{"id":3453,"date":"2024-07-08T10:37:33","date_gmt":"2024-07-08T02:37:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/?p=3453"},"modified":"2025-01-31T09:57:37","modified_gmt":"2025-01-31T01:57:37","slug":"cartel-en","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/2024\/07\/08\/cartel-en\/","title":{"rendered":"Cartel\uff08\u5361\u7279\u5c14\uff09- \u82f1\u6587\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\u8bcd\u6761"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote has-small-font-size is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">\u82f1\u6587\u8bcd\u6761\u539f\u6587\u94fe\u63a5\uff08\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ece\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u8bbf\u95ee\uff09\uff1a<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cartel\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u8bf7\u70b9\u51fb\u8fd9\u91cc\u8bbf\u95ee<\/a> <br>\u8fbd\u89c2\u642c\u8fd0\u65f6\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u5408\u89c4\u5316\u5904\u7406\uff0c\u4ee5\u4f7f\u5176\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u4e0a\u4f20\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">\u5173\u4e8e\u8fbd\u89c2\u7684\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\u642c\u8fd0\u8ba1\u5212\uff0c\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u5df2\u642c\u8fd0\u7684\u8bcd\u6761\uff0c<a href=\"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/wikipedia-intro\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u8bf7\u70b9\u51fb\u8fd9\u91cc\u4e86\u89e3\u66f4\u591a<\/a>\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\uff08Wikipedia\uff09\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u7ef4\u57fa\u5a92\u4f53\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u7684\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u767e\u79d1\u9879\u76ee\uff0c\u5176\u5185\u5bb9\u53ef\u80fd\u53d7\u5230\u7acb\u573a\u3001\u4fe1\u606f\u6765\u6e90\u7b49\u56e0\u7d20\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u8bf7\u5ba2\u89c2\u770b\u5f85\u3002\u6b63\u6587\u5185\u5bb9\u4e0d\u4ee3\u8868\u8bd1\u8005\u89c2\u70b9\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">\u8fbd\u89c2\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4ec5\u4f9b\u53c2\u8003\u3002<strong>\u6587\u4e2d\u53ef\u80fd\u5305\u542b\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ece\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u8bbf\u95ee\u7684\u94fe\u63a5\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n<cite>\u8fbd\u89c2\u6240\u642c\u8fd0\u7684\u8bcd\u6761\u6587\u672c\u4e0e\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\u4e00\u9053\u540c\u6837\u9075\u5faaCC BY-SA 4.0\u534f\u8bae\uff08<a href=\"https:\/\/zhuanlan.zhihu.com\/p\/653887754?utm_psn=1730141199812366337\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u8fbd\u89c2\u642c\u8fd0\u7684\u4e2d\u82f1\u6587\u5bf9\u7167\u7248\u672c<\/a>\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u7b26\u5408\u534f\u8bae\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u60a8\u53ef\u4ee5\u514d\u8d39\u4f7f\u7528\u5176\u5185\u5bb9\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u5546\u7528\uff09\u3002\u56fe\u7247\u548c\u89c6\u9891\u53ef\u80fd\u9075\u5faa\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5171\u4eab\u534f\u8bae\u3002<a href=\"https:\/\/zhuanlan.zhihu.com\/p\/666846485?utm_psn=1730141316690960386\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u8bf7\u70b9\u51fb\u8fd9\u91cc\u8bbf\u95ee<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. \u6b63\u6587\uff08\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e\u77e5\u4e4e\u4e13\u680f\uff09<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/zhuanlan.zhihu.com\/p\/694889619\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/zhuanlan.zhihu.com\/p\/694889619\/\">\u8bf7\u70b9\u51fb\u8fd9\u91cc\u8bbf\u95ee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. \u53c2\u89c1\uff08\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u8bcd\u6761\uff09| See also<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-small-font-size wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cartel_seat_(monument)\">Cartel seat (monument)<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Drug_cartel\">Drug cartel<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Industrial_organisation\">Industrial organisation<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Corporate_group\">Corporate group<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Corporate_synergy\">Corporate synergy<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. \u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e | References<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.1 \u5f15\u7528\u5217\u8868<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"has-small-font-size wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cartel#cite_ref-1\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0api_import (2024-02-22).