{"id":2732,"date":"2024-02-09T08:22:39","date_gmt":"2024-02-09T00:22:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/?p=2732"},"modified":"2025-01-31T11:26:32","modified_gmt":"2025-01-31T03:26:32","slug":"amtrak-zhen","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/2024\/02\/09\/amtrak-zhen\/","title":{"rendered":"\u7f8e\u94c1 \/ Amtrak – \u4e2d\u82f1\u6587\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\u8bcd\u6761\u878d\u5408"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\uff08Wikipedia\uff09\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u7ef4\u57fa\u5a92\u4f53\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u7684\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u767e\u79d1\u9879\u76ee<\/a>\uff0c\u5176\u5185\u5bb9\u53ef\u80fd\u53d7\u5230\u7acb\u573a\u3001\u4fe1\u606f\u6765\u6e90\u7b49\u56e0\u7d20\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u8bf7\u5ba2\u89c2\u770b\u5f85\u3002\u6b63\u6587\u5185\u5bb9\u4e0d\u4ee3\u8868\u8bd1\u8005\u89c2\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8fbd\u89c2\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4ec5\u4f9b\u53c2\u8003\u3002\u6587\u4e2d\u53ef\u80fd\u5305\u542b\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ece\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u8bbf\u95ee\u7684\u94fe\u63a5\u3002 \u672c\u6587\u4e2d\u5168\u90e8\u6587\u672c\u4e0e\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\u4e00\u9053\u9075\u5faaCC BY-SA 4.0\u534f\u8bae\uff0c\u56fe\u7247\u5185\u5bb9\u53ef\u80fd\u9075\u5faa\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u534f\u8bae\uff1a\u672c\u6587\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u5171\u4eab\u534f\u8bae<\/a> <\/p>\n\u5c01\u9762\u56fe\u7247\u5c5e\u4e8e\u516c\u5171\u9886\u57df<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

1. \u6b63\u6587<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

1.1 \u4e3b\u4f53\u90e8\u5206\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u4e13\u680f\uff09<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

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1.2 \u4e0d\u4fbf\u5916\u53d1\u7684\u90e8\u5206<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u6b63\u65875. \u52b3\u5de5\u95ee\u9898 | Labor issues<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

In the modern era, Amtrak faces a number of important labor issues. As of 2023, the average Amtrak employee annual salary was $121,000 per year.[154]<\/a> In the area of pension funding, because of limitations originally imposed by Congress, most Amtrak workers were traditionally classified as “railroad employees” and contributions to the Railroad Retirement<\/a> system have been made for those employees. However, because the size of the contributions is determined on an industry-wide basis rather than with reference to the employer for whom the employees work, some critics, such as the National Association of Railroad Passengers<\/a>, maintain that Amtrak is subsidizing freight railroad pensions by as much as US$150 million\/year.[155]<\/a>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u5728\u73b0\u4ee3\uff0cAmtrak\u9762\u4e34\u8bb8\u591a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u52b3\u5de5\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u622a\u81f32023\u5e74\uff0cAmtrak\u5458\u5de5\u7684\u5e73\u5747\u5e74\u85aa\u4e3a\u6bcf\u5e74121,000\u7f8e\u5143\u3002[154] \u5728\u517b\u8001\u91d1\u7b79\u8d44\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u6700\u521d\u7531\u56fd\u4f1a\u65bd\u52a0\u7684\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6570Amtrak\u5de5\u4eba\u4f20\u7edf\u4e0a\u88ab\u5f52\u7c7b\u4e3a\u201c\u94c1\u8def\u96c7\u5458\u201d\uff0c\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u96c7\u5458\u5411\u94c1\u8def\u9000\u4f11\u7cfb\u7edf\u7f34\u7eb3\u4e86\u517b\u8001\u91d1\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u7f34\u6b3e\u989d\u662f\u6839\u636e\u6574\u4e2a\u884c\u4e1a\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6839\u636e\u96c7\u5458\u6240\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u96c7\u4e3b\u6765\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u6279\u8bc4\u8005\uff0c\u5982\u5168\u56fd\u94c1\u8def\u4e58\u5ba2\u534f\u4f1a\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3aAmtrak\u6bcf\u5e74\u9ad8\u8fbe1.5\u4ebf\u7f8e\u5143\u7684\u8d44\u91d1\u6b63\u5728\u8865\u8d34\u8d27\u8fd0\u94c1\u8def\u7684\u517b\u8001\u91d1\u3002[155]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u7531\u4e8e\u7f8e\u94c1\u884c\u4e1a\u7279\u6027\uff0c\u5de5\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u9ad8\u5ea6\u5206\u6563\u3002\u7f8e\u94c1\u76ee\u524d\u5171\u62e5\u670914\u4e2a\u5de5\u4f1a\uff0c\u7f8e\u94c1\u548c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5de5\u4f1a\u5171\u7b7e\u8ba2\u4e8624\u4efd\u5408\u540c\u3002[104]<\/a> \u800c\u591a\u6570\u5176\u4ed6\u884c\u4e1a\u4ec5\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5de5\u4f1a\uff0c\u548c\u96c7\u4e3b\u8c08\u5224\u3002\u8981\u6539\u53d8\u8fd9\u79cd\u5c40\u9762\u6781\u4e3a\u56f0\u96be\u3002\u524d\u603b\u88c1\u5e93\u66fc\u7279\u5bf9\u5de5\u4f1a\u91c7\u53d6\u4e86\u5408\u4f5c\u7684\u6001\u52bf\uff0c\u5e76\u62b5\u5236\u4e86\u89e3\u96c7\u7f8e\u94c1\u5de5\u4f1a\u5458\u5de5\uff0c\u4ee5\u975e\u5de5\u4f1a\u5458\u5de5\u53d6\u800c\u4ee3\u4e4b\u7684\u79c1\u6709\u5316\u63d0\u8bae\u3002[105]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

