5206\u6790\u62a5\u544a\u4e2d\u7528\u4e8e\u539f\u59cb\u60c5\u62a5\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u6765\u6e90”\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5b83\u5360\u636e\u4e86\u6839\u636eFISA\u7b2c702\u6761\u6388\u6743\u83b7\u53d6\u7684NSA\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u6d41\u91cf\u768491%”[15][16]\u3002\u6b64\u6b21\u6cc4\u9732\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u662f\u5728\u66dd\u5149FISA\u6cd5\u9662\u66fe\u547d\u4ee4\u7535\u4fe1\u516c\u53f8Verizon Communications\u7684\u5b50\u516c\u53f8\u63d0\u4ea4\u8ddf\u8e2a\u6240\u6709\u5ba2\u6237\u7535\u8bdd\u8bb0\u5f55\u7ed9NSA\u4e4b\u540e\u53d1\u751f\u7684[17][18]\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

U.S. government officials have disputed criticisms of PRISM in the Guardian<\/em> and Washington Post<\/em> articles and have defended the program, asserting that it cannot be used on domestic targets without a warrant<\/a>. Additionally claiming the program has helped to prevent acts of terrorism<\/a>, and that it receives independent oversight from the federal government’s executive<\/a>, judicial<\/a> and legislative<\/a> branches.[19]<\/a>[20]<\/a> On June 19, 2013, U.S. President Barack Obama<\/a>, during a visit to Germany, stated that the NSA’s data gathering practices constitute “a circumscribed, narrow system directed at us being able to protect our people.”[21]<\/a>
\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u5458\u5bf9\u300a\u536b\u62a5\u300b\u548c\u300a\u534e\u76db\u987f\u90ae\u62a5\u300b\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\u5bf9PRISM\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u5f02\u8bae\uff0c\u5e76\u4e3a\u8be5\u9879\u76ee\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u8fa9\u62a4\uff0c\u58f0\u79f0\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u6388\u6743\u4ee4\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u4e0d\u80fd\u7528\u4e8e\u56fd\u5185\u76ee\u6807\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8fd8\u58f0\u79f0\u8be5\u9879\u76ee\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u963b\u6b62\u6050\u6016\u4e3b\u4e49\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u5e76\u63a5\u53d7\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u884c\u653f\u3001\u53f8\u6cd5\u548c\u7acb\u6cd5\u90e8\u95e8\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\u76d1\u7763[19][20]\u30022013\u5e746\u670819\u65e5\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u603b\u7edf\u5df4\u62c9\u514b\u00b7\u5965\u5df4\u9a6c\u5728\u8bbf\u95ee\u5fb7\u56fd\u671f\u95f4\u8868\u793a\uff0cNSA\u7684\u6570\u636e\u6536\u96c6\u505a\u6cd5\u6784\u6210\u4e86”\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u9650\u5236\u3001\u72ed\u7a84\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u4fdd\u62a4\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u4eba\u6c11”[21]\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. \u68f1\u955c\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u5a92\u4f53\u66dd\u5149 \uff5c Media disclosure of PRISM<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Further information:<\/em> Global surveillance disclosure<\/a>
\u66f4\u591a\u4fe1\u606f\uff1a\u5168\u7403\u76d1\u63a7\u7684\u66dd\u5149<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Edward Snowden<\/a> publicly revealed the existence of PRISM through a series of classified documents leaked to journalists of The Washington Post<\/a> and The Guardian<\/a> while Snowden, who was an NSA contractor at the time, was visiting Hong Kong<\/a>.[1]<\/a>[2]<\/a> The leaked documents included 41 PowerPoint slides<\/a>, four of which were published in news articles.[1]<\/a>[2]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u7231\u5fb7\u534e\u00b7\u65af\u8bfa\u767b\u66fe\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u5bb6\u5b89\u5168\u5c40\u7684\u4e00\u540d\u627f\u5305\u5546\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u8bbf\u95ee\u9999\u6e2f\u671f\u95f4\u901a\u8fc7\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u6cc4\u9732\u7ed9\u300a\u534e\u76db\u987f\u90ae\u62a5\u300b\u548c\u300a\u536b\u62a5\u300b\u8bb0\u8005\u7684\u673a\u5bc6\u6587\u4ef6\u516c\u5f00\u63ed\u793a\u4e86PRISM\u7684\u5b58\u5728[1][2]\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6cc4\u9732\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec41\u5f20\u5e7b\u706f\u7247\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6709\u56db\u5f20\u5728\u65b0\u95fb\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\u53d1\u8868[1][2]\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The documents identified several technology companies as participants in the PRISM program, including Microsoft<\/a> in 2007, Yahoo!<\/a> in 2008, Google<\/a> in 2009, Facebook<\/a> in 2009, Paltalk<\/a> in 2009, YouTube<\/a> in 2010, AOL<\/a> in 2011, Skype<\/a> in 2011 and Apple<\/a> in 2012.[22]<\/a> The speaker’s notes in the briefing document reviewed by The Washington Post<\/em> indicated that “98 percent of PRISM production is based on Yahoo, Google, and Microsoft”.[1]<\/a>
\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6587\u4ef6\u786e\u5b9a\u4e86\u51e0\u5bb6\u79d1\u6280\u516c\u53f8\u4f5c\u4e3aPRISM\u8ba1\u5212\u7684\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5fae\u8f6f\u57282007\u5e74\u3001\u96c5\u864e\u57282008\u5e74\u3001\u8c37\u6b4c\u57282009\u5e74\u3001Facebook\u57282009\u5e74\u3001Paltalk\u57282009\u5e74\u3001YouTube\u57282010\u5e74\u3001AOL\u57282011\u5e74\u3001Skype\u57282011\u5e74\u548c\u82f9\u679c\u57282012\u5e74[22]\u3002\u300a\u534e\u76db\u987f\u90ae\u62a5\u300b\u5ba1\u67e5\u7684\u7b80\u62a5\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u6f14\u8bb2\u8005\u7684\u5907\u6ce8\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u201c98%\u7684PRISM\u4ea7\u51fa\u57fa\u4e8e\u96c5\u864e\u3001\u8c37\u6b4c\u548c\u5fae\u8f6f\u201d[1]\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The slide presentation stated that much of the world’s electronic communications pass through the U.S., because electronic communications data tend to follow the least expensive route rather than the most physically direct route, and the bulk of the world’s internet infrastructure is based in the United States.[15]<\/a> The presentation noted that these facts provide United States intelligence analysts with opportunities for intercepting the communications of foreign targets as their electronic data pass into or through the United States.[2]<\/a>[15]<\/a>