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/comcom.govt.nz\/business\/avoiding-anti-competitive-behaviour\/what-is-a-cartel#:~:text=A%20cartel%20is%20where%20two,output%20of%20goods%20and%20services.\">&#8220;What is a cartel?&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>comcom.govt.nz<\/em>. Retrieved\u00a02024-04-12.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cartel#cite_ref-2\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Margaret C. Levenstein and Valerie Y. Suslow, &#8220;What determines cartel success?.&#8221;\u00a0<em>Journal of economic literature<\/em>\u00a044.1 (2006): 43-95\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.econstor.eu\/bitstream\/10419\/105725\/1\/2002-01.pdf\">online.<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>^\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cartel#cite_ref-:0_3-0\">Jump up to:<sup><em><strong>a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cartel#cite_ref-:0_3-1\"><sup><em><strong>b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cartel#cite_ref-:0_3-2\"><sup><em><strong>c<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cartel#cite_ref-:0_3-3\"><sup><em><strong>d<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.etymonline.com\/search?q=Cartel\">&#8220;cartel | Search Online Etymology Dictionary&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>www.etymonline.com<\/em>. Retrieved\u00a02021-08-16.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cartel#cite_ref-4\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.merriam-webster.com\/dictionary\/cartel\">&#8220;Definition of CARTEL&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>www.merriam-webster.com<\/em>. Retrieved\u00a02019-11-29.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>^\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cartel#cite_ref-Leonhardt_2013_14_5-0\">Jump up to:<sup><em><strong>a<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cartel#cite_ref-Leonhardt_2013_14_5-1\"><sup><em><strong>b<\/strong><\/em><\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Leonhardt, Holm A. (2013).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/oclc\/826595283\"><em>Kartelltheorie und Internationale Beziehungen theoriegeschichtliche Studien<\/em><\/a>. Michael Gehler. Hildesheim. p.\u00a014.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-3-487-14840-3\"><bdi>978-3-487-14840-3<\/bdi><\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/OCLC_(identifier)\">OCLC<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/oclc\/826595283\">826595283<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cartel#cite_ref-6\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Hans-Heinrich Barnikel:\u00a0<em>Kartelle in Deutschland.<\/em>\u00a0In: Ders. (Hrsg.):\u00a0<em>Theorie und Praxis der Kartelle<\/em>, Darmstadt\u00a01972, S.\u00a01.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cartel#cite_ref-7\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Holm A. Leonhardt:\u00a0<em>Kartelltheorie und Internationale Beziehungen. Theoriegeschichtliche Studien<\/em>, Hildesheim\u00a02013, p.\u00a079.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cartel#cite_ref-8\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Nino Herlitzka:\u00a0<em>Bemerkungen zur historischen Entwicklung von Kartellen.<\/em>\u00a0In: Ludwig Kastl (Ed.):\u00a0<em>Kartelle in der Wirklichkeit.<\/em>\u00a0K\u00f6ln\u00a01963, p.\u00a0124\u2013127.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cartel#cite_ref-9\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Holm A. Leonhardt:\u00a0<em>Kartelltheorie und Internationale Beziehungen. Theoriegeschichtliche Studien<\/em>, Hildesheim\u00a02013, S.\u00a080\u201387.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cartel#cite_ref-10\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Holm A. Leonhardt:\u00a0<em>Kartelltheorie und Internationale Beziehungen. Theoriegeschichtliche Studien<\/em>, Hildesheim\u00a02013, S.\u00a083\u201384.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cartel#cite_ref-11\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Holm Arno Leonhardt: The development of cartel theory between 1883 and the 1930s. Hildesheim\u00a02018. p.\u00a018.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cartel#cite_ref-12\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Holm A. Leonhardt:\u00a0<em>Kartelltheorie und Internationale Beziehungen. Theoriegeschichtliche Studien<\/em>. Hildesheim\u00a02013, p.\u00a0251\u2013292.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cartel#cite_ref-13\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Jeffrey, R. &#8220;Cartels, Concerns and Trusts&#8221;.