2007\u5e74\u672b\u81f32008\u5e74\u521d\uff0c\u7f8e\u94c1\u4ecd\u7136\u9047\u5230\u4e86\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u52b3\u8d44\u7ea0\u7eb7\uff0c\u7ea0\u7eb7\u6838\u5fc3\u5728\u90a3\u4e9b\u5458\u5de5\u5e94\u5f53\u4eab\u53d7\u533b\u7597\u4fdd\u9669\u3002\u7ea0\u7eb7\u5e76\u672a\u5f97\u5230\u59a5\u5584\u89e3\u51b3\uff0c\u603b\u7edf\u5e03\u4ec0\u5ba3\u79f0\u4f7f\u7528\u201c\u603b\u7edf\u7d27\u6025\u4e8b\u52a1\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u201d\u89e3\u51b3\u6b64\u4e8b\u3002\u4e8b\u6001\u4ecd\u672a\u6709\u597d\u8f6c\uff0c\u5de5\u4f1a\u5a01\u80c12008\u5e741\u670830\u65e5\u5c06\u8fdb\u884c\u7f62\u5de5\u6297\u8bae\u3002\u81f31\u6708\u4e2d\u671f\uff0c\u7f8e\u94c1\u548c\u4e00\u4e9b\u5de5\u4f1a\u5df2\u7ecf\u8fbe\u6210\u534f\u8bae\uff0c\u53d6\u6d88\u7f62\u5de5\u3002\u81f32\u6708\u5e95\uff0c\u6574\u4e2a\u7ea0\u7eb7\u4ee5\u5ba3\u544a\u7ed3\u675f\uff0c\u77ed\u671f\u5185\u6ca1\u6709\u65b0\u52b3\u8d44\u7ea0\u7eb7\u8ff9\u8c61\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In recent times, efforts at reforming passenger rail have addressed labor issues. In 1997 Congress released Amtrak from a prohibition on contracting for labor outside the corporation (and outside its unions), opening the door to privatization.[156]<\/a> Since that time, many of Amtrak’s employees have been working without a contract. The most recent contract, signed in 1999, was mainly retroactive.
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u8fd1\u6765\uff0c\u6539\u9769\u5ba2\u8fd0\u94c1\u8def\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u5df2\u7ecf\u89e3\u51b3\u4e86\u52b3\u5de5\u95ee\u9898\u30021997\u5e74\uff0c\u56fd\u4f1a\u89e3\u9664\u4e86Amtrak\u4e0d\u5f97\u5728\u516c\u53f8\u5916\uff08\u53ca\u5176\u5de5\u4f1a\u5916\uff09\u627f\u5305\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u7684\u7981\u4ee4\uff0c\u4e3a\u79c1\u6709\u5316\u655e\u5f00\u4e86\u5927\u95e8\u3002[156] \u81ea\u90a3\u65f6\u8d77\uff0c\u8bb8\u591aAmtrak\u5458\u5de5\u4e00\u76f4\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u5408\u540c\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u6700\u8fd1\u7684\u4e00\u4efd\u5408\u540c\u7b7e\u7f72\u4e8e1999\u5e74\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u8ffd\u6eaf\u6027\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Because of the fragmentation of railroad unions, Amtrak had 14 separate unions to negotiate with, including 24 separate contracts between them as of 2009.[157]<\/a> This makes it difficult to make substantial changes, in contrast to a situation where one union negotiates with one employer. Former Amtrak president Kummant followed a cooperative posture with Amtrak’s trade unions, ruling out plans to privatize large parts of Amtrak’s unionized workforce.[77]<\/a>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8bd1\u6587\u3011\u7531\u4e8e\u94c1\u8def\u5de5\u4f1a\u7684\u788e\u7247\u5316\uff0c\u622a\u81f32009\u5e74\uff0cAmtrak\u9700\u8981\u4e0e14\u4e2a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5de5\u4f1a\u8fdb\u884c\u8c08\u5224\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5b83\u4eec\u4e4b\u95f4\u768424\u4efd\u5355\u72ec\u5408\u540c\u3002[157] \u8fd9\u4f7f\u5f97\u8fdb\u884c\u5b9e\u8d28\u6027\u53d8\u9769\u53d8\u5f97\u56f0\u96be\uff0c\u4e0e\u4e00\u4e2a\u5de5\u4f1a\u4e0e\u4e00\u4e2a\u96c7\u4e3b\u8c08\u5224\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u5f62\u6210\u5bf9\u6bd4\u3002\u524dAmtrak\u603b\u88c1Kummant\u91c7\u53d6\u4e86\u4e0eAmtrak\u7684\u8d38\u6613\u5de5\u4f1a\u5408\u4f5c\u7684\u59ff\u6001\uff0c\u6392\u9664\u4e86\u5c06Amtrak\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u5de5\u4f1a\u5316\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u79c1\u6709\u5316\u7684\u8ba1\u5212\u3002[77]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. \u53c2\u89c1 See also\uff08\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u8bcd\u6761\uff09<\/h2>\n\n\n\n