\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u5e7b\u706f\u7247\u6f14\u793a\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u7535\u5b50\u901a\u4fe1\u7ecf\u8fc7\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u7535\u5b50\u901a\u4fe1\u6570\u636e\u5f80\u5f80\u9075\u5faa\u6700\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u8def\u7ebf\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6700\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u7269\u7406\u8def\u7ebf\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u57fa\u7840\u8bbe\u65bd\u90fd\u4f4d\u4e8e\u7f8e\u56fd[15]\u3002\u6f14\u793a\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e3a\u7f8e\u56fd\u60c5\u62a5\u5206\u6790\u5e08\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u62e6\u622a\u5916\u56fd\u76ee\u6807\u901a\u4fe1\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u7535\u5b50\u6570\u636e\u5728\u8fdb\u5165\u6216\u7ecf\u8fc7\u7f8e\u56fd\u65f6\u4f1a\u88ab\u62e6\u622a[2][15]\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Snowden’s subsequent disclosures included statements that government agencies such as the United Kingdom<\/a>‘s GCHQ<\/a> also undertook mass interception and tracking of internet and communications data[23]<\/a> \u2013 described by Germany<\/a> as “nightmarish” if true[24]<\/a> \u2013 allegations that the NSA engaged in “dangerous” and “criminal” activity by “hacking” civilian infrastructure networks in other countries such as “universities, hospitals, and private businesses”,[13]<\/a> and alleged that compliance<\/a> offered only very limited restrictive effect on mass data collection practices (including of Americans) since restrictions “are policy-based, not technically based, and can change at any time”, adding that “Additionally, audits<\/a> are cursory, incomplete, and easily fooled by fake justifications”,[13]<\/a> with numerous self-granted exceptions, and that NSA policies encourage staff to assume the benefit of the doubt in cases of uncertainty.[25]<\/a>[26]<\/a>[27]<\/a>
\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u65af\u8bfa\u767b\u968f\u540e\u7684\u62ab\u9732\u5305\u62ec\u653f\u5e9c\u673a\u6784\u5982\u82f1\u56fd\u7684GCHQ\u4e5f\u8fdb\u884c\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u62e6\u622a\u548c\u8ffd\u8e2a\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u548c\u901a\u4fe1\u6570\u636e[23]\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u5c06\u6b64\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u201c\u5982\u82e5\u771f\u5b9e\uff0c\u771f\u662f\u5669\u68a6\u822c\u7684\u201d[24]\u3002\u4ed6\u8fd8\u58f0\u79f0\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u5bb6\u5b89\u5168\u5c40\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u201c\u5371\u9669\u201d\u548c\u201c\u72af\u7f6a\u201d\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u201c\u9ed1\u5ba2\u653b\u51fb\u201d\u5176\u4ed6\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6c11\u7528\u57fa\u7840\u8bbe\u65bd\u7f51\u7edc\uff0c\u5982\u201c\u5927\u5b66\u3001\u533b\u9662\u548c\u79c1\u8425\u4f01\u4e1a\u201d[13]\u3002\u4ed6\u8fd8\u58f0\u79f0\u5408\u89c4\u6027\u5bf9\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u6570\u636e\u6536\u96c6\u5b9e\u8df5\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\uff09\u7684\u9650\u5236\u4f5c\u7528\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u9650\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u9650\u5236\u201c\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u653f\u7b56\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6280\u672f\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u53ef\u4ee5\u968f\u65f6\u6539\u53d8\u201d\uff0c\u5e76\u8865\u5145\u8bf4\u201c\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5ba1\u6838\u662f\u7c97\u7565\u3001\u4e0d\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\uff0c\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u88ab\u865a\u5047\u7684\u8fa9\u89e3\u6240\u6b3a\u9a97\u201d[13]\uff0c\u5e76\u5b58\u5728\u5f88\u591a\u81ea\u6211\u6388\u6743\u7684\u4f8b\u5916\u60c5\u51b5\uff0cNSA\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u9f13\u52b1\u5458\u5de5\u5728\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u5047\u5b9a\u6000\u597d\u610f[25][26][27]\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.1 \u5e7b\u706f\u7247 | The slides<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Below are a number of slides released by Edward Snowden showing the operation and processes behind the PRISM program. The “FAA” referred to is Section 702 of the FISA Amendments Act (“FAA”), and not the Federal Aviation Administration, which is more widely known by the same FAA initialism.
\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u7231\u5fb7\u534e\u00b7\u65af\u8bfa\u767b\u53d1\u5e03\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e7b\u706f\u7247\uff0c\u5c55\u793a\u4e86PRISM\u8ba1\u5212\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u548c\u6d41\u7a0b\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u201cFAA\u201d\u662f\u300a\u5916\u56fd\u60c5\u62a5\u76d1\u89c6\u6cd5\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\uff08FISA\u4fee\u6b63\u6cd5\u6848\uff09\u7b2c702\u8282\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u66f4\u4e3a\u5e7f\u4e3a\u4eba\u77e5\u7684\u8054\u90a6\u822a\u7a7a\u7ba1\u7406\u5c40\uff08Federal Aviation Administration\uff09\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u90fd\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u76f8\u540c\u7684FAA\u9996\u5b57\u6bcd\u7f29\u5199\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"\/
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u5c5e\u4e8e\u516c\u5171\u9886\u57df<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
\n