\u00a0<em>The Oxford Handbook of Business History<\/em>. Ontario 2001: 269\u2013274 \u2013 via Oxford Univ. Pres, 2007.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cartel#cite_ref-14\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Fellman, Susanna; Shanahan, Martin (2015).\u00a0<em>Regulating Competition: Cartel registers in the twentieth-century world<\/em>. London: Routledge. p.\u00a0224.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/9781138021648\"><bdi>9781138021648<\/bdi><\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cartel#cite_ref-15\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Han, Seungjin (2014-03-01).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0167268113003119\">&#8220;Implicit collusion in non-exclusive contracting under adverse selection&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>Journal of Economic Behavior &amp; Organization<\/em>.\u00a0<strong>99<\/strong>: 85\u201395.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\">doi<\/a>:<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.jebo.2013.12.013\">10.1016\/j.jebo.2013.12.013<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_(identifier)\">ISSN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0167-2681\">0167-2681<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cartel#cite_ref-16\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0John M. Connor and Dan Werner. Variation in Bid-Rigging Cartels&#8217; Overcharges: SSRN Working Paper No.\u00a03273988. (October 27, 2018).\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=3273988%7CAbstract\">[1]<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cartel#cite_ref-17\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Levenstein, Margaret C.; Suslow, Valerie Y. (2006).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/30032296\">&#8220;What Determines Cartel Success?&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>Journal of Economic Literature<\/em>.\u00a0<strong>44<\/strong>\u00a0(1): 43\u201395.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\">doi<\/a>:<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257%2F002205106776162681\">10.1257\/002205106776162681<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hdl_(identifier)\">hdl<\/a>:<a href=\"https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/2027.42%2F35837\">2027.42\/35837<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_(identifier)\">ISSN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0022-0515\">0022-0515<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/JSTOR_(identifier)\">JSTOR<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/30032296\">30032296<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cartel#cite_ref-18\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0John M. Connor. Cartel Overcharges, p.\u00a0249\u2013387 of The Law and Economics of Class Actions, in Vol. 29 of Research in Law and Economics, edited by James Langenfeld (March\u00a02014). Bingley, UK: Emerald House Publishing\u00a0Ltd. June\u00a02017<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cartel#cite_ref-19\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Levenstein, Margaret C.; Suslow, Valerie Y. (2006). &#8220;What determined cartel success?&#8221;.\u00a0<em>Journal of Economic Literature<\/em>.\u00a0<strong>44<\/strong>: 43\u201395.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\">doi<\/a>:<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257%2F002205106776162681\">10.1257\/002205106776162681<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hdl_(identifier)\">hdl<\/a>:<a href=\"https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/2027.42%2F35837\">2027.42\/35837<\/a>\u00a0\u2013 via American Economic Association.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cartel#cite_ref-20\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Margaret_Levenstein\">Levenstein, Margaret C.<\/a>\u00a0and Valerie Y. Suslow. &#8220;What Determines Cartel Success?&#8221; Journal of Economic Literature 64 (March\u00a02006): 43\u201395<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cartel#cite_ref-21\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Connor, John M.\u00a0<em>Private International Cartels: A Concise Introduction: SSRN Working Paper.<\/em>\u00a0(November 12, 2014).\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=2523883\">Abstract<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cartel#cite_ref-22\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Burclaff, Natalie.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/guides.loc.gov\/oil-and-gas-industry\/organizations\">&#8220;Research Guides: Oil and Gas Industry: A Research Guide: Organizations and Cartels&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>guides.loc.gov<\/em>. Retrieved\u00a02023-03-17.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cartel#cite_ref-23\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Huppmann, Daniel; Holz, Franziska (2015).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.econstor.eu\/handle\/10419\/111843\">&#8220;What about the OPEC Cartel?&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>EconStor<\/em>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cartel#cite_ref-24\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Faulkner, Robert R.; Cheney, Eric R.; Fisher, Gene A.; Baker, Wayne E. (2003). &#8220;Crime by Committee: Conspirators and Company Men in the Illegal Electrical Industry Cartel, 1954\u20131959&#8221;.\u00a0<em>Criminology<\/em>.\u00a0<strong>41<\/strong>\u00a0(2): 511\u2013554.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\">doi<\/a>:<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111%2Fj.1745-9125.2003.tb00996.x\">10.1111\/j.1745-9125.2003.tb00996.x<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_(identifier)\">ISSN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1745-9125\">1745-9125<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cartel#cite_ref-25\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Genesove, David; Mullin, Wallace P (2001).\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w8145.pdf\">&#8220;Rules, Communication, and Collusion: Narrative Evidence from the Sugar Institute Case&#8221;<\/a>\u00a0(PDF).\u00a0<em>American Economic Review<\/em>.\u00a0<strong>91<\/strong>\u00a0(3): 379\u2013398.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\">doi<\/a>:<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257%2Faer.91.3.379\">10.1257\/aer.91.3.379<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_(identifier)\">ISSN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0002-8282\">0002-8282<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_(identifier)\">S2CID<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:153786791\">153786791<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ghostarchive.org\/archive\/20221009\/http:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w8145.pdf\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0(PDF)\u00a0from the original on 2022-10-09.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cartel#cite_ref-26\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Baker, Wayne E.; Faulkner, Robert R. (1993). &#8220;The Social Organization of Conspiracy: Illegal Networks in the Heavy Electrical Equipment Industry&#8221;.\u00a0<em>American Sociological Review<\/em>.\u00a0<strong>58<\/strong>\u00a0(6): 837.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\">doi<\/a>:<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307%2F2095954\">10.2307\/2095954<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/JSTOR_(identifier)\">JSTOR<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/2095954\">2095954<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cartel#cite_ref-27\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Shastitko, A; Dozmarov, K (2020).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.38050%2F2712-7508-2020-13\">&#8220;Law and economics vs. formal legal approach in criminal prosecution of the cartel&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>BRICS Journal of Economics<\/em>.\u00a0<strong>1<\/strong>\u00a0(3): 23\u201338.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\">doi<\/a>:<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.38050%2F2712-7508-2020-13\">10.38050\/2712-7508-2020-13<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cartel#cite_ref-28\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Holm Arno Leonhardt: The development of cartel theory between 1883 and the 1930s. Hildesheim\u00a02018.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cartel#cite_ref-29\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Cini, Michelle; McGowan, Lee (2009).\u00a0<em>Competition Policy in the European Union<\/em>. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p.\u00a063.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-230-00675-1\"><bdi>978-0-230-00675-1<\/bdi><\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cartel#cite_ref-30\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Lee, John (2016).\u00a0<em>Strategies to Achieve a Binding International Agreement on Regulating Cartels: Overcoming Doha Standstill<\/em>. Berlin: Springer. p.\u00a013.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-981-10-2755-0\"><bdi>978-981-10-2755-0<\/bdi><\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cartel#cite_ref-31\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Sullivan, E. Thomas (1991).