\u56fe\u7247\u9898\u6ce8\uff1aCover slide of the US Federal Government’s data collection program PRISM.
\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u7f8e\u56fd\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u6570\u636e\u6536\u96c6\u8ba1\u5212PRISM\u7684\u5c01\u9762\u5e7b\u706f\u7247\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"\/
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u5c5e\u4e8e\u516c\u5171\u9886\u57df<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
\n

\u56fe\u7247\u9898\u6ce8\uff1aPRISM: Introduction
\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1aPRISM\u9879\u76ee\u4ecb\u7ecd<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"\/
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u5c5e\u4e8e\u516c\u5171\u9886\u57df<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
\n

\u56fe\u7247\u9898\u6ce8\uff1aSlide showing companies participating in the PRISM program and the types of data they provide.
\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u5e7b\u706f\u7247\u5c55\u793a\u53c2\u4e0ePRISM\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u516c\u53f8\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b83\u4eec\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"\/
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u5c5e\u4e8e\u516c\u5171\u9886\u57df<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
\n

\u56fe\u7247\u9898\u6ce8\uff1aPRISM: Dates When PRISM Collection Began For Each Provider
\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1aPRISM\uff1a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u670d\u52a1\u63d0\u4f9b\u5546\u5f00\u59cbPRISM\u6570\u636e\u6536\u96c6\u7684\u65e5\u671f<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"\/
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u5c5e\u4e8e\u516c\u5171\u9886\u57df<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
\n

\u56fe\u7247\u9898\u6ce8\uff1aSlide illustrating PRISM\u2019s tasking process
\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u5e7b\u706f\u7247\u5c55\u793aPRISM\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u5206\u914d\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"\/
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u5c5e\u4e8e\u516c\u5171\u9886\u57df<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
\n

\u56fe\u7247\u9898\u6ce8\uff1aSlide illustrating PRISM collection dataflow
\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u5e7b\u706f\u7247\u5c55\u793aPRISM\u6570\u636e\u6536\u96c6\u7684\u6d41\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"\/
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u5c5e\u4e8e\u516c\u5171\u9886\u57df<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
\n

\u56fe\u7247\u9898\u6ce8\uff1aA slide illustrating how PRISM cases are named.
\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u5e7b\u706f\u7247\u5c55\u793aPRISM\u6848\u4ef6\u7684\u547d\u540d\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"\/
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u5c5e\u4e8e\u516c\u5171\u9886\u57df<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
\n

\u56fe\u7247\u9898\u6ce8\uff1aSlide illustrating how to search PRISM\u2019s counterterrorism database
\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u5e7b\u706f\u7247\u5c55\u793a\u5982\u4f55\u641c\u7d22PRISM\u7684\u53cd\u6050\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"\/
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u5c5e\u4e8e\u516c\u5171\u9886\u57df<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
\n

\u56fe\u7247\u9898\u6ce8\uff1aA week in the life of Prism. Published first in O Globo, Since rebroadcast on Brazilian TV
\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u300aPrism\u4e00\u5468\u751f\u6d3b\u300b\u3002\u9996\u6b21\u53d1\u8868\u5728\u300aO Globo\u300b\uff0c\u540e\u5728\u5df4\u897f\u7535\u89c6\u53f0\u91cd\u64ad\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"\/
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u5c5e\u4e8e\u516c\u5171\u9886\u57df<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
\n

\u56fe\u7247\u9898\u6ce8\uff1aSlide fragment mentioning “upstream collection”, FAA702, EO 12333, and references http:\/\/yahoo.com<\/a> explicitly in the text
\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u5e7b\u706f\u7247\u7247\u6bb5\uff0c\u63d0\u5230\u201c\u4e0a\u6e38\u6536\u96c6\u201d\u3001FAA702\u3001EO 12333\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u6587\u672c\u4e2d\u660e\u786e\u63d0\u5230http:\/\/yahoo.com<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n

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\"\"\/
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u5c5e\u4e8e\u516c\u5171\u9886\u57df<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
\n

\u56fe\u7247\u9898\u6ce8\uff1aFAA 702 authority\uff1bCollection only possible under FAA 702 Authority\uff1bFAA702 Operations, and map
\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1aFAA702\u6388\u6743\uff1b\u53ea\u6709\u5728FAA702\u6388\u6743\u4e0b\u624d\u53ef\u80fd\u8fdb\u884c\u6536\u96c6\uff1bFAA702\u64cd\u4f5c\u548c\u5730\u56fe\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"\/
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u5c5e\u4e8e\u516c\u5171\u9886\u57df<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
\n

\u56fe\u7247\u9898\u6ce8\uff1aFAA702 Operations, and map. The subheader reads “Collection only possible under FAA702 Authority”. FAIRVIEW is in the center box.
\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1aFAA702\u64cd\u4f5c\u548c\u5730\u56fe\u3002\u526f\u6807\u9898\u5199\u7740\u201c\u53ea\u6709\u5728FAA702\u6388\u6743\u4e0b\u624d\u53ef\u80fd\u8fdb\u884c\u6536\u96c6\u201d\u3002FAIRVIEW\u4f4d\u4e8e\u4e2d\u5fc3\u65b9\u6846\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"\/
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u5c5e\u4e8e\u516c\u5171\u9886\u57df<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
\n

\u56fe\u7247\u9898\u6ce8\uff1aPRISM Slide. Collection only possible under FAA702 Authority STORMBREW (probably)
\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1aPRISM\u5e7b\u706f\u7247\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u5728FAA702\u7684\u6388\u6743\u4e0b\uff0c\u624d\u53ef\u80fd\u8fdb\u884c\u6536\u96c6\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4f7f\u7528STORMBREW\uff08\u53ef\u80fd\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"
\u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u5c5e\u4e8e\u516c\u5171\u9886\u57df<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
\n

\u56fe\u7247\u9898\u6ce8\uff1aTasking, Points to Remember. Transcript of body: “Whenever your targets meet FAA criteria, you should consider asking to FAA. Emergency tasking processes exist for [imminent \/immediate ] threat to life situations and targets can be placed on [illegible] within hours (surveillance and stored comms). Get to know your Product line FAA adjudicators and FAA leads.”
\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u4efb\u52a1\u5206\u914d\uff0c\u8981\u8bb0\u4f4f\u7684\u8981\u70b9\u3002\u6b63\u6587\u7684\u6587\u5b57\u8bb0\u5f55\uff1a\u201c\u6bcf\u5f53\u60a8\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u7b26\u5408FAA\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u65f6\uff0c\u60a8\u5e94\u8be5\u8003\u8651\u8981\u6c42FAA\u3002\u7d27\u6025\u4efb\u52a1\u5206\u914d\u8fc7\u7a0b\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u5a01\u80c1\u5230\u751f\u547d\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u76ee\u6807\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u51e0\u5c0f\u65f6\u5185\uff08\u76d1\u89c6\u548c\u5b58\u50a8\u901a\u4fe1\uff09\u88ab\u653e\u7f6e\u5728[\u65e0\u6cd5\u8fa8\u8ba4]\u4e2d\u3002\u8981\u4e86\u89e3\u60a8\u7684\u4ea7\u54c1\u7ebfFAA\u88c1\u51b3\u8005\u548cFAA\u8d1f\u8d23\u4eba\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

The French newspaper Le Monde<\/a><\/em> disclosed new PRISM slides (see pages 4, 7 and 8) coming from the “PRISM\/US-984XN Overview” presentation on October 21, 2013.[28]<\/a> The British newspaper The Guardian<\/a><\/em> disclosed new PRISM slides (see pages 3 and 6) in November 2013 which on the one hand compares PRISM with the Upstream program<\/a>, and on the other hand deals with collaboration between the NSA’s Threat Operations Center and the FBI.[29]<\/a>
\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u6cd5\u56fd\u62a5\u7eb8\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u62a5\u300b\u62ab\u9732\u4e86\u6765\u81ea2013\u5e7410\u670821\u65e5\u7684\u201cPRISM\/US-984XN\u6982\u8ff0\u201d\u6f14\u793a\u6587\u7a3f\u7684\u65b0\u5e7b\u706f\u7247\uff08\u8bf7\u53c2\u9605\u7b2c4\u9875\u3001\u7b2c7\u9875\u548c\u7b2c8\u9875\uff09\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u62a5\u7eb8\u300a\u536b\u62a5\u300b\u4e8e2013\u5e7411\u6708\u62ab\u9732\u4e86\u65b0\u7684PRISM\u5e7b\u706f\u7247\uff08\u8bf7\u53c2\u9605\u7b2c3\u9875\u548c\u7b2c6\u9875\uff09\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u6bd4\u8f83\u4e86PRISM\u548c\u4e0a\u6e38\u8ba1\u5212\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u6d89\u53ca\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u5bb6\u5b89\u5168\u5c40\u5a01\u80c1\u884c\u52a8\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4e0e\u8054\u90a6\u8c03\u67e5\u5c40\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. \u9879\u76ee\u672c\u8eab | the Program<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

PRISM\u7684\u524d\u8eab\u662f\u5c0f\u5e03\u4ec0<\/a>\u4efb\u5185\u5728\u4e5d\u4e00\u4e00\u4e8b\u4ef6<\/a>\u540e\u7684\u6050\u6016\u5206\u5b50\u76d1\u542c\u8ba1\u5212<\/a>\uff08Terrorist Surveillance Program\uff09\u3002\u5728\u5f53\u65f6\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8ba1\u5212\u66fe\u906d\u5230\u5e7f\u6cdb\u6279\u8bc4\uff0c\u4e14\u5176\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u56e0\u672a\u7ecf\u8fc7\u5916\u56fd\u60c5\u62a5\u76d1\u63a7\u6cd5\u5ead<\/a>\uff08Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court\uff09\u6279\u51c6\u800c\u53d7\u5230\u8d28\u7591\uff0c[9]<\/a>[10]<\/a>[11]<\/a>[12]<\/a>\u4f46\u4e4b\u540e\u7684PRISM\u5219\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u8be5\u6cd5\u5ead\u7684\u6388\u6743\u4ee4\u3002[13]<\/a>\u5728\u5965\u5df4\u9a6c<\/a>\u4efb\u5185\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u5b89\u5168\u5c40\u6301\u7eed\u8fd0\u4f5cPRISM\u3002[5]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