\u00a0<em>The political economy of the Sherman Act: The first one hundred years<\/em>. Oxford University Press.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/9780195066425\"><bdi>9780195066425<\/bdi><\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cartel#cite_ref-32\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.cornell.edu\/uscode\/text\/15\/1\">&#8220;15 U.S. Code \u00a7 1 &#8211; Trusts, etc., in restraint of trade illegal; penalty&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>LII \/ Legal Information Institute<\/em>. Retrieved\u00a02021-04-26.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cartel#cite_ref-33\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.cornell.edu\/uscode\/text\/15\/2\">&#8220;15 U.S. Code \u00a7 2 &#8211; Monopolizing trade a felony; penalty&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>LII \/ Legal Information Institute<\/em>. Retrieved\u00a02021-04-26.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cartel#cite_ref-34\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Harrington, Joseph E. Jr.; Chen, Joe (2002).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ideas.repec.org\/p\/jhu\/papers\/514.html\">&#8220;Cartel Pricing Dynamics with Cost Variability and Endogenous Buyer Detection&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>The Johns Hopkins University,Department of Economics<\/em>\u00a0\u2013 via Economics Working Paper Archive.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cartel#cite_ref-35\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0IVALDI, Marc.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/pedl.cepr.org\/sites\/default\/files\/Ivaldi%20et%20al._Cartel%20Damages%20to%20the%20Economy.pdf\">&#8220;Cartel Damages to the Economy: An Assessment for Developing Countries&#8221;<\/a>\u00a0(PDF).\u00a0<em>Toulouse School of Economics and CEPR<\/em>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20220627233303\/https:\/\/pedl.cepr.org\/sites\/default\/files\/Ivaldi%20et%20al._Cartel%20Damages%20to%20the%20Economy.pdf\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0(PDF)\u00a0from the original on June 27, 2022 \u2013 via CEPR.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cartel#cite_ref-36\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Grout, Paul; Sonderegger, Silvia (2005).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/danielmorochoruiz.files.wordpress.com\/2018\/02\/paul-grout-structural-approaches-to-cartel-detection.pdf\">&#8220;Predicting Cartels&#8221;<\/a>\u00a0(PDF).\u00a0<em>Office of Fair Trading, Economic Discussion Paper<\/em>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ghostarchive.org\/archive\/20221009\/https:\/\/danielmorochoruiz.files.wordpress.com\/2018\/02\/paul-grout-structural-approaches-to-cartel-detection.pdf\">Archived<\/a>\u00a0(PDF)\u00a0from the original on 2022-10-09 \u2013 via European University Institute.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cartel#cite_ref-37\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/atr\/leniency-program\">&#8220;Leniency Program&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>www.justice.gov<\/em>. 2015-06-25. Retrieved\u00a02021-04-26.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cartel#cite_ref-38\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Martyniszyn, Marek (2017).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/abstract=3116910\">&#8220;Foreign State&#8217;s Entanglement in Anticompetitive Conduct&#8221;<\/a>. Rochester, NY.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SSRN_(identifier)\">SSRN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3116910\">3116910<\/a>.\u00a0<code>{{<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Cite_journal\">cite journal<\/a>}}<\/code>:\u00a0Cite journal requires\u00a0<code>|journal=<\/code>\u00a0(<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical\">help<\/a>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cartel#cite_ref-39\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Commission, Australian Competition and Consumer (2019-09-04).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.accc.gov.au\/publications\/accc-immunity-cooperation-policy-for-cartel-conduct-october-2019\">&#8220;ACCC immunity &amp; cooperation policy for cartel conduct &#8211; October 2019&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>Australian Competition and Consumer Commission<\/em>. Retrieved\u00a02021-04-26.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cartel#cite_ref-40\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Miller, Nathan H. (2009).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/25592481\">&#8220;Strategic Leniency and Cartel Enforcement&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>The American Economic Review<\/em>.\u00a0<strong>99<\/strong>\u00a0(3): 750\u2013768.