PRISM\u8ba1\u5212\u57282013\u5e746\u67083\u65e5\u9996\u6b21\u88ab\u300a\u534e\u76db\u987f\u90ae\u62a5<\/a>\u300b\u548c\u300a\u536b\u62a5<\/a>\u300b\u5bf9\u5916\u63ed\u9732\uff1b[14]<\/a>[5]<\/a>\u4e24\u5bb6\u5a92\u4f53\u83b7\u53d6\u4e86\u4e0ePRISM\u6709\u5173\u7684\u79d8\u5bc6\u6587\u6863\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6587\u6863\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u6570\u5bb6\u79d1\u6280\u516c\u53f8\u53c2\u4e0e\u4e86PRISM\u8ba1\u5212\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\uff08\u6309\u52a0\u5165\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\uff09\u5fae\u8f6f<\/a>\uff082007\u5e74\uff09\u3001\u96c5\u864e<\/a>\uff082008\u5e74\uff09\u3001Google<\/a>\uff082009\u5e74\uff09\u3001Facebook<\/a>\uff082009\u5e74\uff09\u3001Paltalk<\/a>\uff082009\u5e74\uff09\u3001YouTube<\/a>\uff082010\u5e74\uff09\u3001Skype<\/a>\uff082011\u5e74\uff09\u3001\u7f8e\u56fd\u5728\u7ebf<\/a>\uff082011\u5e74\uff09\u4ee5\u53ca\u82f9\u679c\u516c\u53f8<\/a>\uff082012\u5e74\uff09\u3002[15]<\/a>\u6b64\u5916\uff0cDropbox<\/a>\u4e5f\u88ab\u6307\u63a7\u201c\u5373\u5c06\u52a0\u5165\u201d\u8fd9\u9879\u8ba1\u5212\u3002[14]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5728\u6cc4\u9732\u7684\u79d8\u5bc6\u6587\u6863\u5185\u7684\u4e00\u9875\u5e7b\u706f\u7247\u4e2d\uff0c\u663e\u793a\u4e86\u4e24\u79cd\u6570\u636e\u6765\u6e90\uff1aUpstream<\/a>\uff08\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u76d1\u542c\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u4ee3\u53f7\uff09\u548cPRISM\u3002\u201cUpstream\u201d\u9879\u76ee\u5728\u627f\u8f7d\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u9aa8\u5e72\u901a\u4fe1\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u5149\u7f06\u4e0a\u5b89\u88c5\u5206\u5149\u955c\uff0c\u590d\u5236\u5176\u901a\u4fe1\u5185\u5bb9\uff1bPRISM\u5219\u662f\u4ece\u4e0a\u8ff0\u7f8e\u56fd\u670d\u52a1\u63d0\u4f9b\u5546\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u76f4\u63a5\u8fdb\u884c\u6536\u96c6\u3002[16]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

PRISM\u8ba9\u60c5\u62a5\u673a\u6784\u80fd\u5bf9\u5b9e\u65f6\u901a\u4fe1\u548c\u5b58\u50a8\u5728\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u4e0a\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u8fdb\u884c\u6df1\u5165\u76d1\u89c6\u3002[5]<\/a>\u4efb\u4f55\u4f7f\u7528\u4e0a\u8ff0\u670d\u52a1\u5546\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u5883\u5916\u5ba2\u6237\u53ca\u4e0e\u56fd\u5916\u4eba\u58eb\u901a\u4fe1\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u516c\u6c11\u90fd\u662f\u8be5\u8ba1\u5212\u5141\u8bb8\u7684\u76d1\u542c\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002[5]<\/a>\u56fd\u5bb6\u5b89\u5168\u5c40\u7ecf\u7531PRISM\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5305\u62ec\u7535\u5b50\u90ae\u4ef6<\/a>\u3001\u89c6\u8baf\u548c\u8bed\u97f3\u4ea4\u8c08\u3001\u89c6\u8baf\u3001\u7167\u7247\u3001VoIP<\/a>\u901a\u8bdd\u3001\u6587\u4ef6\u4f20\u8f93\u3001\u548c\u793e\u4ea4\u7f51\u7edc\u4e0a\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f[5]<\/a>\u3002\u5176\u4e2d98%\u7684PRISM\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u6765\u81ea\u96c5\u864e\u3001Google\u548c\u5fae\u8f6f\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u6570\u636e\u3002[14]<\/a>2012\u5e74\u95f4\u7684\u300a\u603b\u7edf\u6bcf\u65e5\u7b80\u62a5<\/a>\u300b\u5185\u5171\u5f15\u7528\u4e861,477\u9879\u6765\u81eaPRISM\u7684\u6570\u636e\u3002[6]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

PRISM\u7684\u5e74\u5ea6\u82b1\u8d39\u7ea6\u4e3a2000\u4e07\u7f8e\u5143\u3002[13]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"\/
PRISM logo. \u6b64\u56fe\u7247\u5c5e\u4e8e\u516c\u5171\u9886\u57df\u3002<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

PRISM is a program from the Special Source Operations<\/a> (SSO) division of the NSA, which in the tradition of NSA’s intelligence alliances, cooperates with as many as 100 trusted U.S. companies since the 1970s.[1]<\/a> A prior program, the Terrorist Surveillance Program<\/a>,[30]<\/a>[31]<\/a> was implemented in the wake of the September 11 attacks<\/a> under the George W. Bush Administration<\/a> but was widely criticized and challenged as illegal, because it did not include warrants obtained from the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court<\/a>.[31]<\/a>[32]<\/a>[33]<\/a>[34]<\/a>[35]<\/a> PRISM was authorized by the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court.[15]<\/a>
\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u68f1\u955c\u8ba1\u5212\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u5bb6\u5b89\u5168\u5c40\uff08NSA\uff09\u7279\u6b8a\u6e90\u8fd0\u8425\uff08SSO\uff09\u90e8\u95e8\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u9879\u76ee\uff0c\u5728NSA\u7684\u60c5\u62a5\u8054\u76df\u4f20\u7edf\u4e0b\uff0c\u81ea\u4e0a\u4e16\u7eaa70\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765\u4e0e\u591a\u8fbe100\u5bb6\u53d7\u4fe1\u4efb\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u516c\u53f8\u5408\u4f5c\u3002\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u9879\u76ee\uff0c\u6050\u6016\u5206\u5b50\u76d1\u89c6\u8ba1\u5212\uff0c\u5728\u4e5d\u4e00\u4e00\u88ad\u51fb\u4e8b\u4ef6\u540e\u7531\u4e54\u6cbb\u00b7W\u00b7\u5e03\u4ec0\u653f\u5e9c\u5b9e\u65bd\uff0c\u4f46\u56e0\u4e3a\u6ca1\u6709\u4ece\u5916\u56fd\u60c5\u62a5\u76d1\u89c6\u6cd5\u5ead\u83b7\u5f97\u6388\u6743\u800c\u53d7\u5230\u5e7f\u6cdb\u6279\u8bc4\u548c\u8d28\u7591\u3002\u800c\u68f1\u955c\u8ba1\u5212\u662f\u7ecf\u8fc7\u5916\u56fd\u60c5\u62a5\u76d1\u89c6\u6cd5\u5ead\u6388\u6743\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

PRISM was enabled under President Bush<\/a> by the Protect America Act of 2007<\/a> and by the FISA Amendments Act of 2008<\/a>, which immunizes private companies from legal action when they cooperate with U.S. government agencies in intelligence collection. In 2012 the act was renewed by Congress<\/a> under President Obama<\/a> for an additional five years, through December 2017.[2]<\/a>[36]<\/a>[37]<\/a> According to The Register<\/a><\/em>, the FISA Amendments Act of 2008 “specifically authorizes intelligence agencies to monitor the phone, email, and other communications of U.S. citizens for up to a week without obtaining a warrant” when one of the parties is outside the U.S.[36]<\/a>
\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u68f1\u955c\u8ba1\u5212\u662f\u57282007\u5e74\u7684\u300a\u4fdd\u62a4\u7f8e\u56fd\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\u548c2008\u5e74\u7684\u300a\u5916\u56fd\u60c5\u62a5\u76d1\u89c6\u6cd5\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u300b\u7684\u652f\u6301\u4e0b\u7531\u5e03\u4ec0\u603b\u7edf\u542f\u52a8\u7684\u3002\u8be5\u6cd5\u6848\u4f7f\u5f97\u79c1\u8425\u516c\u53f8\u5728\u4e0e\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u673a\u6784\u5408\u4f5c\u8fdb\u884c\u60c5\u62a5\u6536\u96c6\u65f6\u514d\u53d7\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8bc9\u8bbc\u7684\u7ea6\u675f\u30022012\u5e74\uff0c\u5965\u5df4\u9a6c\u603b\u7edf\u4e0b\uff0c\u56fd\u4f1a\u5c06\u8be5\u6cd5\u6848\u5ef6\u957f\u4e86\u4e94\u5e74\uff0c\u76f4\u52302017\u5e7412\u6708\u3002\u636e\u300a\u6ce8\u518c\u300b\u62a5\u9053\uff0c2008\u5e74\u7684\u300a\u5916\u56fd\u60c5\u62a5\u76d1\u89c6\u6cd5\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u300b\u201c\u660e\u786e\u6388\u6743\u60c5\u62a5\u673a\u6784\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u83b7\u5f97\u6388\u6743\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u65b9\u4f4d\u4e8e\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u76d1\u89c6\u7f8e\u56fd\u516c\u6c11\u7684\u7535\u8bdd\u3001\u7535\u5b50\u90ae\u4ef6\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u901a\u4fe1\u957f\u8fbe\u4e00\u5468\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The most detailed description of the PRISM program can be found in a report about NSA’s collection efforts under Section 702 FAA, that was released by the Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board<\/a> (PCLOB) on July 2, 2014.[38]<\/a>
\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u6709\u5173\u68f1\u955c\u8ba1\u5212\u7684\u6700\u8be6\u7ec6\u63cf\u8ff0\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u9690\u79c1\u4e0e\u516c\u6c11\u81ea\u7531\u76d1\u7763\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff08PCLOB\uff09\u4e8e2014\u5e747\u67082\u65e5\u53d1\u5e03\u7684\u4e00\u4efd\u5173\u4e8e\u56fd\u5bb6\u5b89\u5168\u5c40\u6839\u636e702\u6cd5\u6848\u6536\u96c6\u60c5\u62a5\u7684\u62a5\u544a\u4e2d\u627e\u5230\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to this report, PRISM is only used to collect internet communications, not telephone conversations. These internet communications are not collected in bulk, but in a targeted way: only communications that are to or from specific selectors, like e-mail addresses, can be gathered. Under PRISM, there’s no collection based on keywords or names.[38]<\/a>
\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u6839\u636e\u8fd9\u4efd\u62a5\u544a\uff0c\u68f1\u955c\u8ba1\u5212\u4ec5\u7528\u4e8e\u6536\u96c6\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u901a\u4fe1\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7535\u8bdd\u5bf9\u8bdd\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u901a\u4fe1\u5e76\u975e\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u6536\u96c6\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6709\u9488\u5bf9\u6027\u5730\u8fdb\u884c\uff1a\u53ea\u6709\u4e0e\u7279\u5b9a\u9009\u62e9\u5668\uff08\u5982\u7535\u5b50\u90ae\u4ef6\u5730\u5740\uff09\u6709\u5173\u7684\u901a\u4fe1\u624d\u80fd\u88ab\u6536\u96c6\u3002\u5728\u68f1\u955c\u8ba1\u5212\u4e0b\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u57fa\u4e8e\u5173\u952e\u8bcd\u6216\u59d3\u540d\u7684\u6536\u96c6\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The actual collection process is done by the Data Intercept Technology Unit<\/a> (DITU) of the FBI, which on behalf of the NSA sends the selectors to the U.S. internet service providers, which were previously served with a Section 702 Directive. Under this directive, the provider is legally obliged to hand over (to DITU) all communications to or from the selectors provided by the government.[38]<\/a> DITU then sends these communications to NSA, where they are stored in various databases, depending on their type.
\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u5b9e\u9645\u7684\u6536\u96c6\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7531\u8054\u90a6\u8c03\u67e5\u5c40\uff08FBI\uff09\u7684\u6570\u636e\u62e6\u622a\u6280\u672f\u90e8\u95e8\uff08DITU\uff09\u5b8c\u6210\uff0c\u8be5\u90e8\u95e8\u4ee3\u8868\u56fd\u5bb6\u5b89\u5168\u5c40\u5411\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u670d\u52a1\u63d0\u4f9b\u5546\u53d1\u9001\u9009\u62e9\u5668\uff08selectors\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9009\u62e9\u5668\u5728\u4e4b\u524d\u5df2\u7ecf\u6536\u5230702\u6cd5\u6848\u6307\u4ee4\u3002\u6839\u636e\u8be5\u6307\u4ee4\uff0c\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u670d\u52a1\u63d0\u4f9b\u5546\u6709\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e49\u52a1\u5c06\u4e0e\u653f\u5e9c\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u5668\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u6240\u6709\u901a\u4fe1\u4ea4\u7ed9DITU\u3002\u7136\u540e\uff0cDITU\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e9b\u901a\u4fe1\u53d1\u9001\u7ed9\u56fd\u5bb6\u5b89\u5168\u5c40\uff0c\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\u6839\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\u5b58\u50a8\u5728\u5404\u79cd\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Data, both content and metadata, that already have been collected under the PRISM program, may be searched for both US and non-US person identifiers. These kinds of queries became known as “back-door searches” and are conducted by NSA, FBI and CIA.[39]<\/a> Each of these agencies has slightly different protocols and safeguards to protect searches with a US person identifier.[38]<\/a>