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\">doi<\/a>:<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257%2Faer.99.3.750\">10.1257\/aer.99.3.750<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_(identifier)\">ISSN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0002-8282\">0002-8282<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/JSTOR_(identifier)\">JSTOR<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/25592481\">25592481<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cartel#cite_ref-41\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Connor, John M. (1998).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/43663287\">&#8220;Lysine: A Case Study in International Price-Fixing&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>Choices<\/em>.\u00a0<strong>13<\/strong>\u00a0(3): 13\u201319.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_(identifier)\">ISSN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/0886-5558\">0886-5558<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/JSTOR_(identifier)\">JSTOR<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/43663287\">43663287<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cartel#cite_ref-42\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/competition\/cartels\/cases\/cases.html\">&#8220;Competition &#8211; Cartels &#8211; Cases &#8211; European Commission&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>ec.europa.eu<\/em>. Retrieved\u00a02021-04-26.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cartel#cite_ref-43\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/competition\/elojade\/isef\/case_details.cfm?proc_code=1_36756\">&#8220;Case search &#8211; Competition &#8211; European Commission&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>ec.europa.eu<\/em>. Retrieved\u00a02021-04-26.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cartel#cite_ref-44\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Connor, John M. (2008):\u00a0<em>Global Price Fixing: 2nd Paperback Edition<\/em>. Heidelberg: Springer.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cartel#cite_ref-45\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Sagafi-Nejad, Tagi; Moxon, Richard; Perlmutter, Howard (2017).\u00a0<em>Controlling International Technology Transfer: Issues, Perspectives, and Policy Implications<\/em>. New York: Pergamon Press. p.\u00a0180.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-08-027180-4\"><bdi>978-0-08-027180-4<\/bdi><\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cartel#cite_ref-46\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Fellman &amp; Shanahan, p.\u00a0224.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cartel#cite_ref-47\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Martyniszyn, Marek (2012).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/pure.qub.ac.uk\/en\/publications\/export-cartels-is-it-legal-to-target-your-neighbour-analysis-in-light-of-recent-case-law(76b0a369-a9db-4f5e-aadb-7ffdc7b84164).html\">&#8220;Export Cartels: Is it Legal to Target your Neighbour? Analysis in Light of Recent Case Law&#8221;<\/a>.\u00a0<em>Journal of International Economic Law<\/em>.\u00a0<strong>15<\/strong>\u00a0(1): 181.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\">doi<\/a>:<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093%2Fjiel%2Fjgs003\">10.1093\/jiel\/jgs003<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_(identifier)\">S2CID<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:153887704\">153887704<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cartel#cite_ref-48\">^<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/business\/6383913.stm\">&#8220;Record EU fine for lift &#8216;cartel'&#8221;<\/a>. 2007-02-21. Retrieved\u00a02021-10-09.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.2 \u6765\u6e90\u6587\u732e | Bibliography<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-small-font-size wp-block-list\">\n<li>Connor, John M.:\u00a0<em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/John_Connor7\/publication\/5218804_Private_International_Cartels_Effectiveness_Welfare_and_Anticartel_Enforcement\/links\/59e8f3faa6fdccfe7fa8efc6\/Private-International-Cartels-Effectiveness-Welfare-and-Anticartel-Enforcement.pdf\">Private international cartels. Effectiveness, welfare, and anti-cartel enforcement<\/a><\/em>. Purdue University.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/West_Lafayette\">West Lafayette<\/a>, Indiana\u00a02003.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Fear, Jeffrey R.:\u00a0<em>Cartels<\/em>. In: Geoffrey Jones; Jonathan Zeitlin (ed.): The Oxford handbook of business history. Oxford: Univ. Press, 2007, p.\u00a0268\u2013293.