\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u5728\u68f1\u955c\u8ba1\u5212\u4e0b\u5df2\u7ecf\u6536\u96c6\u7684\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5185\u5bb9\u548c\u5143\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6839\u636e\u7f8e\u56fd\u548c\u975e\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u4fe1\u606f\u8fdb\u884c\u641c\u7d22\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u67e5\u8be2\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u540e\u95e8\u641c\u7d22\u201d\uff0c\u7531\u56fd\u5bb6\u5b89\u5168\u5c40\u3001\u8054\u90a6\u8c03\u67e5\u5c40\u548c\u4e2d\u592e\u60c5\u62a5\u5c40\u8fdb\u884c\u3002\u6bcf\u4e2a\u673a\u6784\u90fd\u6709\u7a0d\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u534f\u8bae\u548c\u4fdd\u969c\u63aa\u65bd\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fdd\u62a4\u4f7f\u7528\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u8eab\u4efd\u4fe1\u606f\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u641c\u7d22\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.1 \u8ba1\u5212\u7684\u5e7f\u5ea6 | Extent of the program<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Internal NSA presentation slides included in the various media disclosures show that the NSA could unilaterally access data and perform “extensive, in-depth surveillance on live communications and stored information” with examples including email, video and voice chat, videos, photos, voice-over-IP chats (such as Skype<\/a>), file transfers, and social networking details.[2]<\/a> Snowden summarized that “in general, the reality is this: if an NSA, FBI, CIA, DIA, etc. analyst has access to query raw SIGINT<\/a> [signals intelligence] databases, they can enter and get results for anything they want.”[13]<\/a>
\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u5404\u79cd\u5a92\u4f53\u62ab\u9732\u7684\u5185\u90e8\u56fd\u5bb6\u5b89\u5168\u5c40\uff08NSA\uff09\u7684\u6f14\u793a\u6587\u7a3f\u663e\u793a\uff0cNSA\u53ef\u4ee5\u5355\u65b9\u9762\u8bbf\u95ee\u6570\u636e\u5e76\u5bf9\u5b9e\u65f6\u901a\u4fe1\u548c\u5b58\u50a8\u4fe1\u606f\u8fdb\u884c\u201c\u5e7f\u6cdb\u800c\u6df1\u5165\u7684\u76d1\u89c6\u201d\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u7535\u5b50\u90ae\u4ef6\u3001\u89c6\u9891\u548c\u8bed\u97f3\u804a\u5929\u3001\u89c6\u9891\u3001\u7167\u7247\u3001\u8bed\u97f3IP\u804a\u5929\uff08\u5982Skype\uff09\u3001\u6587\u4ef6\u4f20\u8f93\u548c\u793e\u4ea4\u7f51\u7edc\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u65af\u8bfa\u767b\u603b\u7ed3\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u603b\u4f53\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\uff1a\u5982\u679cNSA\u3001FBI\u3001CIA\u3001DIA\u7b49\u5206\u6790\u5e08\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bbf\u95ee\u539f\u59cbSIGINT\uff08\u4fe1\u53f7\u60c5\u62a5\uff09\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u5e76\u8fdb\u884c\u67e5\u8be2\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u8f93\u5165\u4efb\u4f55\u60f3\u8981\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u5e76\u83b7\u5f97\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to The Washington Post<\/em>, the intelligence analysts search PRISM data using terms intended to identify suspicious communications of targets whom the analysts suspect with at least 51 percent confidence to not be U.S. citizens, but in the process, communication data of some U.S. citizens are also collected unintentionally.[1]<\/a> Training materials for analysts tell them that while they should periodically report such accidental collection of non-foreign U.S. data, “it’s nothing to worry about.”[1]<\/a>[40]<\/a>
\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u6839\u636e\u300a\u534e\u76db\u987f\u90ae\u62a5\u300b\u7684\u62a5\u9053\uff0c\u60c5\u62a5\u5206\u6790\u5e08\u4f7f\u7528\u65e8\u5728\u8bc6\u522b\u53ef\u7591\u901a\u4fe1\u7684\u672f\u8bed\u6765\u641c\u7d22\u68f1\u955c\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u88ab\u6000\u7591\u4e0d\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u516c\u6c11\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u6301\u6709\u81f3\u5c1151%\u7684\u786e\u4fe1\u5ea6\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u6b64\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u7f8e\u56fd\u516c\u6c11\u7684\u901a\u4fe1\u6570\u636e\u4e5f\u4f1a\u88ab\u65e0\u610f\u4e2d\u6536\u96c6\u3002\u5206\u6790\u5e08\u7684\u57f9\u8bad\u6750\u6599\u544a\u8bc9\u4ed6\u4eec\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4ed6\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u5b9a\u671f\u62a5\u544a\u610f\u5916\u6536\u96c6\u5230\u7684\u975e\u5916\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u4f46\u201c\u8fd9\u5e76\u65e0\u9700\u62c5\u5fc3\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to The Guardian<\/a><\/em>, NSA had access to chats and emails on http:\/\/Hotmail.com<\/a> and Skype because Microsoft had “developed a surveillance capability to deal” with the interception of chats, and “for Prism collection against Microsoft email services will be unaffected because Prism collects this data prior to encryption.”[41]<\/a>[42]<\/a>
\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u6839\u636e\u300a\u536b\u62a5\u300b\u7684\u62a5\u9053\uff0cNSA\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bbf\u95eehttp:\/\/Hotmail.com<\/a>\u548cSkype\u4e0a\u7684\u804a\u5929\u548c\u7535\u5b50\u90ae\u4ef6\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5fae\u8f6f\u5df2\u7ecf\u201c\u5f00\u53d1\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u76d1\u89c6\u80fd\u529b\u6765\u5904\u7406\u201d\u5bf9\u804a\u5929\u7684\u62e6\u622a\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u201c\u5bf9\u4e8ePrism\u6536\u96c6\u5fae\u8f6f\u7535\u5b50\u90ae\u4ef6\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u6570\u636e\u4e0d\u4f1a\u53d7\u5230\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3aPrism\u5728\u52a0\u5bc6\u4e4b\u524d\u6536\u96c6\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6570\u636e\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Also according to The Guardian’s Glenn Greenwald<\/a> even low-level NSA analysts are allowed to search and listen to the communications of Americans and other people without court approval and supervision. Greenwald said low level Analysts can, via systems like PRISM, “listen to whatever emails they want, whatever telephone calls, browsing histories, Microsoft Word<\/a> documents.[30]<\/a> And it’s all done with no need to go to a court, with no need to even get supervisor approval on the part of the analyst.”[43]<\/a>
\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u6839\u636e\u300a\u536b\u62a5\u300b\u7684\u683c\u4f26\u00b7\u683c\u6797\u6c83\u5c14\u5fb7\uff08Glenn Greenwald\uff09\u7684\u62a5\u9053\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u4f4e\u7ea7\u522b\u7684NSA\u5206\u6790\u5e08\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u6cd5\u5ead\u6279\u51c6\u548c\u76d1\u7763\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u641c\u7d22\u548c\u76d1\u542c\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u901a\u4fe1\u3002\u683c\u6797\u6c83\u5c14\u5fb7\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u50cfPRISM\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u4f4e\u7ea7\u522b\u7684\u5206\u6790\u5e08\u53ef\u4ee5\u201c\u542c\u53d6\u4ed6\u4eec\u60f3\u8981\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u7535\u5b50\u90ae\u4ef6\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u7535\u8bdd\u901a\u8bdd\uff0c\u6d4f\u89c8\u5386\u53f2\u8bb0\u5f55\uff0c\u5fae\u8f6fWord\u6587\u6863\u3002\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u53bb\u6cd5\u5ead\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u5206\u6790\u5e08\u7684\u4e3b\u7ba1\u6279\u51c6\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u5b8c\u6210\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the NSA databank, with its years of collected communications, allows analysts to search that database and listen “to the calls or read the emails of everything that the NSA has stored, or look at the browsing histories or Google search terms that you’ve entered, and it also alerts them to any further activity that people connected to that email address or that IP address do in the future.”[43]<\/a> Greenwald was referring in the context of the foregoing quotes to the NSA program XKeyscore<\/a>.[44]<\/a>
\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u4ed6\u8865\u5145\u8bf4\uff0cNSA\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u62e5\u6709\u591a\u5e74\u7684\u901a\u4fe1\u8bb0\u5f55\uff0c\u4f7f\u5206\u6790\u5e08\u80fd\u591f\u641c\u7d22\u8be5\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u5e76\u76d1\u542c\u201cNSA\u6240\u5b58\u50a8\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u901a\u8bdd\u6216\u9605\u8bfb\u7684\u7535\u5b50\u90ae\u4ef6\uff0c\u6216\u67e5\u770b\u60a8\u8f93\u5165\u7684\u6d4f\u89c8\u5386\u53f2\u8bb0\u5f55\u6216\u8c37\u6b4c\u641c\u7d22\u8bcd\uff0c\u5b83\u8fd8\u4f1a\u8b66\u793a\u4ed6\u4eec\u672a\u6765\u4e0e\u8be5\u7535\u5b50\u90ae\u4ef6\u5730\u5740\u6216IP\u5730\u5740\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002\u201d\u683c\u6797\u6c83\u5c14\u5fb7\u5728\u4e0a\u8ff0\u5f15\u8ff0\u4e2d\u63d0\u5230\u7684NSA\u8ba1\u5212\u662fXKeyscore\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.2 \u6982\u89c8\u68f1\u955c\u8ba1\u5212 | PRISM overview<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Designation
\u9879\u76ee<\/th>		Legal Authority See Note
\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6743\u9650\u6ce8\u91ca<\/th>		Key Targets
\u5173\u952e\u76ee\u6807<\/th>		Type of Information collected
\u6536\u96c6\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u7c7b\u578b<\/th>		Associated Databases
\u76f8\u5173\u6570\u636e\u5e93<\/th>		Associated Software
\u76f8\u5173\u8f6f\u4ef6<\/th><\/tr>
US-984XN<\/td>Section 702 of the FISA Amendments Act (FAA)
FISA \u4fee\u6b63\u6848 (FAA) \u7b2c 702 \u6761<\/td>		Known Targets include[45]\u5df2\u77e5\u76ee\u6807\u5305\u62ec\uff1a
\uff08\u8be6\u89c1\u8868\u6ce81\uff09<\/td>		The exact type of data varies by provider:\u6570\u636e\u7684\u786e\u5207\u7c7b\u578b\u56e0\u63d0\u4f9b\u5546\u800c\u5f02\uff1a
\uff08\u8be6\u89c1\u8868\u6ce82\uff09<\/td>		Known: \u5df2\u77e5\u7684\u6709\uff1a
\uff08\u8be6\u89c1\u8868\u6ce83\uff09<\/td>		Known:
Unified Targeting Tool
\u5df2\u77e5\uff1a
\u7edf\u4e00\u5b9a\u4f4d\u5de5\u5177<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u8868\u6ce81\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n