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Freyer, Tony A.:\u00a0<em>Antitrust and global capitalism 1930\u20132004<\/em>, New York\u00a02006.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hexner, Ervin,\u00a0<em>The International Steel Cartel<\/em>, Chapel Hill\u00a01943.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Friedrich_Kleinw%C3%A4chter\">Kleinw\u00e4chter, Friedrich<\/a>,\u00a0<em>Die Kartelle. Ein Beitrag zur Frage der Organization der Volkswirtschaft<\/em>, Innsbruck\u00a01883.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Holm_Arno_Leonhardt\">Leonhardt, Holm Arno<\/a>:\u00a0<em>Kartelltheorie und Internationale Beziehungen. Theoriegeschichtliche Studien<\/em>, Hildesheim\u00a02013.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Holm_Arno_Leonhardt\">Leonhardt, Holm Arno<\/a>:\u00a0<em>The development of cartel+ theory between 1883 and the 1930s \u2013 from international diversity to convergence: syndicats industriels, ententes, comptoirs, trusts, pools, combinations, associations, kartells, cartelle, Unternehmerverb\u00e4nde<\/em>. Hildesheim\u00a02018.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.uni-hildesheim.de\/ojs\/index.php\/HiBTG\/article\/view\/77\">Einloggen | Hildesheimer Beitr\u00e4ge zu Theologie und Geschichte<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Margaret_Levenstein\">Levenstein, Margaret C.<\/a>\u00a0and Valerie Y. Suslow. &#8220;What Determines Cartel Success?&#8221;\u00a0<em>Journal of Economic Literature<\/em>\u00a064 (March\u00a02006): 43\u201395.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.econstor.eu\/bitstream\/10419\/105725\/1\/2002-01.pdf\">online<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Robert_Liefmann\">Liefmann, Robert<\/a>:\u00a0<em>Cartels, Concerns and Trusts<\/em>, Ontario\u00a02001 [London\u00a01932]<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Martyniszyn, Marek, &#8220;Export Cartels: Is it Legal to Target Your Neighbour? Analysis in Light of Recent Case Law&#8221;,\u00a0<em>Journal of International Economic Law<\/em>\u00a015 (1) (2012): 181\u2013222.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Osborne, Dale K. &#8220;Cartel problems.&#8221;\u00a0<em>American Economic Review<\/em>\u00a066.5 (1976): 835-844.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/1827495\">online<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/George_J._Stigler\">Stigler, George J.<\/a>:\u00a0<em>The extent and bases of monopoly<\/em>. In:\u00a0<em>The American economic review<\/em>, Vol. 32 (1942), pp.\u00a01\u201322.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/George_W._Stocking_Sr.\">Stocking, George W.<\/a>\u00a0and Myron W. Watkins:\u00a0<em>Cartels in Action<\/em>. New York: Twentieth Century Fund (1946).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/George_W._Stocking_Sr.\">Stocking, George W.<\/a>\u00a0and Myron W. Watkins:\u00a0<em>Cartels or competition? The economics of international controls by business and government<\/em>. New York: Twentieth Century Fund 1948.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Strieder, Jakob:\u00a0<em>Studien zur Geschichte kapitalistischer Organizationsformen. Monopole, Kartelle und Aktiengesellschaften im Mittelalter und zu Beginn der Neuzeit<\/em>. M\u00fcnchen 1925.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Wells, Wyatt C.:\u00a0<em>Antitrust and the Formation of the Postwar World<\/em>, New York 2002.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. \u5916\u90e8\u94fe\u63a5 | External links<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060904173538\/http:\/\/www.agecon.purdue.edu\/staff\/connor\/papers\/PRICE%20FIXING_OVERCHARGES_FULL_TEXT_8-20-05.pdf\">Price-Fixing Overcharges<\/a>\u00a0from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Purdue_University\">Purdue University<\/a>\u00a0(archived 4 September 2006)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/business-13064928\">BBC on cartels<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u82f1\u6587\u8bcd\u6761\u539f\u6587\u94fe\u63a5\uff08\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ece\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u8bbf\u95ee\uff09\uff1a\u8bf7\u70b9 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[113],"tags":[101,12],"class_list":["post-3453","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-union-or-organizations","tag-101","tag-12"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3453","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3453"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3453\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3453"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3453"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cathayvista.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3453"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}